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--- | ||
title: "Java软考高级系统架构师知识点" | ||
date: 2024-12-24 | ||
draft: false | ||
tags: ["考试"] | ||
slug: "exam-java-architect" | ||
--- | ||
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## 系统工程与信息系统基础 | ||
系统工程是一种组织管理技术。它是为了最好的实现系统的目的,对系统的组成要素、组织结构、信息流、控制机构进行**分析研究**的科学方法。 | ||
系统工程从整体出发、从系统观念出发,以求**整体最优**。 | ||
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系统工程利用计算机作为工具,对系统的结构、元素、信息和反馈等进行分析,以达到**最优规划**、**最优设计**、**最优管理**和**最优控制**的目的。 | ||
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### 系统工程方法 | ||
系统工程方法是一种现代的科学决策方法。系统工程方法: | ||
- 霍尔三维结构 | ||
- 逻辑维:解决问题的逻辑过程; | ||
- 时间维:工作进程; | ||
- 知识维:专业科学知识; | ||
- 切克兰德方法:核心不是“最优化”,而是“比较”和“探寻”。7个步骤:认识问题、根底定义、建立概念模型、比较及探寻、选择、设计与实施、评估与反馈; | ||
- 并行工程方法:“制造过程”与“支持过程”并行。强调三个方面:产品设计开发期间,最快速度按质完成;各项工作问题协调解决;适当的信息系统工具; | ||
- 综合集成法:钱学森命名,主要分为简单系统和巨系统。四个原则:整体论原则、相互关联原则、有序性原则、动态原则; | ||
- WSR系统方法:实践准则:懂物理、明事理、通人理; | ||
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~~重点方法是**霍尔三维结构方法**"硬科学"方法论“、**切克兰德方法**”软科学“方法论。~~ | ||
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### 系统工程生命周期阶段与生命周期方法 | ||
生命周期阶段:探索性研究-概念阶段-开发阶段-生产阶段-使用阶段-保障阶段-退役阶段。注意先后顺序。 | ||
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生命周期方法: | ||
1. 计划驱动方法:类似瀑布模型。需求-设计-构建-测试-部署; | ||
2. 渐进迭代式开发:提供连续交付以达到期望的系统; | ||
3. 精益开发:起源于丰田,是一个动态的、知识驱动的、以客户为中心的过程; | ||
4. 敏捷开发:更好的灵活性,**绝大多数把精益开发归结于敏捷开发的一种**; | ||
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### 信息系统生命周期 | ||
来自于系统工程方法论,主要分四个阶段: | ||
1. 产生阶段:提出建设信息初步想法、对需求进行调研分析; | ||
2. 开发阶段:单系统开发,总体规划-系统分析-系统设计-系统实施-系统验收; | ||
3. 运行阶段:通过验收、移交之后进入运行阶段; | ||
4. 消亡阶段:包括更新改造、功能扩展、报废重建; | ||
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### 信息系统建设原则 | ||
1. 高层管理人员介入原则:信息系统不同于其他系统,其往往与公司业务高度相关。它会优化业务流程,从而优化岗位,导致利益受损方阻滞系统建设,所以需要高层介入。 | ||
2. 用户参与开发原则:需要用户深度参与,用户确定范围、核心用户全程参与。能确保系统建设出来的效果最终与我们的预期是相符的。 | ||
3. 自顶向下规划原则:要从全局考虑问题,以此减少信息不一致的现象; | ||
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### 信息系统开发方法 | ||
1. 结构化方法:自顶向下,逐步分解求精。特点:开发目标清晰化、工作阶段程式化、开发文档规范化、设计方法结构化,因好多结构固定所以应变能力差。 | ||
2. 面相对象方法:自底向上,它对阶段界限不明,不会规定很多,所以应变能力强,符合人们的思维习惯。 | ||
3. 面相服务方法:在面相对象基础之上演变过来,粗粒度、松耦合。标准化和构件化,抽象级别:操作-服务-业务流程。 | ||
4. 形式化方法:强调数学模型化,净室软件工程,所有东西均可证明/验证,而不是测试,例如可视化拖拽。 | ||
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### 信息系统的分类 | ||
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## 软件工程 | ||
## 项目管理 | ||
## 软件架构设计 | ||
## 系统可靠性分析与设计 | ||
## 信息安全技术基础知识 | ||
## 计算机系统基础 | ||
## 嵌入式系统 | ||
## 计算机网络 | ||
## 数据库系统 | ||
## 未来信息综合技术 | ||
## 知识产权与标准化 | ||
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