Notebook update

[samanthalwong]

Implemented the corrected significance and alpha outputs from ExcessMapEstimator using correlate_off = False (see gammapy/gammapy#5245).

This will create artifacts in sky maps unless you are using the maps.py file in gammapy that is currently part of gammapy/gammapy#5270. The fix should be "officially" implemented in gammapy 1.3 (coming very soon).

Additionally, some bug & docs fixes to the notebook.

[steob92]

I added some comments. It's all minor stuff that I can do

[steob92]

Minor: Add units to normalization (I'll do this)

[steob92]

I'll add a comment to explicitly say degrees

[steob92]

I'm getting an error when running the analysis notebook on this cell:

from gammapy.data import DataStore

my_data = DataStore.from_dir(config["io"]["out_dir"])
my_observations = my_data.get_observations()

for obs in my_observations:
    print(obs.obs_id)
    #obs.peek()
    obs.bkg.plot_at_energy([0.12 * u.TeV,0.5*u.TeV,4*u.TeV,6*u.TeV,10*u.TeV,30*u.TeV])
    # plt.show()
    break

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnitConversionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:982, in Quantity.to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    981 try:
--> 982     scale = self.unit._to(unit)
    983 except Exception:
    984     # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1159, in UnitBase._to(self, other)
   1157         return self_decomposed.scale / other_decomposed.scale
-> 1159 raise UnitConversionError(f"'{self!r}' is not a scaled version of '{other!r}'")

UnitConversionError: 'Unit("1 / (TeV s sr)")' is not a scaled version of 'Unit(dimensionless)'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

UnitConversionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:1350, in Quantity.__float__(self)
   1349 try:
-> 1350     return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
   1351 except (UnitsError, TypeError):

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:985, in Quantity.to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    983 except Exception:
    984     # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).
--> 985     value = self._to_value(unit, equivalencies)
    986 else:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:891, in Quantity._to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    889 if not self.dtype.names or isinstance(self.unit, StructuredUnit):
    890     # Standard path, let unit to do work.
--> 891     return self.unit.to(
    892         unit, self.view(np.ndarray), equivalencies=equivalencies
    893     )
    895 else:
    896     # The .to() method of a simple unit cannot convert a structured
    897     # dtype, so we work around it, by recursing.
    898     # TODO: deprecate this?
    899     # Convert simple to Structured on initialization?

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1195, in UnitBase.to(self, other, value, equivalencies)
   1194 else:
-> 1195     return self._get_converter(Unit(other), equivalencies)(value)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1124, in UnitBase._get_converter(self, other, equivalencies)
   1122                 return lambda v: b(converter(v))
-> 1124 raise exc

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1107, in UnitBase._get_converter(self, other, equivalencies)
   1106 try:
-> 1107     return self._apply_equivalencies(
   1108         self, other, self._normalize_equivalencies(equivalencies)
   1109     )
   1110 except UnitsError as exc:
   1111     # Last hope: maybe other knows how to do it?
   1112     # We assume the equivalencies have the unit itself as first item.
   1113     # TODO: maybe better for other to have a `_back_converter` method?

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1085, in UnitBase._apply_equivalencies(self, unit, other, equivalencies)
   1083 other_str = get_err_str(other)
-> 1085 raise UnitConversionError(f"{unit_str} and {other_str} are not convertible")

UnitConversionError: '1 / (TeV s sr)' and '' (dimensionless) are not convertible

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[23], line 9
      7 print(obs.obs_id)
      8 #obs.peek()
----> 9 obs.bkg.plot_at_energy([0.12 * u.TeV,0.5*u.TeV,4*u.TeV,6*u.TeV,10*u.TeV,30*u.TeV])
     10 # plt.show()
     11 break

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/gammapy/irf/background.py:284, in Background2D.plot_at_energy(self, energy, add_cbar, ncols, figsize, **kwargs)
    268 """Plot the background rate in Field of view coordinates at a given energy.
    269 
    270 Parameters
   (...)
    281     Keyword arguments passed to `~matplotlib.pyplot.pcolormesh`.
    282 """
    283 bkg_3d = self.to_3d()
--> 284 bkg_3d.plot_at_energy(
    285     energy=energy, add_cbar=add_cbar, ncols=ncols, figsize=figsize, **kwargs
    286 )

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/gammapy/irf/background.py:211, in Background3D.plot_at_energy(self, energy, add_cbar, ncols, figsize, **kwargs)
    209 if add_cbar:
    210     label = f"Background [{bkg.unit.to_string(UNIT_STRING_FORMAT)}]"
--> 211     cbar = ax.figure.colorbar(caxes, ax=ax, label=label, fraction=cfraction)
    212     cbar.formatter.set_powerlimits((0, 0))
    214 row, col = np.unravel_index(i, shape=(rows, cols))

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:1310, in FigureBase.colorbar(self, mappable, cax, ax, use_gridspec, **kwargs)
   1306     cax.grid(visible=False, which='both', axis='both')
   1308 NON_COLORBAR_KEYS = [  # remove kws that cannot be passed to Colorbar
   1309     'fraction', 'pad', 'shrink', 'aspect', 'anchor', 'panchor']
-> 1310 cb = cbar.Colorbar(cax, mappable, **{
   1311     k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k not in NON_COLORBAR_KEYS})
   1312 cax.figure.stale = True
   1313 return cb

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colorbar.py:395, in Colorbar.__init__(self, ax, mappable, cmap, norm, alpha, values, boundaries, orientation, ticklocation, extend, spacing, ticks, format, drawedges, extendfrac, extendrect, label, location)
    392 self.ticklocation = ticklocation
    394 self.set_label(label)
--> 395 self._reset_locator_formatter_scale()
    397 if np.iterable(ticks):
    398     self._locator = ticker.FixedLocator(ticks, nbins=len(ticks))

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colorbar.py:1159, in Colorbar._reset_locator_formatter_scale(self)
   1153 def _reset_locator_formatter_scale(self):
   1154     """
   1155     Reset the locator et al to defaults.  Any user-hardcoded changes
   1156     need to be re-entered if this gets called (either at init, or when
   1157     the mappable normal gets changed: Colorbar.update_normal)
   1158     """
-> 1159     self._process_values()
   1160     self._locator = None
   1161     self._minorlocator = None

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colorbar.py:1093, in Colorbar._process_values(self)
   1091     self.norm.vmin = 0
   1092     self.norm.vmax = 1
-> 1093 self.norm.vmin, self.norm.vmax = mtransforms.nonsingular(
   1094     self.norm.vmin, self.norm.vmax, expander=0.1)
   1095 if (not isinstance(self.norm, colors.BoundaryNorm) and
   1096         (self.boundaries is None)):
   1097     b = self.norm.inverse(b)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/transforms.py:2855, in nonsingular(vmin, vmax, expander, tiny, increasing)
   2851     swapped = True
   2853 # Expand vmin, vmax to float: if they were integer types, they can wrap
   2854 # around in abs (abs(np.int8(-128)) == -128) and vmax - vmin can overflow.
-> 2855 vmin, vmax = map(float, [vmin, vmax])
   2857 maxabsvalue = max(abs(vmin), abs(vmax))
   2858 if maxabsvalue < (1e6 / tiny) * np.finfo(float).tiny:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:1352, in Quantity.__float__(self)
   1350     return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
   1351 except (UnitsError, TypeError):
-> 1352     raise TypeError(
   1353         "only dimensionless scalar quantities can be "
   1354         "converted to Python scalars"
   1355     )

TypeError: only dimensionless scalar quantities can be converted to Python scalars

Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x779398066d40> (for post_execute), with arguments args (),kwargs {}:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnitConversionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:982, in Quantity.to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    981 try:
--> 982     scale = self.unit._to(unit)
    983 except Exception:
    984     # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1159, in UnitBase._to(self, other)
   1157         return self_decomposed.scale / other_decomposed.scale
-> 1159 raise UnitConversionError(f"'{self!r}' is not a scaled version of '{other!r}'")

UnitConversionError: 'Unit("1 / (TeV s sr)")' is not a scaled version of 'Unit(dimensionless)'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

UnitConversionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:1350, in Quantity.__float__(self)
   1349 try:
-> 1350     return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
   1351 except (UnitsError, TypeError):

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:985, in Quantity.to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    983 except Exception:
    984     # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).
--> 985     value = self._to_value(unit, equivalencies)
    986 else:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:891, in Quantity._to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    889 if not self.dtype.names or isinstance(self.unit, StructuredUnit):
    890     # Standard path, let unit to do work.
--> 891     return self.unit.to(
    892         unit, self.view(np.ndarray), equivalencies=equivalencies
    893     )
    895 else:
    896     # The .to() method of a simple unit cannot convert a structured
    897     # dtype, so we work around it, by recursing.
    898     # TODO: deprecate this?
    899     # Convert simple to Structured on initialization?

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1195, in UnitBase.to(self, other, value, equivalencies)
   1194 else:
-> 1195     return self._get_converter(Unit(other), equivalencies)(value)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1124, in UnitBase._get_converter(self, other, equivalencies)
   1122                 return lambda v: b(converter(v))
-> 1124 raise exc

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1107, in UnitBase._get_converter(self, other, equivalencies)
   1106 try:
-> 1107     return self._apply_equivalencies(
   1108         self, other, self._normalize_equivalencies(equivalencies)
   1109     )
   1110 except UnitsError as exc:
   1111     # Last hope: maybe other knows how to do it?
   1112     # We assume the equivalencies have the unit itself as first item.
   1113     # TODO: maybe better for other to have a `_back_converter` method?

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1085, in UnitBase._apply_equivalencies(self, unit, other, equivalencies)
   1083 other_str = get_err_str(other)
-> 1085 raise UnitConversionError(f"{unit_str} and {other_str} are not convertible")

UnitConversionError: '1 / (TeV s sr)' and '' (dimensionless) are not convertible

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
    195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
    196     if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197         draw_all()

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
    130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
    131     if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132         manager.canvas.draw_idle()

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
   1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
   1892     with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893         self.draw(*args, **kwargs)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
    385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
    386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
    387       else nullcontext()):
--> 388     self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
    389     # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
    390     # don't forget to call the superclass.
    391     super().draw()

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     93 @wraps(draw)
     94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95     result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     96     if renderer._rasterizing:
     97         renderer.stop_rasterizing()

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
   3151         # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
   3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3155     renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
   3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
   3158     sfig.draw(renderer)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
   3067 if artists_rasterized:
   3068     _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3071     renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
   3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
   3074 self.stale = False

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:2197, in QuadMesh.draw(self, renderer)
   2194     ys = self.convert_yunits(offsets[:, 1])
   2195     offsets = np.column_stack([xs, ys])
-> 2197 self.update_scalarmappable()
   2199 if not transform.is_affine:
   2200     coordinates = self._coordinates.reshape((-1, 2))

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:920, in Collection.update_scalarmappable(self)
    918         # pcolormesh, scatter, maybe others flatten their _A
    919         self._alpha = self._alpha.reshape(self._A.shape)
--> 920     self._mapped_colors = self.to_rgba(self._A, self._alpha)
    922 if self._face_is_mapped:
    923     self._facecolors = self._mapped_colors

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/cm.py:513, in ScalarMappable.to_rgba(self, x, alpha, bytes, norm)
    511 x = ma.asarray(x)
    512 if norm:
--> 513     x = self.norm(x)
    514 rgba = self.cmap(x, alpha=alpha, bytes=bytes)
    515 return rgba

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colors.py:1357, in Normalize.__call__(self, value, clip)
   1355     self.autoscale_None(result)
   1356 # Convert at least to float, without losing precision.
-> 1357 (vmin,), _ = self.process_value(self.vmin)
   1358 (vmax,), _ = self.process_value(self.vmax)
   1359 if vmin == vmax:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colors.py:1318, in Normalize.process_value(value)
   1316 if is_scalar:
   1317     value = [value]
-> 1318 dtype = np.min_scalar_type(value)
   1319 if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer) or dtype.type is np.bool_:
   1320     # bool_/int8/int16 -> float32; int32/int64 -> float64
   1321     dtype = np.promote_types(dtype, np.float32)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:1352, in Quantity.__float__(self)
   1350     return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
   1351 except (UnitsError, TypeError):
-> 1352     raise TypeError(
   1353         "only dimensionless scalar quantities can be "
   1354         "converted to Python scalars"
   1355     )

TypeError: only dimensionless scalar quantities can be converted to Python scalars

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UnitConversionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:982, in Quantity.to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    981 try:
--> 982     scale = self.unit._to(unit)
    983 except Exception:
    984     # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1159, in UnitBase._to(self, other)
   1157         return self_decomposed.scale / other_decomposed.scale
-> 1159 raise UnitConversionError(f"'{self!r}' is not a scaled version of '{other!r}'")

UnitConversionError: 'Unit("1 / (TeV s sr)")' is not a scaled version of 'Unit(dimensionless)'

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

UnitConversionError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:1350, in Quantity.__float__(self)
   1349 try:
-> 1350     return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
   1351 except (UnitsError, TypeError):

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:985, in Quantity.to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    983 except Exception:
    984     # Short-cut failed; try default (maybe equivalencies help).
--> 985     value = self._to_value(unit, equivalencies)
    986 else:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:891, in Quantity._to_value(self, unit, equivalencies)
    889 if not self.dtype.names or isinstance(self.unit, StructuredUnit):
    890     # Standard path, let unit to do work.
--> 891     return self.unit.to(
    892         unit, self.view(np.ndarray), equivalencies=equivalencies
    893     )
    895 else:
    896     # The .to() method of a simple unit cannot convert a structured
    897     # dtype, so we work around it, by recursing.
    898     # TODO: deprecate this?
    899     # Convert simple to Structured on initialization?

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1195, in UnitBase.to(self, other, value, equivalencies)
   1194 else:
-> 1195     return self._get_converter(Unit(other), equivalencies)(value)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1124, in UnitBase._get_converter(self, other, equivalencies)
   1122                 return lambda v: b(converter(v))
-> 1124 raise exc

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1107, in UnitBase._get_converter(self, other, equivalencies)
   1106 try:
-> 1107     return self._apply_equivalencies(
   1108         self, other, self._normalize_equivalencies(equivalencies)
   1109     )
   1110 except UnitsError as exc:
   1111     # Last hope: maybe other knows how to do it?
   1112     # We assume the equivalencies have the unit itself as first item.
   1113     # TODO: maybe better for other to have a `_back_converter` method?

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/core.py:1085, in UnitBase._apply_equivalencies(self, unit, other, equivalencies)
   1083 other_str = get_err_str(other)
-> 1085 raise UnitConversionError(f"{unit_str} and {other_str} are not convertible")

UnitConversionError: '1 / (TeV s sr)' and '' (dimensionless) are not convertible

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
    338     pass
    339 else:
--> 340     return printer(obj)
    341 # Finally look for special method names
    342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
    149     from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
    150     FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
    153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
    154 if fmt == 'svg':

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2164, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
   2161     # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
   2162     # so that we can inject the orientation
   2163     with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2164         self.figure.draw(renderer)
   2165 if bbox_inches:
   2166     if bbox_inches == "tight":

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     93 @wraps(draw)
     94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95     result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
     96     if renderer._rasterizing:
     97         renderer.stop_rasterizing()

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
   3151         # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
   3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3155     renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
   3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
   3158     sfig.draw(renderer)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
   3067 if artists_rasterized:
   3068     _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
   3071     renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
   3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
   3074 self.stale = False

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
    130 if not_composite or not has_images:
    131     for a in artists:
--> 132         a.draw(renderer)
    133 else:
    134     # Composite any adjacent images together
    135     image_group = []

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
     69     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
     70         renderer.start_filter()
---> 72     return draw(artist, renderer)
     73 finally:
     74     if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:2197, in QuadMesh.draw(self, renderer)
   2194     ys = self.convert_yunits(offsets[:, 1])
   2195     offsets = np.column_stack([xs, ys])
-> 2197 self.update_scalarmappable()
   2199 if not transform.is_affine:
   2200     coordinates = self._coordinates.reshape((-1, 2))

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/collections.py:920, in Collection.update_scalarmappable(self)
    918         # pcolormesh, scatter, maybe others flatten their _A
    919         self._alpha = self._alpha.reshape(self._A.shape)
--> 920     self._mapped_colors = self.to_rgba(self._A, self._alpha)
    922 if self._face_is_mapped:
    923     self._facecolors = self._mapped_colors

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/cm.py:513, in ScalarMappable.to_rgba(self, x, alpha, bytes, norm)
    511 x = ma.asarray(x)
    512 if norm:
--> 513     x = self.norm(x)
    514 rgba = self.cmap(x, alpha=alpha, bytes=bytes)
    515 return rgba

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colors.py:1357, in Normalize.__call__(self, value, clip)
   1355     self.autoscale_None(result)
   1356 # Convert at least to float, without losing precision.
-> 1357 (vmin,), _ = self.process_value(self.vmin)
   1358 (vmax,), _ = self.process_value(self.vmax)
   1359 if vmin == vmax:

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/matplotlib/colors.py:1318, in Normalize.process_value(value)
   1316 if is_scalar:
   1317     value = [value]
-> 1318 dtype = np.min_scalar_type(value)
   1319 if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer) or dtype.type is np.bool_:
   1320     # bool_/int8/int16 -> float32; int32/int64 -> float64
   1321     dtype = np.promote_types(dtype, np.float32)

File ~/mambaforge/envs/gammapy-tools/lib/python3.11/site-packages/astropy/units/quantity.py:1352, in Quantity.__float__(self)
   1350     return float(self.to_value(dimensionless_unscaled))
   1351 except (UnitsError, TypeError):
-> 1352     raise TypeError(
   1353         "only dimensionless scalar quantities can be "
   1354         "converted to Python scalars"
   1355     )

TypeError: only dimensionless scalar quantities can be converted to Python scalars

<Figure size 1200x600 with 7 Axes>