Update vol-IV-chap-14-sect-1.md

docs/vol-IV/vol-IV-chap-14-sect-1.md

@@ -38,47 +38,6 @@ The three elements of contextualization of learning (problematic situation, gene
 
 In this section, a description of the selected Physics Nobel Prizes is made in three parts: (1) the official announcement of the Prize indicating the year of the award, the names of the laureates and the reasons for the recognition; (2) PHYSICS CONTENT containing information taken from documents such as *Award ceremony speech, Press release, Speed read, Popular information* and *Advanced information*; and (3) Description of the Physics Nobel Prize including a full quote of the document called WORK (facts), which is a brief explanation of the main contributions made by each laureate, followed by the title and subtitles, when they exist in the original of the corresponding Nobel Lectures. Quoted texts are indicated in quotation marks. In the first part the names of the laureates are hypertext links to bibliographic references. All the references to documents of the Nobel Foundation are given in MLA format. 
 
-**1967:** to [Hans Albrecht Bethe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethe) "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars".
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-PHYSICS CONTENT (based on *Award ceremony speech* and on *Speed read: Stellar Nuclear Reactors*).
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-MLA style: Award ceremony speech. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Sat. 9 Nov 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1967/ceremony-speech/>
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-MLA style: Speed read: Stellar Nuclear Reactors. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Sat. 9 Nov 2024. <https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1967/speedread/>
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-- In the 1920s Arthur Eddington indicated that the innermost part of the sun is a hot gas mainly consisting of hydrogen and helium atoms which at the intense temperatures and pressures release energy when they fuse and create heavier atoms. 
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-- Radioactivity was a possible explanation, but it was discarded by estimating that the sun might not contain enough radioactive substances to produce its energy.  
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-- Considering Rutherford´s model of the atom and the possibility to produce transmutations of the chemical elements, it remained the question of the stability of protons and neutrons inside the nuclei. 
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-- Gamow proposed the application of nuclear physics to astronomy implying that the velocities of the protons at the high temperature of the sun would be able to produce enough energy. Nevertheless, reactions in atomic reactors are different, they are very fast and artificially produced by neutrons. 
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-- Bethe proposed two different processes, both of which resulted in hydrogen nuclei fusing with helium nuclei: (1) two protons collide and form a nucleus of heavy hydrogen, the surplus of electric charge vanishing in the form of a positive electron, afterwards helium nucleus are formed with four protons when more protons are captured, and (2) the presence of carbon which will practically not be consumed but acts as a catalyst.
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-- In his Nobel Lecture Bethe considered first the reaction $H+H=D+ε^+ +ν$, where $H$ and $D$ corresponded, respectively, to hydrogen and deuterium, $ε^+$ to a positron and $ν$ to a neutrino. The second process required the presence of carbon and was represented by the following cycle of reactions:
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-### Description of the 1967 Physics Nobel Prize awarded to Bethe.
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-WORK: “The discovery of fission—the splitting of heavy nuclei—revealed the liberation of large quantities of energy; an effect now exploited in nuclear reactors. This energy is generated by differences in mass. Energy is also liberated when light nuclei combine to form heavier ones, i.e. fusion. In 1938, Hans Bethe proved that fusion produces the enormous energy emitted by stars. He proposed two different processes, both of which result in hydrogen nuclei fusing with helium nuclei.”
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-MLA style: Hans Bethe – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Mon. 14 Aug 2023. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1967/bethe/facts/
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-NOBEL LECTRURE: *Energy Production in Stars* by Bethe.
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-- History
-- Properties of Stars
-- Thermonuclear Reactions
-- Nuclear Reactions in Main Sequence Stars
-- Experimental Results
-- The Completion of the Proton-Proton Chain
-- Evolution of a Star
-- Buildup and Dispersal of Elements
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-MLA style: Hans Bethe – Nobel Lecture. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Mon. 14 Aug 2023. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1967/bethe/lecture/
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-***
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 **1983:** divided equally between [Subramanyan Chandrasekhar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar) "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars" and [William Alfred Fowler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler) "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe".
 
 PHYSICS CONTENT (based on *Press release* and *Speed read: Death of a Star & Alchemy in the Stars*).