Discovering csharp through code samples. 😉
- Hello World * Comments * Variables
- By Feature * Type Conversion * Sizeof
- Operators * Decision Making * Loops
- Methods * Nullables * Arrays
- Strings * Structures * Enums
- Classes * Polymorphism * Inheritance
- Abstract * Interface * Exception Handling
- Checked * Delegate * Event
- Explicit * Extern * Fixed
- Goto * Implicit * Access Modifiers
- Is * Lock * Override
- Readonly * Method Parameters * Sealed
- Stackalloc * Static * This
- Typeof * Unsafe * Using static
- Virtual * Volatile * Generics
- Generic Collections * C# Keywords * Contextual Keywords
- Contributing * License
-
- Compiler as a service Roslyn - Import of static type members into namespace
- Exception filters - Await in catch finally blocks
- Auto property initializers - Default values for getter only properties
- Expression-bodied members - Null propagator
- String interpolation - nameof operator - Dictionary initializer
-
- Out variables - Tuples - Discards
- Pattern matching - Deconstruction
- Ref returns and locals (TODO) - Local functions
- More expression-bodied members (TODO) - throw Expressions (TODO)
- Generalized async return types (TODO) - Numeric literal syntax improvements (TODO)
-
- Async main (TODO) - Default literal expressions (TODO) - Inferred tuple element names (TODO)
-
- Reference semantics with value types (TODO) - Non-trailing named arguments (TODO)
- Leading underscores in numeric literals (TODO) - private protected access modifier (TODO)
-
- More efficient safe code (TODO) - Existing features better (TODO)
-
- Readonly members (TODO) - Default interface members (TODO) - Pattern matching enhancements (TODO)
- Using declarations (TODO) - Static local functions (TODO) - Disposable ref structs (TODO)
- Nullable reference types (TODO) - Asynchronous streams (TODO) - Indices and ranges (TODO)
-
- Record types - Init only setters
- Top-level statements - Pattern matching enhancements (TODO)
- Performance and interop (TODO) - Fit and finish features (TODO) - Support for code generators (TODO)
-
- Record structs - Global using directives
- File-scoped namespace declaration (TODO) - Interpolated string handlers (TODO)
- Extended property patterns (TODO)
-
- Raw String Literals (TODO) - Generic Math Support (TODO)
- List Patterns (TODO) - Required Members (TODO) - Pattern Match Span on a Constant String (TODO)
-
- Primary constructors (TODO) - Collection expressions (TODO)
- Inline arrays (TODO) - Optional parameters in lambda expressions (TODO)
- ref readonly parameters (TODO)
-
- New escape sequence (TODO) - Method group natural type (TODO) - Implicit index access (TODO)
using System;
namespace HelloWorldApplication
{
class HelloWorld
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
}[C# 9.0]
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World");/* The
multiline
comments */
// Single-line commentsclass MainClass {
// Value type
enum myEnum { Zero, One };
static void Main () {
// Value types
bool myBool = true; // True or false
byte myByte = 255; // 0 to 255
char myChar = 'a'; // U +0000 to U +ffff
decimal myDecimal = 1m; // 128-bit decimal values
double myDouble = 1d; // 64-bit double-precision
float myFloat = 1f; // 32-bit single-precision
int myInt = 1; // -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long myLong = 1L; // 64-bit signed integer type
sbyte mySbyte = 1; // -128 to 127
short myShort = 1; // -32,768 to 32,767
uint myUint = 1; // 0 to 4,294,967,295
ulong myUlong = 1; // 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
ushort myUshort = 1; // 0 to 65,535
// Reference types
dynamic myDynamic = 1; // Bypass compile-time type checking
object myObject = new myClass();
string myString = "test";
// Pointer types
/*
unsafe {
int* myIntVariable; // Int variable address
}
*/
}
// Reference type
class myClass { };
interface myInterface { };
delegate void myDelegate();
}Convert.ToBoolean(x); // Converts a type to a Boolean value
Convert.ToByte(x); // Converts a type to a byte
Convert.ToChar(x); // Converts a type to a single Unicode character
Convert.ToDateTime(x); // Converts a type (integer or string type) to date-time structures
Convert.ToDecimal(x); // Converts a floating point or integer type to a decimal type
Convert.ToDouble(x); // Converts a type to a double type
Convert.ToInt16(x); // Converts a type to a 16-bit integer
Convert.ToInt32(x); // Converts a type to a 32-bit integer
Convert.ToInt64(x); // Converts a type to a 64-bit integer
Convert.ToSbyte(x); // Converts a type to a signed byte type
Convert.ToSingle(x); // Converts a type to a small floating point number
Convert.ToString(x); // Converts a type to a string
Convert.ToType(x); // Converts a type to a specified type
Convert.ToUInt16(x); // Converts a type to an unsigned int type
Convert.ToUInt32(x); // Converts a type to an unsigned long type
Convert.ToUInt64(x); // Converts a type to an unsigned big integer- As
SomeType x = y as SomeType;
if (x != null)
{
// Do something
}// Constant value 4:
int intSize = sizeof(int); - Arithmetic Operators
x + y // Adds two operands
x - y // Subtracts second operand from the first
x * y // Multiplies both operands
x / y // Divides numerator by de-numerator
x % y // Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division
x++ // Increment operator increases integer value by one
x-- // Decrement operator decreases integer value by one- Relational Operators
(x == y) // Checks if the values of two operands are equal
(x != y) // Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not
(x > y) // Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand
(x < y) // Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand
(x >= y) // Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand
(x <= y) // Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand- Logical Operators
(x && y) // Logical AND operator
(x || y) // Logical OR Operator
!(x || y) // Logical NOT Operator- Overload a built-in operator
[Run example] [Oficial docs]
using System;
class Fraction
{
int num, den;
public Fraction(int num, int den) => (this.num, this.den) = (num, den);
public static Fraction operator +(Fraction a, Fraction b) =>
new Fraction(a.num * b.den + b.num * a.den, a.den * b.den);
public static implicit operator double(Fraction f) => (double)f.num / f.den;
static void Main() => Console.WriteLine((double)new Fraction(1, 2) + new Fraction(3, 4));
}- If statement
[Run example]
if(boolean_expression)
{
/* boolean expression is true */
}- If else statements
[Run example]
if(boolean_expression)
{
/* boolean expression is true */
}
else
{
/* expression is false */
}- If, else if, else statements
[Run example]
if(boolean_expression1)
{
/* boolean expression 1 is true */
}
else if (boolean_expression2)
{
/* boolean expression 2 is true */
}
else
{
/* expression 1 and 2 are false */
}- Nested if statements
[Run example]
if( boolean_expression1)
{
/* boolean expression 1 is true */
if(boolean_expression2)
{
/* expression 2 is true */
}
}- Switch statement
[Run example]
switch(place)
{
case 1 :
Console.WriteLine("First!");
break;
case 2 :
Console.WriteLine("Second!");
break;
default : /* Optional */
Console.WriteLine("Invalid place!");
break;
}- While loop
[Run example]
while(condition)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello!");
}- For loop
[Run example]
for (int x = 0; x < 10; x++)
{
Console.WriteLine($"value of x: {x}");
}- Do...while loop
[Run example]
int x = 0;
do
{
Console.WriteLine($"value of x: {x}");
x++;
}
while (x < 10);- Nested loops
[Run example]
for (int x = 0; x < 10; x++)
{
for (int y = 0; y < 10; y++)
{
Console.WriteLine($"x: {x}, y: {y}");
}
}- Break Statement
[Run example]
int x = 0;
while (x < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine($"value of x: {x}");
x++;
if (x > 5)
{
/* terminate the loop using break statement */
break;
}
}- Continue Statement
[Run example]
int x = 0;
do
{
if (x == 5)
{
x++;
/* skips printing 6 */
continue;
}
x++;
Console.WriteLine($"value of x: {x}");
}
while (x < 10);- Foreach, in
[Run example]
ArrayList numbers = new ArrayList();
numbers.Add(1);
numbers.Add(2);
numbers.Add(3);
Console.WriteLine($"Count: {numbers.Count}");
foreach (int number in numbers)
{
Console.Write(number + " ");
}using System;
namespace CalculatorApplication
{
class Calculator
{
public int Sum(int x, int y)
{
return x + y;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var result = Sum(2, 2);
Console.WriteLine("result: {0}", result);
}
}
}[C# 2.0]
int? x = null;
int? y = 2;
int? variableName = null;
double? variableName = null;
bool? variableName = null;
int?[] arr = new int?[10];
var z = x ?? 10; // Null Coalescing Operatordouble[] balance = new double[10]; // Initializing an Array
double[] marks = { 1, 2, 3 }; // Assigning Values to an Array
balance[0] = 10;
var first = balance[0];string name = "John doe";
Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}", name);struct Books
{
public string title;
public string author;
public string subject;
public int book_id;
};
Books book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
book1.title = "Csharp Programming";
Console.WriteLine( "Book 1 title : {0}", Book1.title);
Books book2 = new Books() {title = "Hamlet", author = "William Shakespeare", subject = "tragedy", book_id = 1};
Console.WriteLine( "Book 1 title : {0}", Book2.title);enum Days { Sun, Mon, tue, Wed, thu, Fri, Sat };
Console.WriteLine("Monday: {0}", (int)Days.Mon);class Person
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
public Person(int age, string name)
{
Age = age;
Name = name;
}
public int Talk()
{
return "Hello!";
}
}
public class Application
{
static void Main()
{
Person person = new Person("Bill", 42);
Console.WriteLine("person Name = {0} Age = {1}", person.Name, person.Age);
}
}public class Shape
{
// A few example members
public int X { get; private set; }
public int Y { get; private set; }
public int Height { get; set; }
public int Width { get; set; }
// Virtual method
public virtual void Draw()
{
Console.WriteLine("Performing base class drawing tasks");
}
}
class Circle : Shape
{
public override void Draw()
{
// Code to draw a circle...
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a circle");
base.Draw();
}
}
class Rectangle : Shape
{
public override void Draw()
{
// Code to draw a rectangle...
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a rectangle");
base.Draw();
}
}class Shape
{
public void setWidth(int w)
{
width = w;
}
public void setHeight(int h)
{
height = h;
}
protected int width;
protected int height;
}
// Derived class
class Rectangle: Shape
{
public int getArea()
{
return (width * height);
}
}abstract class BaseClass
{
protected int _x = 100;
protected int _y = 150;
public abstract void AbstractMethod();
}
class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
public override void AbstractMethod()
{
_x++;
_y++;
}
}public interface IPerson
{
// interface members
public int Talk();
}
class Person : IPerson
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
public Person(int age, string name)
{
Age = age;
Name = name;
}
public int Talk()
{
return "Hello!";
}
}try
{
// statements causing exception
}
catch( ExceptionName e1 )
{
// error handling code
}
catch( ExceptionName e2 )
{
// error handling code
}
catch( ExceptionName eN )
{
// error handling code
}
finally
{
// statements to be executed
}- Exception filters [C# 6.0]
try
{
throw new Exception("Exception 1");
}
catch(Exception ex) when(ex.Message == "Exception 2")
{
Console.WriteLine("caught Exception 2");
}
catch(Exception ex) when(ex.Message == "Exception 1")
{
Console.WriteLine("caught Exception 1");
}- Checked
// The following statements are checked by default at compile time. They do not
// compile.
int1 = 2147483647 + 10;
int1 = ConstantMax + 10;
// If the previous sum is attempted in a checked environment, an
// OverflowException error is raised.
// Checked expression.
Console.WriteLine(checked(2147483647 + ten));- Unchecked
// The following statements compile and run.
unchecked
{
int1 = 2147483647 + 10;
}// Declare delegate, defines required signature:
delegate double MathAction(double num);
class DelegateTest
{
// Regular method that matches signature:
static double Double(double input)
{
return input * 2;
}
static void Main()
{
// Instantiate delegate with named method:
MathAction multByTwo = Double;
// Invoke delegate multByTwo:
Console.WriteLine(multByTwo(4.5)); // 9
// Instantiate delegate with anonymous method:
MathAction square = delegate(double input)
{
return input * input;
};
Console.WriteLine(square(5)); // 25
// Instantiate delegate with lambda expression
MathAction cube = s => s * s * s;
Console.WriteLine(cube(4.375)); // 83.740234375
}
}public class SampleEventArgs
{
public SampleEventArgs(string s) { Text = s; }
public String Text {get; private set;} // readonly
}
public class Publisher
{
// Declare the delegate (if using non-generic pattern).
public delegate void SampleEventHandler(object sender, SampleEventArgs e);
// Declare the event.
public event SampleEventHandler SampleEvent;
// Wrap the event in a protected virtual method
// to enable derived classes to raise the event.
protected virtual void RaiseSampleEvent()
{
// Raise the event by using the () operator.
if (SampleEvent != null)
SampleEvent(this, new SampleEventArgs("Hello"));
}
}// Must be defined inside a class called Fahrenheit:
public static explicit operator Celsius(Fahrenheit fahr)
{
return new Celsius((5.0f / 9.0f) * (fahr.degrees - 32));
}
Fahrenheit fahr = new Fahrenheit(100.0f);
Console.Write("{0} Fahrenheit", fahr.Degrees);
Celsius c = (Celsius)fahr;// Used to declare a method that is implemented externally
[DllImport("avifil32.dll")]
private static extern void AVIFileInit(); class Point
{
public int x;
public int y;
}
// Fixed prevents the garbage collector from relocating a movable variable
// The fixed statement is only permitted in an unsafe context
unsafe static void TestMethod()
{
// Variable pt is a managed variable, subject to garbage collection.
Point pt = new Point();
// Using fixed allows the address of pt members to be taken,
// and "pins" pt so that it is not relocated.
fixed (int* p = &pt.x)
{
*p = 1;
}
}// Transfers the program control directly to a labeled statement
switch (option)
{
case 1:
Console.WriteLine("Case 1.");
break;
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("Case 2.");
goto case 1;
case 3:
Console.WriteLine("Case 3.");
goto case 1;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Invalid selection.");
break;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
if (i = 5)
{
goto Found;
}
}
Found:
Console.WriteLine("Found 5!");class Digit
{
public Digit(double d) { val = d; }
public double val;
// ...other members
// User-defined conversion from Digit to double
public static implicit operator double(Digit d)
{
return d.val;
}
// User-defined conversion from double to Digit
public static implicit operator Digit(double d)
{
return new Digit(d);
}
}
// Use
// Implicit "double" operator
double num = dig;
// Implicit "Digit" operator
Digit dig2 = 12;public // Access is not restricted
protected // Access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the containing class
internal // Access is limited to the current assembly
protected internal // Access is limited to the current assembly or types derived from the containing class
private // Access is limited to the containing type
private protected // Access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the containing class
// within the current assemblyif (obj is Person) { // Checks if an object is compatible with a given type
// Do something if obj is a Person.
}class Account
{
decimal balance;
private Object thisLock = new Object();
public void Withdraw(decimal amount)
{
lock (thisLock) // Ensures that one thread does not enter a critical section of code
// while another thread is in the critical section.
{
if (amount > balance)
{
throw new Exception("Insufficient funds");
}
balance -= amount;
}
}
} abstract class ShapesClass
{
abstract public int Area(); // Abstract method to override
}
class Square : ShapesClass
{
int side = 0;
public Square(int n)
{
side = n;
}
// Area method is required to avoid
// a compile-time error.
public override int Area() // Overridden implementation
{
return side * side;
}
}class Age
{
readonly int _year;
Age(int year)
{
_year = year;
}
void ChangeYear()
{
//_year = 1967; // Compile error if uncommented.
}
}- Params
public static void UseParams(params object[] list) // Variable number of arguments.
{
for (int i = 0; i < list.Length; i++)
{
Console.Write(list[i] + " ");
}
}
UseParams(1, 'a', "test");- Ref
class RefExample
{
static void Method(ref int i)
{
i = i + 44;
}
static void Main()
{
int val = 1;
Method(ref val);
Console.WriteLine(val); // 45
}
}- Out
[C# 7.0]
- Parameter modifier
class OutExample { static void Method(out int i) { i = 44; } static void Main() { int value; Method(out value); Console.WriteLine(value); // value is now 44 } }
- Generic type parameter declarations
// Covariant interface. interface ICovariant<out R> { } // Extending covariant interface. interface IExtCovariant<out R> : ICovariant<R> { } // Implementing covariant interface. class Sample<R> : ICovariant<R> { } class Program { static void Test() { ICovariant<Object> iobj = new Sample<Object>(); ICovariant<String> istr = new Sample<String>(); // You can assign istr to iobj because // the ICovariant interface is covariant. iobj = istr; } }
class A {}
sealed class B : A {} // No class can inherit from class B
class X
{
protected virtual void F() { Console.WriteLine("X.F"); }
protected virtual void F2() { Console.WriteLine("X.F2"); }
}
class Y : X
{
sealed protected override void F() { Console.WriteLine("Y.F"); }
protected override void F2() { Console.WriteLine("Y.F2"); }
}
class Z : Y
{
// Attempting to override F causes compiler error CS0239.
// protected override void F() { Console.WriteLine("C.F"); }
// Overriding F2 is allowed.
protected override void F2() { Console.WriteLine("Z.F2"); }
}// Allocates memory on the stack instead of the heap,
// which is faster and more efficient for small,
// short-lived arrays like this Fibonacci sequence.
class Fibonacci
{
static unsafe void Main()
{
// Allocates a block of memory on the stack for 20 integers
int* fib = stackalloc int[20];
fib[0] = fib[1] = 1;
for (int i = 2; i < 20; i++)
fib[i] = fib[i - 1] + fib[i - 2];
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
Console.WriteLine(fib[i]);
}
}// Declare a static member, which belongs to the type itself rather than to a specific object.
static class CompanyEmployee
{
public static void DoSomething() { /*...*/ }
public static void DoSomethingElse() { /*...*/ }
}
CompanyEmployee.DoSomething();
CompanyEmployee.DoSomethingElse();
class Employee
{
public static string name;
}
Employee.name// Use to qualify members hidden by similar names
public Employee(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}
// Use to pass an object as a parameter to other methods
CalcTax(this);
// Use to declare indexers
public int this[int param]
{
get { return array[param]; }
set { array[param] = value; }
}System.Type type = typeof(int); // System.Int32unsafe static void FastCopy(byte[] src, byte[] dst, int count)
{
// Unsafe context: can use pointers here.
} [C# 10.0]
// Inside a file named GlobalUsings.cs
global using System;
global using System.Collections.Generic;
// In another file, it's not necessary to redeclare the usings above
public class TestClass
{
public void Print(List<int> list)
{
foreach (var item in list)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}
}
}using static System.Console; // Designates a type whose static members you can
// access without specifying a type name.
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
WriteLine("Hello world!"); // Without specifying Console
}
}class MyBaseClass
{
// virtual auto-implemented property. Overrides can only
// provide specialized behavior if they implement get and set accessors.
public virtual string Name { get; set; }
// ordinary virtual property with backing field
private int num;
public virtual int Number
{
get { return num; }
set { num = value; }
}
}
class MyDerivedClass : MyBaseClass
{
private string name;
// Override auto-implemented property with ordinary property
// to provide specialized accessor behavior.
public override string Name
{
get
{
return name;
}
set
{
if (value != String.Empty)
{
name = value;
}
else
{
name = "Unknown";
}
}
}
}class VolatileTest
{
public volatile int i; // Indicates that a field might be modified by multiple
// threads that are executing at the same time
public void Test(int _i)
{
i = _i;
}
}[C# 2.0]
// Declare the generic class.
public class GenericList<T>
{
void Add(T input) { }
}
class TestGenericList
{
private class ExampleClass { }
static void Main()
{
// Declare a list of type int.
GenericList<int> list1 = new GenericList<int>();
// Declare a list of type string.
GenericList<string> list2 = new GenericList<string>();
// Declare a list of type ExampleClass.
GenericList<ExampleClass> list3 = new GenericList<ExampleClass>();
}
}[C# 2.0]
public partial class MyClass { int x; }
public partial class MyClass { int y; }
public partial class MyClass { public MyClass() => (x, y) = (10, 20); }
// The three partials will generate just one class after compiled[C# 2.0]
// Declare a delegate.
delegate void Printer(string s);
// Instantiate the delegate type using an anonymous method.
Printer p = delegate(string j)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(j);
};
// Results from the anonymous delegate call.
p("The delegate using the anonymous method is called.");
// Output: The delegate using the anonymous method is called.[C# 2.0]
// Iterator can be used to step through collections such as lists and arrays
class Department
{
private List<Employees> _employees;
public IEnumerator<Employees> GetEnumerator()
{
foreach (Employees emp in _employees)
yield return emp;
}
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Department dept = new Department("MyDepartment");
foreach (Employees emp in dept)
{
//...
}
}[C# 2.0]
class Customer
{ // Different accessibility on get and set accessors using accessor-modifier
public string Name { get; protected set; }
}[C# 2.0]
// suppose we have a method called RemoveSpaces(string s) and a delegate called Del
// to assign a method to the delegate:
Del d = RemoveSpaces;[C# 2.0]
static object GetObject() { return null; }
static void SetObject(object obj) { }
static string GetString() { return “”; }
static void SetString(string str) { }
// Covariance. A delegate specifies a return type as object,
// but I can assign a method that returns a string.
Func<object> del = GetString;
// Contravariance. A delegate specifies a parameter type as string,
// but I can assign a method that takes an object.
Action<string> del2 = SetObject;[C# 2.0]
//create a delegate instance without the new keyword part
delegate void SomeAction();
SomeAction newStyle = SayHello;[C# 2.0]
using Col = System.Collections.Generic;
Col.List<int> numbers = new Col.List<int> { 1, 2, 3 };[C# 3.0]
// compiled as an int
var foo = 5;
// compiled as a string
var foo = "Hello";
// compiled as int[]
var foo = new[] { 0, 1, 2 };
// expr is compiled as IEnumerable<Customer> or perhaps IQueryable<Customer>
var foo =
from c in customers
where c.City == "London"
select c;
// compiled as an anonymous type
var foo = new { Name = "Terry", Age = 34 };
// compiled as List<int>
var foo = new List<int>();[C# 3.0]
// Object initializer
class Customer
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
}
Customer foo = new Customer { Name = "Spock", Age = 21 };
// Anonymous object initializer
var bar = new { Name = "Spock", Age = 21 };
// Collection initializer
List<Customer> foos = new List<Customer>
{
new Customer { Name = "John", Age = 21 };
new Customer { Name = "Ringo", Age = 32 };
new Customer { Name = "Paul", Age = 43 };
};[C# 3.0]
class Customer
{
// Auto-Implemented properties for trivial get and set
public int CustomerID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}[C# 3.0]
// Anonymous types provide a convenient way to encapsulate a set of read-only
// properties into a single object without having to explicitly define a type first
var v = new { Amount = 108, Message = "Hello" };
Console.WriteLine(v.Amount + v.Message);
// Anonymous types typically are used in the select clause of a query expression
// to return a subset of the properties from each object in the source sequence
var productQuery =
from prod in products
select new { prod.Color, prod.Price };[C# 3.0]
// Extension methods enable you to "add" methods to existing types without
// creating a new derived type, recompiling, or otherwise modifying the original type
namespace ExtensionMethods
{
public static class MyExtensions
{
public static int WordCount(this String str)
{
return str.Split(new char[] { ' ', '.', '?' },
StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries).Length;
}
}
}
string s = "Hello Extension Methods";
// Extension methods are defined as static methods but are called by using instance method syntax
int i = s.WordCount(); [C# 3.0]
// A lambda expression is an anonymous function that you
// can use to create delegates or expression tree types.
delegate int del(int i);
static void Main(string[] args)
{
del myDelegate = x => x * x;
int j = myDelegate(5); //j = 25
Expression<del> myET = x => x * x;
}[C# 3.0]
// Create an expression using expression lambda
Expression<Func<int, int, int>> expression = (num1, num2) => num1 + num2;
// Compile the expression
Func<int, int, int> compiledExpression = expression.Compile();
// Execute the expression.
int result = compiledExpression(3, 4); //return 7[C# 3.0]
partial class MyClass
{
partial void OnSomethingHappened(string s);
}
// This part can be in a separate file.
partial class MyClass
{
// Comment out this method and the program
// will still compile.
partial void OnSomethingHappened(String s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Something happened: {0}", s);
}
}[C# 3.0]
// A query is a set of instructions that describes what data to retrieve from a given
// data source (or sources) and what shape and organization the returned data should have.
// Data source.
int[] scores = { 90, 71, 82, 93, 75, 82 };
// Query Expression.
IEnumerable<int> scoreQuery = //query variable
from score in scores //required
where score > 80 // optional
orderby score descending // optional
select score; //must end with select or group
// Execute the query to produce the results
foreach (int testScore in scoreQuery)
{
Console.WriteLine(testScore);
} [C# 4.0]
// Dynamic binding refers to delaying the process of type resolution from compile time to runtime.
// Static binding
Person obj = new Person();
obj.Run(); // Compiler will try to find a method named Run
// If not found the compiler will generate an error
// Dynamic binding
dynamic obj = new Person();
obj.Run(); // Resolves binding on runtime instead of compile time.[C# 4.0]
// Example method
public static int Sum(int firstNumber, int secondNumber = 1)
{
return firstNumber+ secondNumber;
}
// Passing parameters using the normal way
Sum(10, 20);
// Passing parameters using named parameter
Sum(firstNumber: 10, secondNumber: 20);
// Passing parameters using default value
Sum(10);
// Example method using optional parameters
public int Sum(int firstNumber, [Optional] int secondNumber)
{
return firstNumber + secondNumber;
}
// Example method using params keyword
public int Sum(int firstNumber, params int[] numbers)
{
int total = 0;
foreach (int number in numbers)
{
number += number;
}
return total + firstNumber;
} [C# 4.0]
- Covariance
// Enables you to use a more derived type than originally specified
IEnumerable<Derived> d = new List<Derived>();
IEnumerable<Base> b = d;- Contravariance
// Enables you to use a more generic (less derived) type than originally specified
Action<Base> b = (target) => { Console.WriteLine(target.GetType().Name); };
Action<Derived> d = b;
d(new Derived());[C# 5.0]
public void DoProcessing()
{
TraceMessage("Something happened.");
}
public void TraceMessage(string message,
[CallerMemberName] string memberName = "",
[CallerFilePath] string sourceFilePath = "",
[CallerLineNumber] int sourceLineNumber = 0)
{
Trace.WriteLine("message: " + message); // message: Something happened
Trace.WriteLine("member name: " + memberName); // member name: DoProcessing
Trace.WriteLine("file path: " + sourceFilePath); // file path: c:\Users\username\Documents\Form1.cs
Trace.WriteLine("source line number: " + sourceLineNumber); // source line number: 31
} [C# 5.0]
// For I/O-bound code
async Task<string> FetchDataAsync(string url)
{
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
return await client.GetStringAsync(url);
}
// For CPU-bound code
async Task<int> CalculateAsync()
{
return await Task.Run(() => ExpensiveCalculation());
}
int ExpensiveCalculation() => 42; // Simulated expensive calculation[C# 6.0]
// Roslyn provides open-source C# and Visual Basic compilers with rich code analysis APIs.
const string programText =
@"using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
namespace HelloWorld
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(""Hello, World!"");
}
}
}";
// Syntax analysis traversing trees
// Build the syntax tree
SyntaxTree tree = CSharpSyntaxTree.ParseText(programText);
CompilationUnitSyntax root = tree.GetCompilationUnitRoot(); // Retrieve the root node of that tree
// Examine the nodes in the tree.
WriteLine($"The tree is a {root.Kind()} node.");
WriteLine($"The tree has {root.Members.Count} elements in it.");
WriteLine($"The tree has {root.Usings.Count} using statements. They are:");
foreach (UsingDirectiveSyntax element in root.Usings)
WriteLine($"\t{element.Name}");
// Semantic analysis Querying symbols
var compilation = CSharpCompilation.Create("HelloWorld")
.AddReferences(MetadataReference.CreateFromFile(
typeof(string).Assembly.Location))
.AddSyntaxTrees(tree);
// Querying the semantic model
SemanticModel model = compilation.GetSemanticModel(tree);
// Use the syntax tree to find "using System;"
UsingDirectiveSyntax usingSystem = root.Usings[0];
NameSyntax systemName = usingSystem.Name;
// Use the semantic model for symbol information:
SymbolInfo nameInfo = model.GetSymbolInfo(systemName);[C# 6.0]
// Without using static
using System;
Math.PI
// Using static directive designates a type whose static members you can access without specifying a type name.
using static System.Math;
Math.PI[C# 6.0]
try
{
await ThatMayThrowAsync();
}
catch (ExpectedException ex)
{
await Logger.LogAsync(ex);
}[C# 6.0]
public decimal Price { get; set; } = 0.50m;
public string Name { get; set; } = "John";[C# 6.0]
class Person {
public string Name { get; set; }
}
var person = new Person();
int number = 0;
string text = "lorem ipsum";
Console.WriteLine(nameof(number)); // number
Console.WriteLine(nameof(text)); // text
Console.WriteLine(nameof(person.Name)); // Name[C# 6.0]
Console.WriteLine($"Hello, {name}! Today is {date.DayOfWeek}, it's {date:HH:mm} now.");[C# 6.0]
class Person {
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public string GetFullName() => FirstName + " " + LastName;
}
var person = new Person();
person.FirstName = "John";
person.LastName = "Doe";
Console.WriteLine(person.GetFullName());[C# 6.0]
var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, int>
{
["one"] = 1,
["two"] = 2,
["three"] = 3
};[C# 6.0]
int? length = customers?.Length; // null if customers is null
Customer first = customers?[0]; // null if customers is null
int? count = customers?[0]?.Orders?.Count(); // null if customers, the first customer, or Orders is null [C# 6.0]
public class Dog
{
public string Name { get; set; }
// DogCreationTime is immutable
public DateTime DogCreationTime { get; } = DateTime.Now;
public Dog(string name)
{
Name = name;
}
}[C# 7.0] [Oficial docs]
Patterns test that a value has a certain shape, and can extract information from the value when it has the matching shape.
public static void SwitchPattern(object o)
{
switch (o)
{
case null: Console.WriteLine("null pattern"); break;
case int i: Console.WriteLine($"int: {i}"); break;
case Person { FirstName: var name } p when name.StartsWith("A"):
Console.WriteLine($"A person: {name}");
break;
case Person p: Console.WriteLine($"Person: {p.FirstName}"); break;
default: Console.WriteLine($"Unknown type: {o?.GetType().Name}"); break;
}
}[C# 7.0] [Oficial docs]
Tuples are lightweight data structures that contain multiple fields to represent the data members.
// You can create a tuple by assigning a value to each member
(string Alpha, string Beta) namedLetters = ("a", "b");
Console.WriteLine($"{namedLetters.Alpha}, {namedLetters.Beta}");
// You can also specify the names of the fields on the right-hand side of the assignment
var alphabetStart = (Alpha: "a", Beta: "b");
Console.WriteLine($"{alphabetStart.Alpha}, {alphabetStart.Beta}");// There may be times when you want to unpackage the members of a tuple that were returned from a method
(int max, int min) = Range(numbers);
Console.WriteLine(max);
Console.WriteLine(min);[C# 7.0]
_ = int.TryParse("123", out _); // Discards the out parameter[C# 7.0] [Oficial docs]
Local functions enable you to declare methods inside the context of another method.
public static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine(Sum(1,1));
}
public static string Sum(int x, int y) {
return DisplayResult(x + y);
string DisplayResult(int result) {
return result.ToString();
}
}[C# 9.0] [Oficial docs]
You use the record keyword to define a reference type that provides built-in functionality for encapsulating data.
public record Person(string FirstName, string LastName);
public static void Main()
{
Person person = new("Nancy", "Davolio");
Console.WriteLine(person);
// output: Person { FirstName = Nancy, LastName = Davolio }
}[C# 10.0]
public record struct Point(int X, int Y);
public static void Main()
{
var p1 = new Point(1, 2);
var p2 = new Point(1, 2);
Console.WriteLine(p1 == p2); // output: True
}[C# 9.0] [Oficial docs]
Init only setters provide consistent syntax to initialize members of an object.
public struct Person
{
public string Name { get; init; }
}
var nancy = new Person
{
Name = "nancy",
};
// An attempt to change a property after initialization results in a compiler error
// Error! CS8852.
nancy.Name = "Davolio";Contains interfaces and classes that define generic collections, which allow users to create strongly typed collections that provide better type safety and performance than non-generic strongly typed collections.
Represents a collection of keys and values.
// Dictionary<TKey,TValue> Class
// TKey - The type of the keys in the dictionary.
// TValue - The type of the values in the dictionary.
Dictionary<int, string> numbers = new Dictionary<int, string>();
numbers.Add(1, "One");
numbers.Add(2, "Two");
Console.WriteLine(numbers[2]); // TwoA set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements, and whose elements are in no particular order.
List<int> duplicateNumbers = new List<int>() { 2, 2, 4, 6 };
var nonDuplicatedNumbers = new HashSet<int>(duplicateNumbers);
foreach (int number in nonDuplicatedNumbers)
Console.WriteLine(" {0}", number); // 2 4 6Is a general-purpose linked list.
string[] fruits = { "apple", "orange", "lemon", "pear" };
LinkedList<string> words = new LinkedList<string>(fruits);
foreach (string word in words)
Console.WriteLine($" {word}"); // apple orange lemon pear
words.RemoveFirst();
words.RemoveLast();
foreach (string word in words)
Console.WriteLine($" {word}"); // orange lemon
Console.WriteLine($"{words.First?.Value}, {words.Last?.Value}"); // orange, lemon
Console.WriteLine($"{words.First?.Next?.Value}"); // lemonabstract // Indicates that the thing being modified has a missing or incomplete implementation
as // Performs certain types of conversions between compatible reference types or nullable type
base // Access members of the base class from within a derived class
bool // Used to declare variables to store the Boolean values, true and false
break // Terminates the closest enclosing loop or switch statement in which it appears
byte // Denotes an integral type
case // Chooses a single switch section to execute from a list of candidates based on a pattern match
catch // Specify handlers for different exceptions
char // Represent a Unicode character
checked // Used to explicitly enable overflow checking for integral-type arithmetic
// operations and conversions
class // Create your own custom types by grouping together variables of other types, methods and events
const // Declare a constant field or a constant local
continue // Passes control to the next iteration
decimal // Indicates a 128-bit data type
default // Can be used in the switch statement or in a default value expression
delegate // Type that can be used to encapsulate a named or an anonymous method
do // Executes a statement or a block of statements repeatedly until
// a specified expression evaluates to false
double // Simple type that stores 64-bit floating-point values
else // Identifies which statement to run based on the value of a Boolean expression
enum // Distinct type that consists of a set of named constants called the enumerator list
event // Used to declare an event in a publisher class
explicit // User-defined type conversion operator that must be invoked with a cast
extern // Modifier is used to declare a method that is implemented externally
false // Represents boolean false
finally // Can clean up any resources that are allocated in a try block
fixed // Prevents the garbage collector from relocating a movable variable
float // Signifies a simple type that stores 32-bit floating-point values
for // Run a statement or a block of statements repeatedly until
// a specified expression evaluates to false
foreach, in // Repeats a group of embedded statements for each element in an array or an object collection
goto // Transfers the program control directly to a labeled statement
if // Identifies which statement to run based on the value of a Boolean expression
implicit // Used to declare an implicit user-defined type conversion operator
in // (generic modifier) specifies that the type parameter is contravariant
int // Denotes an integral type
interface // Contains only the signatures of methods, properties, events or indexers
internal // Access modifier fortypes or members are accessible only within files in the same assembly
is // Checks if an object is compatible with a given type
lock // Marks a statement block as a critical section by obtaining the mutual-exclusion lock
// for a given object, executing a statement, and then releasing the lock
long // Denotes an integral type
namespace // Keyword is used to declare a scope that contains a set of related objects
new // Keyword can be used as an operator, a modifier, or a constraint
// Operator - create objects and invoke constructors
// Modifier - hide an inherited member from a base class member
// Constraint - restrict types that might be used as arguments for a type parameter
// in a generic declaration
null // Is a literal that represents a null reference, one that does not refer to any object
object // All types, predefined and user-defined, reference types and value types, inherit
// directly or indirectly from Object
operator // To overload a built-in operator or to provide a user-defined conversion in a class
// or struct declaration.
out // As a parameter modifier, which lets you pass an argument to a method by reference
// rather than by value.
// Generic type parameter declarations for interfaces and delegates, which specifies that a type
// parameter is covariant
out // (generic modifier) Enables you to use a more derived type than that specified
// by the generic parameter
override // Modifier is required to extend or modify the abstract or virtual implementation of
// an inherited method, property, indexer, or event
params // You can specify a method parameter that takes a variable number of arguments
private // Is a member access modifier the least permissive access level
protected // Is a member access modifier accessible within its class and by derived class instances
public // Is an access modifier for types and type members, the most permissive access level
readonly // Assignments can only occur as part of the declaration or in a constructor in the same class
ref // Indicates a value that is passed by reference
return // Terminates execution of the method in which it appears and returns control to the calling method
sbyte // An integral type, signed 8-bit integer
sealed // Prevents other classes from inheriting from it
short // An integral type, signed 16-bit integer
sizeof // Obtain the size in bytes for an unmanaged type
stackalloc // Is used in an unsafe code context to allocate a block of memory on the stack
static // Modifier to declare a static member, which belongs to the type itself rather than
// to a specific object
string // Represents a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters
struct // Is a value type that is typically used to encapsulate small groups of related variables
switch // Is a selection statement that chooses a single switch section to execute from a
// list of candidates based on a pattern match with the match expression
this // Refers to the current instance of the class and is also used as a modifier of
// the first parameter of an extension method
throw // Signals the occurrence of an exception during program execution
true // Represents the boolean value true
try // Is followed by one or more catch clauses, which specify handlers for different exceptions
typeof // Used to obtain the System.Type object for a type
uint // An integral type, unsigned 32-bit integer
ulong // Denotes an integral type, unsigned 64-bit integer
unchecked // Is used to suppress overflow-checking for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions
unsafe // Denotes an unsafe context, which is required for any operation involving pointers
ushort // An integral type, unsigned 16-bit integer
using // As a directive, when it is used to create an alias for a namespace or to import types
// defined in other namespace. As a statement, when it defines a scope at the end of which
// an object will be disposed
using static // Designates a type whose static members you can access without specifying a type name
virtual // Is used to modify a method, property, indexer, or event declaration and allow for it to
// be overridden in a derived class
void // Specifies that the method doesn't return a value.
volatile // Indicates that a field might be modified by multiple threads that are executing at the same time
while // Executes a statement or a block of statements until a specified expression evaluates to falseadd // Define a custom event accessor that is invoked when client code subscribes to your event
alias // Reference two versions of assemblies that have the same fully-qualified type names
ascending // Used in the orderby clause in query expressions to specify that the sort order is from smallest to largest
async // Specify that a method, lambda expression, or anonymous method is asynchronous
await // Applied to a task in an asynchronous method to insert a suspension point in the execution of the method until the
// awaited task completes
descending // Used in the orderby clause in query expressions to specify that the sort order is from largest to smallest
dynamic // Enables the operations in which it occurs to bypass compile-time type checking
from // A query expression must begin with a from clause
get // Defines an accessor method in a property or indexer that returns the property value or the indexer element
global // Refers to the global namespace
group // Sequence of IGrouping<TKey,TElement> objects that contain zero or more items that match the key value for the group
into // Used to create a temporary identifier to store the results of a group, join or select clause into a new identifier
join // Useful for associating elements from different source sequences that have no direct relationship in the object model
let // Useful to store the result of a sub-expression in order to use it in subsequent clauses
nameof // Used to obtain the simple (unqualified) string name of a variable, type, or member
orderby // Causes the returned sequence or subsequence (group) to be sorted in either ascending or descending order
partial // (type) Allow for the definition of a class, struct, or interface to be split into multiple files
partial // (method) A partial method has its signature defined in one part of a partial type, and its implementation defined in
// another part of the type
remove // Used to define a custom event accessor that is invoked when client code unsubscribes from your event
select // Specifies the type of values that will be produced when the query is executed
set // Accessor method in a property or indexer that assigns a value to the property or the indexer element
value // Used in the set accessor in ordinary property declarations.
var // Variables that are declared at method scope can have an implicit "type" var
when // Used as catch statement of a try/catch or try/catch/finally block or label of a switch statement
where // (generic type constraint) Specify constraints on the types that can be used as arguments for a type parameter defined
// in a generic declaration
where // Specify which elements from the data source will be returned in the query expression
yield // You indicate that the method, operator, or get accessor in which it appears is an iteratorFeel free to open tickets or send pull requests with improvements. Thanks in advance for your help!
Just follow the contribution guidelines.
The andredarcie/csharp-guide is available as open source under the terms of the MIT License.