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Update 12.mass-spectrometers.md table num
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jessegmeyerlab authored Apr 9, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ Additional ionization methods used to generate ions for mass spectrometry of sma

#### 2) The mass analyzer.
The mass analyzer is where gas phase ions are separated according to their *m/z* ratio based on physical principles.
There are several types of mass analyzers applied in mass spectrometry, including the quadrupole, linear ion trap and three-dimensional ion trap, orbitrap, Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), time-of-flight (TOF), and the magnetic sector analyzers [@DOI:10.3389/fchem.2021.813359; @DOI:10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040325], each with unique advantages and applications (Table 10-1).
There are several types of mass analyzers applied in mass spectrometry, including the quadrupole, linear ion trap and three-dimensional ion trap, orbitrap, Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), time-of-flight (TOF), and the magnetic sector analyzers [@DOI:10.3389/fchem.2021.813359; @DOI:10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040325], each with unique advantages and applications (Table 4).
For proteomic analysis, tandem mass spectrometry, which involves combining two or more stages of mass analysis, is typically used to achieve precursor selection, structural analysis, and improved sensitivity [@DOI:10.1016/j.jasms.2007.11.013].
The mass analyzer is the core component of a mass spectrometer, it is also the most important factor that we need to take into consideration when choosing a mass spectrometer for a specific project.

#### 3) The detector.
The detector is where ions are detected and their respective *m/z* values and abundances are recorded, generating a mass spectrum.
Common types of ion detectors, including the Electron Multiplier (EM), Photomultiplier Tube (PMT), Microchannel Plate (MP) and Faraday Cup (FC), along with a summary of their strengths and limitations, are illustrated in Table 10-2.
Common types of ion detectors are illustrated in Table 5, including the Electron Multiplier (EM), Photomultiplier Tube (PMT), Microchannel Plate (MP) and Faraday Cup (FC), along with a summary of their strengths and limitations.
It is worth noting that Orbitrap and FT-ICR mass analyzers don't use conventional detectors as listed above.
Instead, these analyzers detect an image current produced by oscillating ions [@DOI:10.1002/9780470027318.a9309.pub2; @DOI:10.1021/ac4001223; @DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-814013-0.00005-3].
In both mass analyzers, the detector is essentially measuring an electrical current (or more accurately, a voltage that's proportional to the current) that's induced by the motion of the ions.
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Systems must have an ion source, mass analyzer, detector, vacuum system, and control system.
](images/MS_f101.svg){#fig:MS-diagram tag="8" width="100%"}

Table 12.1 Common mass analyzers.
Table 4: Common mass analyzers.

| Type | Acronym | Principle | Characteristics |
|:--------:|:--------:|:------------------:|:--------------------:|
Expand All @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Table 12.1 Common mass analyzers.
| Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance | FT-ICR | Traps ions in a strong magnetic field by Lorentz force; separation by cyclotron frequency, image current detection and Fourier transformation of transient signal |Ultimate high mass resolution (over 2,700,000 with 21 telsa magnets), making it ideal for elemental and isotopic analysis. Large size, low speed, and expensive in terms of both initial purchase cost and ongoing operation and maintenance costs. |
| Orbitrap | Orbitrap | Axial oscillation in inhomogeneous electric field; detection of frequency after Fourier transformation of transient signal |Extremely high resolution and accuracy (up to 1,000,000), capable of resolving complex mixtures with high sensitivity. Relatively low speed, expensive in terms of both initial purchase cost and ongoing operation and maintenance costs. Need high vacuum. |

Table 12.2 Common detectors.
Table 5: Common detectors.

| Type | Principle | Characteristics |
|:--------:|:---------:|:-----------------:|
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This technique relies on the ability to control the position of ions under elevated pressure conditions using precisely adjustable electrodynamic fields.
It requires a precise fabrication craft and more complicated control system.
While it has only been perfected recently, typical products like trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) [@DOI:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00932;@DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.030] and cyclic traveling wave IMS have become commercially available [@DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01838].
Table 10.3 summarized typical ion mobility separation techniques, their separation concept, electric field direction, gas flow direction, strengths, and drawbacks.
Table 6 summarizes typical ion mobility separation techniques, their separation concept, electric field direction, gas flow direction, strengths, and drawbacks.
Also, for three categories of ion mobility techniques, we have selected a typical technique from each for brief introduction.

Table 12.3 Typical ion mobility separation techniques.
Table 6: Typical ion mobility separation techniques.

| Separation concept | Ion mobility techniques | Ion movement direction | Electric field direction | Drift Gas direction | Characteristics |
|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:----------------------------:|
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