This tutorial will show you how to install/build/run go on chrome OS. I have tested this using a Chromebook Pixel, however I do not have any other types of Chromebooks. However, this should work as long as you install the corresponding Linux package for your processor.
Your Chromebook must be in developer mode for this to work. Also please note this has only been tested on a 64gb LTE Pixel, however it should work on other Chromebooks
First download the latest version of Go for Linux-amd64 from the Go Downloads page after that open a shell by hitting (Crtl+alt+t) and typing in "shell" then hit enter. Then extract it using the following command.
sudo tar -C /usr/local -xzf ~/Downloads/FILENAMEHERE
Go should now be installed you can test this by typing "/usr/local/go/bin/go" if it installed you should see the go help prompt. Congrats Go is now installed however you will not be able to run anything because chrome mounts partitions with noexec. The following will guide you through remounting your home folder, and setting up paths that are persistent across reboots, and shell sessions.
To keep this simple just create a folder called "gocode" in your downloads folder. Also create a folder called "src" inside.
Either type the following into your shell each session or if you want it to be persistent between sessions add it to your "~/.bashrc" file. The last line remounts your user folder so that you can run your go code other wise you would get permission errors.
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
export GOPATH=~/Downloads/gocode
export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin
sudo mount -i -o remount,exec /home/chronos/user/
This will allow you to run your go object files in your shell.
First add a "hello" folder inside of your "gocode/src" folder. After that create a file in your "gocode/src/hello" folder called "hello.go" with the following in it. Then run "go install hello" then "hello" and you should see "Hello, chrome os" in the console.
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
fmt.Printf("Hello, chrome os\n")
}