fix(python): Propagate tenant_id to CredentialProviderAzure if given

[nameexhaustion]

ref #20545

This is a bit of guesswork as I don't have a local repro of it - we now pass tenant_id to DefaultAzureCredential.get_token() if we see it in storage_options.

Other drive-bys to help with future debugging:

• The Azure CLI version is now printed under pl.show_versions() - this affects the auth flow as one of the things we do is attempting to fetch the storage account key from the Azure CLI
• Add more debug prints when POLARS_VERBOSE is enabled

[nameexhaustion]

CredentialProviderAzure is now also initialized if the storage_options is not None, but does not contain any access keys.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 30.18868% with 37 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 78.96%. Comparing base (f104170) to head (ce71f86).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
py-polars/polars/io/cloud/credential_provider.py	38.70%	18 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
crates/polars-io/src/cloud/options.rs	0.00%	18 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #20583      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   78.98%   78.96%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        1564     1564              
  Lines      220765   220802      +37     
  Branches     2504     2510       +6     
==========================================
- Hits       174368   174367       -1     
- Misses      45823    45860      +37     
- Partials      574      575       +1     

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