add ruff linter to workflows

[JHalbauer]

Add ruff Python linter and formatter to workflows and pre-commit. See docs here

[mmacata]

Thanks for this addition!

Is it possible to use a different config file than pyproject.toml for ruff?
Some projects already have one for project metadata - then the default linting config from this repository cannot be used, would need to be copied to the existing pyproject.toml but would need to be compared from time to time.
For other projects which don't have one I assume there might be problems with the build if it exists and then some values are not filled. This is only an assumption, I didn't check this.

[JHalbauer]

pyproject.toml can be replaced with ruff.toml or .ruff.toml which is done in the following commit. Apparently in a non pyproject.toml file there is no way to configure for exampleblack. It can only be used for ruff and therefore the replacement of ruff, flake8 and pylint in the workflows with ruff has to be done using a pyproject.toml or finding a different solution.