forms

A library that simplifies working with Erlang's abstract format.

Documentation is available at HexDocs.

If you want to know more about what forms could do for you, check the following projects:

• meta - A metaprogramming library for Erlang
• behaviours2 - Erlang behaviours on steroids

Fetching a module's forms

The forms module features a read/1 function that can be used to fetch a module's abstract syntax tree (AST). read/1 works with both Erlang source files (i.e., files with the .erl suffix) and Erlang binary files (i.e., files with the .beam suffix).

The line below would read the forms from Erlang's internal lists module.

forms:read(lists).

Similarly, the following line would read the forms from a developer-provided hello_world source file.

forms:read("src/hello_world.erl").

Note that in order to be able to fetch a beam file's AST the Erlang binary file must have been compiled using the debug_info option (e.g., erlc -o ebin +debug_info src/hello_world.erl). Obviously, this is not a requirement when reading the forms from a source file.

High-order functions

Traversing an Erlang module's AST is now as simple as traversing a list. The forms library ships with the map/{2,3}, reduce\{3,4}, mr/3, filter/2, any/2 and all/2 functions, which are anologous to those available in the lists module.

Most of the above mentioned functions support two different traversal modes: 1) (valid) forms only and 2) full. The latter (i.e., full) is the default traversal mode. If one wants to change to forms_only, one can do so by using the optional options argument (e.g., forms:map(Fun, Forms, _Opts = [forms_only])..

Debug functions

Working with Erlang's abstract format is often tedious because Erlang developers are not used to see Erlang abstract code. Unlike Lisp, Erlang is not homonoic, which means that Erlang's code does not have the same structure as its AST. Homoicinity makes metaprogramming easier than in a programming language without this property because code can be treated as data.

To fill this gap, forms features the eval/1, from_abstract/1 and to_abstract/1 debug functions that may come in handy when working with Erlang's abstract code.

eval/1

Evaluate an Erlang expression (in string form) or abstract form.

forms:eval("1 + 1.").
%% => 2

forms:eval({op,1,'+',{integer,1,1},{integer,1,1}}).
%% => 2

to_abstract/1

Convert the provided Erlang attribute or expression (in string form) to its abstract format representation.

forms:to_abstract("hello(Name) -> io:format(\"Hello, ~s!~n\", [Name]).").
%% => {function,1,hello,1,
%%     [{clause,1,
%%      [{var,1,'Name'}],
%%       [],
%%       [{call,1,
%%        {remote,1,{atom,1,io},{atom,1,format}},
%%        [{string,1,"Hello, ~s!~n"},
%%         {cons,1,{var,1,'Name'},{nil,1}}]}]}]}

forms:to_abstract("-export([hello/1]).").
%% => {attribute,1,export,[{hello,1}]}

from_abstract/1

Convert the provided form into its Erlang attribute or expression counterpart.

forms:from_abstract({attribute,1,export,[{hello,1}]}).
%% => "-export([hello/1])."

forms:from_abstract({function,1,hello,1,
                     [{clause,1,
                      [{var,1,'Name'}],
                      [],
                      [{call,1,
                        {remote,1,{atom,1,io},{atom,1,format}},
                         [{string,1,"Hello, ~s!~n"},
                          {cons,1,{var,1,'Name'},{nil,1}}]}]}]}).
%% => "hello(Name) -> io:format(\"Hello, ~s!~n\", [Name])."

Examples

Count how many times the anonymous variable (i.e., '_') is used in the lists module.

Forms = forms:read(lists),
forms:reduce(fun({var, _, '_'}, Count) -> Count + 1; (_, Count) -> Count end, 0, Forms).
%% => 57

Easy. Isn't it? :-)

Author(s)

• Enrique Fernandez <[email protected]>

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2014-2018, Enrique Fernandez

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.