BaseExecutor allows executors to consumer task_instance parameters

[AutomationDev85]

Description

During implementation of the slot handling in the Edge provider package (see #43737) a discussion about how to enable executors to use additional information was started. This PR tackles the idea on extend the execute_async function with task_instance to allow executor consuming all the task_instance parameters. With this it is pretty simple to change a the interface and the executer can decide with task_instance parameters he wants to use to implement task specific behaviors.

This PR shows a possible solution how to tackle option 2 of discussion in this PR #43737. Will also create a devlist discussion about this.

Details about changes

• Add execute function into BaseExecutor which has task_instance as parameter.
• New execute function calls old execute_async function to keep not updated Executors running.
• Add deprecation warning for Executor which use the old execute_async function.

[jscheffl]

Even though it is green, converting to DRAFT as long as devlist discussion is ongoing.

[jscheffl]

Thanks for the proposal. I like it.

I assume the implementation is made serving the devlist discussion, before merge the following things would need to be added:

• Documentation naming the deprecation and describing the new signature
• Probably also some naming in the "Authoring and Scheduling" documentation or Pools documentation so that users know about the feature
• Newsfragment highlighting the change
• Pytests for the new API
• Adjustment of the "Core Executors" shipped with Airflow, Sequential and Local Executor - ideally LocalExecutor could serve as a kind of reference implementation