This package create background model (or acceptance model) to be used for IACT analysis with gammapy BAccMod is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) v3.0.
pip install BAccModDependencies :
- numpy
- scipy
- astropy
- iminuit >= 2.0
- gammapy >= 1.1
- regions >= 0.7
You could first create the acceptance (or background) model
from gammapy.maps import MapAxis
from gammapy.data import DataStore
from regions import CircleSkyRegion
import astropy.units as u
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord
from baccmod import RadialAcceptanceMapCreator
# The observations to use for creating the acceptance model
data_store = DataStore.from_dir("$GAMMAPY_DATA/hess-dl3-dr1")
obs_collection = data_store.get_observations([23523, 23526, 23559, 23592])
# The exclusion regions to apply during acceptance model calculation
exclude_regions = [CircleSkyRegion(center=SkyCoord.from_name('Crab'),
radius=0.2 * u.deg), ]
# Define the binning of the model
e_min, e_max = 0.1 * u.TeV, 10. * u.TeV
size_fov = 2.5 * u.deg
offset_axis_acceptance = MapAxis.from_bounds(0. * u.deg, size_fov, nbin=6, name='offset')
energy_axis_acceptance = MapAxis.from_energy_bounds(e_min, e_max, nbin=6, name='energy')
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10)
acceptance_model = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map(obs_collection)You can then check the acceptance model by plotting it using
acceptance_model.peek()To use it with gammapy, you could first save it on a FITS file
hdu_acceptance = acceptance_model.to_table_hdu()
hdu_acceptance.writeto('acceptance.fits', overwrite=True)It's then possible to load the acceptance model in the current gammapy DataStore with this code. You would need then to recreate you gammapy Observations object in order than the acceptance model is taken into account for the analysis.
data_store.hdu_table.remove_rows(data_store.hdu_table['HDU_TYPE']=='bkg')
for obs_id in np.unique(data_store.hdu_table['OBS_ID']):
data_store.hdu_table.add_row({'OBS_ID': obs_id,
'HDU_TYPE': 'bkg',
"HDU_CLASS": "bkg_2d",
"FILE_DIR": "",
"FILE_NAME": 'acceptance.fits',
"HDU_NAME": "BACKGROUND",
"SIZE": hdu_acceptance.size})
data_store.hdu_table = data_store.hdu_table.copy()
obs_collection = data_store.get_observations([23523, 23526, 23559, 23592])
data_store.hdu_tableWarning
Due to some change in gammapy 1.3, it's strongly suggested to use only use models that have been created with the same version of gammapy used
The observations should contain the telescope position in order to have the algorithm working. If the information is missing in the DL3, you could either add it or it possible to add it directly to the observation as shown in the example below. This snippet of code may require some adaptation depending on the version of gammapy you are using.
from astropy.coordinates import EarthLocation
# Your telescope position in an EarthLocation object
loc = EarthLocation.of_site('Roque de los Muchachos')
# Add telescope position to observations
for i in obs_collection:
obs_collection[i].obs_info['GEOLON'] = loc.lon.value
obs_collection[i].obs_info['GEOLAT'] = loc.lat.value
obs_collection[i].obs_info['GEOALT'] = loc.height.value
obs_collection[i]._location = locIt's also possible to fit the normalisation of the model per run. For this use the method create_acceptance_map_per_observation . In that case the output is a dictionary containing the acceptance model of each observations (with the observation Id as index).
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10)
acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection)It's also possible to create model binned per cos zenith. For this use the method create_acceptance_map_per_observation but with the option zenith_binning set at True.
The width of zenith bin could be control at the creation of the object with the parameter initial_cos_zenith_binning.
You can chose the cos_zenith_binning_method: min_livetime or min_n_observation to give a condition on minimum livetime or number of observations for each bin. The algorithm will then automatically rebin to larger bin in order to have in each bin at least cos_zenith_binning_parameter_value livetime (in seconds) or observation per bin. If you add _per_wobble to the method name, wobbles will be identified and the binning will require the condition to be fulfilled for each identified wobble.
In that case the output is a dictionary containing the acceptance model of each observations (with the observation ID as index).
Set verbose to True to get the binning result and a plot of the binned livetime.
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10,
cos_zenith_binning_method='min_livetime_per_wobble',
cos_zenith_binning_parameter_value=3600,
initial_cos_zenith_binning=0.01,
verbose=True)
acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection,
zenith_binning=True)It's also possible to create model interpolated between the binned model per cos zenith. For this use the method create_acceptance_map_per_observation but with the option zenith_interpolation set at True. All the parameters controlling the cos zenith binning remain active.
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10,
min_run_per_cos_zenith_bin=3,
initial_cos_zenith_binning=0.01)
acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection,
zenith_binning=True,
zenith_interpolation=True)It is also possible to create a model from OFF runs and to apply in ON runs you want to analyse. The exclusions regions should cover potential sources both in the ON and OFF runs at the same time. The OFF runs don't need to be spatially connected.
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10,
min_run_per_cos_zenith_bin=3,
initial_cos_zenith_binning=0.01)
acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection,
off_observations=obs_collection_off,
zenith_binning=True,
zenith_interpolation=True)It could be in some case useful to precompute a model and to apply it on data later. The example below cover the case where you want to use a model per run using zenith interpolation and OFF runs.
However, it's possible to use this functionality without OFF runs or zenith interpolation. In the last case you just need to provide a model in a gammapy format.
There are at this stage no define file format for storing the intermediate results, we suggest to store the BackgroundCollectionZenith object created directly using pickle.
The example below creates the BackgroundCollectionZenith object containing the zenith binned model.
The obs_collection provided could either be your ON runs if you want to compute background directly from the data or OFF runs if you want to use other data for the background model.
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10,
min_run_per_cos_zenith_bin=3,
initial_cos_zenith_binning=0.01)
base_model = acceptance_model_creator.create_model_cos_zenith_binned(obs_collection)The BackgroundCollectionZenith object containing the models could then be store using pickle.
import pickle
with open('my_bkg_model.pck', mode='wb') as f:
pickle.dump(base_model, f)It is then possible to retrieve it later using pickle.
import pickle
with open('my_bkg_model.pck', mode='rb') as f:
base_model = pickle.load(f)When you have a precomputed model in memory, it is possible to apply it directly on a given set of runs by using the base_mode parameter.
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions)
acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection,
base_model=base_model,
zenith_binning=True,
zenith_interpolation=True)If the background evolve quickly, like at high zenith angle, you could compute in the case of zenith binned or interpolated background the model at a smaller time scale than the observation run. The background model for the run will then correspond to the average of all the model computed for each part of the run.
It should improve accuracy of the model at the expanse of a larger compute time.
For this you need to set use_mini_irf_computation = True and you could control the time resolution used for computation with the parameter mini_irf_time_resolution.
acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance,
offset_axis_acceptance,
exclude_regions=exclude_regions,
oversample_map=10,
min_run_per_cos_zenith_bin=3,
initial_cos_zenith_binning=0.01,
use_mini_irf_computation = True,
mini_irf_time_resolution = 1. * u.min)
acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection,
zenith_binning=True,
zenith_interpolation=True)All models have an identical interface. You just need to change the class used to change the model created.
There are two model currently available :
- A 2D model with hypothesis of a radial symmetry of the background across the FoV. This is the class
RadialAcceptanceMapCreator.from baccmod import RadialAcceptanceMapCreator acceptance_model_creator = RadialAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance, offset_axis_acceptance, exclude_regions=exclude_regions) acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection)
- A 3D model with a regular grid describing the FoV. This is the class
Grid3DAcceptanceMapCreator.from baccmod import Grid3DAcceptanceMapCreator acceptance_model_creator = Grid3DAcceptanceMapCreator(energy_axis_acceptance, offset_axis_acceptance, exclude_regions=exclude_regions) acceptance_models = acceptance_model_creator.create_acceptance_map_per_observation(obs_collection)