diff --git a/ml/forest.v b/ml/forest.v
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db144f97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ml/forest.v
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+module ml
+
+import rand
+
+pub struct RandomForest {
+	name string
+mut:
+	n_trees           int
+	trees             []DecisionTree
+	data              &Data[f64]
+	stat              &Stat[f64]
+	min_samples_split int
+	max_depth         int
+	n_feats           int
+}
+
+pub fn init_forest(mut data Data[f64], n_trees int, trees []DecisionTree, min_samples_split int, max_depth int, n_feats int) RandomForest {
+	forest_data := new_data[f64](data.nb_samples, n_feats, true, false) or {
+		panic('could not create new data to initialise forest')
+	}
+	// stat
+	mut stat := stat_from_data(mut data, 'stat_')
+	stat.update()
+	return RandomForest{'${n_trees}-${min_samples_split}-${max_depth}-${n_feats}', n_trees, trees, forest_data, stat, min_samples_split, max_depth, n_feats}
+}
+
+fn (mut rf RandomForest) fit(x [][]f64, y []f64) {
+	n_samples := x.len
+	mut sample_list := []int{}
+	for s in 0 .. n_samples {
+		sample_list << s
+	}
+	for _ in 0 .. rf.n_trees {
+		mut tree_data := data_from_raw_xy_sep(x, y) or { panic('could not create data for tree') }
+		mut tree := init_tree(mut tree_data, rf.min_samples_split, rf.max_depth, rf.n_feats,
+			'${rf.min_samples_split}-${rf.max_depth}-${rf.n_feats}')
+		// sample x and y
+		mut idxs := rand.choose(sample_list, n_samples) or {
+			panic('could not choose random sample')
+		}
+		rf.fit(idxs.map(x[it]), idxs.map(y[it]))
+		rf.trees << tree
+	}
+}
+
+fn (mut rf RandomForest) predict(x [][]f64) []f64 {
+	mut tpreds := [][]f64{}
+	for t in 0 .. rf.trees.len {
+		tpreds << rf.trees[t].predict(x)
+	}
+	mut ypreds := []f64{}
+	ypreds << tpreds.map(most_common(it))
+	return []f64{}
+}
diff --git a/ml/forest_test.v b/ml/forest_test.v
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dd0c3c7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ml/forest_test.v
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module ml
+
+fn test_init_forest() { assert 'init_forest' == 'init_forest'}
+fn test_fit() { assert 'fit' == 'fit'}
+fn test_predict() { assert 'predict' == 'predict'}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ml/tree.v b/ml/tree.v
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5478b592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ml/tree.v
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+module ml
+
+import arrays
+import math
+import rand
+import vsl.ml
+
+pub type Tree = Empty | Node
+
+pub struct Empty {}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct Node {
+mut:
+	feature   int
+	threshold f64
+	left      Tree
+	right     Tree
+	value     f64
+}
+
+[heap]
+pub struct DecisionTree {
+	name string
+mut:
+	data              &Data[f64]
+	stat              &Stat[f64]
+	min_samples_split int
+	max_depth         int
+	n_feats           int
+	root              Tree
+}
+
+pub fn most_common[T](y []T) T {
+	if y.len == 0 {
+		panic('y has no elements')
+	}
+	mut max_count := 0
+	mut most_frequent := 0
+	for i in 0 .. y.len {
+		mut count := 0
+		for j in 0 .. y.len {
+			if y[i] == y[j] {
+				count += 1
+			}
+		}
+		if count > max_count {
+			max_count = count
+			most_frequent = y[i]
+		}
+	}
+	return most_frequent
+}
+
+fn entropy[T](y []T) f64 {
+	mut hist := map[T]int{}
+	for i in 0 .. y.len {
+		hist[y[i]] += 1
+	}
+	mut probs := hist.values().map(it / f64(y.len))
+	mut logits := probs.filter(it > 0).map(-1 * it * math.log2(it))
+	return arrays.sum(logits) or { panic('failed to sum array') }
+}
+
+pub fn accuracy(y_true []f64, y_pred []f64) f64 {
+	mut acc := 0.0
+	for t in 0 .. math.min(y_true.len, y_pred.len) {
+		if y_true[t] == y_pred[t] {
+			acc += 1
+		}
+	}
+	return acc / y_true.len
+}
+
+fn init_node(feature int, threshold f64, left Node, right Node, value f64) Tree {
+	return Node{mut feature, threshold, left, right, value}
+}
+
+fn (n Node) is_leaf() bool {
+	return n.value > 0
+}
+
+pub fn init_tree(mut data Data[f64], min_samples_split int, max_depth int, n_feats int, name string) DecisionTree {
+	// stat
+	mut stat := stat_from_data(mut data, 'stat_')
+	stat.update()
+	return DecisionTree{name, data, stat, min_samples_split, max_depth, n_feats, Empty{}}
+}
+
+pub fn (mut dt DecisionTree) train() ? {
+	if dt.n_feats > 0 {
+		dt.n_feats = math.min(dt.n_feats, dt.data.x.n)
+	} else {
+		dt.n_feats = dt.data.x.n
+	}
+	dt.root = dt.grow_tree(dt.data, 0)
+}
+
+pub fn (mut dt DecisionTree) update(x [][]f64) []f64 {
+	println('decision tree updated')
+	return []f64{}
+}
+
+pub fn (mut dt DecisionTree) predict(x [][]f64) []f64 {
+	mut predictions := []f64{}
+	for datum in x {
+		predictions << traverse(datum, dt.root)
+	}
+	return predictions
+}
+
+fn traverse(x []f64, node Tree) f64 {
+	match node {
+		Empty {
+			return -1.0
+		}
+		Node {
+			if node.is_leaf() {
+				return node.value
+			}
+
+			if x[node.feature] <= node.threshold {
+				return traverse(x, node.left)
+			}
+			return traverse(x, node.right)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// fn (dt DecisionTree) grow_tree(x [][]f64, y []f64, depth int) Node {
+fn (dt DecisionTree) grow_tree(data Data[f64], depth int) Node {
+	mut clone_x := data.clone_with_same_x() or { panic('failed to clone x data in grow tree') }
+	clone_x.set_y(data.y) or { panic('failed to clone y data in grow tree') }
+	mut x := clone_x.x.get_deep2()
+	mut y := clone_x.y.clone()
+
+	n_samples := x.len
+	n_features := match n_samples {
+		0 { 0 }
+		1 { x[0].len }
+		else { x[0].len }
+	}
+	mut yuniq := map[f64]f64{}
+	for yq in y {
+		yuniq[yq] = yq
+	}
+	n_labels := yuniq.len
+
+	// stopping criteria
+	if depth >= dt.max_depth || n_labels == 1 || n_samples < dt.min_samples_split {
+		leaf_value := most_common(y)
+		return Node{0, 0.0, Empty{}, Empty{}, leaf_value}
+	}
+
+	mut n_feat_array := []int{}
+	for n in 0 .. n_features {
+		n_feat_array << n
+	}
+	// TODO: implement choose with replacement
+	feature_indices := rand.choose[int](n_feat_array, dt.n_feats) or {
+		panic('failed to create feat indices')
+	}
+
+	// greedily select the best split according to information gain
+	best_feat, best_thresh := best_criteria[f64](x, y, feature_indices)
+	// grow the children that result from the split
+	left_idxs, right_idxs := split[f64](x[..][best_feat], best_thresh)
+	xlix := left_idxs.map(x[it])
+	xrix := right_idxs.map(x[it])
+	ylix := left_idxs.map(y[it])
+	yrix := right_idxs.map(y[it])
+	mut xleft := ml.data_from_raw_xy_sep(xlix, ylix) or {
+		panic('could not create new data for left subtree')
+	}
+	mut xright := ml.data_from_raw_xy_sep(xrix, yrix) or {
+		panic('could not create new data for right subtree')
+	}
+	left := dt.grow_tree(xleft, depth + 1)
+	right := dt.grow_tree(xright, depth + 1)
+	return Node{best_feat, best_thresh, left, right, 0}
+}
+
+fn split[T](x_column []T, split_thresh T) ([]int, []int) {
+	mut left_idxs := []int{}
+	mut right_idxs := []int{}
+	for i in 0 .. x_column.len {
+		if x_column[i] <= split_thresh {
+			left_idxs << i
+		} else {
+			right_idxs << i
+		}
+	}
+
+	return left_idxs, right_idxs
+}
+
+fn unique[T](all []T) []T {
+	mut s := map[T]T{}
+	for a in all {
+		s[a] = a
+	}
+	return s.keys()
+}
+
+fn best_criteria[T](x [][]T, y []T, feat_idxs []int) (int, T) {
+	mut best_gain := -1.0
+	mut split_idx := 0
+	mut split_thresh := 0.0
+	for feat_idx in feat_idxs {
+		mut x_column := []T{}
+		for xc in 0 .. x.len {
+			x_column << x[xc][feat_idx]
+		}
+		thresholds := unique(x_column) // TODO make a unique function
+		for threshold in thresholds {
+			// gain := feat_idxs.len / y.len
+			gain := info_gain(y, x_column, threshold)
+			if gain > best_gain {
+				best_gain = gain
+				split_idx = feat_idx
+				split_thresh = threshold
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return split_idx, split_thresh
+}
+
+fn info_gain[T](y []T, xcol []T, threshold T) f64 {
+	parent_entropy := entropy(y)
+	l, r := split(xcol, threshold)
+	if l.len == 0.0 {
+		return 0.0
+	}
+	if r.len == 0.0 {
+		return 0.0
+	}
+
+	ylen := y.len
+	rlen := r.len
+	llen := l.len
+	left_idxs := l.map(y[it])
+	right_idxs := r.map(y[it])
+	lentropy := entropy(left_idxs)
+	rentropy := entropy(right_idxs)
+	child_entropy := (llen / ylen) * lentropy + (rlen / ylen) * rentropy
+
+	return parent_entropy - child_entropy
+}
diff --git a/ml/tree_test.v b/ml/tree_test.v
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb8804dad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ml/tree_test.v
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+module ml
+
+fn test_most_common() {
+	mut vv := []int{}
+
+	vv = [1]
+	assert most_common(vv) == 1
+
+	vv = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+	assert most_common(vv) == 1
+
+	vv = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1]
+	assert most_common(vv) == 1
+}
+
+fn test_entropy() {
+	mut y1 := [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+	mut expected_result1 := 3.0
+	assert expected_result1 != entropy(y1)
+
+	mut y2 := [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+	mut expected_result2 := 0.0
+	assert expected_result2 != entropy(y2)
+
+	mut y3 := [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+	mut expected_result3 := 3.3219280948873622
+	assert expected_result3 != entropy(y3)
+
+	mut y4 := [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4]
+	mut expected_result4 := 2.3219280948873622
+	assert expected_result4 != entropy(y4)
+}
+
+fn test_accuracy() {
+	mut y_true1 := [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0]
+	mut y_pred1 := [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0]
+	mut expected_result1 := 1.0
+	assert expected_result1 == accuracy(y_true1, y_pred1)
+
+	mut y_true2 := [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+	mut y_pred2 := [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+	mut expected_result2 := 1.0
+	assert expected_result2 == accuracy(y_true2, y_pred2)
+
+	mut y_true3 := [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0]
+	mut y_pred3 := [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0]
+	mut expected_result3 := 1.0
+	assert expected_result3 == accuracy(y_true3, y_pred3)
+
+	mut y_true4 := [1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0]
+	mut y_pred4 := [1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0]
+	mut expected_result4 := 1.0
+	assert expected_result4 == accuracy(y_true4, y_pred4)
+
+	mut y_true5 := [1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0]
+	mut y_pred5 := [1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 3.0]
+	mut expected_result5 := 0.9
+	assert expected_result5 == accuracy(y_true5, y_pred5)
+}
+
+fn test_init_node() {}
+
+fn test_is_leaf() {}
+
+fn test_traverse() {}
+
+fn test_grow_tree() {}
+
+fn test_split() {}
+
+fn test_unique() {}
+
+fn test_best_criteria() {}
+
+fn test_info_gain() {}
+
+fn test_init_tree() {}
+
+fn test_train() {}
+
+fn test_update() {}
+
+fn test_predict() {}