From d281c3683be3edca6793a3d03e1e6a762e781d00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 11:06:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0001/1786] feat(snarky.d.ts): add sha.create and
 sha.fieldBytesFromHex functions to the Snarky type definition file to support
 SHA hashing and conversion from hex to field bytes.

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index d7f24b000d..bba88fb5ab 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -244,6 +244,16 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     };
   };
 
+  sha: {
+    create(
+      message: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      nist: boolean,
+      length: number
+    ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
+
+    fieldBytesFromHex(hex: string): MlArray<FieldVar>;
+  };
+
   poseidon: {
     hash(input: MlArray<FieldVar>, isChecked: boolean): FieldVar;
 

From c85a95911982811e17cc10791ef3501a4914c1ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 11:14:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0002/1786] refactor(hash.ts): rename Hash to HashHelpers

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index a2684d655b..dd8dd2262f 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
 // internal API
 export {
   HashInput,
-  Hash,
+  HashHelpers,
   emptyHashWithPrefix,
   hashWithPrefix,
   salt,
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ function hashConstant(input: Field[]) {
   return Field(digest);
 }
 
-const Hash = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
-let { salt, emptyHashWithPrefix, hashWithPrefix } = Hash;
+const HashHelpers = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
+let { salt, emptyHashWithPrefix, hashWithPrefix } = HashHelpers;
 
 // same as Random_oracle.prefix_to_field in OCaml
 function prefixToField(prefix: string) {

From 18e9afebce185571f2d33cb1923ef9f5f6354bb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 11:18:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0003/1786] feat(hash.ts): add support for SHA224, SHA256,
 SHA385, SHA512, and Keccak256 hash functions

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index dd8dd2262f..f6fe0dee0f 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 
 // external API
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash };
 
 // internal API
 export {
@@ -192,3 +192,29 @@ class TokenSymbol extends Struct(TokenSymbolPure) {
 function emptyReceiptChainHash() {
   return emptyHashWithPrefix('CodaReceiptEmpty');
 }
+
+function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 385 | 512, nist: boolean) {
+  return {
+    hash(message: Field[]) {
+      return Snarky.sha
+        .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.value)], nist, length)
+        .map(Field);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+const Hash = {
+  default: Poseidon.hash,
+
+  Poseidon: Poseidon.hash,
+
+  SHA224: buildSHA(224, true).hash,
+
+  SHA256: buildSHA(256, true).hash,
+
+  SHA385: buildSHA(385, true).hash,
+
+  SHA512: buildSHA(512, true).hash,
+
+  Keccack256: buildSHA(256, false).hash,
+};

From 556b81fe4a1703537038c581b4049015449525e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 11:19:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0004/1786] feat(index.ts): export Hash from lib/hash

---
 src/index.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index b33f1d5539..e79d0577c5 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 export { ProvablePure, Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash } from './lib/hash.js';
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,

From cb223a5021b61354b9dfda50c2406df20e5c40f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 11:21:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0005/1786] fix(hash.ts): correct SHA384 function name to match
 the correct length of 384 bits

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index f6fe0dee0f..003300dca5 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ function emptyReceiptChainHash() {
   return emptyHashWithPrefix('CodaReceiptEmpty');
 }
 
-function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 385 | 512, nist: boolean) {
+function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
     hash(message: Field[]) {
       return Snarky.sha
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ const Hash = {
 
   SHA256: buildSHA(256, true).hash,
 
-  SHA385: buildSHA(385, true).hash,
+  SHA384: buildSHA(384, true).hash,
 
   SHA512: buildSHA(512, true).hash,
 

From 83432329e4fa30ab5909682c8162dffbb6893f5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 13:25:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0006/1786] feat(int.ts): add UInt8 class to represent 8-bit
 unsigned integers in the circuit.

---
 src/index.ts   |  2 +-
 src/lib/int.ts | 19 +++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index e79d0577c5..374256f5c7 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export {
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
-export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
+export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 39744a84cf..fca2b6c971 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 
 // external API
-export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
+export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
 
 /**
  * A 64 bit unsigned integer with values ranging from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615.
@@ -959,3 +959,18 @@ class Int64 extends CircuitValue implements BalanceChange {
     return this.sgn.isPositive();
   }
 }
+
+class UInt8 extends Struct({
+  value: Field,
+}) {
+  constructor(x: number | Field) {
+    super({ value: Field(x) });
+
+    // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
+    this.value.toBits(8);
+  }
+
+  check() {
+    this.value.toBits(8);
+  }
+}

From b6868e0d626b4fd6716fef776a8e6c20ff7d2630 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 13:56:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0007/1786] refactor(hash.ts): add support for hashing UInt8
 values

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 003300dca5..3368201e52 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { createHashHelpers } from './hash-generic.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { isField } from './field.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash };
@@ -195,10 +197,21 @@ function emptyReceiptChainHash() {
 
 function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
-    hash(message: Field[]) {
-      return Snarky.sha
-        .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.value)], nist, length)
-        .map(Field);
+    hash(message: (Field | UInt8)[]) {
+      if (message.length === 0) {
+        throw Error('SHA hash of empty message');
+      }
+
+      const values = message.map((f) => {
+        if (isField(f)) {
+          // Make sure that the field is exactly a byte.
+          f.toBits(8);
+          return f.value;
+        }
+        return f.value.value;
+      });
+
+      return Snarky.sha.create([0, ...values], nist, length).map(Field);
     },
   };
 }

From 3f6da96e74fe73b90efddfef123ef31fb8a1ba3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2023 13:58:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0008/1786] feat(keccak.ts): add tests for SHA224, SHA256,
 SHA384, SHA512, Poseidon, default and Keccack256

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/keccak.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15b582d880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { Hash, Field, Provable, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
+
+console.log('Running SHA224 test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.SHA224([Field(1), Field(30000), new UInt8(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});
+
+console.log('Running SHA256 test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.SHA256([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});
+
+console.log('Running SHA384 test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.SHA384([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});
+
+console.log('Running SHA512 test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.SHA512([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});
+
+console.log('Running Poseidon test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.Poseidon([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});
+
+console.log('Running default hash test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.default([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});
+
+console.log('Running keccack hash test');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let digest = Hash.Keccack256([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  Provable.log(digest);
+});

From 43fb1822851ff334ae8529d1650b800126f49dcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Jun 2023 15:31:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0009/1786] feat(bindings): update bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 0202843678..a92e783112 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 0202843678471768ea70b53f21306186f782677c
+Subproject commit a92e7831122164e67e0374b8aac893d738ff6626

From 20d4eb733406611569f33e644f4f5b276439d894 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Jun 2023 15:33:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0010/1786] refactor(hash.ts): remove unnecessary check for
 empty message in buildSHA function

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 3368201e52..a93234ae92 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -198,10 +198,6 @@ function emptyReceiptChainHash() {
 function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
     hash(message: (Field | UInt8)[]) {
-      if (message.length === 0) {
-        throw Error('SHA hash of empty message');
-      }
-
       const values = message.map((f) => {
         if (isField(f)) {
           // Make sure that the field is exactly a byte.

From 2d58c7ee7cc028622de8f3a0f70f8ec5748132f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 09:32:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0011/1786] refactor(hash.ts): remove Field type from buildSHA

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts | 10 +++++-----
 src/lib/hash.ts        | 15 ++++-----------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 15b582d880..171b76acfc 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -2,25 +2,25 @@ import { Hash, Field, Provable, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 console.log('Running SHA224 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA224([Field(1), Field(30000), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA224([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA256 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA256([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA256([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA384 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA384([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA384([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA512 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA512([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA512([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
 
 console.log('Running keccack hash test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Keccack256([Field(1), Field(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.Keccack256([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index a93234ae92..b77a0bc6be 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -197,17 +197,10 @@ function emptyReceiptChainHash() {
 
 function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
-    hash(message: (Field | UInt8)[]) {
-      const values = message.map((f) => {
-        if (isField(f)) {
-          // Make sure that the field is exactly a byte.
-          f.toBits(8);
-          return f.value;
-        }
-        return f.value.value;
-      });
-
-      return Snarky.sha.create([0, ...values], nist, length).map(Field);
+    hash(message: UInt8[]) {
+      return Snarky.sha
+        .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.value.value)], nist, length)
+        .map(Field);
     },
   };
 }

From 10bda74c0818767d78bd10bd8ab7b061eea2d943 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 09:47:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0012/1786] refactor(hash.ts): return hash function for hash
 objects

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts | 12 ++++++------
 src/lib/hash.ts        | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 171b76acfc..004ae436df 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@ import { Hash, Field, Provable, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 console.log('Running SHA224 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA224([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA256 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA256([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA384 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA384([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA384.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA512 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA512([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA512.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running Poseidon test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Poseidon([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.Poseidon.hash([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
 
 console.log('Running keccack hash test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Keccack256([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index b77a0bc6be..afb83112ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -208,15 +208,15 @@ function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
 const Hash = {
   default: Poseidon.hash,
 
-  Poseidon: Poseidon.hash,
+  Poseidon: Poseidon,
 
-  SHA224: buildSHA(224, true).hash,
+  SHA224: buildSHA(224, true),
 
-  SHA256: buildSHA(256, true).hash,
+  SHA256: buildSHA(256, true),
 
-  SHA384: buildSHA(384, true).hash,
+  SHA384: buildSHA(384, true),
 
-  SHA512: buildSHA(512, true).hash,
+  SHA512: buildSHA(512, true),
 
-  Keccack256: buildSHA(256, false).hash,
+  Keccack256: buildSHA(256, false),
 };

From 49a294bb8ebdcc2c8eab64c698809716c1f281df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 09:48:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0013/1786] refactor(keccak.ts): rename Hash.default to
 Hash.hash

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 004ae436df..b794772d29 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
 
 console.log('Running default hash test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.default([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.hash([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index afb83112ef..c4039662fb 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
 }
 
 const Hash = {
-  default: Poseidon.hash,
+  hash: Poseidon.hash,
 
   Poseidon: Poseidon,
 

From 22977f58bb6c7101f2a20b46a9ed32721ce2b4d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 10:00:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0014/1786] refactor(hash.ts): change buildSHA function to
 return a UInt8 array instead of a Field array

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index c4039662fb..853006b9f3 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -197,10 +197,10 @@ function emptyReceiptChainHash() {
 
 function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
-    hash(message: UInt8[]) {
+    hash(message: UInt8[]): UInt8[] {
       return Snarky.sha
         .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.value.value)], nist, length)
-        .map(Field);
+        .map((f) => new UInt8(Field(f)));
     },
   };
 }

From 42d9f74d56685312e28e60f304d6dae216c257a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 10:08:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0015/1786] feat(int.ts): add fromFields to UInt8

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index fca2b6c971..2455a2f3e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -965,12 +965,14 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
 }) {
   constructor(x: number | Field) {
     super({ value: Field(x) });
-
-    // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
-    this.value.toBits(8);
+    this.value.toBits(8); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
   }
 
   check() {
     this.value.toBits(8);
   }
+
+  fromFields(xs: Field[]): UInt8[] {
+    return xs.map((x) => new UInt8(x));
+  }
 }

From 957c1f8e3818d66dd617c960d5ae1f4c88f36d30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 10:10:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0016/1786] feat(int.ts): add fromHex method to UInt8 class to
 convert hex string to UInt8 array using Snarky.sha library

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 2455a2f3e1..f22b6033fc 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Snarky } from 'src/snarky.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -975,4 +976,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   fromFields(xs: Field[]): UInt8[] {
     return xs.map((x) => new UInt8(x));
   }
+
+  static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
+    return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
+  }
 }

From ae01aa777d162f09a1fea192e4a4d8a360dc97e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 16:01:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0017/1786] feat(int.ts): add static method toHex to UInt8
 class to convert an array of UInt8 to a hex string

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index f22b6033fc..bf935e03a9 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Snarky } from 'src/snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -980,4 +980,20 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
   }
+  static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
+    return xs
+      .map((x) => x.value)
+      .map((value) => byteArrayToHex(Field.toBytes(value)))
+      .join('');
+  }
+}
+
+// TODO: Move to more appropriate place?
+function byteArrayToHex(byteArray: number[]): string {
+  return byteArray
+    .map((byte) => {
+      const hexValue = byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
+      return hexValue === '00' ? '' : hexValue;
+    })
+    .join('');
 }

From 92deb9e7a2c46a22498844d86dfa8747482a5d14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 2023 16:01:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0018/1786] test(keccak.ts): add tests for checking
 hex->digest, digest->hex conversion for SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, and
 Keccack256 hash functions. Add helper functions to check the conversion and
 compare the digests.

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index b794772d29..818aff372c 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -1,43 +1,66 @@
-import { Hash, Field, Provable, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
+import { Field, Provable, Hash, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
+
+function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
+  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
+    if (a[i].value.toConstant() === b[i].value.toConstant()) return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+function checkDigestHexConversion(digest: UInt8[]) {
+  console.log('Checking hex->digest, digest->hex matches');
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+    const expected = UInt8.fromHex(hex);
+    Provable.log(hex, digest, expected);
+    if (equals(digest, expected)) {
+      console.log('✅ Digest matches');
+    } else {
+      console.log('❌ Digest does not match');
+    }
+  });
+}
 
 console.log('Running SHA224 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
   let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
+  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA256 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
+  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
 console.log('Running SHA384 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA384.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA384.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
+  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
+// TODO: This test fails
 console.log('Running SHA512 test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA512.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
+  let digest = Hash.SHA512.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
+  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
-console.log('Running Poseidon test');
+console.log('Running keccack hash test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Poseidon.hash([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
+  let digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
+  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
-console.log('Running default hash test');
+console.log('Running Poseidon test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.hash([Field(1), Field(1), Field(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.Poseidon.hash([Field(1), Field(2), Field(3)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });
 
-console.log('Running keccack hash test');
+console.log('Running default hash test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2)]);
+  let digest = Hash.hash([Field(1), Field(2), Field(3)]);
   Provable.log(digest);
 });

From a637e7cdd5a3589efead01ef6ab50e41037885a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 13:07:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0019/1786] fix example

---
 src/examples/api_exploration.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
index 427e37065d..6bd76e5e2f 100644
--- a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
+++ b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ console.assert(!signature.verify(pubKey, msg1).toBoolean());
 */
 
 /* You can initialize elements as literals as follows: */
-let g0 = new Group(-1, 2);
-let g1 = new Group({ x: -2, y: 2 });
+let g0 = Group.from(-1, 2);
+let g1 = new Group({ x: -1, y: 2 });
 
 /* There is also a predefined generator. */
 let g2 = Group.generator;

From 1febfbeb16d15cac81343f6d0319c9cc3da7d24f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 17:37:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0020/1786] initial minimal foreign curve, doesn't work yet

---
 src/bindings             |   2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 118 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/ml/base.ts       |  21 ++++++-
 src/snarky.d.ts          |  14 +++++
 4 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a68cec4f87..ecca66043d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a68cec4f8736cc16cbb7271ca52835d11ea3430b
+Subproject commit ecca66043d25f346b17cab6993af5e5ed843663d
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05bbff8f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import {
+  ForeignField,
+  ForeignFieldConst,
+  ForeignFieldVar,
+  createForeignField,
+} from './foreign-field.js';
+import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
+
+// external API
+export { createForeignCurve };
+
+// internal API
+export { ForeignCurveVar, ForeignCurveConst, MlCurveParams };
+
+type MlAffine<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
+type ForeignCurveVar = MlAffine<ForeignFieldVar>;
+type ForeignCurveConst = MlAffine<ForeignFieldConst>;
+
+type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
+type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
+
+function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
+  const curveMl = MlCurveParams(curve);
+
+  class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus) {}
+  class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order) {}
+
+  function toMl({ x, y }: Affine): ForeignCurveVar {
+    return [0, x.value, y.value];
+  }
+
+  class ForeignCurve implements Affine {
+    x: BaseField;
+    y: BaseField;
+
+    constructor(
+      g:
+        | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
+        | ForeignCurveVar
+    ) {
+      // ForeignCurveVar
+      if (Array.isArray(g)) {
+        let [, x, y] = g;
+        this.x = new BaseField(x);
+        this.y = new BaseField(y);
+        return;
+      }
+      let { x, y } = g;
+      this.x = BaseField.from(x);
+      this.y = BaseField.from(y);
+    }
+
+    add(h: ForeignCurve) {
+      let p = Snarky.foreignField.curve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h), curveMl);
+      return new ForeignCurve(p);
+    }
+
+    static BaseField = BaseField;
+    static ScalarField = ScalarField;
+  }
+
+  return ForeignCurve;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parameters defining an elliptic curve in short Weierstraß form
+ * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+ */
+type CurveParams = {
+  /**
+   * Base field modulus
+   */
+  modulus: bigint;
+  /**
+   * Scalar field modulus = group order
+   */
+  order: bigint;
+  /**
+   * The `a` parameter in the curve equation y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  a: bigint;
+  /**
+   * The `b` parameter in the curve equation y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  b: bigint;
+  /**
+   * Generator point
+   */
+  gen: AffineBigint;
+};
+
+type MlBigintPoint = MlAffine<MlBigint>;
+
+function MlBigintPoint({ x, y }: AffineBigint): MlBigintPoint {
+  return [0, MlBigint(x), MlBigint(y)];
+}
+
+type MlCurveParams = [
+  _: 0,
+  modulus: MlBigint,
+  order: MlBigint,
+  a: MlBigint,
+  b: MlBigint,
+  gen: MlBigintPoint
+];
+
+function MlCurveParams(params: CurveParams): MlCurveParams {
+  let { modulus, order, a, b, gen } = params;
+  return [
+    0,
+    MlBigint(modulus),
+    MlBigint(order),
+    MlBigint(a),
+    MlBigint(b),
+    MlBigintPoint(gen),
+  ];
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 89de7b01bc..4bdddda154 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
+
 /**
  * This module contains basic methods for interacting with OCaml
  */
-export { MlArray, MlTuple, MlList, MlOption, MlBool, MlBytes };
+export { MlArray, MlTuple, MlList, MlOption, MlBool, MlBytes, MlBigint };
 
 // ocaml types
 
@@ -53,3 +55,20 @@ const MlBool = Object.assign(
     },
   }
 );
+
+/**
+ * zarith_stubs_js representation of a bigint / Zarith.t, which
+ * is what Snarky_backendless.Backend_extended.Bignum_bigint.t is under the hood
+ */
+type MlBigint = number | { value: bigint; caml_custom: '_z' };
+
+const MlBigint = Object.assign(
+  function MlBigint(x: bigint): MlBigint {
+    return Snarky.foreignField.bigintToMl(x);
+  },
+  {
+    from(x: MlBigint) {
+      return typeof x === 'number' ? BigInt(x) : x.value;
+    },
+  }
+);
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 48ce4e58e3..a723f73f4f 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ import type {
   MlOption,
   MlBool,
   MlBytes,
+  MlBigint,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import type {
   ForeignFieldVar,
   ForeignFieldConst,
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
+import type { ForeignCurveVar, MlCurveParams } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate };
 
@@ -281,6 +283,18 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       y: ForeignFieldVar,
       p: ForeignFieldConst
     ): ForeignFieldVar;
+
+    bigintToMl(x: bigint): MlBigint;
+
+    curve: {
+      create(params: MlCurveParams): unknown;
+      // paramsToVars()
+      add(
+        g: ForeignCurveVar,
+        h: ForeignCurveVar,
+        curveParams: unknown
+      ): ForeignCurveVar;
+    };
   };
 };
 

From e012ba6bdc9440e1f16d5e1708d1fdb533287b46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 17:37:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0021/1786] initial work on test

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b78ebf688e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Vesta as VestaBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+
+class Vesta extends createForeignCurve({
+  modulus: Fq.modulus,
+  order: Fp.modulus,
+  a: 0n,
+  b: VestaBigint.b,
+  gen: VestaBigint.one,
+}) {}
+
+let g = { x: Fq.negate(1n), y: 2n, infinity: false };
+let gPlusOne = VestaBigint.toAffine(
+  VestaBigint.add(VestaBigint.fromAffine(g), VestaBigint.one)
+);
+
+// Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+//   let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
+// });

From b600b2805d546fb4bd9d2b72908133592cb6e3b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 09:27:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0022/1786] fix(int.ts): working impl of toHex for UInt8

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/int.ts         | 14 +++-----------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 818aff372c..1fcf7557fa 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ function checkDigestHexConversion(digest: UInt8[]) {
   Provable.asProver(() => {
     const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
     const expected = UInt8.fromHex(hex);
-    Provable.log(hex, digest, expected);
     if (equals(digest, expected)) {
       console.log('✅ Digest matches');
     } else {
+      Provable.log(`hex: ${hex}\ndigest: ${digest}\nexpected:${expected}`);
       console.log('❌ Digest does not match');
     }
   });
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index bf935e03a9..acc91558fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -980,20 +980,12 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
   }
+
   static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
     return xs
       .map((x) => x.value)
-      .map((value) => byteArrayToHex(Field.toBytes(value)))
+      .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+      .slice(1)
       .join('');
   }
 }
-
-// TODO: Move to more appropriate place?
-function byteArrayToHex(byteArray: number[]): string {
-  return byteArray
-    .map((byte) => {
-      const hexValue = byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0');
-      return hexValue === '00' ? '' : hexValue;
-    })
-    .join('');
-}

From ecd62c4755b5096a62a1aad998654fce4829377d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:09:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0023/1786] feat(random.ts): add support for generating random
 UInt8 values

---
 src/lib/testing/random.ts    | 14 +++++++++++---
 src/provable/field-bigint.ts |  4 +++-
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index f9d1919502..74ffe3e32d 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ function sample<T>(rng: Random<T>, size: number) {
 const boolean = Random_(() => drawOneOf8() < 4);
 
 const bool = map(boolean, Bool);
+const uint8 = biguintWithInvalid(8);
 const uint32 = biguintWithInvalid(32);
 const uint64 = biguintWithInvalid(64);
 
@@ -115,6 +116,7 @@ type Generators = {
 const Generators: Generators = {
   Field: field,
   Bool: bool,
+  UInt8: uint8,
   UInt32: uint32,
   UInt64: uint64,
   Sign: sign,
@@ -181,17 +183,21 @@ const nonNumericString = reject(
   string(nat(20)),
   (str: any) => !isNaN(str) && !isNaN(parseFloat(str))
 );
-const invalidUint64Json = toString(
-  oneOf(uint64.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
+const invalidUint8Json = toString(
+  oneOf(uint8.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
 );
 const invalidUint32Json = toString(
   oneOf(uint32.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
 );
+const invalidUint64Json = toString(
+  oneOf(uint64.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
+);
 
 // some json versions of those types
 let json_ = {
-  uint64: { ...toString(uint64), invalid: invalidUint64Json },
+  uint8: { ...toString(uint8), invalid: invalidUint8Json },
   uint32: { ...toString(uint32), invalid: invalidUint32Json },
+  uint64: { ...toString(uint64), invalid: invalidUint64Json },
   publicKey: withInvalidBase58(mapWithInvalid(publicKey, PublicKey.toBase58)),
   privateKey: withInvalidBase58(map(privateKey, PrivateKey.toBase58)),
   keypair: map(keypair, ({ privatekey, publicKey }) => ({
@@ -215,6 +221,7 @@ type JsonGenerators = {
 const JsonGenerators: JsonGenerators = {
   Field: json_.field,
   Bool: boolean,
+  UInt8: json_.uint8,
   UInt32: json_.uint32,
   UInt64: json_.uint64,
   Sign: withInvalidRandomString(map(sign, Sign.toJSON)),
@@ -299,6 +306,7 @@ const Random = Object.assign(Random_, {
   dice: Object.assign(dice, { ofSize: diceOfSize() }),
   field,
   bool,
+  uint8,
   uint32,
   uint64,
   privateKey,
diff --git a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
index ea2d797c83..769f31dab7 100644
--- a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ import {
   ProvableBigint,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 
-export { Field, Bool, UInt32, UInt64, Sign };
+export { Field, Bool, UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Sign };
 export { pseudoClass, sizeInBits, checkRange, checkField };
 
 type Field = bigint;
 type Bool = 0n | 1n;
+type UInt8 = bigint;
 type UInt32 = bigint;
 type UInt64 = bigint;
 
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ function Unsigned(bits: number) {
     }
   );
 }
+const UInt8 = Unsigned(8);
 const UInt32 = Unsigned(32);
 const UInt64 = Unsigned(64);
 

From 8bd3a93ee41d29c342f1e86a1f55d1489d46969d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:16:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0024/1786] feat(int.ts): add bigint to constructor and
 introduce static NUM_BITS

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index acc91558fa..99e225e9fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -964,13 +964,15 @@ class Int64 extends CircuitValue implements BalanceChange {
 class UInt8 extends Struct({
   value: Field,
 }) {
-  constructor(x: number | Field) {
+  static NUM_BITS = 8;
+
+  constructor(x: number | bigint | Field) {
     super({ value: Field(x) });
-    this.value.toBits(8); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
+    this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
   }
 
   check() {
-    this.value.toBits(8);
+    this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
   }
 
   fromFields(xs: Field[]): UInt8[] {

From cd6a019410b30c87971b9e9e00d4ad28e66818f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:18:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0025/1786] feat(int.ts): add static properties  and  to UInt8
 class

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 99e225e9fa..75f28c11f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -971,6 +971,14 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
   }
 
+  static get zero() {
+    return new UInt8(0);
+  }
+
+  static get one() {
+    return new UInt8(1);
+  }
+
   check() {
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
   }

From 7fed25698ddd929c54b3b5c5c93cb2db99b6a438 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:19:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0026/1786] chore(int.ts): add toString(), toBigInt(),
 toField(), and toJSON() methods to UInt8 class for better usability and
 serialization

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 75f28c11f9..7d27f95180 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -979,6 +979,18 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return new UInt8(1);
   }
 
+  toString() {
+    return this.value.toString();
+  }
+
+  toBigInt() {
+    return this.value.toBigInt();
+  }
+
+  toField() {
+    return this.value;
+  }
+
   check() {
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
   }
@@ -998,4 +1010,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       .slice(1)
       .join('');
   }
+
+  static toJSON(xs: UInt8): string {
+    return xs.value.toString();
+  }
 }

From 8a9718970b9ba4e5dfbb7b3245e8fd08da52f022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:21:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0027/1786] chore(int.ts): add static method MAXINT() to UInt8
 class to return the maximum value of UInt8

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 7d27f95180..c36440df1c 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1014,4 +1014,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   static toJSON(xs: UInt8): string {
     return xs.value.toString();
   }
+
+  static MAXINT() {
+    return new UInt8(255);
+  }
 }

From 7176fb6ee4783bbf085d655831c36a3e402a5652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:21:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0028/1786] refactor(int.ts): change static method  to instance
 method

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index c36440df1c..df18f68a22 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1011,8 +1011,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       .join('');
   }
 
-  static toJSON(xs: UInt8): string {
-    return xs.value.toString();
+  toJSON(): string {
+    return this.value.toString();
   }
 
   static MAXINT() {

From 3c1bc9454a8a2a51984938d1885988e9f95614af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:25:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0029/1786] feat(int.ts): add methods toJSON, toUInt32, and
 toUInt64 to the UInt8 class

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index df18f68a22..35ddfb01ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -999,6 +999,18 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return xs.map((x) => new UInt8(x));
   }
 
+  toJSON(): string {
+    return this.value.toString();
+  }
+
+  toUInt32(): UInt32 {
+    return new UInt32(this.value);
+  }
+
+  toUInt64(): UInt64 {
+    return new UInt64(this.value);
+  }
+
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
   }

From e15f7e2b23bcd3604403395eae9c5c1551783c0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:25:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0030/1786] feat(int.ts): add from and private checkConstant
 methods

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 17 +++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 35ddfb01ae..1eb5e7b16b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1023,11 +1023,20 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       .join('');
   }
 
-  toJSON(): string {
-    return this.value.toString();
-  }
-
   static MAXINT() {
     return new UInt8(255);
   }
+
+  static from(x: UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof UInt8)
+      x = x.value;
+
+    return new this(this.checkConstant(Field(x)));
+  }
+
+  private static checkConstant(x: Field) {
+    if (!x.isConstant()) return x;
+    x.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
+    return x;
+  }
 }

From 321529b534b3bbcd7ceff4fee495cc9ee1a91117 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:29:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0031/1786] refactor(int.ts): add isConstant() method to UInt8
 class for checking if the value is constant

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 1eb5e7b16b..552849a458 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1011,6 +1011,10 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return new UInt64(this.value);
   }
 
+  isConstant() {
+    return this.value.isConstant();
+  }
+
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
   }

From 509c5f9e0f0efe81c5422e078dea70f294eb417e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:31:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0032/1786] refactor(int.ts): add toConstant() method to UInt8
 class

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 552849a458..dbaf81ac19 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1015,6 +1015,10 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return this.value.isConstant();
   }
 
+  toConstant() {
+    return this.value.toConstant();
+  }
+
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
   }

From 325c49cc48333b6be6dbd496a8b86771890f71b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:34:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0033/1786] refactor(int.ts): add UInt8 to constructor

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index dbaf81ac19..3963541166 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -966,7 +966,9 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
 }) {
   static NUM_BITS = 8;
 
-  constructor(x: number | bigint | Field) {
+  constructor(x: number | bigint | Field | UInt8) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
+
     super({ value: Field(x) });
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
   }
@@ -1015,10 +1017,6 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return this.value.isConstant();
   }
 
-  toConstant() {
-    return this.value.toConstant();
-  }
-
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
   }

From d996d25e798d640d6405c5e76182a73d6f42ab80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:37:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0034/1786] fix(int.ts): add support for string type in the
 constructor of UInt8 class to allow initializing with string values

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 3963541166..70e2464d9f 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
 }) {
   static NUM_BITS = 8;
 
-  constructor(x: number | bigint | Field | UInt8) {
+  constructor(x: number | bigint | string | Field | UInt8) {
     if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
 
     super({ value: Field(x) });

From 738719c19d5ae3c3008e6704136ca3ee1ccd8f6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 11:37:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0035/1786] test(keccack.unit-test.ts): start unit tests for
 the constructor of UInt8 class

---
 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8cbfa28e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+
+// Test constructor
+test(Random.uint8, Random.json.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
+  let z = new UInt8(x);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert(z.toString() === x.toString());
+  assert(z.isConstant());
+
+  assert((z = new UInt8(x)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+
+  z = new UInt8(y);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toString() === y);
+  assert(z.toJSON() === y);
+});

From b7bcb035f5d139e7d9682d55bf45fc050aad8fe4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 13:05:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0036/1786] test(keccack.unit-test.ts): add unit test for
 handling numbers up to 2^8 in the UInt8 class

---
 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
index f8cbfa28e4..046d0b810b 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
@@ -18,3 +18,8 @@ test(Random.uint8, Random.json.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
   assert(z.toString() === y);
   assert(z.toJSON() === y);
 });
+
+// handles all numbers up to 2^8
+test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
+  assert(new UInt8(n).toString() === String(n));
+});

From 64135dbbd0afc06299d0589baf6a202bfa711c45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 13:09:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0037/1786] test(keccack.unit-test.ts): add unit tests for
 negative numbers and numbers greater than or equal to 2^8 to ensure proper
 handling and error throwing

---
 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
index 046d0b810b..acc6865c63 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
@@ -23,3 +23,9 @@ test(Random.uint8, Random.json.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
 test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
   assert(new UInt8(n).toString() === String(n));
 });
+
+// throws on negative numbers
+test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => new UInt8(x));
+
+// throws on numbers >= 2^8
+test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => new UInt8(x));

From 05550d970d01fad74a8ff3d0bfe35bef2352c58e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 14:38:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0038/1786] feat(keccack.unit-test.ts): add tests for digest to
 hex and hex to digest conversions

---
 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
index acc6865c63..99029c3e88 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
 import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { Hash } from './hash.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 // Test constructor
 test(Random.uint8, Random.json.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
@@ -29,3 +32,47 @@ test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => new UInt8(x));
 
 // throws on numbers >= 2^8
 test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => new UInt8(x));
+
+// test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
+checkHashConversions();
+console.log('hashing digest conversions matches! 🎉');
+
+function checkHashConversions() {
+  for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+    const data = Random.array(Random.uint8, Random.nat(20))
+      .create()()
+      .map((x) => new UInt8(x));
+
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash(data);
+      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+
+      digest = Hash.SHA256.hash(data);
+      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+
+      digest = Hash.SHA384.hash(data);
+      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+
+      digest = Hash.SHA512.hash(data);
+      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+
+      digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash(data);
+      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+    expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
+  });
+}
+
+function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
+  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
+    if (a[i].value.toConstant() === b[i].value.toConstant()) return false;
+
+  return true;
+}

From de479249ad72e71808ab762b9d1d2087d828e04b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 14:41:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0039/1786] fix(int.ts): add type checking for UInt32 and
 UInt64

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 70e2464d9f..2cf422a16a 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1006,11 +1006,15 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   toUInt32(): UInt32 {
-    return new UInt32(this.value);
+    let uint32 = new UInt32(this.value);
+    UInt32.check(uint32);
+    return uint32;
   }
 
   toUInt64(): UInt64 {
-    return new UInt64(this.value);
+    let uint64 = new UInt64(this.value);
+    UInt64.check(uint64);
+    return uint64;
   }
 
   isConstant() {

From 6c2b45d005e7cb7c4b13224d3be7bba820cb5880 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 14:59:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0040/1786] feat(int.ts): add arithmetic operations (add, sub,
 mul, div, mod) to UInt8 class and base compare

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 2cf422a16a..bfbce1fb88 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -981,6 +981,108 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return new UInt8(1);
   }
 
+  add(y: UInt8 | number) {
+    if (isUInt8(y)) {
+      return new UInt8(this.value.add(y.value));
+    }
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+    return new UInt8(this.value.add(y_.value));
+  }
+
+  sub(y: UInt8 | number) {
+    if (isUInt8(y)) {
+      return new UInt8(this.value.sub(y.value));
+    }
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+    return new UInt8(this.value.sub(y_.value));
+  }
+
+  mul(y: UInt8 | number) {
+    if (isUInt8(y)) {
+      return new UInt8(this.value.mul(y.value));
+    }
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+    return new UInt8(this.value.mul(y_.value));
+  }
+
+  div(y: UInt8 | number) {
+    if (isUInt8(y)) {
+      return this.divMod(y).quotient;
+    }
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+    return this.divMod(y_).quotient;
+  }
+
+  mod(y: UInt8 | number) {
+    if (isUInt8(y)) {
+      return this.divMod(y).rest;
+    }
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+    return this.divMod(y_).rest;
+  }
+
+  divMod(y: UInt8 | number) {
+    let x = this.value;
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y).value;
+
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.isConstant()) {
+      let xn = x.toBigInt();
+      let yn = y_.toBigInt();
+      let q = xn / yn;
+      let r = xn - q * yn;
+      return {
+        quotient: new UInt8(Field(q)),
+        rest: new UInt8(Field(r)),
+      };
+    }
+
+    y_ = y_.seal();
+
+    let q = Provable.witness(
+      Field,
+      () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
+    );
+
+    q.rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(q);
+
+    // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
+    let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
+    r.rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(r);
+
+    let r_ = new UInt8(r);
+    let q_ = new UInt8(q);
+
+    r_.assertLessThan(new UInt8(y_));
+
+    return { quotient: q_, rest: r_ };
+  }
+
+  lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
+      return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
+    } else {
+      let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
+      let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
+      let xMinusYFits = xMinusY
+        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS)
+        .equals(xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = yMinusX
+        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS)
+        .equals(yMinusX);
+      xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
+      // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
+      return yMinusXFits;
+    }
+  }
+
+  lessThan(y: UInt8) {
+    return this.lessThanOrEqual(y).and(this.value.equals(y.value).not());
+  }
+
+  assertLessThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    this.lessThan(y).assertEquals(true, message);
+  }
+
   toString() {
     return this.value.toString();
   }
@@ -1050,3 +1152,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return x;
   }
 }
+
+function isUInt8(x: unknown): x is UInt8 {
+  return x instanceof UInt8;
+}

From fc7597046e14d7407d2a0e0990f9b409518b86a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 2023 15:07:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0041/1786] feat(int.ts): add assertion methods for comparing
 UInt8 values

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index bfbce1fb88..146b94000f 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1083,6 +1083,41 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     this.lessThan(y).assertEquals(true, message);
   }
 
+  assertLessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
+      let x0 = this.value.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y.value.toBigInt();
+      if (x0 > y0) {
+        if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
+        throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThanOrEqual: expected ${x0} <= ${y0}`);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
+    yMinusX.rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(yMinusX, message);
+  }
+
+  greaterThan(y: UInt8) {
+    return y.lessThan(this);
+  }
+
+  greaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
+    return this.lessThan(y).not();
+  }
+
+  assertGreaterThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    y.assertLessThan(this, message);
+  }
+
+  assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
+  }
+
+  assertEquals(y: number | bigint | UInt8, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+    this.toField().assertEquals(y_.toField(), message);
+  }
+
   toString() {
     return this.value.toString();
   }

From addf84cd7b1f03f299c5246eb33c442c02499af3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 15:59:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0042/1786] working bare bones ec with add

---
 src/bindings                       |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++---
 src/snarky.d.ts                    | 25 ++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ecca66043d..947bfe058d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ecca66043d25f346b17cab6993af5e5ed843663d
+Subproject commit 947bfe058d84d4c61443143cd647cb99a24ea183
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 05bbff8f86..8b3b0348a0 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
 export { createForeignCurve };
 
 // internal API
-export { ForeignCurveVar, ForeignCurveConst, MlCurveParams };
+export {
+  ForeignCurveVar,
+  ForeignCurveConst,
+  MlCurveParams,
+  MlCurveParamsWithIa,
+};
 
 type MlAffine<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
 type ForeignCurveVar = MlAffine<ForeignFieldVar>;
@@ -21,7 +26,16 @@ type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
 
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
-  const curveMl = MlCurveParams(curve);
+  const curveMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
+  let curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
+  function getParams(name: string): unknown {
+    if (curveMlVar === undefined) {
+      throw Error(
+        `ForeignCurve.${name}(): You must call ForeignCurve.initialize() once per provable method to use ForeignCurve.`
+      );
+    }
+    return curveMlVar;
+  }
 
   class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus) {}
   class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order) {}
@@ -51,8 +65,13 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       this.y = BaseField.from(y);
     }
 
+    static initialize() {
+      curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
+    }
+
     add(h: ForeignCurve) {
-      let p = Snarky.foreignField.curve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h), curveMl);
+      let curve = getParams('add');
+      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
@@ -104,6 +123,15 @@ type MlCurveParams = [
   b: MlBigint,
   gen: MlBigintPoint
 ];
+type MlCurveParamsWithIa = [
+  _: 0,
+  modulus: MlBigint,
+  order: MlBigint,
+  a: MlBigint,
+  b: MlBigint,
+  gen: MlBigintPoint,
+  ia: [_: 0, acc: MlBigintPoint, neg_acc: MlBigintPoint]
+];
 
 function MlCurveParams(params: CurveParams): MlCurveParams {
   let { modulus, order, a, b, gen } = params;
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index b78ebf688e..a98f6a30b6 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,21 @@ let gPlusOne = VestaBigint.toAffine(
   VestaBigint.add(VestaBigint.fromAffine(g), VestaBigint.one)
 );
 
-// Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-//   let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
-// });
+function main() {
+  Vesta.initialize();
+  let g0 = new Vesta(g);
+  g0.add(new Vesta(VestaBigint.one));
+  // let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
+}
+
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+let { gates, rows } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+
+let types: Record<string, number> = {};
+
+for (let gate of gates) {
+  types[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  types[gate.type]++;
+}
+
+console.log(types);
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index a723f73f4f..f80f5bb174 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@ import type {
   ForeignFieldVar,
   ForeignFieldConst,
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
-import type { ForeignCurveVar, MlCurveParams } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
+import type {
+  ForeignCurveVar,
+  MlCurveParams,
+  MlCurveParamsWithIa,
+} from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate };
 
@@ -285,16 +289,15 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ): ForeignFieldVar;
 
     bigintToMl(x: bigint): MlBigint;
-
-    curve: {
-      create(params: MlCurveParams): unknown;
-      // paramsToVars()
-      add(
-        g: ForeignCurveVar,
-        h: ForeignCurveVar,
-        curveParams: unknown
-      ): ForeignCurveVar;
-    };
+  };
+  foreignCurve: {
+    create(params: MlCurveParams): MlCurveParamsWithIa;
+    paramsToVars(params: MlCurveParamsWithIa): unknown;
+    add(
+      g: ForeignCurveVar,
+      h: ForeignCurveVar,
+      curveParams: unknown
+    ): ForeignCurveVar;
   };
 };
 

From 578f444537c3fb05a9d329e5a657b7d6336cba1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 16:31:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0043/1786] make curve provable

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 18 +++++++++++-------
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 11 +++++++----
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 8b3b0348a0..33d348931b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   ForeignField,
   ForeignFieldConst,
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ type ForeignCurveConst = MlAffine<ForeignFieldConst>;
 type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
 
+type ForeignFieldClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>;
+
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   const curveMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   let curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
@@ -44,10 +47,11 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     return [0, x.value, y.value];
   }
 
-  class ForeignCurve implements Affine {
-    x: BaseField;
-    y: BaseField;
+  // this is necessary to simplify the type of ForeignCurve, to avoid
+  // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
+  const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({ x: BaseField, y: BaseField });
 
+  class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
     constructor(
       g:
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
@@ -56,19 +60,19 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       // ForeignCurveVar
       if (Array.isArray(g)) {
         let [, x, y] = g;
-        this.x = new BaseField(x);
-        this.y = new BaseField(y);
+        super({ x: new BaseField(x), y: new BaseField(y) });
         return;
       }
       let { x, y } = g;
-      this.x = BaseField.from(x);
-      this.y = BaseField.from(y);
+      super({ x: BaseField.from(x), y: BaseField.from(y) });
     }
 
     static initialize() {
       curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
     }
 
+    static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
+
     add(h: ForeignCurve) {
       let curve = getParams('add');
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h), curve);
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index a98f6a30b6..1e7d61a99b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,15 +16,18 @@ let gPlusOne = VestaBigint.toAffine(
   VestaBigint.add(VestaBigint.fromAffine(g), VestaBigint.one)
 );
 
+// new Vesta(g).add(Vesta.generator);
+
 function main() {
   Vesta.initialize();
-  let g0 = new Vesta(g);
-  g0.add(new Vesta(VestaBigint.one));
-  // let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
+  let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
+  let one = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => Vesta.generator);
+  let gPlusOne0 = g0.add(one);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, gPlusOne0, new Vesta(gPlusOne));
 }
 
 Provable.runAndCheck(main);
-let { gates, rows } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 
 let types: Record<string, number> = {};
 

From 4fb98e6a44439ad05bd8c5b4d39c981a976cb9af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 16:53:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0044/1786] expose common ec methods

---
 src/bindings    | 2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 947bfe058d..8a319036db 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 947bfe058d84d4c61443143cd647cb99a24ea183
+Subproject commit 8a319036db1d55dabb864ee9df680c83f34c022b
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index f80f5bb174..e09cf406db 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -298,6 +298,15 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       h: ForeignCurveVar,
       curveParams: unknown
     ): ForeignCurveVar;
+    double(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): ForeignCurveVar;
+    negate(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): ForeignCurveVar;
+    assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): undefined;
+    scale(
+      g: ForeignCurveVar,
+      scalar: MlArray<BoolVar>,
+      curveParams: unknown
+    ): ForeignCurveVar;
+    checkSubgroup(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): undefined;
   };
 };
 

From 7a228c3fed269fbe41b7e76fb1c8ef488279a71f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 17:12:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0045/1786] add remaining provable methods

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 37 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 33d348931b..a1213bc304 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   ForeignField,
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   ForeignFieldVar,
   createForeignField,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve };
@@ -79,6 +80,39 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
+    double() {
+      let curve = getParams('double');
+      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.double(toMl(this), curve);
+      return new ForeignCurve(p);
+    }
+
+    negate() {
+      let curve = getParams('negate');
+      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.negate(toMl(this), curve);
+      return new ForeignCurve(p);
+    }
+
+    assertOnCurve() {
+      let curve = getParams('assertOnCurve');
+      Snarky.foreignCurve.assertOnCurve(toMl(this), curve);
+    }
+
+    // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
+    scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
+      let curve = getParams('scale');
+      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.scale(
+        toMl(this),
+        MlArray.to(scalar.map((s) => s.value)),
+        curve
+      );
+      return new ForeignCurve(p);
+    }
+
+    checkSubgroup() {
+      let curve = getParams('checkSubgroup');
+      Snarky.foreignCurve.checkSubgroup(toMl(this), curve);
+    }
+
     static BaseField = BaseField;
     static ScalarField = ScalarField;
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 1e7d61a99b..3dfd43a6b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,39 +1,46 @@
 import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Vesta as VestaBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Field } from './field.js';
 
 class Vesta extends createForeignCurve({
   modulus: Fq.modulus,
   order: Fp.modulus,
   a: 0n,
-  b: VestaBigint.b,
-  gen: VestaBigint.one,
+  b: V.b,
+  gen: V.one,
 }) {}
 
 let g = { x: Fq.negate(1n), y: 2n, infinity: false };
-let gPlusOne = VestaBigint.toAffine(
-  VestaBigint.add(VestaBigint.fromAffine(g), VestaBigint.one)
-);
-
-// new Vesta(g).add(Vesta.generator);
+let h = V.toAffine(V.negate(V.double(V.add(V.fromAffine(g), V.one))));
+let scalar = Field.random().toBigInt();
+let p = V.toAffine(V.scale(V.fromAffine(h), scalar));
 
 function main() {
   Vesta.initialize();
   let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
   let one = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => Vesta.generator);
-  let gPlusOne0 = g0.add(one);
-  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, gPlusOne0, new Vesta(gPlusOne));
+  let h0 = g0.add(one).double().negate();
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, h0, new Vesta(h));
+
+  h0.assertOnCurve();
+  // TODO causes infinite loop
+  // h0.checkSubgroup();
+
+  let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(scalar)).toBits();
+  // TODO causes infinite loop
+  // let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
+  // Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, new Vesta(p));
 }
 
 Provable.runAndCheck(main);
 let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 
-let types: Record<string, number> = {};
-
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
 for (let gate of gates) {
-  types[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  types[gate.type]++;
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
 }
 
-console.log(types);
+console.log(gateTypes);

From e2410428a1d911fd7d4031e06aa876142c5d8738 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 20:46:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0046/1786] correct comments

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 3dfd43a6b9..e0f207ea95 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ function main() {
   Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, h0, new Vesta(h));
 
   h0.assertOnCurve();
-  // TODO causes infinite loop
+  // TODO super slow
   // h0.checkSubgroup();
 
   let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(scalar)).toBits();
-  // TODO causes infinite loop
+  // TODO super slow
   // let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
   // Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, new Vesta(p));
 }

From be58d9a1181112565351a289f1b80de3c7acb948 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 12:06:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0047/1786] feat(int.ts): add more unit tests for UInt8

---
 src/lib/int.test.ts          | 908 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/int.ts               |  27 +-
 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts |   6 +-
 src/lib/testing/random.ts    |   3 -
 4 files changed, 906 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.test.ts b/src/lib/int.test.ts
index e75c5a679f..53599b7202 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.test.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,15 @@
 import {
-  isReady,
   Provable,
-  shutdown,
   Int64,
   UInt64,
   UInt32,
+  UInt8,
   Field,
   Bool,
   Sign,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 describe('int', () => {
-  beforeAll(async () => {
-    await isReady;
-  });
-
-  afterAll(async () => {
-    // Use a timeout to defer the execution of `shutdown()` until Jest processes all tests.
-    // `shutdown()` exits the process when it's done cleanup so we want to delay it's execution until Jest is done
-    setTimeout(async () => {
-      await shutdown();
-    }, 0);
-  });
-
   const NUMBERMAX = 2 ** 53 - 1; //  JavaScript numbers can only safely store integers in the range -(2^53 − 1) to 2^53 − 1
 
   describe('Int64', () => {
@@ -2150,4 +2137,897 @@ describe('int', () => {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('UInt8', () => {
+    const NUMBERMAX = UInt8.MAXINT().value;
+
+    describe('Inside circuit', () => {
+      describe('add', () => {
+        it('1+1=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.add(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100+100=200', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              x.add(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(200)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('(MAXINT/2+MAXINT/2) adds to MAXINT', () => {
+          const n = Field((((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n).toString());
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(n));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(n));
+              x.add(y).add(1).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow addition', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.add(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('sub', () => {
+        it('1-1=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100-50=50', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(50)));
+              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(50)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on sub if results in negative number', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.sub(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mul', () => {
+        it('1x2=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1x0=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('12x20=240', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(12)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(20)));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(240)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINTx1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow multiplication', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              x.mul(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('div', () => {
+        it('2/1=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('0/1=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('20/10=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(20)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT/1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on division by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              x.div(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mod', () => {
+        it('1%1=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('50%32=18', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(50)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(32)));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(18)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT%7=3', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(7)));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(3)));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on mod by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertLt', () => {
+        it('1<2=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1<1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2<1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10<100=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100<10=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertLessThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2<=1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10<=100=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100<=10=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThan', () => {
+        it('2>1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1>1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1>2=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100>10=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1000)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100000)));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1>=2=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100>=10=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>=100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('from() ', () => {
+        describe('fromNumber()', () => {
+          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
+            expect(() => {
+              Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+                const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(1));
+                const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+                x.assertEquals(y);
+              });
+            }).not.toThrow();
+          });
+        });
+        describe('fromString()', () => {
+          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
+            expect(() => {
+              Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+                const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from('1'));
+                const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+                x.assertEquals(y);
+              });
+            }).not.toThrow();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('Outside of circuit', () => {
+      describe('add', () => {
+        it('1+1=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).add(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('50+50=100', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(50)).add(50).toString()).toEqual('100');
+        });
+
+        it('(MAXINT/2+MAXINT/2) adds to MAXINT', () => {
+          const value = Field((((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n).toString());
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(value)
+              .add(new UInt8(value))
+              .add(new UInt8(Field(1)))
+              .toString()
+          ).toEqual(UInt8.MAXINT().toString());
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow addition', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().add(1);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('sub', () => {
+        it('1-1=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).sub(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('100-50=50', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(100)).sub(50).toString()).toEqual('50');
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on sub if results in negative number', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.from(0).sub(1);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mul', () => {
+        it('1x2=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).mul(2).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('1x0=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).mul(0).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('12x20=240', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(12)).mul(20).toString()).toEqual('240');
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINTx1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().mul(1).toString()).toEqual(
+            UInt8.MAXINT().toString()
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow multiplication', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().mul(2);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('div', () => {
+        it('2/1=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(2)).div(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('0/1=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt32(Field(0)).div(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('20/10=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(20)).div(10).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT/1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().div(1).toString()).toEqual(
+            UInt8.MAXINT().toString()
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on division by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().div(0);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mod', () => {
+        it('1%1=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).mod(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('50%32=18', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(50)).mod(32).toString()).toEqual('18');
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT%7=3', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().mod(7).toString()).toEqual('3');
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on mod by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().mod(0);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('lessThan', () => {
+        it('1<2=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(2)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('1<1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('2<1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(2)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('10<100=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(10)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(100)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('100<10=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(100)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(10)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().lessThan(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('lessThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(1)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('2<=1=false', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(2)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('10<=100=true', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(10)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(100)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('100<=10=false', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(100)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(10)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().lessThanOrEqual(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertLessThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(1)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2<=1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(2)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10<=100=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(10)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(100)));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100<=10=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(100)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(10)));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().assertLessThanOrEqual(UInt8.MAXINT());
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('greaterThan', () => {
+        it('2>1=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(2)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('1>1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('1>2=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(2)))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('100>10=true', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(100)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(10)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('10>100=false', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(10)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(100)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().greaterThan(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThan', () => {
+        it('1>1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(1)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2>1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(2)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(10)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(100)));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100000>1000=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(100)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(10)));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().assertGreaterThan(UInt8.MAXINT());
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('greaterThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('2>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(2)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('1>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('1>=2=false', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(2)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('100>=10=true', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(100)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(10)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('10>=100=false', () => {
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(Field(10)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(100)))
+          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().greaterThanOrEqual(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(1)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(2)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>=100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(10)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(
+              new UInt8(Field(100))
+            );
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100>=10=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(Field(100)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(
+              new UInt8(Field(10))
+            );
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt32.MAXINT().assertGreaterThanOrEqual(UInt32.MAXINT());
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('toString()', () => {
+        it('should be the same as Field(0)', async () => {
+          const x = new UInt8(Field(0));
+          const y = Field(0);
+          expect(x.toString()).toEqual(y.toString());
+        });
+        it('should be the same as 2^8-1', async () => {
+          const x = new UInt8(Field(String(NUMBERMAX)));
+          const y = Field(String(NUMBERMAX));
+          expect(x.toString()).toEqual(y.toString());
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('check()', () => {
+        it('should pass checking a MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.check(UInt8.MAXINT());
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw checking over MAXINT', () => {
+          const x = UInt8.MAXINT();
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.check(x.add(1));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('from() ', () => {
+        describe('fromNumber()', () => {
+          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
+            const x = UInt8.from(1);
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(new UInt32(Field(1)).value);
+          });
+
+          it('should be the same as 2^53-1', () => {
+            const x = UInt8.from(NUMBERMAX);
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(Field(String(NUMBERMAX)));
+          });
+        });
+        describe('fromString()', () => {
+          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
+            const x = UInt8.from('1');
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(new UInt32(Field(1)).value);
+          });
+
+          it('should be the same as 2^53-1', () => {
+            const x = UInt8.from(String(NUMBERMAX));
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(Field(String(NUMBERMAX)));
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 146b94000f..c8bd9338b5 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1037,17 +1037,13 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     }
 
     y_ = y_.seal();
-
     let q = Provable.witness(
       Field,
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
 
-    q.rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(q);
-
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    r.rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(r);
 
     let r_ = new UInt8(r);
     let q_ = new UInt8(q);
@@ -1061,17 +1057,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
       return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
     } else {
-      let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
-      let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = xMinusY
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = yMinusX
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(yMinusX);
-      xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
-      // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
-      return yMinusXFits;
+      return this.value.lessThanOrEqual(y.value);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1093,8 +1079,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       }
       return;
     }
-    let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    yMinusX.rangeCheckHelper(UInt8.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(yMinusX, message);
+    return this.lessThanOrEqual(y).assertEquals(true, message);
   }
 
   greaterThan(y: UInt8) {
@@ -1174,10 +1159,16 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return new UInt8(255);
   }
 
-  static from(x: UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint) {
+  static from(
+    x: UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint | number[]
+  ) {
     if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof UInt8)
       x = x.value;
 
+    if (Array.isArray(x)) {
+      return new this(Field.fromBytes(x));
+    }
+
     return new this(this.checkConstant(Field(x)));
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
index 99029c3e88..d80908011a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 // Test constructor
-test(Random.uint8, Random.json.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
+test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
   let z = new UInt8(x);
   assert(z instanceof UInt8);
   assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ test(Random.uint8, Random.json.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
 
   z = new UInt8(y);
   assert(z instanceof UInt8);
-  assert(z.toString() === y);
-  assert(z.toJSON() === y);
+  assert(z.toString() === y.toString());
+  assert(z.toJSON() === y.toString());
 });
 
 // handles all numbers up to 2^8
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 74ffe3e32d..7da60c806a 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -116,7 +116,6 @@ type Generators = {
 const Generators: Generators = {
   Field: field,
   Bool: bool,
-  UInt8: uint8,
   UInt32: uint32,
   UInt64: uint64,
   Sign: sign,
@@ -195,7 +194,6 @@ const invalidUint64Json = toString(
 
 // some json versions of those types
 let json_ = {
-  uint8: { ...toString(uint8), invalid: invalidUint8Json },
   uint32: { ...toString(uint32), invalid: invalidUint32Json },
   uint64: { ...toString(uint64), invalid: invalidUint64Json },
   publicKey: withInvalidBase58(mapWithInvalid(publicKey, PublicKey.toBase58)),
@@ -221,7 +219,6 @@ type JsonGenerators = {
 const JsonGenerators: JsonGenerators = {
   Field: json_.field,
   Bool: boolean,
-  UInt8: json_.uint8,
   UInt32: json_.uint32,
   UInt64: json_.uint64,
   Sign: withInvalidRandomString(map(sign, Sign.toJSON)),

From 88c687fdda42fbc05bb30bddc545bc84b219e0a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 12:35:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0048/1786] feat(keccack.unit-test.ts): add support for
 provable testing

---
 src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
index d80908011a..d8f8289e39 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import { Hash } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
+let RandomUInt8 = Random.map(Random.uint8, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
 // Test constructor
 test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
   let z = new UInt8(x);
@@ -34,45 +36,67 @@ test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => new UInt8(x));
 test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => new UInt8(x));
 
 // test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
-checkHashConversions();
+checkHashInCircuit();
+checkHashOutCircuit();
 console.log('hashing digest conversions matches! 🎉');
 
-function checkHashConversions() {
-  for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
-    const data = Random.array(Random.uint8, Random.nat(20))
-      .create()()
-      .map((x) => new UInt8(x));
+// check in-circuit
+function checkHashInCircuit() {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let d0 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
+    let d1 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
+    let d2 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
+    let d3 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
+    let d4 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
+
+    let data = [d0, d1, d2, d3, d4];
+    checkHashConversions(data, true);
+  });
+}
 
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash(data);
-      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+// check out-of-circuit
+function checkHashOutCircuit() {
+  let r = Random.array(RandomUInt8, Random.nat(20)).create()();
+  checkHashConversions(r, false);
+}
 
-      digest = Hash.SHA256.hash(data);
-      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[], provable: boolean) {
+  let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash(data);
+  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
 
-      digest = Hash.SHA384.hash(data);
-      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+  digest = Hash.SHA256.hash(data);
+  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
 
-      digest = Hash.SHA512.hash(data);
-      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
+  digest = Hash.SHA384.hash(data);
+  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
 
-      digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash(data);
-      expectDigestToEqualHex(digest);
-    });
-  }
+  digest = Hash.SHA512.hash(data);
+  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
+
+  digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash(data);
+  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
 }
 
-function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
+function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[], provable: boolean) {
+  if (provable) {
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+      expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex), provable)).toBe(true);
+    });
+  } else {
     const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-    expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
-  });
+    expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex), provable)).toBe(true);
+  }
 }
 
-function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
+function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[], provable: boolean): boolean {
   if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
   for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
-    if (a[i].value.toConstant() === b[i].value.toConstant()) return false;
+    if (provable) {
+      a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
+    } else {
+      if (a[i].value.toConstant() === b[i].value.toConstant()) return false;
+    }
 
   return true;
 }

From e432819af8a69022c24b9412a5f942c075ce4cc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 12:37:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0049/1786] refactor(keccak): rename keccack -> keccak

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts                                | 4 ++--
 src/lib/hash.ts                                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/{keccack.unit-test.ts => keccak.unit-test.ts} | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{keccack.unit-test.ts => keccak.unit-test.ts} (98%)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 1fcf7557fa..7996858765 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
   checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
-console.log('Running keccack hash test');
+console.log('Running keccak hash test');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
+  let digest = Hash.Keccak256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
   checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 853006b9f3..a5137d1696 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -218,5 +218,5 @@ const Hash = {
 
   SHA512: buildSHA(512, true),
 
-  Keccack256: buildSHA(256, false),
+  Keccak256: buildSHA(256, false),
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index d8f8289e39..d4130ba5a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccack.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[], provable: boolean) {
   digest = Hash.SHA512.hash(data);
   expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
 
-  digest = Hash.Keccack256.hash(data);
+  digest = Hash.Keccak256.hash(data);
   expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
 }
 

From 71b4ee753771df7f66b9d68f23ca0cc7a6544962 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 12:54:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0050/1786] refactor(keccak.unit-test.ts): remove
 checkHashOutCircuit

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 63 ++++++++++---------------------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index d4130ba5a5..31616a2145 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -37,66 +37,37 @@ test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => new UInt8(x));
 
 // test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
 checkHashInCircuit();
-checkHashOutCircuit();
 console.log('hashing digest conversions matches! 🎉');
 
 // check in-circuit
 function checkHashInCircuit() {
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let d0 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
-    let d1 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
-    let d2 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
-    let d3 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
-    let d4 = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(RandomUInt8.create()()));
+    let data = Random.array(RandomUInt8, Random.nat(32))
+      .create()()
+      .map((x) => Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(x)));
 
-    let data = [d0, d1, d2, d3, d4];
-    checkHashConversions(data, true);
+    checkHashConversions(data);
   });
 }
 
-// check out-of-circuit
-function checkHashOutCircuit() {
-  let r = Random.array(RandomUInt8, Random.nat(20)).create()();
-  checkHashConversions(r, false);
-}
-
-function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[], provable: boolean) {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash(data);
-  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
-
-  digest = Hash.SHA256.hash(data);
-  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
-
-  digest = Hash.SHA384.hash(data);
-  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
-
-  digest = Hash.SHA512.hash(data);
-  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
-
-  digest = Hash.Keccak256.hash(data);
-  expectDigestToEqualHex(digest, provable);
+function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[]) {
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA224.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA256.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA384.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA512.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.Keccak256.hash(data));
+  });
 }
 
-function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[], provable: boolean) {
-  if (provable) {
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-      expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex), provable)).toBe(true);
-    });
-  } else {
-    const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-    expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex), provable)).toBe(true);
-  }
+function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
+  const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+  expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
 }
 
-function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[], provable: boolean): boolean {
+function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
   if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
-    if (provable) {
-      a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
-    } else {
-      if (a[i].value.toConstant() === b[i].value.toConstant()) return false;
-    }
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
 
   return true;
 }

From db79cd308e2d38a652eee2efd714c2e43a90e72f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 15:04:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0051/1786] feat(vk_regression): add hashing to vk regression
 tests

---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/examples/vk_regression.ts               |  3 +-
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index f03bc3bbf1..454fb58ff5 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Group, Poseidon, Provable, Scalar } from 'snarkyjs';
+import { Field, Group, Provable, Scalar, Hash, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 function mock(obj: { [K: string]: (...args: any) => void }, name: string) {
   let methodKeys = Object.keys(obj);
@@ -63,4 +63,49 @@ const GroupMock = {
   },
 };
 
+const HashMock = {
+  SHA224() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA224.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA256() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA256.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA384() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA384.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA512() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA512.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  Keccak256() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  Poseidon() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(x))
+    );
+    Hash.Poseidon.hash(xs);
+  },
+};
+
 export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');
+export const HashCS = mock(HashMock, 'SHA Primitive');
diff --git a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts b/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
index 6dbcd31373..6d301c9aa4 100644
--- a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
+++ b/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from './zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from './zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from './zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from './zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { GroupCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
+import { GroupCS, HashCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
 const skipVerificationKeys = false;
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   TokenContract,
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
+  HashCS,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './src/examples/regression_test.json';

From 36e145f57024b609a56ae4a623db8fb6333e65d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 15:08:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0052/1786] fix(keccak-test): replace usage of ctor with .from

---
 src/lib/int.ts              | 2 +-
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index c8bd9338b5..382f32ca04 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   static from(
-    x: UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint | number[]
+    x: UInt8 | UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint | number[]
   ) {
     if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof UInt8)
       x = x.value;
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 31616a2145..343d1e60df 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
 
 // handles all numbers up to 2^8
 test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
-  assert(new UInt8(n).toString() === String(n));
+  assert(UInt8.from(n).toString() === String(n));
 });
 
 // throws on negative numbers
-test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => new UInt8(x));
+test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => UInt8.from(x));
 
 // throws on numbers >= 2^8
-test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => new UInt8(x));
+test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
 
 // test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
 checkHashInCircuit();
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function checkHashInCircuit() {
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
     let data = Random.array(RandomUInt8, Random.nat(32))
       .create()()
-      .map((x) => Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(x)));
+      .map((x) => Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x)));
 
     checkHashConversions(data);
   });

From 4360afeef2b011e347d239370f18f9d450f77e6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 16:12:50 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0053/1786] feat(examples): start debugging hashing example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts |  96 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts  | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 203 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e361a347d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import {
+  Hash,
+  UInt8,
+  Field,
+  SmartContract,
+  state,
+  State,
+  method,
+  PrivateKey,
+  Permissions,
+  Struct,
+} from 'snarkyjs';
+
+export const adminPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
+export const adminPublicKey = adminPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
+
+let initialCommitment: Field = Field(0);
+
+// 32 UInts
+export class HashInput extends Struct({
+  data: [
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+    UInt8,
+  ],
+}) {}
+
+export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
+  @state(Field) commitment = State<Field>();
+
+  init() {
+    super.init();
+    this.account.permissions.set({
+      ...Permissions.default(),
+      editState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+    });
+    this.commitment.set(initialCommitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA224(xs: HashInput) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA224.hash(xs.data);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA256(xs: HashInput) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA256.hash(xs.data);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA384(xs: HashInput) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA384.hash(xs.data);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA512(xs: HashInput) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA512.hash(xs.data);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method Keccak256(xs: HashInput) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs.data);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..47a376bc46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import { HashStorage, HashInput } from './hash.js';
+import { Mina, PrivateKey, AccountUpdate, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+
+const HashProfier = getProfiler('Hash');
+HashProfier.start('Hash test flow');
+
+let txn;
+let proofsEnabled = true;
+// setup local ledger
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+if (proofsEnabled) {
+  console.log('Proofs enabled');
+  HashStorage.compile();
+}
+
+// test accounts that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
+const feePayer = Local.testAccounts[0];
+
+// zkapp account
+const zkAppPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
+const zkAppAddress = zkAppPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
+const zkAppInstance = new HashStorage(zkAppAddress);
+
+// 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 32
+const hashData = new HashInput({
+  data: Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) => UInt8.from(x)),
+});
+
+console.log('Deploying Hash Example....');
+
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer.publicKey);
+  zkAppInstance.deploy();
+});
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey, zkAppPrivateKey]).send();
+
+const initialState =
+  Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+let currentState;
+
+console.log('Initial State', initialState);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA224 ...`);
+
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA224(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA256 ...`);
+
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA256(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA384 ...`);
+
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA384(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA512 ...`);
+
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA512(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using Keccak256...`);
+
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.Keccak256(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+HashProfier.stop().store();

From 5885af01807d66a67ddc76d78b5e9222ad06fb41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 16:21:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0054/1786] fix(keccak.ts): fix equals function to correctly
 compare UInt8 arrays

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 7996858765..243b64996e 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ import { Field, Provable, Hash, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
   if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
-    if (a[i].value.toConstant() === b[i].value.toConstant()) return false;
-
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
   return true;
 }
 

From f86b23cbccc89b09d64e5be837d2e2fd50111bee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 2023 16:23:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0055/1786] refactor(hash.ts): remove unused code and variables
 for better code cleanliness and maintainability

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts |  4 ----
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts  | 17 -----------------
 src/lib/hash.ts                     |  4 ++--
 src/lib/int.ts                      |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
index 2e361a347d..308cf48bce 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,10 @@ import {
   state,
   State,
   method,
-  PrivateKey,
   Permissions,
   Struct,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
-export const adminPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
-export const adminPublicKey = adminPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
-
 let initialCommitment: Field = Field(0);
 
 // 32 UInts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
index 47a376bc46..b413cd09db 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ const hashData = new HashInput({
 });
 
 console.log('Deploying Hash Example....');
-
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer.publicKey);
   zkAppInstance.deploy();
@@ -41,67 +40,51 @@ const initialState =
   Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
 let currentState;
-
 console.log('Initial State', initialState);
 
 console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA224 ...`);
-
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.SHA224(hashData);
 });
 await txn.prove();
 await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
-
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
-
 console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
 
 console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA256 ...`);
-
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.SHA256(hashData);
 });
 await txn.prove();
 await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
-
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
-
 console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
 
 console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA384 ...`);
-
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.SHA384(hashData);
 });
 await txn.prove();
 await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
-
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
-
 console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
 
 console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA512 ...`);
-
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.SHA512(hashData);
 });
 await txn.prove();
 await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
-
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
-
 console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
 
 console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using Keccak256...`);
-
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.Keccak256(hashData);
 });
 await txn.prove();
 await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
-
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
-
 console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
 
 HashProfier.stop().store();
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index a5137d1696..cb911bf339 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
     hash(message: UInt8[]): UInt8[] {
       return Snarky.sha
-        .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.value.value)], nist, length)
-        .map((f) => new UInt8(Field(f)));
+        .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.toField().value)], nist, length)
+        .map((f) => UInt8.from(Field(f)));
     },
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 382f32ca04..c196e6328f 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   static MAXINT() {
-    return new UInt8(255);
+    return new UInt8(1 << (this.NUM_BITS - 1));
   }
 
   static from(

From 6f0a8887c38dab3e443c8e6cf71a7ba79ead44ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 10:58:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0056/1786] minor tweaks

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 14 ++++----------
 src/lib/ml/fields.ts     | 13 ++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index a1213bc304..0feb8edb2a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import {
   ForeignFieldVar,
   createForeignField,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { MlArray, MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlBoolArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve };
@@ -27,8 +28,6 @@ type ForeignCurveConst = MlAffine<ForeignFieldConst>;
 type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
 
-type ForeignFieldClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>;
-
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   const curveMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   let curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       let curve = getParams('scale');
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.scale(
         toMl(this),
-        MlArray.to(scalar.map((s) => s.value)),
+        MlBoolArray.to(scalar),
         curve
       );
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
@@ -162,12 +161,7 @@ type MlCurveParams = [
   gen: MlBigintPoint
 ];
 type MlCurveParamsWithIa = [
-  _: 0,
-  modulus: MlBigint,
-  order: MlBigint,
-  a: MlBigint,
-  b: MlBigint,
-  gen: MlBigintPoint,
+  ...params: MlCurveParams,
   ia: [_: 0, acc: MlBigintPoint, neg_acc: MlBigintPoint]
 ];
 
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/fields.ts b/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
index 4921e9272a..0c092dcdfc 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import { Bool, BoolVar } from '../bool.js';
 import { ConstantField, Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
 import { MlArray } from './base.js';
-export { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray };
+export { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray, MlBoolArray };
 
 type MlFieldArray = MlArray<FieldVar>;
 const MlFieldArray = {
@@ -21,3 +22,13 @@ const MlFieldConstArray = {
     return arr.map((x) => new Field(x) as ConstantField);
   },
 };
+
+type MlBoolArray = MlArray<BoolVar>;
+const MlBoolArray = {
+  to(arr: Bool[]): MlArray<BoolVar> {
+    return MlArray.to(arr.map((x) => x.value));
+  },
+  from([, ...arr]: MlArray<BoolVar>) {
+    return arr.map((x) => new Bool(x));
+  },
+};

From 44779a19ba18107a0319689076ab4eba46a03e6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 15:20:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0057/1786] improve api

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 0feb8edb2a..42395fab64 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -67,15 +67,29 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       super({ x: BaseField.from(x), y: BaseField.from(y) });
     }
 
+    static from(
+      g:
+        | ForeignCurve
+        | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
+    ) {
+      if (g instanceof ForeignCurve) return g;
+      return new ForeignCurve(g);
+    }
+
     static initialize() {
       curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
     }
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
 
-    add(h: ForeignCurve) {
+    add(
+      h:
+        | ForeignCurve
+        | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
+    ) {
+      let h_ = ForeignCurve.from(h);
       let curve = getParams('add');
-      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h), curve);
+      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h_), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 

From 26affb1f95518f5fe7953582512b703a84c1e5d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 16:17:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0058/1786] stub out ecdsa factory

---
 src/index.ts                       |  2 ++
 src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts    | 12 ++++++++
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 11 ++++----
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts           | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  6 ++++
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts           | 15 ++++++++++
 6 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 5d7c05812e..68a95513cd 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
 export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
 export { createForeignField, ForeignField } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
+export { createForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
+export { createEcdsa } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eabd97d043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+
+export { vestaParams };
+
+const vestaParams = {
+  modulus: Fq.modulus,
+  order: Fp.modulus,
+  a: 0n,
+  b: V.b,
+  gen: V.one,
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 42395fab64..b7b6ab5d24 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlBoolArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 
 // external API
-export { createForeignCurve };
+export { createForeignCurve, CurveParams };
 
 // internal API
 export {
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ export {
   ForeignCurveConst,
   MlCurveParams,
   MlCurveParamsWithIa,
+  ForeignCurveClass,
 };
 
 type MlAffine<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@ type ForeignCurveConst = MlAffine<ForeignFieldConst>;
 type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
 
+type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
+
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   const curveMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   let curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
   const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({ x: BaseField, y: BaseField });
 
-  class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
+  return class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
     constructor(
       g:
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
@@ -128,9 +131,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
     static ScalarField = ScalarField;
-  }
-
-  return ForeignCurve;
+  };
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a10f34d45b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { Bool } from './bool.js';
+import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import {
+  CurveParams,
+  ForeignCurveClass,
+  createForeignCurve,
+} from './foreign-curve.js';
+
+// external API
+export { createEcdsa };
+
+function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
+  let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
+    'gen' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
+  class Curve extends Curve0 {}
+  class Scalar extends Curve.ScalarField {}
+
+  type Signature = { r: Scalar; s: Scalar };
+  const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
+
+  return class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
+    from({ r, s }: { r: Scalar | bigint; s: Scalar | bigint }): EcdsaSignature {
+      return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
+    }
+
+    // TODO
+    fromHex({ r, s }: { r: string; s: string }): EcdsaSignature {
+      return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
+    }
+
+    // TODO
+    verify(msgHash: Scalar | bigint, publicKey: Curve): Bool {
+      let msgHash_ = Scalar.from(msgHash);
+      return new Bool(false);
+    }
+
+    static check(sig: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
+      // TODO: check scalars != 0 in addition to normal check for valid scalars
+      // use signature_scalar_check
+      super.check(sig);
+    }
+
+    static dummy = new EcdsaSignature({ r: new Scalar(1), s: new Scalar(1) });
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcc62fa083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { createEcdsa } from './foreign-ecdsa.js';
+import { vestaParams } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
+
+class VestaSignature extends createEcdsa(vestaParams) {}
+
+console.log(VestaSignature.toJSON(VestaSignature.dummy));
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 8d0ce8cfeb..38caa5833b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -409,6 +409,21 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
       // this means a user has to take care of proper constraining themselves
       if (!unsafe) x.assertValidElement();
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert foreign field element to JSON
+     */
+    static toJSON(x: ForeignField) {
+      return x.toBigInt().toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert foreign field element from JSON
+     */
+    static fromJSON(x: string) {
+      // TODO be more strict about allowed values
+      return new ForeignField(x);
+    }
   }
 
   function toFp(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {

From 81b911886f1e4a6200561a9d8b3deed446688034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 17:06:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0059/1786] expose ecdsa methods

---
 src/bindings                       |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts    |  4 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 59 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 11 ++----
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts           | 43 +++++++++++++++++-----
 src/snarky.d.ts                    | 20 +++++++++-
 6 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8a319036db..1b111269c4 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8a319036db1d55dabb864ee9df680c83f34c022b
+Subproject commit 1b111269c4efbe215197a3b9c2574082183966b7
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
index eabd97d043..2a699b0638 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { CurveParams } from './foreign-curve.js';
 
 export { vestaParams };
 
-const vestaParams = {
+const vestaParams: CurveParams = {
+  name: 'Vesta',
   modulus: Fq.modulus,
   order: Fp.modulus,
   a: 0n,
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index b7b6ab5d24..2dfa23e94a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ export {
   MlCurveParams,
   MlCurveParamsWithIa,
   ForeignCurveClass,
+  toMl as affineToMl,
 };
 
 type MlAffine<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
@@ -29,27 +30,19 @@ type ForeignCurveConst = MlAffine<ForeignFieldConst>;
 type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
 
+function toMl({ x, y }: Affine): ForeignCurveVar {
+  return [0, x.value, y.value];
+}
+
 type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
 
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   const curveMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
-  let curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
-  function getParams(name: string): unknown {
-    if (curveMlVar === undefined) {
-      throw Error(
-        `ForeignCurve.${name}(): You must call ForeignCurve.initialize() once per provable method to use ForeignCurve.`
-      );
-    }
-    return curveMlVar;
-  }
+  const curveName = curve.name;
 
   class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus) {}
   class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order) {}
 
-  function toMl({ x, y }: Affine): ForeignCurveVar {
-    return [0, x.value, y.value];
-  }
-
   // this is necessary to simplify the type of ForeignCurve, to avoid
   // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
   const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({ x: BaseField, y: BaseField });
@@ -60,14 +53,19 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
         | ForeignCurveVar
     ) {
+      let x_: BaseField;
+      let y_: BaseField;
       // ForeignCurveVar
       if (Array.isArray(g)) {
         let [, x, y] = g;
-        super({ x: new BaseField(x), y: new BaseField(y) });
-        return;
+        x_ = new BaseField(x);
+        y_ = new BaseField(y);
+      } else {
+        let { x, y } = g;
+        x_ = BaseField.from(x);
+        y_ = BaseField.from(y);
       }
-      let { x, y } = g;
-      super({ x: BaseField.from(x), y: BaseField.from(y) });
+      super({ x: x_, y: y_ });
     }
 
     static from(
@@ -79,8 +77,17 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(g);
     }
 
+    static #curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
     static initialize() {
-      curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
+      this.#curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
+    }
+    static _getParams(name: string): unknown {
+      if (this.#curveMlVar === undefined) {
+        throw Error(
+          `${name}(): You must call ${curveName}.initialize() once per provable method to use ${curveName}.`
+        );
+      }
+      return this.#curveMlVar;
     }
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
@@ -91,31 +98,31 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
     ) {
       let h_ = ForeignCurve.from(h);
-      let curve = getParams('add');
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.add`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h_), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     double() {
-      let curve = getParams('double');
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.double`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.double(toMl(this), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     negate() {
-      let curve = getParams('negate');
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.negate`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.negate(toMl(this), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     assertOnCurve() {
-      let curve = getParams('assertOnCurve');
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.assertOnCurve`);
       Snarky.foreignCurve.assertOnCurve(toMl(this), curve);
     }
 
     // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
     scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
-      let curve = getParams('scale');
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.scale`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.scale(
         toMl(this),
         MlBoolArray.to(scalar),
@@ -125,7 +132,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     }
 
     checkSubgroup() {
-      let curve = getParams('checkSubgroup');
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.checkSubgroup`);
       Snarky.foreignCurve.checkSubgroup(toMl(this), curve);
     }
 
@@ -139,6 +146,10 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
  * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
  */
 type CurveParams = {
+  /**
+   * Human-friendly name for the curve
+   */
+  name: string;
   /**
    * Base field modulus
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index e0f207ea95..79bfd12cd7 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
 import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
-import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { vestaParams } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
 
-class Vesta extends createForeignCurve({
-  modulus: Fq.modulus,
-  order: Fp.modulus,
-  a: 0n,
-  b: V.b,
-  gen: V.one,
-}) {}
+class Vesta extends createForeignCurve(vestaParams) {}
 
 let g = { x: Fq.negate(1n), y: 2n, infinity: false };
 let h = V.toAffine(V.negate(V.double(V.add(V.fromAffine(g), V.one))));
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index a10f34d45b..8e1b6ddcd0 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,39 @@
+import { Snarky } from 'src/snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   CurveParams,
   ForeignCurveClass,
+  affineToMl,
   createForeignCurve,
 } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { ForeignField, ForeignFieldVar } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa };
 
-function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
+// internal API
+export { ForeignSignatureVar };
+
+type MlSignature<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
+type ForeignSignatureVar = MlSignature<ForeignFieldVar>;
+
+type Signature = { r: ForeignField; s: ForeignField };
+
+function signatureToMl({ r, s }: Signature): ForeignSignatureVar {
+  return [0, r.value, s.value];
+}
+
+function createEcdsa(
+  curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass,
+  signatureName = 'EcdsaSignature'
+) {
   let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
     'gen' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}
   class Scalar extends Curve.ScalarField {}
+  class BaseField extends Curve.BaseField {}
 
-  type Signature = { r: Scalar; s: Scalar };
   const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
 
   return class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
@@ -28,16 +46,21 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
     }
 
-    // TODO
-    verify(msgHash: Scalar | bigint, publicKey: Curve): Bool {
-      let msgHash_ = Scalar.from(msgHash);
-      return new Bool(false);
+    verify(
+      msgHash: Scalar | bigint,
+      publicKey: Curve | { x: BaseField | bigint; y: BaseField | bigint }
+    ): void {
+      let curve = Curve._getParams(`${signatureName}.verify`);
+      let signatureMl = signatureToMl(this);
+      let msgHashMl = Scalar.from(msgHash).value;
+      let publicKeyMl = affineToMl(Curve.from(publicKey));
+      Snarky.ecdsa.verify(signatureMl, msgHashMl, publicKeyMl, curve);
     }
 
-    static check(sig: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
-      // TODO: check scalars != 0 in addition to normal check for valid scalars
-      // use signature_scalar_check
-      super.check(sig);
+    static check(signature: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
+      let curve = Curve._getParams(`${signatureName}.check`);
+      let signatureMl = signatureToMl(signature);
+      Snarky.ecdsa.assertValidSignature(signatureMl, curve);
     }
 
     static dummy = new EcdsaSignature({ r: new Scalar(1), s: new Scalar(1) });
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index e09cf406db..4a0c8ba55f 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import type {
   MlCurveParams,
   MlCurveParamsWithIa,
 } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
+import type { ForeignSignatureVar } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate };
 
@@ -290,6 +291,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
 
     bigintToMl(x: bigint): MlBigint;
   };
+
   foreignCurve: {
     create(params: MlCurveParams): MlCurveParamsWithIa;
     paramsToVars(params: MlCurveParamsWithIa): unknown;
@@ -300,13 +302,27 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ): ForeignCurveVar;
     double(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): ForeignCurveVar;
     negate(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): ForeignCurveVar;
-    assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): undefined;
+    assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): void;
     scale(
       g: ForeignCurveVar,
       scalar: MlArray<BoolVar>,
       curveParams: unknown
     ): ForeignCurveVar;
-    checkSubgroup(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): undefined;
+    checkSubgroup(g: ForeignCurveVar, curveParams: unknown): void;
+  };
+
+  ecdsa: {
+    verify(
+      signature: ForeignSignatureVar,
+      msgHash: ForeignFieldVar,
+      publicKey: ForeignCurveVar,
+      curveParams: unknown
+    ): void;
+
+    assertValidSignature(
+      signature: ForeignSignatureVar,
+      curveParams: unknown
+    ): void;
   };
 };
 

From 1dae1dce5dfb89f9ae5e3dcd040d8dacd93863d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 17:21:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0060/1786] from hex

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 8e1b6ddcd0..850bfb262a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -34,15 +34,24 @@ function createEcdsa(
   class Scalar extends Curve.ScalarField {}
   class BaseField extends Curve.BaseField {}
 
-  const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
+  const Signature: Struct<Signature> & (new (value: Signature) => Signature) =
+    Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
 
-  return class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
+  class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
     from({ r, s }: { r: Scalar | bigint; s: Scalar | bigint }): EcdsaSignature {
       return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
     }
 
-    // TODO
-    fromHex({ r, s }: { r: string; s: string }): EcdsaSignature {
+    fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
+      let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
+      let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
+      if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
+        throw Error(
+          `${signatureName}.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
+        );
+      }
+      let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
+      let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
       return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
     }
 
@@ -64,5 +73,7 @@ function createEcdsa(
     }
 
     static dummy = new EcdsaSignature({ r: new Scalar(1), s: new Scalar(1) });
-  };
+  }
+
+  return EcdsaSignature;
 }

From 005a2aab4249240d914c1ba17c8785bf17c0b7c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 17:39:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0061/1786] start writing test for eth signature

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts    | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 20 +++++++++++---------
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts           | 26 +++++++++++++++-----------
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
index 2a699b0638..d2e7234768 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { CurveParams } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import type { CurveParams } from './foreign-curve.js';
 
-export { vestaParams };
+export { secp256k1Params, vestaParams };
+
+const secp256k1Params: CurveParams = {
+  name: 'secp256k1',
+  modulus: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2fn,
+  order: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141n,
+  a: 0n,
+  b: 7n,
+  gen: {
+    x: 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798n,
+    y: 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8n,
+  },
+};
 
 const vestaParams: CurveParams = {
   name: 'Vesta',
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 2dfa23e94a..18fd4ab08f 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -79,15 +79,15 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     static #curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
     static initialize() {
-      this.#curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
+      ForeignCurve.#curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
     }
     static _getParams(name: string): unknown {
-      if (this.#curveMlVar === undefined) {
+      if (ForeignCurve.#curveMlVar === undefined) {
         throw Error(
-          `${name}(): You must call ${curveName}.initialize() once per provable method to use ${curveName}.`
+          `${name}(): You must call ${this.name}.initialize() once per provable method to use ${curveName}.`
         );
       }
-      return this.#curveMlVar;
+      return ForeignCurve.#curveMlVar;
     }
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
@@ -98,31 +98,33 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
     ) {
       let h_ = ForeignCurve.from(h);
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.add`);
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.add`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h_), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     double() {
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.double`);
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.double`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.double(toMl(this), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     negate() {
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.negate`);
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.negate`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.negate(toMl(this), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     assertOnCurve() {
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.assertOnCurve`);
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(
+        `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve`
+      );
       Snarky.foreignCurve.assertOnCurve(toMl(this), curve);
     }
 
     // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
     scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.scale`);
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.scale`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.scale(
         toMl(this),
         MlBoolArray.to(scalar),
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 850bfb262a..df628714e5 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from 'src/snarky.js';
-import { Bool } from './bool.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   CurveParams,
@@ -24,10 +23,7 @@ function signatureToMl({ r, s }: Signature): ForeignSignatureVar {
   return [0, r.value, s.value];
 }
 
-function createEcdsa(
-  curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass,
-  signatureName = 'EcdsaSignature'
-) {
+function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
   let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
     'gen' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}
@@ -38,16 +34,24 @@ function createEcdsa(
     Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
 
   class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
-    from({ r, s }: { r: Scalar | bigint; s: Scalar | bigint }): EcdsaSignature {
+    static Curve = Curve0;
+
+    static from({
+      r,
+      s,
+    }: {
+      r: Scalar | bigint;
+      s: Scalar | bigint;
+    }): EcdsaSignature {
       return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
     }
 
-    fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
+    static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
       let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
       let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
       if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
         throw Error(
-          `${signatureName}.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
+          `${this.constructor.name}.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
         );
       }
       let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ function createEcdsa(
       msgHash: Scalar | bigint,
       publicKey: Curve | { x: BaseField | bigint; y: BaseField | bigint }
     ): void {
-      let curve = Curve._getParams(`${signatureName}.verify`);
+      let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.verify`);
       let signatureMl = signatureToMl(this);
       let msgHashMl = Scalar.from(msgHash).value;
       let publicKeyMl = affineToMl(Curve.from(publicKey));
@@ -67,7 +71,7 @@ function createEcdsa(
     }
 
     static check(signature: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
-      let curve = Curve._getParams(`${signatureName}.check`);
+      let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.check`);
       let signatureMl = signatureToMl(signature);
       Snarky.ecdsa.assertValidSignature(signatureMl, curve);
     }
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index dcc62fa083..a97a21a6d4 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
 import { createEcdsa } from './foreign-ecdsa.js';
-import { vestaParams } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
+import { secp256k1Params } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
+import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
 
-class VestaSignature extends createEcdsa(vestaParams) {}
+class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(secp256k1Params) {}
 
-console.log(VestaSignature.toJSON(VestaSignature.dummy));
+class EthSignature extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
+
+let publicKey = Secp256k1.from({
+  x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
+  y: 44999051047832679156664607491606359183507784636787036192076848057884504239143n,
+});
+
+let signature = EthSignature.fromHex(
+  '0x82de9950cc5aac0dca7210cb4b77320ac9e844717d39b1781e9d941d920a12061da497b3c134f50b2fce514d66e20c5e43f9615f097395a5527041d14860a52f1b'
+);
+
+let msgHash =
+  0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn;
+
+signature.verify(msgHash, publicKey);

From b237f9c4c0f0af31d0c1eade31b07d993bde1739 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 17:48:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0062/1786] ecdsa test

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index a97a21a6d4..237f7fa9c9 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createEcdsa } from './foreign-ecdsa.js';
 import { secp256k1Params } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
 import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 
 class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(secp256k1Params) {}
 
@@ -18,4 +19,29 @@ let signature = EthSignature.fromHex(
 let msgHash =
   0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn;
 
-signature.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
+console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  Secp256k1.initialize();
+  let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature, () => signature);
+
+  signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
+});
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  Secp256k1.initialize();
+  let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature, () => signature);
+
+  signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
+});
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
+for (let gate of cs.gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+
+console.log(gateTypes);

From 068fb4de239a907c2c42c7d493f5ba96d7b7f15f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 2023 12:41:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0063/1786] feat(UInt8): refactor ctor to use .from instead

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 49 ++++++++++++++-----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index c196e6328f..f326e2ed76 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -974,56 +974,36 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   static get zero() {
-    return new UInt8(0);
+    return UInt8.from(0);
   }
 
   static get one() {
-    return new UInt8(1);
+    return UInt8.from(1);
   }
 
   add(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    if (isUInt8(y)) {
-      return new UInt8(this.value.add(y.value));
-    }
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
-    return new UInt8(this.value.add(y_.value));
+    return UInt8.from(this.value.add(UInt8.from(y).value));
   }
 
   sub(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    if (isUInt8(y)) {
-      return new UInt8(this.value.sub(y.value));
-    }
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
-    return new UInt8(this.value.sub(y_.value));
+    return UInt8.from(this.value.sub(UInt8.from(y).value));
   }
 
   mul(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    if (isUInt8(y)) {
-      return new UInt8(this.value.mul(y.value));
-    }
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
-    return new UInt8(this.value.mul(y_.value));
+    return UInt8.from(this.value.mul(UInt8.from(y).value));
   }
 
   div(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    if (isUInt8(y)) {
-      return this.divMod(y).quotient;
-    }
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
-    return this.divMod(y_).quotient;
+    return this.divMod(y).quotient;
   }
 
   mod(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    if (isUInt8(y)) {
-      return this.divMod(y).rest;
-    }
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
-    return this.divMod(y_).rest;
+    return this.divMod(y).rest;
   }
 
   divMod(y: UInt8 | number) {
     let x = this.value;
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y).value;
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y).value;
 
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.isConstant()) {
       let xn = x.toBigInt();
@@ -1031,8 +1011,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       let q = xn / yn;
       let r = xn - q * yn;
       return {
-        quotient: new UInt8(Field(q)),
-        rest: new UInt8(Field(r)),
+        quotient: UInt8.from(Field(q)),
+        rest: UInt8.from(Field(r)),
       };
     }
 
@@ -1045,11 +1025,10 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
 
-    let r_ = new UInt8(r);
-    let q_ = new UInt8(q);
-
-    r_.assertLessThan(new UInt8(y_));
+    let r_ = UInt8.from(r);
+    let q_ = UInt8.from(q);
 
+    r_.assertLessThan(UInt8.from(y_));
     return { quotient: q_, rest: r_ };
   }
 
@@ -1156,7 +1135,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   static MAXINT() {
-    return new UInt8(1 << (this.NUM_BITS - 1));
+    return new UInt8(Field((1n << BigInt(this.NUM_BITS)) - 1n));
   }
 
   static from(

From b59bb9028ad3c6a0a0c938bd64896a381a537469 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2023 12:17:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0064/1786] feat(uint8): add most doc comments

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 406 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 375 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index f326e2ed76..260cdab180 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -961,11 +961,21 @@ class Int64 extends CircuitValue implements BalanceChange {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * A 8 bit unsigned integer with values ranging from 0 to 255.
+ */
 class UInt8 extends Struct({
   value: Field,
 }) {
   static NUM_BITS = 8;
 
+  /**
+   * Coerce anything "field-like" (bigint, number, string, and {@link Field}) to a {@link UInt8}.
+   * The max value of a {@link UInt8} is `2^8 - 1 = 255`.
+   *
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
+   */
   constructor(x: number | bigint | string | Field | UInt8) {
     if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
 
@@ -973,37 +983,131 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Static method to create a {@link UInt8} with value `0`.
+   */
   static get zero() {
     return UInt8.from(0);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Static method to create a {@link UInt8} with value `1`.
+   */
   static get one() {
     return UInt8.from(1);
   }
 
-  add(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    return UInt8.from(this.value.add(UInt8.from(y).value));
+  /**
+   * Add a {@link UInt8} value to another {@link UInt8} element.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(3);
+   * const sum = x.add(UInt8.from(5));
+   *
+   * sum.assertEquals(UInt8.from(8));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
+   *
+   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to add to the {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the sum of the two values.
+   */
+  add(value: UInt8 | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(this.value.add(UInt8.from(value).value));
   }
 
-  sub(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    return UInt8.from(this.value.sub(UInt8.from(y).value));
+  /**
+   * Subtract a {@link UInt8} value by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(8);
+   * const difference = x.sub(UInt8.from(5));
+   *
+   * difference.assertEquals(UInt8.from(3));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to subtract from the {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the difference of the two values.
+   */
+  sub(value: UInt8 | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(this.value.sub(UInt8.from(value).value));
   }
 
-  mul(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    return UInt8.from(this.value.mul(UInt8.from(y).value));
+  /**
+   * Multiply a {@link UInt8} value by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(3);
+   * const product = x.mul(UInt8.from(5));
+   *
+   * product.assertEquals(UInt8.from(15));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
+   *
+   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to multiply with the {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the product of the two values.
+   */
+  mul(value: UInt8 | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(this.value.mul(UInt8.from(value).value));
   }
 
-  div(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    return this.divMod(y).quotient;
+  /**
+   * Divide a {@link UInt8} value by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   *
+   * Proves that the denominator is non-zero, or throws a "Division by zero" error.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(6);
+   * const quotient = x.div(UInt8.from(3));
+   *
+   * quotient.assertEquals(UInt8.from(2));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to divide with the {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the division of the two values.
+   */
+  div(value: UInt8 | number) {
+    return this.divMod(value).quotient;
   }
 
-  mod(y: UInt8 | number) {
-    return this.divMod(y).rest;
+  /**
+   * Get the remainder a {@link UInt8} value of division of another {@link UInt8} element.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(50);
+   * const mod = x.mod(UInt8.from(30));
+   *
+   * mod.assertEquals(UInt8.from(18));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} to get the modulus with another {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the modulus of the two values.
+   */
+  mod(value: UInt8 | number) {
+    return this.divMod(value).rest;
   }
 
-  divMod(y: UInt8 | number) {
+  /**
+   * Get the quotient and remainder of a {@link UInt8} value divided by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   *
+   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} to get the quotient and remainder of another {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return The quotient and remainder of the two values.
+   */
+  divMod(value: UInt8 | number) {
     let x = this.value;
-    let y_ = UInt8.from(y).value;
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(value).value;
 
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.isConstant()) {
       let xn = x.toBigInt();
@@ -1032,6 +1136,23 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return { quotient: q_, rest: r_ };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used to prove the validity of this statement.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * UInt8.from(3).lessThanOrEqual(UInt8.from(5)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
+   */
   lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
       return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
@@ -1040,90 +1161,307 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     }
   }
 
-  lessThan(y: UInt8) {
-    return this.lessThanOrEqual(y).and(this.value.equals(y.value).not());
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used prove to the validity of this statement.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * UInt8.from(2).lessThan(UInt8.from(3)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   */
+  lessThan(value: UInt8) {
+    return this.lessThanOrEqual(value).and(
+      this.value.equals(value.value).not()
+    );
   }
 
-  assertLessThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    this.lessThan(y).assertEquals(true, message);
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).lessThan(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
+   * See {@link UInt8.lessThan} for more details.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertLessThan(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    this.lessThan(value).assertEquals(true, message);
   }
 
-  assertLessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).lessThanOrEqual(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
+   * See {@link UInt8.lessThanOrEqual} for more details.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertLessThanOrEqual(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && value.value.isConstant()) {
       let x0 = this.value.toBigInt();
-      let y0 = y.value.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = value.value.toBigInt();
       if (x0 > y0) {
         if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
         throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThanOrEqual: expected ${x0} <= ${y0}`);
       }
       return;
     }
-    return this.lessThanOrEqual(y).assertEquals(true, message);
+    return this.lessThanOrEqual(value).assertEquals(true, message);
   }
 
-  greaterThan(y: UInt8) {
-    return y.lessThan(this);
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used to prove the validity of this statement.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * UInt8.from(5).greaterThan(UInt8.from(3)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods currently only support Field elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   */
+  greaterThan(value: UInt8) {
+    return value.lessThan(this);
   }
 
-  greaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
-    return this.lessThan(y).not();
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used to prove the validity of this statement.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * UInt8.from(3).greaterThanOrEqual(UInt8.from(3)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link Field}.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
+   */
+  greaterThanOrEqual(value: UInt8) {
+    return this.lessThan(value).not();
   }
 
-  assertGreaterThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    y.assertLessThan(this, message);
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).greaterThan(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
+   * See {@link UInt8.greaterThan} for more details.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertGreaterThan(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    value.assertLessThan(this, message);
   }
 
-  assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).greaterThanOrEqual(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
+   * See {@link UInt8.greaterThanOrEqual} for more details.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
+   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertGreaterThanOrEqual(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    value.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
 
-  assertEquals(y: number | bigint | UInt8, message?: string) {
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is equal another {@link UInt8} value.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertEquals(value: number | bigint | UInt8, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = new UInt8(value);
     this.toField().assertEquals(y_.toField(), message);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a string, e.g. for printing.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the {@link UInt8}. Use the operation only during debugging.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
+   * console.log(someUInt8 .toString());
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A string equivalent to the string representation of the {@link UInt8}.
+   */
   toString() {
     return this.value.toString();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a bigint, e.g. for printing.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the bigint representation of the {@link UInt8}. Use the operation only during debugging.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
+   * console.log(someUInt8.toBigInt());
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A bigint equivalent to the bigint representation of the {@link UInt8}.
+   */
   toBigInt() {
     return this.value.toBigInt();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a {@link Field}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
+   * console.log(someUInt8.toField());
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A {@link Field} equivalent to the bigint representation of the {@link UInt8}.
+   */
   toField() {
     return this.value;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * This function is the implementation of {@link Provable.check} in {@link UInt8} type.
+   *
+   * This function is called by {@link Provable.check} to check if the {@link UInt8} is valid.
+   * To check if a {@link UInt8} is valid, we need to check if the value fits in {@link UInt8.NUM_BITS} bits.
+   *
+   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} element to check.
+   */
   check() {
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Implementation of {@link Provable.fromFields} for the {@link UInt8} type.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This function is designed for internal use. It is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
+   *
+   * @param fields - an array of {@link UInt8} serialized from {@link Field} elements.
+   *
+   * @return An array of {@link UInt8} elements of the given array.
+   */
   fromFields(xs: Field[]): UInt8[] {
     return xs.map((x) => new UInt8(x));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a JSON string, e.g. for printing.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the JSON string representation of the {@link UInt8}. Use the operation only during debugging.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
+   * console.log(someUInt8 .toJSON());
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A string equivalent to the JSON representation of the {@link Field}.
+   */
   toJSON(): string {
     return this.value.toString();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt32}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
+   * const someUInt32 = someUInt8.toUInt32();
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt32} equivalent to the {@link UInt8}.
+   */
   toUInt32(): UInt32 {
     let uint32 = new UInt32(this.value);
     UInt32.check(uint32);
     return uint32;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt64}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
+   * const someUInt64 = someUInt8.toUInt64();
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A {@link UInt64} equivalent to the {@link UInt8}.
+   * */
   toUInt64(): UInt64 {
     let uint64 = new UInt64(this.value);
     UInt64.check(uint64);
     return uint64;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether this {@link UInt8} element is a hard-coded constant in the constraint system.
+   * If a {@link UInt8} is constructed outside a zkApp method, it is a constant.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * console.log(UInt8.from(42).isConstant()); // true
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * \@method myMethod(x: UInt8) {
+   *    console.log(x.isConstant()); // false
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @return A `boolean` showing if this {@link UInt8} is a constant or not.
+   */
   isConstant() {
     return this.value.isConstant();
   }
 
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
-    return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => new UInt8(Field(x)));
+    return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)));
   }
 
   static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
@@ -1134,10 +1472,16 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       .join('');
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
+   */
   static MAXINT() {
     return new UInt8(Field((1n << BigInt(this.NUM_BITS)) - 1n));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a new {@link UInt8}.
+   */
   static from(
     x: UInt8 | UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint | number[]
   ) {

From 2fdafc65276033c018063c1a9e1bfab5f6e72891 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2023 12:24:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0065/1786] chore(uint8: add TODO comments for more efficient
 range checking

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 260cdab180..0ae548bc7d 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1125,10 +1125,13 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       Field,
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
+    // TODO: Need to range check `q`
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
 
+    // TODO: Need to range check `r`
+
     let r_ = UInt8.from(r);
     let q_ = UInt8.from(q);
 
@@ -1157,6 +1160,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
       return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
     } else {
+      // TODO: Need more efficient range checking
       return this.value.lessThanOrEqual(y.value);
     }
   }
@@ -1223,6 +1227,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       }
       return;
     }
+    // TODO: Need more efficient range checking
     return this.lessThanOrEqual(value).assertEquals(true, message);
   }
 

From 3e24ff7d98a4650cb2982dd382d07b149a817b05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2023 14:39:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0066/1786] refactor(hash.ts): move fromHex and toHex from
 UInt8 to Hash namespace

---
 src/examples/keccak.ts      |  4 ++--
 src/lib/hash.ts             | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/lib/int.ts              | 12 ------------
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 243b64996e..7f3a26bc58 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
 function checkDigestHexConversion(digest: UInt8[]) {
   console.log('Checking hex->digest, digest->hex matches');
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-    const expected = UInt8.fromHex(hex);
+    const hex = Hash.toHex(digest);
+    const expected = Hash.fromHex(hex);
     if (equals(digest, expected)) {
       console.log('✅ Digest matches');
     } else {
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index cb911bf339..e4018964be 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -219,4 +219,16 @@ const Hash = {
   SHA512: buildSHA(512, true),
 
   Keccak256: buildSHA(256, false),
+
+  fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
+    return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)));
+  },
+
+  toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
+    return xs
+      .map((x) => x.value)
+      .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+      .slice(1)
+      .join('');
+  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 0ae548bc7d..e8cd7ae47b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1465,18 +1465,6 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return this.value.isConstant();
   }
 
-  static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
-    return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)));
-  }
-
-  static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
-    return xs
-      .map((x) => x.value)
-      .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
-      .slice(1)
-      .join('');
-  }
-
   /**
    * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 343d1e60df..b36ba5c9be 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[]) {
 }
 
 function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
-  const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-  expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
+  const hex = Hash.toHex(digest);
+  expect(equals(digest, Hash.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
 }
 
 function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {

From 003c1ca0af9deed420e1772709cb17e9c8989efc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Jul 2023 16:50:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0067/1786] feat(keccak): add ocaml unit tests

---
 src/lib/hash.ts             |   9 +-
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 208 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 214 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index e4018964be..c4a08be54c 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -200,7 +200,8 @@ function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
     hash(message: UInt8[]): UInt8[] {
       return Snarky.sha
         .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.toField().value)], nist, length)
-        .map((f) => UInt8.from(Field(f)));
+        .map((f) => UInt8.from(Field(f)))
+        .slice(1);
     },
   };
 }
@@ -221,14 +222,16 @@ const Hash = {
   Keccak256: buildSHA(256, false),
 
   fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
-    return Snarky.sha.fieldBytesFromHex(xs).map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)));
+    return Snarky.sha
+      .fieldBytesFromHex(xs)
+      .map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)))
+      .slice(1);
   },
 
   toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
     return xs
       .map((x) => x.value)
       .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
-      .slice(1)
       .join('');
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index b36ba5c9be..e86361d3e5 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 import { Hash } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
+import assert from 'assert';
 
 let RandomUInt8 = Random.map(Random.uint8, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
 
@@ -35,6 +36,9 @@ test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => UInt8.from(x));
 // throws on numbers >= 2^8
 test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
 
+runHashFunctionTests();
+console.log('OCaml tests pass! 🎉');
+
 // test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
 checkHashInCircuit();
 console.log('hashing digest conversions matches! 🎉');
@@ -66,8 +70,212 @@ function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
 }
 
 function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
+  // Provable.log('DEBUG', 'a', a);
+  // Provable.log('DEBUG', 'b', b);
+
   if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
   for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
 
   return true;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Based off the following unit tests from the OCaml implementation:
+ * https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/69d6ea4a3b7ca1690cf8f41d4598cb7484359e1d/src/lib/crypto/kimchi_backend/gadgets/keccak.ml#L646
+ */
+function runHashFunctionTests() {
+  // Positive Tests
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: '30',
+    expected:
+      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: true,
+    length: 512,
+    message: '30',
+    expected:
+      '2d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
+    expected:
+      '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    expected:
+      '560deb1d387f72dba729f0bd0231ad45998dda4b53951645322cf95c7b6261d9',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: true,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    expected:
+      '1784354c4bbfa5f54e5db23041089e65a807a7b970e3cfdba95e2fbe63b1c0e4',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+    expected:
+      '7d5655391ede9ca2945f32ad9696f464be8004389151ce444c89f688278f2e1d',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      'ff391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+    expected:
+      '37694fd4ba137be747eb25a85b259af5563e0a7a3010d42bd15963ac631b9d3f',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+    expected:
+      'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+    expected:
+      'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: 'a2c0',
+    expected:
+      '9856642c690c036527b8274db1b6f58c0429a88d9f3b9298597645991f4f58f0',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: '0a2c',
+    expected:
+      '295b48ad49eff61c3abfd399c672232434d89a4ef3ca763b9dbebb60dbb32a8b',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: '00',
+    expected:
+      'bc36789e7a1e281436464229828f817d6612f7b477d66591ff96a9e064bcc98a',
+  });
+
+  // Negative tests
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: 'a2c',
+      expected:
+        '07f02d241eeba9c909a1be75e08d9e8ac3e61d9e24fa452a6785083e1527c467',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '0',
+      expected:
+        'f39f4526920bb4c096e5722d64161ea0eb6dbd0b4ff0d812f31d56fb96142084',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '30',
+      expected:
+        'f9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e4',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
+      expected:
+        '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+}
+
+function testExpected({
+  message,
+  expected,
+  nist = false,
+  length = 256,
+}: {
+  message: string;
+  expected: string;
+  nist: boolean;
+  length: number;
+}) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    assert(message.length % 2 === 0);
+
+    let fields = Hash.fromHex(message);
+    let expectedHash = Hash.fromHex(expected);
+
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      if (nist) {
+        let hashed;
+        switch (length) {
+          case 224:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA224.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          case 256:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA256.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          case 384:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA384.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          case 512:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA512.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          default:
+            assert(false);
+        }
+        equals(hashed!, expectedHash);
+      } else {
+        let hashed = Hash.Keccak256.hash(fields);
+        equals(hashed, expectedHash);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}

From 36ad8953057e99f4b5f2ad1d4fd8aa439d7eda8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 13:00:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0068/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts           | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 4 +++-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 18fd4ab08f..68f392dc64 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     }
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
-    static ScalarField = ScalarField;
+    static Scalar = ScalarField;
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index df628714e5..aafafe2ed5 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
   let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
     'gen' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}
-  class Scalar extends Curve.ScalarField {}
+  class Scalar extends Curve.Scalar {}
   class BaseField extends Curve.BaseField {}
 
   const Signature: Struct<Signature> & (new (value: Signature) => Signature) =
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 237f7fa9c9..15c48a1897 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ let signature = EthSignature.fromHex(
 );
 
 let msgHash =
-  0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn;
+  Secp256k1.Scalar.from(
+    0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
+  );
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {

From b1c504267a4af208193d4ad2974ed1481146ae7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 11:10:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0069/1786] Revert "refactor(hash.ts): move fromHex and toHex
 from UInt8 to Hash namespace"

This reverts commit 3e24ff7d98a4650cb2982dd382d07b149a817b05.
---
 src/examples/keccak.ts      |  4 ++--
 src/lib/hash.ts             | 14 --------------
 src/lib/int.ts              | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 11 ++++-------
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
index 7f3a26bc58..243b64996e 100644
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/examples/keccak.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
 function checkDigestHexConversion(digest: UInt8[]) {
   console.log('Checking hex->digest, digest->hex matches');
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    const hex = Hash.toHex(digest);
-    const expected = Hash.fromHex(hex);
+    const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+    const expected = UInt8.fromHex(hex);
     if (equals(digest, expected)) {
       console.log('✅ Digest matches');
     } else {
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index c4a08be54c..d1bf656cf8 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -220,18 +220,4 @@ const Hash = {
   SHA512: buildSHA(512, true),
 
   Keccak256: buildSHA(256, false),
-
-  fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
-    return Snarky.sha
-      .fieldBytesFromHex(xs)
-      .map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)))
-      .slice(1);
-  },
-
-  toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
-    return xs
-      .map((x) => x.value)
-      .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
-      .join('');
-  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index e8cd7ae47b..b479411d64 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1465,6 +1465,20 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return this.value.isConstant();
   }
 
+  static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
+    return Snarky.sha
+      .fieldBytesFromHex(xs)
+      .map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)))
+      .slice(1);
+  }
+
+  static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
+    return xs
+      .map((x) => x.value)
+      .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+      .join('');
+  }
+
   /**
    * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index e86361d3e5..c934bcf15e 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -65,14 +65,11 @@ function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[]) {
 }
 
 function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
-  const hex = Hash.toHex(digest);
-  expect(equals(digest, Hash.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
+  const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+  expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
 }
 
 function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
-  // Provable.log('DEBUG', 'a', a);
-  // Provable.log('DEBUG', 'b', b);
-
   if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
   for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
 
@@ -249,8 +246,8 @@ function testExpected({
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
     assert(message.length % 2 === 0);
 
-    let fields = Hash.fromHex(message);
-    let expectedHash = Hash.fromHex(expected);
+    let fields = UInt8.fromHex(message);
+    let expectedHash = UInt8.fromHex(expected);
 
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       if (nist) {

From c0a3fa518e7018433559326102a6e405ab438d71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 11:18:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0070/1786] feat(bindings): update bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a92e783112..1b4781eda9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a92e7831122164e67e0374b8aac893d738ff6626
+Subproject commit 1b4781eda968929c514f136de66c8b8e1d8fb5bf

From 553ef3a85aa5659ee076819ed84693045ae48c0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 11:40:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0071/1786] feat(uint8): add scaffold for rangeCheck it works
 for proofs

---
 src/lib/int.ts  | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/snarky.d.ts |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index b479411d64..db6ef9e907 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -980,7 +980,10 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
 
     super({ value: Field(x) });
-    this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS); // Make sure that the Field element that is exactly a byte
+
+    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
+    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(this.value);
+    this.check();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1125,12 +1128,11 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       Field,
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
-    // TODO: Need to range check `q`
+    UInt8.#rangeCheck(q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-
-    // TODO: Need to range check `r`
+    UInt8.#rangeCheck(r);
 
     let r_ = UInt8.from(r);
     let q_ = UInt8.from(q);
@@ -1160,7 +1162,17 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
       return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
     } else {
-      // TODO: Need more efficient range checking
+      // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
+      // let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
+      // UInt8.#rangeCheck(xMinusY);
+
+      // let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
+      // UInt8.#rangeCheck(yMinusX);
+
+      // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
+      // return yMinusX;
+
+      // TODO: Remove this when rangeCheck works in proofs
       return this.value.lessThanOrEqual(y.value);
     }
   }
@@ -1227,7 +1239,11 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       }
       return;
     }
-    // TODO: Need more efficient range checking
+    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
+    // let yMinusX = value.value.sub(this.value).seal();
+    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(yMinusX);
+
+    // TODO: Remove this when rangeCheck works in proofs
     return this.lessThanOrEqual(value).assertEquals(true, message);
   }
 
@@ -1376,6 +1392,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * @param value - the {@link UInt8} element to check.
    */
   check() {
+    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
+    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(this.value);
     this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
   }
 
@@ -1507,6 +1525,15 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     x.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
     return x;
   }
+
+  // TODO: rangeCheck does not prove as of yet, waiting on https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/pull/12524 to merge.
+  static #rangeCheck(x: UInt8 | Field) {
+    if (isUInt8(x)) x = x.value;
+    if (x.isConstant()) this.checkConstant(x);
+
+    // Throws an error if the value is not in the range [0, 2^UInt8.NUM_BITS - 1]
+    Snarky.sha.checkBits(x.value, UInt8.NUM_BITS);
+  }
 }
 
 function isUInt8(x: unknown): x is UInt8 {
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index bba88fb5ab..421ee2d142 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -252,6 +252,8 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
 
     fieldBytesFromHex(hex: string): MlArray<FieldVar>;
+
+    checkBits(value: FieldVar, bits: number): void;
   };
 
   poseidon: {

From bec639ac6400ebe6b57d140ce30cdc20cae3ac80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 12:18:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0072/1786] chore(uint8): add rangeCheck todo comments

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index db6ef9e907..cf551d479d 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -980,9 +980,6 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
 
     super({ value: Field(x) });
-
-    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
-    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(this.value);
     this.check();
   }
 
@@ -1128,11 +1125,15 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       Field,
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
-    UInt8.#rangeCheck(q);
+
+    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
+    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    UInt8.#rangeCheck(r);
+
+    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
+    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(r);
 
     let r_ = UInt8.from(r);
     let q_ = UInt8.from(q);

From 9b5cf28ecfc17cb7cc2d4e8513c3e38ca3cdc994 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 12 Jul 2023 22:23:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0073/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ca49f31b31..e78f2a7db2 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ca49f31b313eb8ee4afb7352fa2c5c94d5105387
+Subproject commit e78f2a7db2210f42da98ffbcabcae3a3c4a5bdb5

From b53080322edd063bbcaa4f4bd5194da876735f8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 12 Jul 2023 23:21:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0074/1786] renamings

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 68f392dc64..818895c69a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ function toMl({ x, y }: Affine): ForeignCurveVar {
 type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
 
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
-  const curveMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
+  const curveParamsMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   const curveName = curve.name;
 
   class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus) {}
@@ -77,17 +77,20 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(g);
     }
 
-    static #curveMlVar: unknown | undefined;
+    static #curveParamsMlVar: unknown | undefined;
+
     static initialize() {
-      ForeignCurve.#curveMlVar = Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveMl);
+      ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar =
+        Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveParamsMl);
     }
+
     static _getParams(name: string): unknown {
-      if (ForeignCurve.#curveMlVar === undefined) {
+      if (ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar === undefined) {
         throw Error(
           `${name}(): You must call ${this.name}.initialize() once per provable method to use ${curveName}.`
         );
       }
-      return ForeignCurve.#curveMlVar;
+      return ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar;
     }
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);

From afce0659a1d7a893dd60a6ac69d4485735b85418 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 02:37:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0075/1786] add most constant curve impls

---
 src/bindings             |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index e78f2a7db2..2c468a0327 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit e78f2a7db2210f42da98ffbcabcae3a3c4a5bdb5
+Subproject commit 2c468a0327320362eeb6c2d3d2b24e523972db12
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 818895c69a..29f9cebd28 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
-import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   ForeignField,
   ForeignFieldConst,
@@ -47,6 +48,13 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
   const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({ x: BaseField, y: BaseField });
 
+  const ConstantCurve = createCurveAffine({
+    p: curve.modulus,
+    a: curve.a,
+    b: curve.b,
+    generator: curve.gen,
+  });
+
   return class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
     constructor(
       g:
@@ -95,30 +103,63 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
 
+    isConstant() {
+      return isConstant(ForeignCurve, this);
+    }
+
+    toBigint() {
+      return { x: this.x.toBigInt(), y: this.y.toBigInt() };
+    }
+    #toConstant() {
+      return { ...this.toBigint(), infinity: false };
+    }
+
     add(
       h:
         | ForeignCurve
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
     ) {
       let h_ = ForeignCurve.from(h);
+      if (this.isConstant() && h_.isConstant()) {
+        let z = ConstantCurve.add(this.#toConstant(), h_.#toConstant());
+        return new ForeignCurve(z);
+      }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.add`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h_), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     double() {
+      if (this.isConstant()) {
+        let z = ConstantCurve.double(this.#toConstant());
+        return new ForeignCurve(z);
+      }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.double`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.double(toMl(this), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     negate() {
+      if (this.isConstant()) {
+        let z = ConstantCurve.negate(this.#toConstant());
+        return new ForeignCurve(z);
+      }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.negate`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.negate(toMl(this), curve);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
     assertOnCurve() {
+      if (this.isConstant()) {
+        let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(this.#toConstant());
+        if (!isOnCurve)
+          throw Error(
+            `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
+              this
+            )} is not on the curve.`
+          );
+        return;
+      }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(
         `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve`
       );

From 6b43f92af710fdfa987f9a315a99e6a8f2454ea0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 10:48:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0076/1786] scale

---
 src/bindings             | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 2c468a0327..c279a27356 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2c468a0327320362eeb6c2d3d2b24e523972db12
+Subproject commit c279a273565881e885468e5b3cefd72de433439d
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 29f9cebd28..176e08e7c6 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -168,6 +168,11 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
     scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
+      if (this.isConstant() && scalar.every((b) => b.isConstant())) {
+        let scalar0 = scalar.map((b) => b.toBoolean());
+        let z = ConstantCurve.scale(this.#toConstant(), scalar0);
+        return new ForeignCurve(z);
+      }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.scale`);
       let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.scale(
         toMl(this),

From 5781049686a14a5945cf5dcedfdb495225486d10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 11:14:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0077/1786] constant subgroup check

---
 src/bindings                       |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 15 +++++++++++++--
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c279a27356..343f3640a2 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c279a273565881e885468e5b3cefd72de433439d
+Subproject commit 343f3640a252ca6a7c7dcb0041f6d9636fd163ef
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 176e08e7c6..c9d270bf5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
   const ConstantCurve = createCurveAffine({
     p: curve.modulus,
+    order: curve.order,
     a: curve.a,
     b: curve.b,
     generator: curve.gen,
@@ -182,8 +183,18 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
-    checkSubgroup() {
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.checkSubgroup`);
+    assertInSubgroup() {
+      if (this.isConstant()) {
+        let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(this.#toConstant());
+        if (!isInGroup)
+          throw Error(
+            `${this.constructor.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
+              this
+            )} is not in the target subgroup.`
+          );
+        return;
+      }
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.assertInSubgroup`);
       Snarky.foreignCurve.checkSubgroup(toMl(this), curve);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 79bfd12cd7..6c57ae1a8e 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function main() {
 
   h0.assertOnCurve();
   // TODO super slow
-  // h0.checkSubgroup();
+  // h0.assertInSubgroup();
 
   let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(scalar)).toBits();
   // TODO super slow

From 5ad6b491593e3c42763eee20be6b1fda861470c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 11:30:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0078/1786] getting non provable curve ops to run

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 27 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 13 +++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index c9d270bf5a..080b8b3a5b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlBoolArray } from './ml/fields.js';
+import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve, CurveParams };
@@ -56,7 +57,11 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     generator: curve.gen,
   });
 
-  return class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
+  function toConstant(x: ForeignCurve) {
+    return { ...x.toBigint(), infinity: false };
+  }
+
+  class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
     constructor(
       g:
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
@@ -89,6 +94,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     static #curveParamsMlVar: unknown | undefined;
 
     static initialize() {
+      if (!inCheckedComputation()) return;
       ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar =
         Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveParamsMl);
     }
@@ -111,9 +117,6 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     toBigint() {
       return { x: this.x.toBigInt(), y: this.y.toBigInt() };
     }
-    #toConstant() {
-      return { ...this.toBigint(), infinity: false };
-    }
 
     add(
       h:
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     ) {
       let h_ = ForeignCurve.from(h);
       if (this.isConstant() && h_.isConstant()) {
-        let z = ConstantCurve.add(this.#toConstant(), h_.#toConstant());
+        let z = ConstantCurve.add(toConstant(this), toConstant(h_));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.add`);
@@ -132,7 +135,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     double() {
       if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let z = ConstantCurve.double(this.#toConstant());
+        let z = ConstantCurve.double(toConstant(this));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.double`);
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     negate() {
       if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let z = ConstantCurve.negate(this.#toConstant());
+        let z = ConstantCurve.negate(toConstant(this));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.negate`);
@@ -152,7 +155,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     assertOnCurve() {
       if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(this.#toConstant());
+        let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(toConstant(this));
         if (!isOnCurve)
           throw Error(
             `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
       if (this.isConstant() && scalar.every((b) => b.isConstant())) {
         let scalar0 = scalar.map((b) => b.toBoolean());
-        let z = ConstantCurve.scale(this.#toConstant(), scalar0);
+        let z = ConstantCurve.scale(toConstant(this), scalar0);
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
       let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.scale`);
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     assertInSubgroup() {
       if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(this.#toConstant());
+        let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(toConstant(this));
         if (!isInGroup)
           throw Error(
             `${this.constructor.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
@@ -200,7 +203,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
     static Scalar = ScalarField;
-  };
+  }
+
+  return ForeignCurve;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 6c57ae1a8e..b7c1ebf8e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,12 +25,21 @@ function main() {
 
   let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(scalar)).toBits();
   // TODO super slow
-  // let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
-  // Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, new Vesta(p));
+  let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, new Vesta(p));
 }
 
+console.time('running constant version');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('running constant version');
+
+console.time('running witness generation & checks');
 Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
+
+console.time('creating constraint system');
 let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
 
 let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
 for (let gate of gates) {

From 78c635b324ac5acd1e1149e456a6cec897d3f729 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 11:53:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0079/1786] start writing doc comments

---
 src/bindings             |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 343f3640a2..96ee3e4807 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 343f3640a252ca6a7c7dcb0041f6d9636fd163ef
+Subproject commit 96ee3e4807bb11e1557fc7ca2c0375c371287528
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 080b8b3a5b..92e7356b7b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
+import type { Group } from './group.js';
 import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   ForeignField,
@@ -38,6 +39,29 @@ function toMl({ x, y }: Affine): ForeignCurveVar {
 
 type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
 
+/**
+ * Create a class representing an elliptic curve group, which is different from the native {@link Group}.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const Curve = createForeignCurve(secp256k1Params); // the elliptic curve 'secp256k1'
+ * ```
+ *
+ * `createForeignCurve(params)` takes the curve parameters {@link CurveParams} as input.
+ * We support `modulus` and `order` to be prime numbers to 259 bits.
+ *
+ * The returned {@link ForeignCurve} class supports standard elliptic curve operations like point addition and scalar multiplication.
+ * It also includes to associated foreign fields: `ForeignCurve.BaseField` and `ForeignCurve.Scalar`, see {@link createForeignField}.
+ *
+ * _Advanced usage:_
+ *
+ * To skip automatic validity checks when introducing curve points and scalars into provable code,
+ * use the optional `{ unsafe: true }` configuration. See {@link createForeignField} for details.
+ * This option is applied to both the scalar field and the base field.
+ *
+ * @param curve parameters for the elliptic curve you are instantiating
+ * @param options
+ * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
+ */
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   const curveParamsMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   const curveName = curve.name;
@@ -62,6 +86,15 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
   }
 
   class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
+    /**
+     * Create a new {@link ForeignCurve} from an object representing the (affine) x and y coordinates.
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = new ForeignCurve({ x: 1n, y: 1n });
+     * ```
+     *
+     * **Warning**: This fails for a constant input which does not represent an actual point on the curve.
+     */
     constructor(
       g:
         | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
@@ -80,6 +113,8 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
         y_ = BaseField.from(y);
       }
       super({ x: x_, y: y_ });
+      // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
+      if (this.isConstant()) this.assertOnCurve();
     }
 
     static from(
@@ -159,7 +194,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
         if (!isOnCurve)
           throw Error(
             `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
-              this
+              ForeignCurve.toJSON(this)
             )} is not on the curve.`
           );
         return;

From bf9968a152d04253fb26d147a097c479c321f961 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 19:35:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0080/1786] more doc comments, unsafe parameter, proper check()

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 107 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 92e7356b7b..45c66cda30 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -62,12 +62,13 @@ type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
  * @param options
  * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
  */
-function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
+function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
   const curveParamsMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   const curveName = curve.name;
+  const hasCofactor = curve.cofactor !== undefined && curve.cofactor !== 1n;
 
-  class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus) {}
-  class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order) {}
+  class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus, { unsafe }) {}
+  class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order, { unsafe }) {}
 
   // this is necessary to simplify the type of ForeignCurve, to avoid
   // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
@@ -81,8 +82,11 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
     generator: curve.gen,
   });
 
-  function toConstant(x: ForeignCurve) {
-    return { ...x.toBigint(), infinity: false };
+  function toBigint(g: Affine) {
+    return { x: g.x.toBigInt(), y: g.y.toBigInt() };
+  }
+  function toConstant(g: Affine) {
+    return { ...toBigint(g), infinity: false };
   }
 
   class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
@@ -117,6 +121,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       if (this.isConstant()) this.assertOnCurve();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignCurve}.
+     */
     static from(
       g:
         | ForeignCurve
@@ -128,6 +135,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     static #curveParamsMlVar: unknown | undefined;
 
+    /**
+     * Initialize usage of the curve. This function has to be called oncel per provable method to use the curve.
+     */
     static initialize() {
       if (!inCheckedComputation()) return;
       ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar =
@@ -145,14 +155,25 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
 
+    /**
+     * Checks whether this curve point is constant.
+     *
+     * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+     */
     isConstant() {
       return isConstant(ForeignCurve, this);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Convert this curve point to a point with bigint coordinates.
+     */
     toBigint() {
       return { x: this.x.toBigInt(), y: this.y.toBigInt() };
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve addition.
+     */
     add(
       h:
         | ForeignCurve
@@ -168,6 +189,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve doubling.
+     */
     double() {
       if (this.isConstant()) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.double(toConstant(this));
@@ -178,6 +202,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve negation.
+     */
     negate() {
       if (this.isConstant()) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.negate(toConstant(this));
@@ -188,24 +215,34 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
-    assertOnCurve() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(toConstant(this));
+    static #assertOnCurve(g: Affine) {
+      if (isConstant(ForeignCurve, g)) {
+        let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(toConstant(g));
         if (!isOnCurve)
           throw Error(
-            `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
-              ForeignCurve.toJSON(this)
+            `${this.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
+              ForeignCurve.toJSON(g)
             )} is not on the curve.`
           );
         return;
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(
-        `${this.constructor.name}.assertOnCurve`
-      );
-      Snarky.foreignCurve.assertOnCurve(toMl(this), curve);
+      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.name}.assertOnCurve`);
+      Snarky.foreignCurve.assertOnCurve(toMl(g), curve);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that this point lies on the elliptic curve, which means it satisfies the equation
+     * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+     */
+    assertOnCurve() {
+      ForeignCurve.#assertOnCurve(this);
     }
 
     // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a little-endian
+     * array of bits, and each bit is represented by a {@link Bool}.
+     */
     scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
       if (this.isConstant() && scalar.every((b) => b.isConstant())) {
         let scalar0 = scalar.map((b) => b.toBoolean());
@@ -221,19 +258,41 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
-    assertInSubgroup() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(toConstant(this));
+    static #assertInSubgroup(g: Affine) {
+      if (isConstant(Affine, g)) {
+        let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(toConstant(g));
         if (!isInGroup)
           throw Error(
-            `${this.constructor.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
-              this
+            `${this.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
+              g
             )} is not in the target subgroup.`
           );
         return;
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.assertInSubgroup`);
-      Snarky.foreignCurve.checkSubgroup(toMl(this), curve);
+      let curve_ = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.assertInSubgroup`);
+      Snarky.foreignCurve.checkSubgroup(toMl(g), curve_);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert than this point lies in the subgroup defined by order*P = 0,
+     * by performing the scalar multiplication.
+     */
+    assertInSubgroup() {
+      ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that this is a valid element of the target subgroup of the curve:
+     * - Use {@link assertOnCurve()} to check that the point lies on the curve
+     * - If the curve has cofactor unequal to 1, use {@link assertInSubgroup()}.
+     *
+     * **Exception**: If {@link createForeignCurve} is called with `{ unsafe: true }`,
+     * we don't check that curve elements are valid by default.
+     */
+    static check(g: Affine) {
+      if (unsafe) return;
+      ForeignCurve.#assertOnCurve(g);
+      if (hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(g);
     }
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
@@ -260,6 +319,12 @@ type CurveParams = {
    * Scalar field modulus = group order
    */
   order: bigint;
+  /**
+   * Cofactor = size of EC / order
+   *
+   * This can be left undefined if the cofactor is 1.
+   */
+  cofactor?: bigint;
   /**
    * The `a` parameter in the curve equation y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
    */

From 61bb48568700253665f5fe413ff001a21469be80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 20:13:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0081/1786] fox typo and foreign curve check

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 45c66cda30..b3f03b8a81 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
     static #curveParamsMlVar: unknown | undefined;
 
     /**
-     * Initialize usage of the curve. This function has to be called oncel per provable method to use the curve.
+     * Initialize usage of the curve. This function has to be called once per provable method to use the curve.
      */
     static initialize() {
       if (!inCheckedComputation()) return;
@@ -291,6 +291,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      */
     static check(g: Affine) {
       if (unsafe) return;
+      super.check(g); // check that x, y are valid field elements
       ForeignCurve.#assertOnCurve(g);
       if (hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(g);
     }

From 499928d89abc874c5887153c7524d1bed59c2ba4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 20:29:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0082/1786] ecdsa doc comments

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index aafafe2ed5..540991d0e7 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   CurveParams,
   ForeignCurveClass,
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ function signatureToMl({ r, s }: Signature): ForeignSignatureVar {
   return [0, r.value, s.value];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to parse and verify ECDSA signature in provable code,
+ * for the given curve.
+ */
 function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
   let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
     'gen' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
@@ -30,28 +34,35 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
   class Scalar extends Curve.Scalar {}
   class BaseField extends Curve.BaseField {}
 
-  const Signature: Struct<Signature> & (new (value: Signature) => Signature) =
-    Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
+  const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
 
   class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
     static Curve = Curve0;
 
-    static from({
-      r,
-      s,
-    }: {
+    /**
+     * Coerce the input to a {@link EcdsaSignature}.
+     */
+    static from(signature: {
       r: Scalar | bigint;
       s: Scalar | bigint;
     }): EcdsaSignature {
-      return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
+      if (signature instanceof EcdsaSignature) return signature;
+      return new EcdsaSignature({
+        r: Scalar.from(signature.r),
+        s: Scalar.from(signature.s),
+      });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+     * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
+     */
     static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
       let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
       let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
       if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
         throw Error(
-          `${this.constructor.name}.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
+          `${this.name}.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
         );
       }
       let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
@@ -59,6 +70,11 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
+     *
+     * This method proves that the signature is valid, and throws if it isn't.
+     */
     verify(
       msgHash: Scalar | bigint,
       publicKey: Curve | { x: BaseField | bigint; y: BaseField | bigint }
@@ -70,8 +86,18 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       Snarky.ecdsa.verify(signatureMl, msgHashMl, publicKeyMl, curve);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Check that r, s are valid scalars and both are non-zero
+     */
     static check(signature: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
-      let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.check`);
+      if (isConstant(Signature, signature)) {
+        super.check(signature); // check valid scalars
+        if (signature.r.toBigInt() === 0n)
+          throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): r must be non-zero`);
+        if (signature.s.toBigInt() === 0n)
+          throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): s must be non-zero`);
+      }
+      let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.name}.check`);
       let signatureMl = signatureToMl(signature);
       Snarky.ecdsa.assertValidSignature(signatureMl, curve);
     }

From f2460f1760365751a13f1ebfc03b5532830c8845 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 21:54:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0083/1786] implement ecdsa in ts for non-provable

---
 src/bindings                       |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           |  1 +
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts           | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 20 ++++++------
 4 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 96ee3e4807..319f69164d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 96ee3e4807bb11e1557fc7ca2c0375c371287528
+Subproject commit 319f69164d95ccc526752c948345ebf1338f913c
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index b3f03b8a81..85fc6fbc62 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -298,6 +298,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
     static Scalar = ScalarField;
+    static Bigint = ConstantCurve;
   }
 
   return ForeignCurve;
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 540991d0e7..3c2f229692 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { inverse, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { CurveAffine } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
@@ -79,10 +81,26 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       msgHash: Scalar | bigint,
       publicKey: Curve | { x: BaseField | bigint; y: BaseField | bigint }
     ): void {
+      let msgHash_ = Scalar.from(msgHash);
+      let publicKey_ = Curve.from(publicKey);
+
+      if (isConstant(Signature, this)) {
+        let signature = { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() };
+        let isValid = verifyEcdsa(
+          Curve.Bigint,
+          signature,
+          msgHash_.toBigInt(),
+          publicKey_.toBigint()
+        );
+        if (!isValid) {
+          throw Error(`${this.constructor.name}.verify(): Invalid signature.`);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
       let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.verify`);
       let signatureMl = signatureToMl(this);
-      let msgHashMl = Scalar.from(msgHash).value;
-      let publicKeyMl = affineToMl(Curve.from(publicKey));
+      let msgHashMl = msgHash_.value;
+      let publicKeyMl = affineToMl(publicKey_);
       Snarky.ecdsa.verify(signatureMl, msgHashMl, publicKeyMl, curve);
     }
 
@@ -96,6 +114,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
           throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): r must be non-zero`);
         if (signature.s.toBigInt() === 0n)
           throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): s must be non-zero`);
+        return;
       }
       let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.name}.check`);
       let signatureMl = signatureToMl(signature);
@@ -107,3 +126,30 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
 
   return EcdsaSignature;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Bigint implementation of ECDSA verify
+ */
+function verifyEcdsa(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+  msgHash: bigint,
+  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
+) {
+  let q = Curve.order;
+  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
+  // TODO subgroup check conditional on whether there is a cofactor
+  if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
+  if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
+
+  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
+  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
+  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
+  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+
+  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
+  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+
+  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 15c48a1897..fd6fd69062 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -21,22 +21,22 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+function main() {
   Secp256k1.initialize();
   let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature, () => signature);
-
   signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
-});
+}
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  Secp256k1.initialize();
-  let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature, () => signature);
-
-  signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
-});
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
 let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};

From 07a45f70a2bb264f4003c9b117164ee9b52bce7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 21:55:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0084/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 3c2f229692..b150dcfa90 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -85,10 +85,9 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       let publicKey_ = Curve.from(publicKey);
 
       if (isConstant(Signature, this)) {
-        let signature = { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() };
         let isValid = verifyEcdsa(
           Curve.Bigint,
-          signature,
+          { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() },
           msgHash_.toBigInt(),
           publicKey_.toBigint()
         );

From 6c01efe849df42971caef8f4bf3b4013df33c8ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 13 Jul 2023 22:08:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0085/1786] subgroup check in constant verification

---
 src/bindings             | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 3 +--
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 319f69164d..c3868b2d7c 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 319f69164d95ccc526752c948345ebf1338f913c
+Subproject commit c3868b2d7c5a4df5ad934a39ffb4e75f3325fc8b
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 85fc6fbc62..bf2733d05d 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
 function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
   const curveParamsMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
   const curveName = curve.name;
-  const hasCofactor = curve.cofactor !== undefined && curve.cofactor !== 1n;
 
   class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus, { unsafe }) {}
   class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order, { unsafe }) {}
@@ -293,7 +292,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
       if (unsafe) return;
       super.check(g); // check that x, y are valid field elements
       ForeignCurve.#assertOnCurve(g);
-      if (hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(g);
+      if (ConstantCurve.hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(g);
     }
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index b150dcfa90..f71a688a1e 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let q = Curve.order;
   let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
   if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
-  // TODO subgroup check conditional on whether there is a cofactor
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
   if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
   if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
 

From 2dce0578e0487c6df9787b2f3c42e29372c3c4a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2023 01:32:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0086/1786] web compatible benchmark

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/index.ts                             |  1 +
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c8178b7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { createForeignCurve, vestaParams, Provable, Field } from 'snarkyjs';
+
+class Vesta extends createForeignCurve(vestaParams) {}
+
+let g = new Vesta({ x: -1n, y: 2n });
+let scalar = Field.random();
+let h = g.add(Vesta.generator).double().negate();
+let p = h.scale(scalar.toBits());
+
+function main() {
+  Vesta.initialize();
+  let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => g);
+  let one = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => Vesta.generator);
+  let h0 = g0.add(one).double().negate();
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, h0, new Vesta(h));
+
+  h0.assertOnCurve();
+  // TODO super slow
+  // h0.assertInSubgroup();
+
+  let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => scalar).toBits();
+  // TODO super slow
+  let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, p);
+}
+
+console.time('running constant version');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('running constant version');
+
+// half of this time is spent in `field_to_bignum_bigint`, which is mostly addition of zarith bigints -.-
+console.time('running witness generation & checks');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
+
+console.time('creating constraint system');
+let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+for (let gate of gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+
+console.log(gateTypes);
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 68a95513cd..5ed9d4cad1 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
 export { createForeignField, ForeignField } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
+export { vestaParams, secp256k1Params } from './lib/foreign-curve-params.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {

From 343747916fa60a6d6aa1fe755a446910abaef947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2023 12:40:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0087/1786] foreign field benchmark

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c785a32d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { Scalar, vestaParams, Provable, createForeignField } from 'snarkyjs';
+
+class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(vestaParams.modulus) {}
+
+// TODO ForeignField.random()
+function random() {
+  return new ForeignScalar(Scalar.random().toBigInt());
+}
+
+function main() {
+  let s = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar, random);
+  let t = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar, random);
+  s.mul(t);
+}
+
+console.time('running constant version');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('running constant version');
+
+// half of this time is spent in `field_to_bignum_bigint`, which is mostly addition of zarith bigints -.-
+console.time('running witness generation & checks');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
+
+console.time('creating constraint system');
+let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+for (let gate of gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+
+console.log(gateTypes);

From 77ccc7c65061a84a5b184a823ac4ac659fab01fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Jul 2023 10:37:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0088/1786] fix(hash.ts): use MlArray.to() instead of array
 literal for Snarky.sha.create()

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 4f78af1f2f..347f3f9194 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash };
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
   return {
     hash(message: UInt8[]): UInt8[] {
       return Snarky.sha
-        .create([0, ...message.map((f) => f.toField().value)], nist, length)
+        .create(MlArray.to(message.map((f) => f.toField().value)), nist, length)
         .map((f) => UInt8.from(Field(f)))
         .slice(1);
     },

From e73d5bf2a056cd8f6fe26f541005b929dcf4a1c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Jul 2023 10:37:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0089/1786] chore(bindings): update bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 276f6ef96b..021febf931 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 276f6ef96b91986f10519d313722e59be79ce36f
+Subproject commit 021febf9316f873b39af6f9b8582d9f7a30f6c23

From f2f9bb100fdbbd82f17bd91abf161d5a8d747a34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 13:46:46 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0090/1786] feat: add mina submodule to o1js

---
 .gitmodules | 3 +++
 src/mina    | 1 +
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+)
 create mode 160000 src/mina

diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index b343059624..b8be721ce9 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 [submodule "src/snarkyjs-bindings"]
 	path = src/bindings
 	url = https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs-bindings.git
+[submodule "src/mina"]
+	path = src/mina
+	url = git@github.com:MinaProtocol/mina.git
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
new file mode 160000
index 0000000000..396ae46c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 396ae46c0f301f697c91771bc6780571a7656a45

From b4771393907b4d917224693a495e343b005f26ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 13:48:08 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0091/1786] feat: add ocaml build directory to gitignore

---
 .gitignore | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 80c4e49312..8f62404233 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ tests/test-artifacts/
 profiling.md
 o1js-reference
 *.tmp.js
+_build/

From fc5966fc477fa53348974ba9218316c896ee9add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 13:48:36 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0092/1786] feat: add dune-project file to build bindings from
 o1js root directory

---
 dune-project | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 dune-project

diff --git a/dune-project b/dune-project
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b17fb2d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dune-project
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+(lang dune 3.3)

From 00d2bd4d77397ffe03ecfd9c80bb4b5058402796 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Oct 2023 14:32:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0093/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ffaaf33cc6..26723fd698 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ffaaf33cc6101d960f527ac09321b5f7c910d669
+Subproject commit 26723fd6987db505a8c44cc41e01b17ac496c22f

From 148439c4033b4c3ce41d81aa137b13349d4ecd93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Oct 2023 15:56:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0094/1786] An API for interaction with the lightnet accounts
 manager.

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml |  14 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts  |  36 +++--
 src/index.ts                                 |  83 +++++------
 src/lib/fetch.ts                             | 140 ++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/mina.ts                              | 121 +++++++++-------
 5 files changed, 260 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index 6021811c29..8af8367d8b 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-name: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
-description: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
+name: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
+description: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
 inputs:
   mina-branch-name:
-    description: 'Mina branch name in use by service container'
+    description: "Mina branch name in use by service container"
     required: true
 runs:
-  using: 'composite'
+  using: "composite"
   steps:
     - name: Wait for Mina network readiness
       uses: o1-labs/wait-for-mina-network-action@v1
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ runs:
     - name: Setup Node
       uses: actions/setup-node@v3
       with:
-        node-version: '20'
+        node-version: "20"
     - name: Build o1js and execute tests
       env:
-        TEST_TYPE: 'Live integration tests'
-        USE_LOCAL_NETWORK: 'true'
+        TEST_TYPE: "Live integration tests"
+        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: "true"
       run: |
         git submodule update --init --recursive
         npm ci
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
index 4f7a9eb4a4..cac9594fd2 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,35 @@
 // Live integration test against real Mina network.
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Mina, PrivateKey, fetchAccount } from 'o1js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Field,
+  Mina,
+  PrivateKey,
+  acquireKeyPair,
+  fetchAccount,
+  releaseKeyPair,
+} from 'o1js';
 import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello_world.js';
 
-const useLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
-const senderKey = useLocalNetwork
-  ? PrivateKey.fromBase58(
-      'EKEnVLUhYHDJvgmgQu5SzaV8MWKNfhAXYSkLBRk5KEfudWZRbs4P'
-    )
-  : PrivateKey.random();
-const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
+const useCustomLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
 const zkAppKey = PrivateKey.random();
 const zkAppAddress = zkAppKey.toPublicKey();
 const transactionFee = 100_000_000;
 
 // Network configuration
-const network = Mina.Network(
-  useLocalNetwork
+const network = Mina.Network({
+  mina: useCustomLocalNetwork
     ? 'http://localhost:8080/graphql'
-    : 'https://proxy.berkeley.minaexplorer.com/graphql'
-);
+    : 'https://proxy.berkeley.minaexplorer.com/graphql',
+  accountsManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
+});
 Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
 
 // Fee payer setup
-if (!useLocalNetwork) {
+const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
+  ? (await acquireKeyPair(true)).privateKey
+  : PrivateKey.random();
+const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
+if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
   console.log(`Funding the fee payer account.`);
   await Mina.faucet(sender);
 }
@@ -91,3 +98,6 @@ try {
   );
 }
 console.log('Success!');
+
+// Tear down
+await releaseKeyPair(senderKey.toPublicKey().toBase58());
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 0813d3da4d..a19e641d7d 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,85 +1,88 @@
-export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
-export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
-export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
-export * from './lib/signature.js';
-export type {
-  ProvableExtended,
-  FlexibleProvable,
-  FlexibleProvablePure,
-  InferProvable,
-} from './lib/circuit_value.js';
+export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+export { Circuit, Keypair, circuitMain, public_ } from './lib/circuit.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,
-  prop,
+  Struct,
   arrayProp,
   matrixProp,
+  prop,
   provable,
   provablePure,
-  Struct,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
+export type {
+  FlexibleProvable,
+  FlexibleProvablePure,
+  InferProvable,
+  ProvableExtended,
+} from './lib/circuit_value.js';
+export { Bool, Field, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Int64, Sign, UInt32, UInt64 } from './lib/int.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
-export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
-export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
-export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+export * from './lib/signature.js';
+export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
+export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
-export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
+export { State, declareState, state } from './lib/state.js';
 export {
-  SmartContract,
-  method,
-  declareMethods,
   Account,
-  VerificationKey,
   Reducer,
+  SmartContract,
+  VerificationKey,
+  declareMethods,
+  method,
 } from './lib/zkapp.js';
-export { state, State, declareState } from './lib/state.js';
+export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 
-export type { JsonProof } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export {
+  Empty,
   Proof,
   SelfProof,
-  verify,
-  Empty,
   Undefined,
   Void,
+  verify,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
+export type { JsonProof } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 
 export {
-  Token,
-  TokenId,
   AccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
+  Token,
+  TokenId,
   ZkappPublicInput,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
+export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
+export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
 export {
+  KeyPair,
+  acquireKeyPair,
+  addCachedAccount,
+  checkZkappTransaction,
   fetchAccount,
+  fetchEvents,
   fetchLastBlock,
   fetchTransactionStatus,
-  checkZkappTransaction,
-  fetchEvents,
-  addCachedAccount,
+  releaseKeyPair,
+  sendZkapp,
+  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   setGraphqlEndpoint,
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
-  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
-  sendZkapp,
 } from './lib/fetch.js';
-export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
-export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
-export { Character, CircuitString } from './lib/string.js';
-export { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './lib/merkle_tree.js';
+export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle_map.js';
+export { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './lib/merkle_tree.js';
+export { Character, CircuitString } from './lib/string.js';
 
 export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
+export { Experimental };
 
 // experimental APIs
-import { ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
-import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
-export { Experimental };
+import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 
 const Experimental_ = {
   Callback,
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index c9b3d5cd66..1ecc1a2ac8 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -1,48 +1,52 @@
 import 'isomorphic-fetch';
+import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { Actions, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
+import { EpochSeed, LedgerHash, StateHash } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { Actions, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
-import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
-import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
-import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { ActionStates } from './mina.js';
-import { LedgerHash, EpochSeed, StateHash } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import {
   Account,
-  accountQuery,
   FetchedAccount,
+  PartialAccount,
+  accountQuery,
   fillPartialAccount,
   parseFetchedAccount,
-  PartialAccount,
 } from './mina/account.js';
+import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
+import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 
 export {
+  EventActionFilterOptions,
+  KeyPair,
+  TransactionStatus,
+  acquireKeyPair,
+  addCachedAccount,
+  checkZkappTransaction,
   fetchAccount,
+  fetchActions,
+  fetchEvents,
   fetchLastBlock,
-  checkZkappTransaction,
-  parseFetchedAccount,
-  markAccountToBeFetched,
-  markNetworkToBeFetched,
-  markActionsToBeFetched,
   fetchMissingData,
   fetchTransactionStatus,
-  TransactionStatus,
-  EventActionFilterOptions,
   getCachedAccount,
-  getCachedNetwork,
   getCachedActions,
-  addCachedAccount,
+  getCachedNetwork,
+  markAccountToBeFetched,
+  markActionsToBeFetched,
+  markNetworkToBeFetched,
   networkConfig,
+  parseFetchedAccount,
+  releaseKeyPair,
+  removeJsonQuotes,
+  sendZkapp,
+  sendZkappQuery,
+  setAccountsManagerEndpoint,
+  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
+  setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
   setGraphqlEndpoint,
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
   setMinaGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
-  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
-  setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
-  sendZkappQuery,
-  sendZkapp,
-  removeJsonQuotes,
-  fetchEvents,
-  fetchActions,
 };
 
 type NetworkConfig = {
@@ -50,6 +54,11 @@ type NetworkConfig = {
   minaFallbackEndpoints: string[];
   archiveEndpoint: string;
   archiveFallbackEndpoints: string[];
+  accountsManagerEndpoint: string;
+};
+type KeyPair = {
+  publicKey: PublicKey;
+  privateKey: PrivateKey;
 };
 
 let networkConfig = {
@@ -57,6 +66,7 @@ let networkConfig = {
   minaFallbackEndpoints: [] as string[],
   archiveEndpoint: '',
   archiveFallbackEndpoints: [] as string[],
+  accountsManagerEndpoint: '',
 } satisfies NetworkConfig;
 
 function checkForValidUrl(url: string) {
@@ -114,6 +124,20 @@ function setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(graphqlEndpoints: string[]) {
   networkConfig.archiveFallbackEndpoints = graphqlEndpoints;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Sets up the lightnet accounts manager endpoint to be used for accounts acquisition and releasing.
+ *
+ * @param endpoint Accounts manager endpoint.
+ */
+function setAccountsManagerEndpoint(endpoint: string) {
+  if (!checkForValidUrl(endpoint)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Invalid accounts manager endpoint: ${endpoint}. Please specify a valid URL.`
+    );
+  }
+  networkConfig.accountsManagerEndpoint = endpoint;
+}
+
 /**
  * Gets account information on the specified publicKey by performing a GraphQL query
  * to the specified endpoint. This will call the 'GetAccountInfo' query which fetches
@@ -993,6 +1017,76 @@ async function fetchActions(
   return actionsList;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Gets random key pair (public and private keys) from accounts manager
+ * that operates with accounts configured in network's Genesis Ledger.
+ *
+ * If an error is returned by the specified endpoint, an error is thrown. Otherwise,
+ * the data is returned.
+ *
+ * @param isRegularAccount Whether to acquire regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
+ * @param accountsManagerEndpoint Accounts manager endpoint to fetch from
+ * @returns Key pair
+ */
+async function acquireKeyPair(
+  isRegularAccount = true,
+  accountsManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.accountsManagerEndpoint
+): Promise<KeyPair> {
+  console.info(
+    `Attempting to acquire ${isRegularAccount ? 'non-' : ''}zkApp account.`
+  );
+  const response = await fetch(
+    `${accountsManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
+    {
+      method: 'GET',
+      headers: {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      },
+    }
+  );
+
+  if (response.ok) {
+    const data = await response.json();
+    if (data) {
+      return {
+        publicKey: PublicKey.fromBase58(data.pk),
+        privateKey: PrivateKey.fromBase58(data.sk),
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  throw new Error('Failed to acquire the key pair');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Releases previously acquired key pair from accounts manager by public key.
+ *
+ * @param publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to release
+ * @param accountsManagerEndpoint Accounts manager endpoint to fetch from
+ * @returns Void (since we don't really care about the success of this operation)
+ */
+async function releaseKeyPair(
+  publicKey: string,
+  accountsManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.accountsManagerEndpoint
+): Promise<void> {
+  const response = await fetch(`${accountsManagerEndpoint}/release-account`, {
+    method: 'PUT',
+    headers: {
+      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+    },
+    body: JSON.stringify({
+      pk: publicKey,
+    }),
+  });
+
+  if (response.ok) {
+    const data = await response.json();
+    if (data) {
+      console.info(data.message);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 function updateActionState(actions: string[][], actionState: Field) {
   let actionHash = Actions.fromJSON(actions).hash;
   return Actions.updateSequenceState(actionState, actionHash);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index b1c9309581..4f5c39d007 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1,69 +1,69 @@
+import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import {
+  transactionCommitments,
+  verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
+} from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { Ledger } from '../snarky.js';
-import { Field } from './core.js';
-import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import {
-  addMissingProofs,
-  addMissingSignatures,
-  FeePayerUnsigned,
-  ZkappCommand,
   AccountUpdate,
-  ZkappPublicInput,
-  TokenId,
-  CallForest,
-  Authorization,
   Actions,
+  Authorization,
+  CallForest,
   Events,
+  FeePayerUnsigned,
+  TokenId,
+  ZkappCommand,
+  ZkappPublicInput,
+  addMissingProofs,
+  addMissingSignatures,
   dummySignature,
 } from './account_update.js';
-import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
-import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
+import { Field } from './core.js';
+import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
+import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
-import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
-import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
 import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './mina/constants.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
+import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Ml } from './ml/conversion.js';
-import {
-  transactionCommitments,
-  verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
-} from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { NetworkValue, assertPreconditionInvariants } from './precondition.js';
+import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
+import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
 
 export {
-  createTransaction,
+  ActionStates,
   BerkeleyQANet,
-  Network,
-  LocalBlockchain,
-  currentTransaction,
   CurrentTransaction,
+  FeePayerSpec,
+  LocalBlockchain,
+  Network,
   Transaction,
   TransactionId,
+  accountCreationFee,
   activeInstance,
-  setActiveInstance,
-  transaction,
-  sender,
+  createTransaction,
   currentSlot,
+  currentTransaction,
+  faucet,
+  fetchActions,
+  fetchEvents,
+  // for internal testing only
+  filterGroups,
   getAccount,
-  hasAccount,
+  getActions,
   getBalance,
   getNetworkState,
-  accountCreationFee,
+  getProofsEnabled,
+  hasAccount,
   sendTransaction,
-  fetchEvents,
-  fetchActions,
-  getActions,
-  FeePayerSpec,
-  ActionStates,
-  faucet,
+  sender,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  transaction,
   waitForFunding,
-  getProofsEnabled,
-  // for internal testing only
-  filterGroups,
 };
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;
@@ -677,22 +677,34 @@ LocalBlockchain satisfies (...args: any) => Mina;
  * Represents the Mina blockchain running on a real network
  */
 function Network(graphqlEndpoint: string): Mina;
-function Network(graphqlEndpoints: {
+function Network(endpoints: {
+  mina: string | string[];
+  accountsManager?: string;
+}): Mina;
+function Network(endpoints: {
   mina: string | string[];
   archive: string | string[];
+  accountsManager?: string;
 }): Mina;
 function Network(
-  input: { mina: string | string[]; archive: string | string[] } | string
+  input:
+    | {
+        mina: string | string[];
+        archive?: string | string[];
+        accountsManager?: string;
+      }
+    | string
 ): Mina {
   let accountCreationFee = UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee);
   let minaGraphqlEndpoint: string;
   let archiveEndpoint: string;
+  let accountsManagerEndpoint: string;
 
   if (input && typeof input === 'string') {
     minaGraphqlEndpoint = input;
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
   } else if (input && typeof input === 'object') {
-    if (!input.mina || !input.archive)
+    if (!input.mina)
       throw new Error(
         "Network: malformed input. Please provide an object with 'mina' and 'archive' endpoints."
       );
@@ -705,13 +717,20 @@ function Network(
       Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
     }
 
-    if (Array.isArray(input.archive) && input.archive.length !== 0) {
-      archiveEndpoint = input.archive[0];
-      Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
-      Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(input.archive.slice(1));
-    } else if (typeof input.archive === 'string') {
-      archiveEndpoint = input.archive;
-      Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
+    if (input.archive) {
+      if (Array.isArray(input.archive) && input.archive.length !== 0) {
+        archiveEndpoint = input.archive[0];
+        Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
+        Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(input.archive.slice(1));
+      } else if (typeof input.archive === 'string') {
+        archiveEndpoint = input.archive;
+        Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (input.accountsManager && typeof input.accountsManager === 'string') {
+      accountsManagerEndpoint = input.accountsManager;
+      Fetch.setAccountsManagerEndpoint(accountsManagerEndpoint);
     }
   } else {
     throw new Error(

From e7b2766ed55ad3f083509397f482009133ae9e19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sun, 8 Oct 2023 17:05:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0095/1786] Imports/exports auto-formatting revert.

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml | 14 ++--
 src/index.ts                                 | 86 ++++++++++----------
 src/lib/fetch.ts                             | 54 ++++++------
 src/lib/mina.ts                              | 82 +++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index 8af8367d8b..cc223da0e3 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-name: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
-description: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
+name: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
+description: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
 inputs:
   mina-branch-name:
-    description: "Mina branch name in use by service container"
+    description: 'Mina branch name in use by service container'
     required: true
 runs:
-  using: "composite"
+  using: 'composite'
   steps:
     - name: Wait for Mina network readiness
       uses: o1-labs/wait-for-mina-network-action@v1
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ runs:
     - name: Setup Node
       uses: actions/setup-node@v3
       with:
-        node-version: "20"
+        node-version: '20'
     - name: Build o1js and execute tests
       env:
-        TEST_TYPE: "Live integration tests"
-        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: "true"
+        TEST_TYPE: 'Live integration tests'
+        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: 'true'
       run: |
         git submodule update --init --recursive
         npm ci
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index a19e641d7d..093abfc979 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,88 +1,88 @@
-export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
-export { Circuit, Keypair, circuitMain, public_ } from './lib/circuit.js';
+export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
+export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
+export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export * from './lib/signature.js';
+export type {
+  ProvableExtended,
+  FlexibleProvable,
+  FlexibleProvablePure,
+  InferProvable,
+} from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,
-  Struct,
+  prop,
   arrayProp,
   matrixProp,
-  prop,
   provable,
   provablePure,
+  Struct,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
-export type {
-  FlexibleProvable,
-  FlexibleProvablePure,
-  InferProvable,
-  ProvableExtended,
-} from './lib/circuit_value.js';
-export { Bool, Field, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
-export { Int64, Sign, UInt32, UInt64 } from './lib/int.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
-export * from './lib/signature.js';
-export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
-export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
+export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
+export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
+export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
-export { State, declareState, state } from './lib/state.js';
+export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {
-  Account,
-  Reducer,
   SmartContract,
-  VerificationKey,
-  declareMethods,
   method,
+  declareMethods,
+  Account,
+  VerificationKey,
+  Reducer,
 } from './lib/zkapp.js';
-export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
+export { state, State, declareState } from './lib/state.js';
 
+export type { JsonProof } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export {
-  Empty,
   Proof,
   SelfProof,
+  verify,
+  Empty,
   Undefined,
   Void,
-  verify,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
-export type { JsonProof } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 
 export {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  Permissions,
   Token,
   TokenId,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Permissions,
   ZkappPublicInput,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
-export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
+export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export {
-  KeyPair,
-  acquireKeyPair,
-  addCachedAccount,
-  checkZkappTransaction,
   fetchAccount,
-  fetchEvents,
   fetchLastBlock,
   fetchTransactionStatus,
-  releaseKeyPair,
-  sendZkapp,
-  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
+  checkZkappTransaction,
+  fetchEvents,
+  addCachedAccount,
   setGraphqlEndpoint,
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
+  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
+  sendZkapp,
+  KeyPair,
+  acquireKeyPair,
+  releaseKeyPair
 } from './lib/fetch.js';
-export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
-export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle_map.js';
-export { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './lib/merkle_tree.js';
+export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
+export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
 export { Character, CircuitString } from './lib/string.js';
+export { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './lib/merkle_tree.js';
+export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle_map.js';
 
 export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
-export { Experimental };
 
 // experimental APIs
-import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
-import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
 import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
+import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
+import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
+export { Experimental };
 
 const Experimental_ = {
   Callback,
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 1ecc1a2ac8..d045ce6570 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
 import 'isomorphic-fetch';
-import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
-import { Actions, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
-import { EpochSeed, LedgerHash, StateHash } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
+import { Actions, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
+import { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from './signature.js';
+import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
+import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { ActionStates } from './mina.js';
+import { LedgerHash, EpochSeed, StateHash } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import {
   Account,
-  FetchedAccount,
-  PartialAccount,
   accountQuery,
+  FetchedAccount,
   fillPartialAccount,
   parseFetchedAccount,
+  PartialAccount,
 } from './mina/account.js';
-import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
-import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 
 export {
-  EventActionFilterOptions,
-  KeyPair,
-  TransactionStatus,
-  acquireKeyPair,
-  addCachedAccount,
-  checkZkappTransaction,
   fetchAccount,
-  fetchActions,
-  fetchEvents,
   fetchLastBlock,
+  checkZkappTransaction,
+  parseFetchedAccount,
+  markAccountToBeFetched,
+  markNetworkToBeFetched,
+  markActionsToBeFetched,
   fetchMissingData,
   fetchTransactionStatus,
+  TransactionStatus,
+  EventActionFilterOptions,
   getCachedAccount,
-  getCachedActions,
   getCachedNetwork,
-  markAccountToBeFetched,
-  markActionsToBeFetched,
-  markNetworkToBeFetched,
+  getCachedActions,
+  addCachedAccount,
   networkConfig,
-  parseFetchedAccount,
-  releaseKeyPair,
-  removeJsonQuotes,
-  sendZkapp,
-  sendZkappQuery,
-  setAccountsManagerEndpoint,
-  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
-  setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
   setGraphqlEndpoint,
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
   setMinaGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
+  setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
+  setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
+  setAccountsManagerEndpoint,
+  sendZkappQuery,
+  sendZkapp,
+  removeJsonQuotes,
+  fetchEvents,
+  fetchActions,
+  KeyPair,
+  acquireKeyPair,
+  releaseKeyPair
 };
 
 type NetworkConfig = {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 4f5c39d007..6a1827e7f7 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1,69 +1,69 @@
-import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
-import {
-  transactionCommitments,
-  verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
-} from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { Ledger } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Field } from './core.js';
+import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
+import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  Actions,
-  Authorization,
-  CallForest,
-  Events,
+  addMissingProofs,
+  addMissingSignatures,
   FeePayerUnsigned,
-  TokenId,
   ZkappCommand,
+  AccountUpdate,
   ZkappPublicInput,
-  addMissingProofs,
-  addMissingSignatures,
+  TokenId,
+  CallForest,
+  Authorization,
+  Actions,
+  Events,
   dummySignature,
 } from './account_update.js';
-import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { Field } from './core.js';
-import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
+import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
+import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
+import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
+import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
+import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
 import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './mina/constants.js';
-import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
-import { Ml } from './ml/conversion.js';
-import { NetworkValue, assertPreconditionInvariants } from './precondition.js';
-import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
-import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
+import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
+import { Ml } from './ml/conversion.js';
+import {
+  transactionCommitments,
+  verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
+} from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 
 export {
-  ActionStates,
+  createTransaction,
   BerkeleyQANet,
-  CurrentTransaction,
-  FeePayerSpec,
-  LocalBlockchain,
   Network,
+  LocalBlockchain,
+  currentTransaction,
+  CurrentTransaction,
   Transaction,
   TransactionId,
-  accountCreationFee,
   activeInstance,
-  createTransaction,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  transaction,
+  sender,
   currentSlot,
-  currentTransaction,
-  faucet,
-  fetchActions,
-  fetchEvents,
-  // for internal testing only
-  filterGroups,
   getAccount,
-  getActions,
+  hasAccount,
   getBalance,
   getNetworkState,
-  getProofsEnabled,
-  hasAccount,
+  accountCreationFee,
   sendTransaction,
-  sender,
-  setActiveInstance,
-  transaction,
+  fetchEvents,
+  fetchActions,
+  getActions,
+  FeePayerSpec,
+  ActionStates,
+  faucet,
   waitForFunding,
+  getProofsEnabled,
+  // for internal testing only
+  filterGroups,
 };
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;

From da6d39e9f92b7171f1c075d57208d3ab80e73747 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2023 10:38:35 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0096/1786] Addressing review comments (separate namespace on
 will go next).

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts |  9 +-
 src/index.ts                                |  1 -
 src/lib/fetch.ts                            | 94 ++++++++++++---------
 src/lib/mina.ts                             | 25 +++---
 4 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
index cac9594fd2..eeace4805d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ const network = Mina.Network({
   mina: useCustomLocalNetwork
     ? 'http://localhost:8080/graphql'
     : 'https://proxy.berkeley.minaexplorer.com/graphql',
-  accountsManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
+  lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
 });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
 
 // Fee payer setup
 const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
-  ? (await acquireKeyPair(true)).privateKey
+  ? (await acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
   : PrivateKey.random();
 const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
 if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
@@ -100,4 +100,7 @@ try {
 console.log('Success!');
 
 // Tear down
-await releaseKeyPair(senderKey.toPublicKey().toBase58());
+const keyPairReleaseMessage = await releaseKeyPair({
+  publicKey: sender.toBase58(),
+});
+if (keyPairReleaseMessage) console.info(keyPairReleaseMessage);
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 093abfc979..a4dae15e8e 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ export {
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
   setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   sendZkapp,
-  KeyPair,
   acquireKeyPair,
   releaseKeyPair
 } from './lib/fetch.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index d045ce6570..75fd8dfb47 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -38,13 +38,12 @@ export {
   setMinaGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
   setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
-  setAccountsManagerEndpoint,
+  setLightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
   sendZkappQuery,
   sendZkapp,
   removeJsonQuotes,
   fetchEvents,
   fetchActions,
-  KeyPair,
   acquireKeyPair,
   releaseKeyPair
 };
@@ -54,11 +53,7 @@ type NetworkConfig = {
   minaFallbackEndpoints: string[];
   archiveEndpoint: string;
   archiveFallbackEndpoints: string[];
-  accountsManagerEndpoint: string;
-};
-type KeyPair = {
-  publicKey: PublicKey;
-  privateKey: PrivateKey;
+  lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint: string;
 };
 
 let networkConfig = {
@@ -66,7 +61,7 @@ let networkConfig = {
   minaFallbackEndpoints: [] as string[],
   archiveEndpoint: '',
   archiveFallbackEndpoints: [] as string[],
-  accountsManagerEndpoint: '',
+  lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint: '',
 } satisfies NetworkConfig;
 
 function checkForValidUrl(url: string) {
@@ -125,17 +120,17 @@ function setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(graphqlEndpoints: string[]) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Sets up the lightnet accounts manager endpoint to be used for accounts acquisition and releasing.
+ * Sets up the lightnet account manager endpoint to be used for accounts acquisition and releasing.
  *
- * @param endpoint Accounts manager endpoint.
+ * @param endpoint Account manager endpoint.
  */
-function setAccountsManagerEndpoint(endpoint: string) {
+function setLightnetAccountManagerEndpoint(endpoint: string) {
   if (!checkForValidUrl(endpoint)) {
     throw new Error(
-      `Invalid accounts manager endpoint: ${endpoint}. Please specify a valid URL.`
+      `Invalid account manager endpoint: ${endpoint}. Please specify a valid URL.`
     );
   }
-  networkConfig.accountsManagerEndpoint = endpoint;
+  networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = endpoint;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1018,25 +1013,31 @@ async function fetchActions(
 }
 
 /**
- * Gets random key pair (public and private keys) from accounts manager
- * that operates with accounts configured in network's Genesis Ledger.
+ * Gets random key pair (public and private keys) from account manager
+ * that operates with accounts configured in target network Genesis Ledger.
  *
  * If an error is returned by the specified endpoint, an error is thrown. Otherwise,
  * the data is returned.
  *
- * @param isRegularAccount Whether to acquire regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
- * @param accountsManagerEndpoint Accounts manager endpoint to fetch from
+ * @param options.isRegularAccount Whether to acquire regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
+ * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
  * @returns Key pair
  */
 async function acquireKeyPair(
-  isRegularAccount = true,
-  accountsManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.accountsManagerEndpoint
-): Promise<KeyPair> {
-  console.info(
-    `Attempting to acquire ${isRegularAccount ? 'non-' : ''}zkApp account.`
-  );
+  options: {
+    isRegularAccount?: boolean;
+    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
+  } = {}
+): Promise<{
+  publicKey: PublicKey;
+  privateKey: PrivateKey;
+}> {
+  const {
+    isRegularAccount = true,
+    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
+  } = options;
   const response = await fetch(
-    `${accountsManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
+    `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
     {
       method: 'GET',
       headers: {
@@ -1059,32 +1060,41 @@ async function acquireKeyPair(
 }
 
 /**
- * Releases previously acquired key pair from accounts manager by public key.
+ * Releases previously acquired key pair by public key.
  *
- * @param publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to release
- * @param accountsManagerEndpoint Accounts manager endpoint to fetch from
- * @returns Void (since we don't really care about the success of this operation)
+ * @param options.publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to release
+ * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
+ * @returns Response message from the account manager as string or null if the request failed
  */
-async function releaseKeyPair(
-  publicKey: string,
-  accountsManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.accountsManagerEndpoint
-): Promise<void> {
-  const response = await fetch(`${accountsManagerEndpoint}/release-account`, {
-    method: 'PUT',
-    headers: {
-      'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-    },
-    body: JSON.stringify({
-      pk: publicKey,
-    }),
-  });
+async function releaseKeyPair(options: {
+  publicKey: string;
+  lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
+}): Promise<string | null> {
+  const {
+    publicKey,
+    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
+  } = options;
+  const response = await fetch(
+    `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/release-account`,
+    {
+      method: 'PUT',
+      headers: {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      },
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        pk: publicKey,
+      }),
+    }
+  );
 
   if (response.ok) {
     const data = await response.json();
     if (data) {
-      console.info(data.message);
+      return data.message as string;
     }
   }
+
+  return null;
 }
 
 function updateActionState(actions: string[][], actionState: Field) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 6a1827e7f7..28d6e3e7bf 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -679,26 +679,22 @@ LocalBlockchain satisfies (...args: any) => Mina;
 function Network(graphqlEndpoint: string): Mina;
 function Network(endpoints: {
   mina: string | string[];
-  accountsManager?: string;
-}): Mina;
-function Network(endpoints: {
-  mina: string | string[];
-  archive: string | string[];
-  accountsManager?: string;
+  archive?: string | string[];
+  lightnetAccountManager?: string;
 }): Mina;
 function Network(
   input:
     | {
         mina: string | string[];
         archive?: string | string[];
-        accountsManager?: string;
+        lightnetAccountManager?: string;
       }
     | string
 ): Mina {
   let accountCreationFee = UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee);
   let minaGraphqlEndpoint: string;
   let archiveEndpoint: string;
-  let accountsManagerEndpoint: string;
+  let lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint: string;
 
   if (input && typeof input === 'string') {
     minaGraphqlEndpoint = input;
@@ -706,7 +702,7 @@ function Network(
   } else if (input && typeof input === 'object') {
     if (!input.mina)
       throw new Error(
-        "Network: malformed input. Please provide an object with 'mina' and 'archive' endpoints."
+        "Network: malformed input. Please provide an object with 'mina' endpoint."
       );
     if (Array.isArray(input.mina) && input.mina.length !== 0) {
       minaGraphqlEndpoint = input.mina[0];
@@ -717,7 +713,7 @@ function Network(
       Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
     }
 
-    if (input.archive) {
+    if (input.archive !== undefined) {
       if (Array.isArray(input.archive) && input.archive.length !== 0) {
         archiveEndpoint = input.archive[0];
         Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
@@ -728,9 +724,12 @@ function Network(
       }
     }
 
-    if (input.accountsManager && typeof input.accountsManager === 'string') {
-      accountsManagerEndpoint = input.accountsManager;
-      Fetch.setAccountsManagerEndpoint(accountsManagerEndpoint);
+    if (
+      input.lightnetAccountManager !== undefined &&
+      typeof input.lightnetAccountManager === 'string'
+    ) {
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = input.lightnetAccountManager;
+      Fetch.setLightnetAccountManagerEndpoint(lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint);
     }
   } else {
     throw new Error(

From 0d4bbd6dfec6d6af6f5b6f56174edb4e16e3e029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2023 10:57:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0097/1786] Export only Lightnet namespace.

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts |   7 +-
 src/index.ts                                |   3 +-
 src/lib/fetch.ts                            | 155 ++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
index eeace4805d..c54d323a8a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Field,
+  Lightnet,
   Mina,
   PrivateKey,
-  acquireKeyPair,
   fetchAccount,
-  releaseKeyPair,
 } from 'o1js';
 import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello_world.js';
 
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
 
 // Fee payer setup
 const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
-  ? (await acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
+  ? (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
   : PrivateKey.random();
 const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
 if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ try {
 console.log('Success!');
 
 // Tear down
-const keyPairReleaseMessage = await releaseKeyPair({
+const keyPairReleaseMessage = await Lightnet.releaseKeyPair({
   publicKey: sender.toBase58(),
 });
 if (keyPairReleaseMessage) console.info(keyPairReleaseMessage);
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index a4dae15e8e..b65a42c11f 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ export {
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
   setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   sendZkapp,
-  acquireKeyPair,
-  releaseKeyPair
+  Lightnet
 } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
 export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 75fd8dfb47..8723d5ba1e 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -44,8 +44,7 @@ export {
   removeJsonQuotes,
   fetchEvents,
   fetchActions,
-  acquireKeyPair,
-  releaseKeyPair
+  Lightnet
 };
 
 type NetworkConfig = {
@@ -1012,89 +1011,91 @@ async function fetchActions(
   return actionsList;
 }
 
-/**
- * Gets random key pair (public and private keys) from account manager
- * that operates with accounts configured in target network Genesis Ledger.
- *
- * If an error is returned by the specified endpoint, an error is thrown. Otherwise,
- * the data is returned.
- *
- * @param options.isRegularAccount Whether to acquire regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
- * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
- * @returns Key pair
- */
-async function acquireKeyPair(
-  options: {
-    isRegularAccount?: boolean;
-    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
-  } = {}
-): Promise<{
-  publicKey: PublicKey;
-  privateKey: PrivateKey;
-}> {
-  const {
-    isRegularAccount = true,
-    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
-  } = options;
-  const response = await fetch(
-    `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
-    {
-      method: 'GET',
-      headers: {
-        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-      },
-    }
-  );
+namespace Lightnet {
+  /**
+   * Gets random key pair (public and private keys) from account manager
+   * that operates with accounts configured in target network Genesis Ledger.
+   *
+   * If an error is returned by the specified endpoint, an error is thrown. Otherwise,
+   * the data is returned.
+   *
+   * @param options.isRegularAccount Whether to acquire regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
+   * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
+   * @returns Key pair
+   */
+  export async function acquireKeyPair(
+    options: {
+      isRegularAccount?: boolean;
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
+    } = {}
+  ): Promise<{
+    publicKey: PublicKey;
+    privateKey: PrivateKey;
+  }> {
+    const {
+      isRegularAccount = true,
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
+    } = options;
+    const response = await fetch(
+      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
+      {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+      }
+    );
 
-  if (response.ok) {
-    const data = await response.json();
-    if (data) {
-      return {
-        publicKey: PublicKey.fromBase58(data.pk),
-        privateKey: PrivateKey.fromBase58(data.sk),
-      };
+    if (response.ok) {
+      const data = await response.json();
+      if (data) {
+        return {
+          publicKey: PublicKey.fromBase58(data.pk),
+          privateKey: PrivateKey.fromBase58(data.sk),
+        };
+      }
     }
+
+    throw new Error('Failed to acquire the key pair');
   }
 
-  throw new Error('Failed to acquire the key pair');
-}
+  /**
+   * Releases previously acquired key pair by public key.
+   *
+   * @param options.publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to release
+   * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
+   * @returns Response message from the account manager as string or null if the request failed
+   */
+  export async function releaseKeyPair(options: {
+    publicKey: string;
+    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
+  }): Promise<string | null> {
+    const {
+      publicKey,
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
+    } = options;
+    const response = await fetch(
+      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/release-account`,
+      {
+        method: 'PUT',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          pk: publicKey,
+        }),
+      }
+    );
 
-/**
- * Releases previously acquired key pair by public key.
- *
- * @param options.publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to release
- * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
- * @returns Response message from the account manager as string or null if the request failed
- */
-async function releaseKeyPair(options: {
-  publicKey: string;
-  lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
-}): Promise<string | null> {
-  const {
-    publicKey,
-    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
-  } = options;
-  const response = await fetch(
-    `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/release-account`,
-    {
-      method: 'PUT',
-      headers: {
-        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-      },
-      body: JSON.stringify({
-        pk: publicKey,
-      }),
+    if (response.ok) {
+      const data = await response.json();
+      if (data) {
+        return data.message as string;
+      }
     }
-  );
 
-  if (response.ok) {
-    const data = await response.json();
-    if (data) {
-      return data.message as string;
-    }
+    return null;
   }
-
-  return null;
 }
 
 function updateActionState(actions: string[][], actionState: Field) {

From 268589755f570dbb3508ba38749906791e091b6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 09:56:35 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0098/1786] Updated changelog.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b55c81885b..eb07fb4ec9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- New API available under the `Leghtnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 8caf7e19fb17ad7d4e327baf5d55fd7a21898090 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 10:06:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0099/1786] use the TS `asserts` keyword

---
 src/lib/errors.ts | 5 ++++-
 src/lib/hash.ts   | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/errors.ts b/src/lib/errors.ts
index 80307985c8..b7e65c0338 100644
--- a/src/lib/errors.ts
+++ b/src/lib/errors.ts
@@ -274,6 +274,9 @@ function Bug(message: string) {
 /**
  * Make an assertion. When failing, this will communicate to users it's not their fault but indicates an internal bug.
  */
-function assert(condition: boolean, message = 'Failed assertion.') {
+function assert(
+  condition: boolean,
+  message = 'Failed assertion.'
+): asserts condition {
   if (!condition) throw Bug(message);
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 9abf35b662..684b7632ce 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ const Poseidon = {
     if (isConstant(input)) {
       let result = PoseidonBigint.hashToGroup(toBigints(input));
       assert(result !== undefined, 'hashToGroup works on all inputs');
-      let { x, y } = result!;
+      let { x, y } = result;
       return {
         x: Field(x),
         y: { x0: Field(y.x0), x1: Field(y.x1) },

From a20e6da3636d1180eefc83feedcb51e573196cb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 10:42:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0100/1786] don't introduce an extra var when sealing a
 constant

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 110 +++++++++++++++---------------
 src/lib/field.ts                  |   4 +-
 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index c8916cc0c4..cf510442dc 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -1,139 +1,139 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "2f0ca1dca22d7af925d31d23f3d4e37686ec1755a9f069063ae3b6300f6b3920",
+    "digest": "11174ce0c67e7de9bde81e278b8d4e008bf85e39cafb4dab7ff9f544b357f602",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1260,
-        "digest": "5d6fa3b1f0f781fba8894da098827088"
+        "rows": 1259,
+        "digest": "5f435c8335d3384d7775abc7884bb2b3"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1260,
-        "digest": "abf93b4d926a8743bf622da4ee0f88b2"
+        "rows": 1259,
+        "digest": "0c23f82dfb0f104183fff054c109d64a"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
         "rows": 1146,
-        "digest": "197ce95e1895f940278034d20ab24274"
+        "digest": "ec68c1d8ab22e779ccbd2659dd6b46cd"
       },
       "vote": {
         "rows": 1674,
-        "digest": "a0dd0be93734dc39d52fc7d60d0f0bab"
+        "digest": "293138c59fab55ec431829040903c6e5"
       },
       "countVotes": {
-        "rows": 5797,
-        "digest": "9c5503e03dcbb6b04c907eb1da43e26e"
+        "rows": 5796,
+        "digest": "775f327a408b3f3d7bae4e3ff18aeb54"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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       "publish": {
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-        "digest": "c6be510154c0e624a41756ad349df9de"
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   "HelloWorld": {
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+    "digest": "20cadc6f44ecd546700e9fac15aa2740d4357d46ee03c2627c36be49b02e8227",
     "methods": {
       "update": {
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-        "digest": "217224955830a2c0db65a6dcc91cae29"
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+        "digest": "f5b77fd12fee155fd3a40946dd453962"
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+      "hash": "13796172868423455932596117465273580383420853883879480382066094121613342871544"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "2039439604f1b4a88563bd34178bb380c0d998cc662b8fe9b9ea1164eefe70c7",
+    "digest": "1f017f88141fc7145e1b7007dd5b04766aa71ab3940f4dfa7bd2536e2beb883c",
     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
-        "rows": 3752,
-        "digest": "8d00a233c53340e6ef8898bb40ad919c"
+        "rows": 3751,
+        "digest": "457c0524f3a26ee275c0c92434fbb03f"
       },
       "swapX": {
         "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "23a2ddbc46117681d58c03a130cfee3f"
+        "digest": "e1c79fee9c8f94815daa5d6fee7c5181"
       },
       "swapY": {
         "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "c218b1e81ac390ba81678a5be89bc7a7"
+        "digest": "4cf07c1491e7fc167edcf3a26d636f3d"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
-        "rows": 719,
-        "digest": "63d13fc14775e43e4f6dd6245b74d516"
+        "rows": 718,
+        "digest": "99fb50066d2aa2f3f7afe801009cb503"
       },
       "transfer": {
-        "rows": 1045,
-        "digest": "dd6f98961085734ff5ec578746db3a53"
+        "rows": 1044,
+        "digest": "7c188ff9cf8e7db108e2d24f8e097622"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "14012766312159048636010037107657830276597168503405582242210403680501924916774"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "24296734038411361102326027139139575382494468159357248593236667562317362889930"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 8b7bf25df1..f5ae1a103c 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1036,9 +1036,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A {@link Field} element that is equal to the result of AST that was previously on this {@link Field} element.
    */
   seal() {
-    // TODO: this is just commented for constraint equivalence with the old version
-    // uncomment to sometimes save constraints
-    // if (this.isConstant()) return this;
+    if (this.isConstant()) return this;
     let x = Snarky.field.seal(this.value);
     return new Field(x);
   }

From 3ec439c98fe7a164a1056c40047080cc06ff5c19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 10:45:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0101/1786] improve Field.equals()

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 58 +++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/field.ts                  |  8 ++---
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index cf510442dc..3223a71d5a 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "11174ce0c67e7de9bde81e278b8d4e008bf85e39cafb4dab7ff9f544b357f602",
+    "digest": "3f56ff09ceba13daf64b20cd48419395a04aa0007cac20e6e9c5f9106f251c3a",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1259,
-        "digest": "5f435c8335d3384d7775abc7884bb2b3"
+        "rows": 1258,
+        "digest": "5572b0d59feea6b199f3f45af7498d92"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1259,
-        "digest": "0c23f82dfb0f104183fff054c109d64a"
+        "rows": 1258,
+        "digest": "07c8451f1c1ea4e9653548d411d5728c"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
         "rows": 1146,
         "digest": "ec68c1d8ab22e779ccbd2659dd6b46cd"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1674,
-        "digest": "293138c59fab55ec431829040903c6e5"
+        "rows": 1672,
+        "digest": "fa5671190ca2cc46084cae922a62288e"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,20 +24,20 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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   "Membership_": {
-    "digest": "1557502514ffa55b1f014453a6f984e55d053d0518c8e50cbd11099ac5748f4a",
+    "digest": "255745fb9365ff4f970b96ed630c01c9c8f63e21744f83fbe833396731d096e2",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
         "rows": 1353,
         "digest": "fa32e32384aef8ce6a7d019142149d95"
       },
       "isMember": {
-        "rows": 470,
-        "digest": "c344c6f2575a61066da9dd4365c5e137"
+        "rows": 469,
+        "digest": "16dae12385ed7e5aca9161030a426335"
       },
       "publish": {
         "rows": 694,
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
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     "verificationKey": {
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+      "hash": "16610506589527352533348678289715227768202510979537802187565243095524972136674"
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   },
   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "1f017f88141fc7145e1b7007dd5b04766aa71ab3940f4dfa7bd2536e2beb883c",
+    "digest": "14f902411526156cdf7de9a822a3f6467f7608a135504038993cbc8efeaf720a",
     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
-        "rows": 3751,
-        "digest": "457c0524f3a26ee275c0c92434fbb03f"
+        "rows": 3749,
+        "digest": "08830f49d9e8a4bf683db63c1c19bd28"
       },
       "swapX": {
         "rows": 1986,
@@ -132,32 +132,32 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "24296734038411361102326027139139575382494468159357248593236667562317362889930"
+      "data": "AADgDFCYyznG8hH/Z695+WW86B544SmJFzz5ObrizTJ4KMqy+pfsOR2Mt2yGViXSJPpAR76RNHNga83UB8/9OPQIB+uHOnxXH7vN8sUeDQi50gWdXzRlzSS1jsT9t+XsQwHNWgMQp04pKmF+0clYz1zwOO95BwHGcQ/olrSYW4tbJN6KW0hN2eESQfUJcwfB6uUzwvGtkFs+aiUykn7KUgUgXQkKgdHHdyFioNHNPmkpiAre/Ts8BKwwvf5hCa1MtBF6ax6ymlATB4YBL0ETiEPTE/Qk1zGWUSL2UB6aY45/LlfTLCKlyLq7cR3HOucFfBncVfzI7D8j5n4wVqY+vAI4cf+Yv7iVRLbeFcycXtsuPQntgBzKa/mcqcWuVM7p2SYRrtKdX8EKvOO6NhfLx4x0atAi8pKf+vZR76LSP4iOA8hwXvk6MNvPt1fxCS96ZAKuAzZnAcK+MH1OcKeLj+EHtZmf40WRb3AEG5TWRKuD6DT5noDclZsE8ROZKUSOKAUGIBvt7MpzOWPPchmnromWEevmXo3GoPUZCKnWX6ZLAtJwAszLUgiVS8rx3JnLXuXrtcVFto5FFQhwSHZyzuYZAOLg+O5JsHz6EFkkWxwdCSmy1K1LFaS6A78wbTtc9uIslLAntKxTApVE2lxPzH+TwHBFMkSweXxdP3dGxtecxxpbbLKvz9Clh3WpX0ia/8PSErjEfdpClkDrgo8DG2MpEgFaBcgfyFNTEhXLnxCiGlwjJ+DdBAfnonMPIkkY6p0SJ5M/KjfmCc2/EsnV7Mhax350ZtrXdzh/HWIWzEZKKxcbERFbRtf+fkMOOLNpNov1FEFvKOU612vDOIbrVHeBN9mwuepUrJctcfgLc0Mi3Sxs3+NA0I74qm5ktjmplDwgUtKzIs3IrVFv6b1pg/J32HmwNzJZw2fYzpFE1LDjBSK/SX3axwMy5yEd8+jl4uAdQZpa9UQQIHu1Y1ZMgJSDDicXz6D1bZMA1Q2/lU+8AYbldgQVmlLq/lzr63krX+AM84dcwR1Ur7O0YSVR5TXXJhMigCPYsF0/fmLijOWNAga8rtMJvF0oZ02aoQv4KpGu9yq72CsoXSpWqu/6C+GSP52zL9QV0VkohE1njGsSrC/EMtWuNxk6avge+WIxnbAbrFVGoWKdAN3uuZBKQW6ehhi1watI+S5lkpbpTnrK3R/59l19FcR35ItoigIxtMfkv3rdlCOeBVI93oVl5esiH8AvYGHhulWIvrNfKol3Viir41zv4qMBOcQg8+ygqjwqREU5+qiYeJlQ2AtT0/PVeZWg4mHC39uz1Lld3N2hyyxRo+Z0nC/8220uuf9gAnQ+JFixgyYW0NowUtuFj+uYAV9Dh/Zpe4LyAOkU0kBW4CEuOxNr+gz+9h0BoPfBHlMuuQAUc5L8uMunJC7uBKZiL+/tT1ZGfyIuqU47fEP9Hghxmip8v7gpf+4wB0MVUUwav9QRe9g88ER1HcJPqYb4EIOc2kbYSX75bT0mAFqR8lwZrj6lbQtNS0QQboG5fzoyYGi8YnSXhC2T5fFDpGJ319GHUsna58o5wk8LMwKWNTxq+FN6XiRgu0BFOrtG6MtT1OxYE9Dti6WatGDsWv+KMLDHjxUK1bhiSRnvkWYNcnuDJ0Ry+PRGHNUijVU0SbchntC2JHdhwKbwIofwKHE8HhvlK8FgQ1VOLDioA26UFzr23LpCTqwSJ7/sAqttNGcPR8MSeeR9TQvXNYQPKrA7Gh720X+7LD6BuHdy4vkcr9EKBU0ccUJ2ABBiyPdji+AgEbUCL/wrp6/GX8pui5YJGWx3XmIFj/RnYS2Je5FZ7w74JclD3XhLUo5Dhpq5RznHplpLB9mNdZdm5269US/XCgC/ZKyUxW3+0ajdBY1cLzF6qglitaYTp3MVUENVOkACM2RyKw6jIK2Leq3qLp6AUz21VXj4WznZcdI8MXqT9v8HxjXbAI9dtbhLRZRpJmu/129vrVmwSTHvsVoA7vXyYh/iO3ZMcy+D1x+HZU6Q/oDYCicqOPHxpSc9QGehmNyeGzI//524Gz3RudkU7s6MPdLWqZrieRTnWsTIrCDieu4ValfP8BFz7asYUv0t9jMWpv3yjbY7c5h8N/m7IUXwTQCzFpjPV7HC72BjVwPaYqh5/oAQsSNcv5I3c2GsCGj5C4hFFoT7eWfVtu/6ibQl0COhRDsegnOBtZ7NGfybI8IIO/4yrgel92bypb3eSxeMvdE5wzURluGDkBVVIACD8C5W1MzqrejUiiTfc3mkLhQ0xKRRhT0qqkmYWlbGN5hmMOA9YaYx8OFTgMys1WbzdidWgEkyvvdkWctGlges6eg/lJE61tJ8wGxvJfKtpyDW/2MRvsnO1+2EXIQ2eV3hkxg=",
+      "hash": "6361961148584909856756402479432671413765163664396823312454174383287651676472"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {
     "digest": "Group Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "add": {
-        "rows": 33,
-        "digest": "4e687eaee46e4c03860f46ceb2e50bd3"
+        "rows": 32,
+        "digest": "8754c691505a1d11559afac1361c58e4"
       },
       "sub": {
-        "rows": 34,
-        "digest": "dc048f79ddfd96938d439b8960d42d57"
+        "rows": 33,
+        "digest": "f1bb469656221c45fa9eddaf1af8fbc0"
       },
       "scale": {
-        "rows": 114,
-        "digest": "198a5c73fb635db3d7ca134c02687aba"
+        "rows": 113,
+        "digest": "b912611500f01c57177285f538438abc"
       },
       "equals": {
-        "rows": 42,
-        "digest": "bca7af6eb9762989838d484c8e29a205"
+        "rows": 37,
+        "digest": "59cd8f24e1e0f3ba721f9c5380801335"
       },
       "assertions": {
-        "rows": 20,
-        "digest": "d4525ed2ab7b897ab5d9e8309a2fdba2"
+        "rows": 19,
+        "digest": "7d87f453433117a306b19e50a5061443"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index f5ae1a103c..649dd0b443 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -520,7 +520,8 @@ class Field {
    * @return A {@link Field} element equivalent to the modular division of the two value.
    */
   div(y: Field | bigint | number | string) {
-    // TODO this is the same as snarky-ml but could use 1 constraint instead of 2
+    // this intentionally uses 2 constraints instead of 1 to avoid an unconstrained output when dividing 0/0
+    // (in this version, division by 0 is strictly not allowed)
     return this.mul(Field.from(y).inv());
   }
 
@@ -633,10 +634,6 @@ class Field {
    */
   equals(y: Field | bigint | number | string): Bool {
     // x == y is equivalent to x - y == 0
-    // TODO: this is less efficient than possible for equivalence with snarky-ml
-    return this.sub(y).isZero();
-    // more efficient code is commented below
-    /* 
     // if one of the two is constant, we just need the two constraints in `isZero`
     if (this.isConstant() || isConstant(y)) {
       return this.sub(y).isZero();
@@ -647,7 +644,6 @@ class Field {
     );
     Snarky.field.assertEqual(this.sub(y).value, xMinusY);
     return new Field(xMinusY).isZero();
-    */
   }
 
   // internal base method for all comparisons

From 6d0bbad32e6456674e22127c319d2f0f68487081 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 10:47:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0102/1786] we can now use Bool constructor for FIeldVars

---
 src/lib/field.ts         | 9 +++------
 src/lib/ml/conversion.ts | 6 +-----
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 649dd0b443..18e7a5efe5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class Field {
     // ^^^ these prove that b = Bool(x === 0):
     // if x = 0, the 2nd equation implies b = 1
     // if x != 0, the 1st implies b = 0
-    return Bool.Unsafe.ofField(new Field(b));
+    return new Bool(b);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -661,10 +661,7 @@ class Field {
         );
     });
     let [, less, lessOrEqual] = Snarky.field.compare(maxLength, this.value, y);
-    return {
-      less: Bool.Unsafe.ofField(new Field(less)),
-      lessOrEqual: Bool.Unsafe.ofField(new Field(lessOrEqual)),
-    };
+    return { less: new Bool(less), lessOrEqual: new Bool(lessOrEqual) };
   }
 
   /**
@@ -960,7 +957,7 @@ class Field {
       return bits.map((b) => new Bool(b));
     }
     let [, ...bits] = Snarky.field.toBits(length ?? Fp.sizeInBits, this.value);
-    return bits.map((b) => Bool.Unsafe.ofField(new Field(b)));
+    return bits.map((b) => new Bool(b));
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
index 646deac480..0ce74e727c 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
@@ -99,9 +99,5 @@ function fromPublicKeyVar(pk: PublicKey): MlPublicKeyVar {
   return MlTuple(pk.x.value, pk.isOdd.toField().value);
 }
 function toPublicKeyVar([, x, isOdd]: MlPublicKeyVar): PublicKey {
-  return PublicKey.from({
-    x: Field(x),
-    // TODO
-    isOdd: Bool.Unsafe.ofField(Field(isOdd)),
-  });
+  return PublicKey.from({ x: Field(x), isOdd: Bool(isOdd) });
 }

From c478cebfb777205a503c349835377f0c6f2639f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 10:57:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0103/1786] improve group addition

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/group.ts                  | 27 ++++++---------------------
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 3223a71d5a..e492f2d163 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@
     "digest": "Group Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "add": {
-        "rows": 32,
-        "digest": "8754c691505a1d11559afac1361c58e4"
+        "rows": 30,
+        "digest": "8179f9497cc9b6624912033324c27b6d"
       },
       "sub": {
-        "rows": 33,
-        "digest": "f1bb469656221c45fa9eddaf1af8fbc0"
+        "rows": 30,
+        "digest": "ddb709883792aa08b3bdfb69206a9f69"
       },
       "scale": {
         "rows": 113,
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 71f95fdae8..552a8263ad 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ class Group {
    * ```
    */
   static get zero() {
-    return new Group({
-      x: 0,
-      y: 0,
-    });
+    return new Group({ x: 0, y: 0 });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -187,27 +184,15 @@ class Group {
       // similarly to the constant implementation, we check if either operand is zero
       // and the implementation above (original OCaml implementation) returns something wild -> g + 0 != g where it should be g + 0 = g
       let gIsZero = g.isZero();
-      let thisIsZero = this.isZero();
-
-      let bothZero = gIsZero.and(thisIsZero);
-
-      let onlyGisZero = gIsZero.and(thisIsZero.not());
-      let onlyThisIsZero = thisIsZero.and(gIsZero.not());
-
+      let onlyThisIsZero = this.isZero().and(gIsZero.not());
       let isNegation = inf;
+      let isNormalAddition = gIsZero.or(onlyThisIsZero).or(isNegation).not();
 
-      let isNewElement = bothZero
-        .not()
-        .and(isNegation.not())
-        .and(onlyThisIsZero.not())
-        .and(onlyGisZero.not());
-
-      const zero_g = Group.zero;
-
+      // note: gIsZero and isNegation are not mutually exclusive, but if both are true, we add 1*0 + 1*0 = 0 which is correct
       return Provable.switch(
-        [bothZero, onlyGisZero, onlyThisIsZero, isNegation, isNewElement],
+        [gIsZero, onlyThisIsZero, isNegation, isNormalAddition],
         Group,
-        [zero_g, this, g, zero_g, new Group({ x, y })]
+        [this, g, Group.zero, new Group({ x, y })]
       );
     }
   }

From 68a83ba4bfa4f9b9acac9268841c5a7d7e09cbb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 11:02:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0104/1786] improve greater than (or equal)

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 18e7a5efe5..29193d64db 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -748,8 +748,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link Field} is greater than another "field-like" value.
    */
   greaterThan(y: Field | bigint | number | string) {
-    // TODO: this is less efficient than possible for equivalence with ml
-    return this.lessThanOrEqual(y).not();
+    return Field.from(y).lessThan(this);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -776,8 +775,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link Field} is greater than or equal another "field-like" value.
    */
   greaterThanOrEqual(y: Field | bigint | number | string) {
-    // TODO: this is less efficient than possible for equivalence with ml
-    return this.lessThan(y).not();
+    return Field.from(y).lessThanOrEqual(this);
   }
 
   /**

From 4c2d65d6cd4b942761c7e2489d9263d61afa7fc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 11:05:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0105/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eb07fb4ec9..cf57ec96e9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,9 +19,13 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Constraint optimizations in core Field methods cause breaking changes to most verification keys https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1171
+
 ### Added
 
-- New API available under the `Leghtnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
+- `Lightnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
 
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 

From 7bc025b248e8ccc19f18b23f4d1e647255a6cbe4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 30 Sep 2023 02:38:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0106/1786] expose range check0 gate

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 1843df88bc..a50caf02ad 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -273,6 +273,25 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ];
   };
 
+  gates: {
+    rangeCheck0(
+      v0: FieldVar,
+      v0p: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
+      v0c: [
+        0,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar
+      ],
+      compact: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+  };
+
   bool: {
     not(x: BoolVar): BoolVar;
 

From ebc47bc4d194526b5271a1f6736054e804f04d9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 30 Sep 2023 06:38:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0107/1786] add wrapper that does 64-bit range check

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gates.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..503c4d2c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
+
+export { rangeCheck64 };
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
+ */
+function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
+  let [, x0, x2, x4, x6, x8, x10, x12, x14] = Snarky.exists(8, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    // crumbs (2-bit limbs)
+    return [
+      0,
+      getBits(xx, 0, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 2, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 4, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 6, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 8, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 10, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 12, 2),
+      getBits(xx, 14, 2),
+    ];
+  });
+  // 12-bit limbs
+  let [, x16, x28, x40, x52] = Snarky.exists(4, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      0,
+      getBits(xx, 16, 12),
+      getBits(xx, 28, 12),
+      getBits(xx, 40, 12),
+      getBits(xx, 52, 12),
+    ];
+  });
+  Snarky.gates.rangeCheck0(
+    x.value,
+    [0, FieldVar[0], FieldVar[0], x52, x40, x28, x16],
+    [0, x14, x12, x10, x8, x6, x4, x2, x0],
+    // not using compact mode
+    FieldConst[0]
+  );
+}
+
+function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
+  return FieldConst.fromBigint(
+    (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n)
+  );
+}

From b0043eee298582e7df625a7438b05830dfdf6209 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 30 Sep 2023 06:38:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0108/1786] use new range check for uint64

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 39744a84cf..d258ad76f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { rangeCheck64 } from './gates.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -66,12 +67,13 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt64) {
-    let actual = x.value.rangeCheckHelper(64);
-    actual.assertEquals(x.value);
+    rangeCheck64(x.value);
   }
+
   static toInput(x: UInt64): HashInput {
     return { packed: [[x.value, 64]] };
   }
+
   /**
    * Encodes this structure into a JSON-like object.
    */

From 454bbd69f0defadd46181bf29291eb213950092e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 00:34:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0109/1786] simple tests

---
 src/examples/ex02_root.ts         | 14 +++++------
 src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root.ts b/src/examples/ex02_root.ts
index 2bdaaadfd8..31dd48e818 100644
--- a/src/examples/ex02_root.ts
+++ b/src/examples/ex02_root.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, isReady } from 'o1js';
-
-await isReady;
+import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 
 /* Exercise 2:
 
@@ -11,9 +9,9 @@ Prove:
 
 class Main extends Circuit {
   @circuitMain
-  static main(y: Field, @public_ x: Field) {
+  static main(@public_ y: Field, x: UInt64) {
     let y3 = y.square().mul(y);
-    y3.assertEquals(x);
+    y3.assertEquals(x.value);
   }
 }
 
@@ -24,15 +22,15 @@ console.timeEnd('generating keypair...');
 
 console.log('prove...');
 console.time('prove...');
-const x = new Field(8);
+const x = UInt64.from(8);
 const y = new Field(2);
-const proof = await Main.prove([y], [x], kp);
+const proof = await Main.prove([x], [y], kp);
 console.timeEnd('prove...');
 
 console.log('verify...');
 console.time('verify...');
 let vk = kp.verificationKey();
-let ok = await Main.verify([x], vk, proof);
+let ok = await Main.verify([y], vk, proof);
 console.timeEnd('verify...');
 
 console.log('ok?', ok);
diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4115dbd8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import {
+  Field,
+  Circuit,
+  circuitMain,
+  public_,
+  UInt64,
+  Experimental,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+let { ZkProgram } = Experimental;
+
+const Main = ZkProgram({
+  publicInput: Field,
+  methods: {
+    main: {
+      privateInputs: [UInt64],
+      method(y: Field, x: UInt64) {
+        let y3 = y.square().mul(y);
+        y3.assertEquals(x.value);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+console.log('generating keypair...');
+console.time('generating keypair...');
+const kp = await Main.compile();
+console.timeEnd('generating keypair...');
+
+console.log('prove...');
+console.time('prove...');
+const x = UInt64.from(8);
+const y = new Field(2);
+const proof = await Main.main(y, x);
+console.timeEnd('prove...');
+
+console.log('verify...');
+console.time('verify...');
+let ok = await Main.verify(proof);
+console.timeEnd('verify...');
+
+console.log('ok?', ok);

From 272b6ed169406b6f834805622c107f14dbb52dc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 00:54:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0110/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 014c1f245e..315173431f 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 014c1f245ed620c3c1e4a939aa36a728ad148cc3
+Subproject commit 315173431ff77195d8ca1d29b8cde207421f83ff

From fa314a08c763aacc6b3120c9e992fdc503f0d6c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 00:54:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0111/1786] expose feature flag option

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index a50caf02ad..b86249f24c 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -376,15 +376,31 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 };
 
+type GateType =
+  | 'Zero'
+  | 'Generic'
+  | 'Poseidon'
+  | 'CompleteAdd'
+  | 'VarbaseMul'
+  | 'EndoMul'
+  | 'EndoMulScalar'
+  | 'Lookup'
+  | 'RangeCheck0'
+  | 'RangeCheck1'
+  | 'RoreignFieldAdd'
+  | 'ForeignFieldMul'
+  | 'Xor16'
+  | 'Rot64';
+
 type JsonGate = {
-  typ: string;
+  typ: GateType;
   wires: { row: number; col: number }[];
   coeffs: string[];
 };
 type JsonConstraintSystem = { gates: JsonGate[]; public_input_size: number };
 
 type Gate = {
-  type: string;
+  type: GateType;
   wires: { row: number; col: number }[];
   coeffs: string[];
 };
@@ -524,6 +540,17 @@ declare namespace Pickles {
       previousStatements: MlArray<Statement<FieldVar>>;
       shouldVerify: MlArray<BoolVar>;
     };
+    featureFlags: [
+      _: 0,
+      rangeCheck0: MlBool,
+      rangeCheck1: MlBool,
+      foreignFieldAdd: MlBool,
+      foreignFieldMul: MlBool,
+      xor: MlBool,
+      rot: MlBool,
+      lookup: MlBool,
+      runtimeTables: MlBool
+    ];
     proofsToVerify: MlArray<{ isSelf: true } | { isSelf: false; tag: unknown }>;
   };
   type Prover = (

From 01ea77cfb553e0d343f647ddbff6eb9390293d33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 09:35:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0112/1786] adapt proof system interfaces to pass feature flags

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts        | 16 ++++----
 src/snarky.d.ts         | 33 +++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 36cb0e154f..51f3e332cb 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,13 @@ import {
   EmptyVoid,
 } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { withThreadPool } from '../bindings/js/wrapper.js';
-import { ProvablePure, Pickles } from '../snarky.js';
+import {
+  ProvablePure,
+  Pickles,
+  FeatureFlags,
+  MlFeatureFlags,
+  Gate,
+} from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
   FlexibleProvable,
@@ -18,7 +24,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
-import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBool, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 
@@ -249,6 +255,12 @@ function ZkProgram<
   let methodFunctions = keys.map((key) => methods[key].method);
   let maxProofsVerified = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
 
+  function analyzeMethods() {
+    return methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
+      analyzeMethod(publicInputType, methodEntry, methodFunctions[i])
+    );
+  }
+
   let compileOutput:
     | {
         provers: Pickles.Prover[];
@@ -260,14 +272,17 @@ function ZkProgram<
     | undefined;
 
   async function compile() {
-    let { provers, verify, verificationKey } = await compileProgram(
+    let methodsMeta = analyzeMethods();
+    let gates = Object.values(methodsMeta).map(({ gates }) => gates);
+    let { provers, verify, verificationKey } = await compileProgram({
       publicInputType,
       publicOutputType,
       methodIntfs,
-      methodFunctions,
-      selfTag,
-      config.overrideWrapDomain
-    );
+      methods: methodFunctions,
+      gates,
+      proofSystemTag: selfTag,
+      overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
+    });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
     return { verificationKey: verificationKey.data };
   }
@@ -352,12 +367,6 @@ function ZkProgram<
     return hash.toBigInt().toString(16);
   }
 
-  function analyzeMethods() {
-    return methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
-      analyzeMethod(publicInputType, methodEntry, methodFunctions[i])
-    );
-  }
-
   return Object.assign(
     selfTag,
     {
@@ -500,21 +509,31 @@ type MethodInterface = {
 // reasonable default choice for `overrideWrapDomain`
 const maxProofsToWrapDomain = { 0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 1 } as const;
 
-async function compileProgram(
-  publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>,
-  publicOutputType: ProvablePure<any>,
-  methodIntfs: MethodInterface[],
-  methods: ((...args: any) => void)[],
-  proofSystemTag: { name: string },
-  overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2
-) {
+async function compileProgram({
+  publicInputType,
+  publicOutputType,
+  methodIntfs,
+  methods,
+  gates,
+  proofSystemTag,
+  overrideWrapDomain,
+}: {
+  publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
+  publicOutputType: ProvablePure<any>;
+  methodIntfs: MethodInterface[];
+  methods: ((...args: any) => void)[];
+  gates: Gate[][];
+  proofSystemTag: { name: string };
+  overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
+}) {
   let rules = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
     picklesRuleFromFunction(
       publicInputType,
       publicOutputType,
       methods[i],
       proofSystemTag,
-      methodEntry
+      methodEntry,
+      gates[i]
     )
   );
   let maxProofs = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
@@ -589,7 +608,8 @@ function picklesRuleFromFunction(
   publicOutputType: ProvablePure<unknown>,
   func: (...args: unknown[]) => any,
   proofSystemTag: { name: string },
-  { methodName, witnessArgs, proofArgs, allArgs }: MethodInterface
+  { methodName, witnessArgs, proofArgs, allArgs }: MethodInterface,
+  gates: Gate[]
 ): Pickles.Rule {
   function main(publicInput: MlFieldArray): ReturnType<Pickles.Rule['main']> {
     let { witnesses: argsWithoutPublicInput, inProver } = snarkContext.get();
@@ -664,9 +684,13 @@ function picklesRuleFromFunction(
       return { isSelf: false, tag: compiledTag };
     }
   });
+
+  let featureFlags = computeFeatureFlags(gates);
+
   return {
     identifier: methodName,
     main,
+    featureFlags,
     proofsToVerify: MlArray.to(proofsToVerify),
   };
 }
@@ -822,6 +846,24 @@ function dummyBase64Proof() {
   return withThreadPool(async () => Pickles.dummyBase64Proof());
 }
 
+function computeFeatureFlags(gates: Gate[]): MlFeatureFlags {
+  throw 'todo';
+}
+
+function featureFlagsToMl(flags: FeatureFlags): MlFeatureFlags {
+  return [
+    0,
+    MlBool(flags.rangeCheck0),
+    MlBool(flags.rangeCheck1),
+    MlBool(flags.foreignFieldAdd),
+    MlBool(flags.foreignFieldMul),
+    MlBool(flags.xor),
+    MlBool(flags.rot),
+    MlBool(flags.lookup),
+    MlBool(flags.runtimeTables),
+  ];
+}
+
 // helpers for circuit context
 
 function Prover<ProverData>() {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 50b1265441..9920031a42 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -674,19 +674,21 @@ class SmartContract {
         (instance as any)[methodName](publicInput, ...args);
       };
     });
-    // run methods once to get information that we need already at compile time
-    this.analyzeMethods();
+    // run methods once to get information tshat we need already at compile time
+    let methodsMeta = this.analyzeMethods();
+    let gates = Object.values(methodsMeta).map(({ gates }) => gates);
     let {
       verificationKey: verificationKey_,
       provers,
       verify,
-    } = await compileProgram(
-      ZkappPublicInput,
-      Empty,
+    } = await compileProgram({
+      publicInputType: ZkappPublicInput,
+      publicOutputType: Empty,
       methodIntfs,
       methods,
-      this
-    );
+      gates,
+      proofSystemTag: this,
+    });
     let verificationKey = {
       data: verificationKey_.data,
       hash: Field(verificationKey_.hash),
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index b86249f24c..25e4eb6aa8 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,15 @@ import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate };
 
 // internal
-export { Snarky, Test, JsonGate, MlPublicKey, MlPublicKeyVar };
+export {
+  Snarky,
+  Test,
+  JsonGate,
+  MlPublicKey,
+  MlPublicKeyVar,
+  FeatureFlags,
+  MlFeatureFlags,
+};
 
 /**
  * `Provable<T>` is the general circuit type interface in o1js. `Provable<T>` interface describes how a type `T` is made up of {@link Field} elements and "auxiliary" (non-provable) data.
@@ -530,6 +538,29 @@ declare const Test: {
   };
 };
 
+type FeatureFlags = {
+  rangeCheck0: boolean;
+  rangeCheck1: boolean;
+  foreignFieldAdd: boolean;
+  foreignFieldMul: boolean;
+  xor: boolean;
+  rot: boolean;
+  lookup: boolean;
+  runtimeTables: boolean;
+};
+
+type MlFeatureFlags = [
+  _: 0,
+  rangeCheck0: MlBool,
+  rangeCheck1: MlBool,
+  foreignFieldAdd: MlBool,
+  foreignFieldMul: MlBool,
+  xor: MlBool,
+  rot: MlBool,
+  lookup: MlBool,
+  runtimeTables: MlBool
+];
+
 declare namespace Pickles {
   type Proof = unknown; // opaque to js
   type Statement<F> = [_: 0, publicInput: MlArray<F>, publicOutput: MlArray<F>];

From 09ef5622c26e36445862253dab38d022ebb6ff33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 09:53:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0113/1786] fixup

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 14 ++------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 25e4eb6aa8..7a0f16f129 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ type GateType =
   | 'Lookup'
   | 'RangeCheck0'
   | 'RangeCheck1'
-  | 'RoreignFieldAdd'
+  | 'ForeignFieldAdd'
   | 'ForeignFieldMul'
   | 'Xor16'
   | 'Rot64';
@@ -571,17 +571,7 @@ declare namespace Pickles {
       previousStatements: MlArray<Statement<FieldVar>>;
       shouldVerify: MlArray<BoolVar>;
     };
-    featureFlags: [
-      _: 0,
-      rangeCheck0: MlBool,
-      rangeCheck1: MlBool,
-      foreignFieldAdd: MlBool,
-      foreignFieldMul: MlBool,
-      xor: MlBool,
-      rot: MlBool,
-      lookup: MlBool,
-      runtimeTables: MlBool
-    ];
+    featureFlags: MlFeatureFlags;
     proofsToVerify: MlArray<{ isSelf: true } | { isSelf: false; tag: unknown }>;
   };
   type Prover = (

From 173e54eabd330d0638d6894dd8f07b566e767bee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 09:56:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0114/1786] compute feature flags from circuit

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 51f3e332cb..d7f1275158 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -847,10 +847,43 @@ function dummyBase64Proof() {
 }
 
 function computeFeatureFlags(gates: Gate[]): MlFeatureFlags {
-  throw 'todo';
-}
-
-function featureFlagsToMl(flags: FeatureFlags): MlFeatureFlags {
+  let flags: FeatureFlags = {
+    rangeCheck0: false,
+    rangeCheck1: false,
+    foreignFieldAdd: false,
+    foreignFieldMul: false,
+    xor: false,
+    rot: false,
+    lookup: false,
+    runtimeTables: false,
+  };
+  for (let gate of gates) {
+    switch (gate.type) {
+      case 'RangeCheck0':
+        flags.rangeCheck0 = true;
+        break;
+      case 'RangeCheck1':
+        flags.rangeCheck1 = true;
+        break;
+      case 'ForeignFieldAdd':
+        flags.foreignFieldAdd = true;
+        break;
+      case 'ForeignFieldMul':
+        flags.foreignFieldMul = true;
+        break;
+      case 'Xor16':
+        flags.xor = true;
+        break;
+      case 'Rot64':
+        flags.rot = true;
+        break;
+      case 'Lookup':
+        flags.lookup = true;
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
   return [
     0,
     MlBool(flags.rangeCheck0),

From 0d777d528864fb1856f301e1d9879f6f37647cdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 10:31:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0115/1786] ml option helpers

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index cf68579ce0..1b6b7fd02a 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -77,5 +77,11 @@ const MlOption = Object.assign(
       if (option === undefined) return 0;
       return [0, map(option)];
     },
+    isNone(option: MlOption<unknown>): option is 0 {
+      return option === 0;
+    },
+    isSome<T>(option: MlOption<T>): option is [0, T] {
+      return option !== 0;
+    },
   }
 );

From b0277398f745d89c4c7fa890e6361e75e6b123c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 11:29:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0116/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 315173431f..91e701cd02 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 315173431ff77195d8ca1d29b8cde207421f83ff
+Subproject commit 91e701cd027d5a1213e750e5e9b80da80c9d211e

From c7ca867d8138bd8a3357eeaaba80a7add7b06ebf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 11:46:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0117/1786] change hard-code constraint count in unit test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index e7ec592915..7281070229 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ const CounterProgram = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 const incrementMethodMetadata = CounterProgram.analyzeMethods()[0];
-expect(incrementMethodMetadata).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ rows: 18 }));
+expect(incrementMethodMetadata).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ rows: 9 }));

From 0630d5f47772f0b91ad705e93f16be748636a935 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 12:02:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0118/1786] fix gates computation for contracts that use
 extends and have method names duplicated :/

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts        | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index d7f1275158..2313f2623f 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
 
   async function compile() {
     let methodsMeta = analyzeMethods();
-    let gates = Object.values(methodsMeta).map(({ gates }) => gates);
+    let gates = methodsMeta.map((m) => m.gates);
     let { provers, verify, verificationKey } = await compileProgram({
       publicInputType,
       publicOutputType,
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9920031a42..fb03bcbd92 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ class SmartContract {
     });
     // run methods once to get information tshat we need already at compile time
     let methodsMeta = this.analyzeMethods();
-    let gates = Object.values(methodsMeta).map(({ gates }) => gates);
+    let gates = methodIntfs.map((intf) => methodsMeta[intf.methodName].gates);
     let {
       verificationKey: verificationKey_,
       provers,

From 1bfedba0af6e743e18f483d8cd252aedf6f7334a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 12:29:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0119/1786] wrap range check 64 in a gadget that handles the
 constant case

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/lib/int.ts                 |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12a914ccd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { type Field } from '../field.js';
+import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+
+export { rangeCheck64 };
+
+function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    if (x.toBigInt() >= 1n << 64n) {
+      throw Error(`rangeCheck64: expected field to fit in 64 bits, got ${x}`);
+    }
+  } else {
+    Gates.rangeCheck64(x);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index d258ad76f5..451ceb8610 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { rangeCheck64 } from './gates.js';
+import { rangeCheck64 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };

From a8f06d1b9b5bcd7925052bc320cbbad275dffac8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 12:30:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0120/1786] dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 96 +++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 4b8abc7521..5e2ac98d4b 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "2f0ca1dca22d7af925d31d23f3d4e37686ec1755a9f069063ae3b6300f6b3920",
+    "digest": "228252bac5c9d0b4e04299bd2d314cf0787a2dd4448d103e4aa4c1f5d6d6a338",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1260,
-        "digest": "5d6fa3b1f0f781fba8894da098827088"
+        "rows": 1254,
+        "digest": "239c744df7c27860cf346dd79f316431"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1260,
-        "digest": "abf93b4d926a8743bf622da4ee0f88b2"
+        "rows": 1254,
+        "digest": "0d63868117a2ce0e774bb1312869c43d"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
         "rows": 1146,
         "digest": "197ce95e1895f940278034d20ab24274"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1674,
-        "digest": "a0dd0be93734dc39d52fc7d60d0f0bab"
+        "rows": 1668,
+        "digest": "f73f9bb98275f369b06a2273505f4665"
       },
       "countVotes": {
-        "rows": 5797,
-        "digest": "9c5503e03dcbb6b04c907eb1da43e26e"
+        "rows": 5700,
+        "digest": "b42a59c5ce11a0ece0d0878d0a9b21f5"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "21462580856298000408039819846448252784015090129029961950407537341141126974675"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "7666922731910177343774583616275385104993750771441539919862036448025996847992"
     }
   },
   "Membership_": {
-    "digest": "fb87402442d6984de28d7bab62deb87ab8a7f46d5c2d59da4980ae6927dd1ec",
+    "digest": "70ee62d196708a16cfe8fd7147fa6880c38bc2fe0b2f9948d3c56ebadcded6b",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
-        "rows": 1354,
-        "digest": "bdb5dd653383ec699e25e418135aeec0"
+        "rows": 1348,
+        "digest": "9a7080f673496425c2ff9ea344b3f133"
       },
       "isMember": {
-        "rows": 470,
-        "digest": "f1b63907b48c40cd01b1d34166fa86eb"
+        "rows": 467,
+        "digest": "15db80b7de333bf1da8df93df005b5d6"
       },
       "publish": {
-        "rows": 695,
-        "digest": "c6be510154c0e624a41756ad349df9de"
+        "rows": 688,
+        "digest": "7a8bddfecbf7c88fc697eac5e9d7c5dd"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "10521275425053135358416581035189809085015014181948017829202402642785509990588"
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+      "hash": "10639931931786655061770043518608311102827340335227174964879667105855422186408"
     }
   },
   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     }
   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "10ccc8e9c4a5788084a73993036c15ea25a5b2643ad06b76614de7e2910b2cc",
+    "digest": "30fd633e4127848441cbc31dd252156c965030dff0ce304c029bbbb55d7c6a7d",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
         "rows": 656,
@@ -78,62 +78,62 @@
         "digest": "9b45cc038648bab83ea14ed64b08aa79"
       },
       "approveUpdate": {
-        "rows": 1929,
-        "digest": "5ededd9323d9347dc5c91250c08b5206"
+        "rows": 1893,
+        "digest": "01e5d6a2782a1ad03a5a60646edc0fb4"
       },
       "approveAny": {
-        "rows": 1928,
-        "digest": "b34bc95ca48bfc7fc09f8d1b84215389"
+        "rows": 1892,
+        "digest": "b01837f7ecab9e142e0ad49529d1d680"
       },
       "approveUpdateAndSend": {
-        "rows": 2322,
-        "digest": "7359c73a15841a7c958b97cc86da58e6"
+        "rows": 2280,
+        "digest": "c6b77e4100ff83308d0e6bd4c95b7e85"
       },
       "transferToAddress": {
-        "rows": 1045,
-        "digest": "79bdb6579a9f42dc4ec2d3e9ceedbe1c"
+        "rows": 1036,
+        "digest": "6e46a11c369acb33b9b7b52aab2b1925"
       },
       "transferToUpdate": {
-        "rows": 2327,
-        "digest": "f7297e43a8082e4677855bca9a206a88"
+        "rows": 2282,
+        "digest": "88d7889ee7aaacc2a1c70973b7f09de1"
       },
       "getBalance": {
-        "rows": 687,
-        "digest": "738dbad00d454b34d06dd87a346aff11"
+        "rows": 684,
+        "digest": "d7ef3bd3809380118fc6237f6390e622"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "26014910633277885880116405732523760752779596685768035552816258944310550523123"
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+      "hash": "5291064604824503627520574577442091057522908085604720950457286926675911858192"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "2039439604f1b4a88563bd34178bb380c0d998cc662b8fe9b9ea1164eefe70c7",
+    "digest": "3456d7534e1fe092548a51418658e1c40e45c9f9eb94ea396e53e325002c37e",
     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
-        "rows": 3752,
-        "digest": "8d00a233c53340e6ef8898bb40ad919c"
+        "rows": 3734,
+        "digest": "bd5a29fea5110fbd1b32764a3df8a8d1"
       },
       "swapX": {
-        "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "23a2ddbc46117681d58c03a130cfee3f"
+        "rows": 1980,
+        "digest": "6c5ebea27c999008969038efe8176fb5"
       },
       "swapY": {
-        "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "c218b1e81ac390ba81678a5be89bc7a7"
+        "rows": 1980,
+        "digest": "86d42373dca1f47deb67876bede423ee"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
-        "rows": 719,
-        "digest": "63d13fc14775e43e4f6dd6245b74d516"
+        "rows": 710,
+        "digest": "1dfbe30c921c06c4e0ae2c6642257436"
       },
       "transfer": {
-        "rows": 1045,
-        "digest": "dd6f98961085734ff5ec578746db3a53"
+        "rows": 1036,
+        "digest": "d726a5cba6d09be2ee2493195154642f"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "15086103482217764849797385791989057539041480977574988157913770221410426744249"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "11459004586131119833485441687994116008945905628818250750148253447579283694397"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From ca2959b82cd2e6d461365b8bfb0a303a6f09932c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 12:47:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0121/1786] add Field.sizeInBits()

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 8b7bf25df1..16e79c802b 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1256,13 +1256,24 @@ class Field {
   /**
    * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
    *
-   * As all {@link Field} elements have 31 bits, this function returns 31.
+   * As all {@link Field} elements have 31 bytes, this function returns 31.
    *
    * @return The size of a {@link Field} element - 31.
    */
   static sizeInBytes() {
     return Fp.sizeInBytes();
   }
+
+  /**
+   * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
+   *
+   * As all {@link Field} elements have 255 bits, this function returns 255.
+   *
+   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element in bits - 255.
+   */
+  static sizeInBits() {
+    return Fp.sizeInBits;
+  }
 }
 
 const FieldBinable = defineBinable({

From c282ecf0676d5f0f3cc3e5aab7d960d51c63610f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 15:30:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0122/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 014c1f245e..256e160fcb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 014c1f245ed620c3c1e4a939aa36a728ad148cc3
+Subproject commit 256e160fcb97d93f31bd559bda9cfd31fc1631dc

From f34dcff0c6e69c04779c773cace4a52bc9b00d5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 17:26:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0123/1786] update bindings, vks, changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md                      |  2 +-
 src/bindings                      |  2 +-
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 20 ++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cf57ec96e9..65943f2a2b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
-- Constraint optimizations in core Field methods cause breaking changes to most verification keys https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1171
+- Constraint optimizations in Field methods and core crypto changes break all verification keys https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1171 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1178
 
 ### Added
 
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 256e160fcb..046712cc50 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 256e160fcb97d93f31bd559bda9cfd31fc1631dc
+Subproject commit 046712cc50e59a6c31e5f63952fee132baa145b0
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index b761173879..e492f2d163 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "8177143440582746915916548070325772209123983947365759992913134980137125856622"
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   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@
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   "Dex": {
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@
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     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "15050479156601146522404126538900314464732582521050724089237496619683001122121"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "6361961148584909856756402479432671413765163664396823312454174383287651676472"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From 00baab94486e474b4da15803b5263d1d2895bed1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 09:39:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0124/1786] lift logic from bindings test into test lib

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index c50c662a0a..0a60f7986e 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,70 @@ import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
 
-export { createEquivalenceTesters, throwError, handleErrors };
+export {
+  equivalent,
+  createEquivalenceTesters,
+  throwError,
+  handleErrors,
+  deepEqual as defaultAssertEqual,
+  id,
+};
+export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions };
+
+// a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
+
+type FromSpec<In1, In2> = {
+  // `rng` creates random inputs to the first function
+  rng: Random<In1>;
+
+  // `there` converts to inputs to the second function
+  there: (x: In1) => In2;
+};
+
+type ToSpec<Out1, Out2> = {
+  // `back` converts outputs of the second function back to match the first function
+  back: (x: Out2) => Out1;
+
+  // `assertEqual` to compare outputs against each other; defaults to `deepEqual`
+  assertEqual?: (x: Out1, y: Out1, message: string) => void;
+};
+
+type Spec<T1, T2> = FromSpec<T1, T2> & ToSpec<T1, T2>;
+
+type FuncSpec<In1 extends Tuple<any>, Out1, In2 extends Tuple<any>, Out2> = {
+  from: {
+    [k in keyof In1]: k extends keyof In2 ? FromSpec<In1[k], In2[k]> : never;
+  };
+  to: ToSpec<Out1, Out2>;
+};
+
+type SpecFromFunctions<
+  F1 extends AnyFunction,
+  F2 extends AnyFunction
+> = FuncSpec<Parameters<F1>, ReturnType<F1>, Parameters<F2>, ReturnType<F2>>;
+
+function equivalent<In1 extends Tuple<any>, Out1, In2 extends Tuple<any>, Out2>(
+  { from, to }: FuncSpec<In1, Out1, In2, Out2>,
+  f1: (...args: In1) => Out1,
+  f2: (...args: In2) => Out2,
+  label?: string
+) {
+  let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
+  let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
+  test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
+    args.pop();
+    let inputs = args as any as In1;
+    handleErrors(
+      () => f1(...inputs),
+      () =>
+        to.back(f2(...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as any as In2))),
+      (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label ?? 'same results'),
+      label
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+let id = <T>(x: T) => x;
 
 function createEquivalenceTesters<Field extends { toBigInt(): bigint }>(
   Field: Provable<Field>,
@@ -165,3 +228,9 @@ function handleErrors<T, S, R>(
 function throwError(message?: string): any {
   throw Error(message);
 }
+
+// helper types
+
+type AnyFunction = (...args: any) => any;
+
+type Tuple<T> = [] | [T, ...T[]];

From 0876d8f71e5d4172749a2807e50df5a51eadc6eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 11:35:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0125/1786] abstract provable equivalence tests using function
 specs

---
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts    |   2 +-
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 206 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index f28f688bb3..67f007ab79 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ let SmallField = Random.reject(
 );
 
 let { equivalent1, equivalent2, equivalentVoid1, equivalentVoid2 } =
-  createEquivalenceTesters(Field, Field);
+  createEquivalenceTesters();
 
 // arithmetic, both in- and outside provable code
 equivalent2((x, y) => x.add(y), Fp.add);
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 0a60f7986e..bf4aa22882 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ function equivalent<In1 extends Tuple<any>, Out1, In2 extends Tuple<any>, Out2>(
   { from, to }: FuncSpec<In1, Out1, In2, Out2>,
   f1: (...args: In1) => Out1,
   f2: (...args: In2) => Out2,
-  label?: string
+  label = 'expect equal results'
 ) {
   let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
   let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
@@ -62,134 +63,122 @@ function equivalent<In1 extends Tuple<any>, Out1, In2 extends Tuple<any>, Out2>(
       () => f1(...inputs),
       () =>
         to.back(f2(...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as any as In2))),
-      (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label ?? 'same results'),
+      (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label),
       label
     );
   });
 }
 
-let id = <T>(x: T) => x;
+function id<T>(x: T) {
+  return x;
+}
 
-function createEquivalenceTesters<Field extends { toBigInt(): bigint }>(
-  Field: Provable<Field>,
-  newField: (x: bigint) => Field
-) {
-  function equivalent1(
-    op1: (x: Field) => Field,
-    op2: (x: bigint) => bigint,
-    rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
+// equivalence in provable code
+
+type ProvableSpec<T1, T2> = Spec<T1, T2> & { provable: Provable<T2> };
+type MaybeProvableFromSpec<T1, T2> = FromSpec<T1, T2> & {
+  provable?: Provable<T2>;
+};
+
+function equivalentProvable<
+  In extends Tuple<MaybeProvableFromSpec<any, any>>,
+  Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
+>({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+  return function run(
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
+    label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
-    test(rng, (x0, assert) => {
-      let x = newField(x0);
+    let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
+    let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
+    test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
+      args.pop();
+      let inputs = args as any as Params1<In>;
+      let inputs2 = inputs.map((x, i) =>
+        from[i].there(x)
+      ) as any as Params2<In>;
+
       // outside provable code
       handleErrors(
-        () => op1(x),
-        () => op2(x0),
-        (a, b) => assert(a.toBigInt() === b, 'equal results')
+        () => f1(...inputs),
+        () => f2(...inputs2),
+        (x, y) => assertEqual(x, to.back(y), label),
+        label
       );
+
       // inside provable code
       Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-        x = Provable.witness(Field, () => x);
+        let inputWitnesses = inputs2.map((x, i) => {
+          let provable = from[i].provable;
+          return provable !== undefined
+            ? Provable.witness(provable, () => x)
+            : x;
+        }) as any as Params2<In>;
         handleErrors(
-          () => op1(x),
-          () => op2(x0),
-          (a, b) =>
-            Provable.asProver(() => assert(a.toBigInt() === b, 'equal results'))
+          () => f1(...inputs),
+          () => f2(...inputWitnesses),
+          (x, y) => Provable.asProver(() => assertEqual(x, to.back(y), label))
         );
       });
     });
+  };
+}
+
+// some useful specs
+
+let unit: ToSpec<void, void> = { back: id, assertEqual() {} };
+
+let field: ProvableSpec<bigint, Field> = {
+  rng: Random.field,
+  there: (x) => new Field(x),
+  back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
+  provable: Field,
+};
+
+let fieldBigint: Spec<bigint, bigint> = {
+  rng: Random.field,
+  there: id,
+  back: id,
+};
+
+// old equivalence testers
+
+function createEquivalenceTesters() {
+  function equivalent1(
+    f1: (x: Field) => Field,
+    f2: (x: bigint) => bigint,
+    rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
+  ) {
+    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_], to: field_ })(f2, f1);
   }
   function equivalent2(
-    op1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => Field,
-    op2: (x: bigint, y: bigint) => bigint,
+    f1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => Field,
+    f2: (x: bigint, y: bigint) => bigint,
     rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
   ) {
-    test(rng, rng, (x0, y0, assert) => {
-      let x = newField(x0);
-      let y = newField(y0);
-      // outside provable code
-      handleErrors(
-        () => op1(x, y),
-        () => op2(x0, y0),
-        (a, b) => assert(a.toBigInt() === b, 'equal results')
-      );
-      handleErrors(
-        () => op1(x, y0),
-        () => op2(x0, y0),
-        (a, b) => assert(a.toBigInt() === b, 'equal results')
-      );
-      // inside provable code
-      Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-        x = Provable.witness(Field, () => x);
-        y = Provable.witness(Field, () => y);
-        handleErrors(
-          () => op1(x, y),
-          () => op2(x0, y0),
-          (a, b) =>
-            Provable.asProver(() => assert(a.toBigInt() === b, 'equal results'))
-        );
-        handleErrors(
-          () => op1(x, y0),
-          () => op2(x0, y0),
-          (a, b) =>
-            Provable.asProver(() => assert(a.toBigInt() === b, 'equal results'))
-        );
-      });
-    });
+    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
+    let fieldBigint_ = { ...fieldBigint, rng };
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, field_], to: field_ })(f2, f1);
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, fieldBigint_], to: field_ })(f2, f1);
   }
   function equivalentVoid1(
-    op1: (x: Field) => void,
-    op2: (x: bigint) => void,
+    f1: (x: Field) => void,
+    f2: (x: bigint) => void,
     rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
   ) {
-    test(rng, (x0) => {
-      let x = newField(x0);
-      // outside provable code
-      handleErrors(
-        () => op1(x),
-        () => op2(x0)
-      );
-      // inside provable code
-      Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-        x = Provable.witness(Field, () => x);
-        handleErrors(
-          () => op1(x),
-          () => op2(x0)
-        );
-      });
-    });
+    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_], to: unit })(f2, f1);
   }
   function equivalentVoid2(
-    op1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => void,
-    op2: (x: bigint, y: bigint) => void,
+    f1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => void,
+    f2: (x: bigint, y: bigint) => void,
     rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
   ) {
-    test(rng, rng, (x0, y0) => {
-      let x = newField(x0);
-      let y = newField(y0);
-      // outside provable code
-      handleErrors(
-        () => op1(x, y),
-        () => op2(x0, y0)
-      );
-      handleErrors(
-        () => op1(x, y0),
-        () => op2(x0, y0)
-      );
-      // inside provable code
-      Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-        x = Provable.witness(Field, () => x);
-        y = Provable.witness(Field, () => y);
-        handleErrors(
-          () => op1(x, y),
-          () => op2(x0, y0)
-        );
-        handleErrors(
-          () => op1(x, y0),
-          () => op2(x0, y0)
-        );
-      });
-    });
+    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
+    let fieldBigint_ = { ...fieldBigint, rng };
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, field_], to: unit })(f2, f1);
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, fieldBigint_], to: unit })(f2, f1);
   }
 
   return { equivalent1, equivalent2, equivalentVoid1, equivalentVoid2 };
@@ -234,3 +223,18 @@ function throwError(message?: string): any {
 type AnyFunction = (...args: any) => any;
 
 type Tuple<T> = [] | [T, ...T[]];
+
+// infer input types from specs
+
+type Params1<Ins extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>> = {
+  [k in keyof Ins]: Ins[k] extends FromSpec<infer In, any> ? In : never;
+};
+type Params2<Ins extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>> = {
+  [k in keyof Ins]: Ins[k] extends FromSpec<any, infer In> ? In : never;
+};
+type Result1<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<infer Out1, any>
+  ? Out1
+  : never;
+type Result2<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<any, infer Out2>
+  ? Out2
+  : never;

From 990730de3ea2c198d5c5c0e62b28d6703ad2ec09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 12:01:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0126/1786] add gate definitions

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 7a0f16f129..014e888402 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -298,6 +298,26 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       ],
       compact: FieldConst
     ): void;
+
+    xor(
+      in1: FieldVar,
+      in2: FieldVar,
+      out: FieldVar,
+      in1_0: FieldVar,
+      in1_1: FieldVar,
+      in1_2: FieldVar,
+      in1_3: FieldVar,
+      in2_0: FieldVar,
+      in2_1: FieldVar,
+      in2_2: FieldVar,
+      in2_3: FieldVar,
+      out_0: FieldVar,
+      out_1: FieldVar,
+      out_2: FieldVar,
+      out_3: FieldVar
+    ): void;
+
+    zeroCheck(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
   };
 
   bool: {

From b108d96a23b128b399565d3968a08e6ad07f37ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 12:01:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0127/1786] add gates

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 503c4d2c6a..a585dbf2ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64 };
+export { rangeCheck64, xor, zeroCheck };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -42,6 +42,49 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ *
+ */
+function xor(
+  input1: Field,
+  input2: Field,
+  outputXor: Field,
+  in1_0: Field,
+  in1_1: Field,
+  in1_2: Field,
+  in1_3: Field,
+  in2_0: Field,
+  in2_1: Field,
+  in2_2: Field,
+  in2_3: Field,
+  out_0: Field,
+  out_1: Field,
+  out_2: Field,
+  out_3: Field
+) {
+  Snarky.gates.xor(
+    input1.value,
+    input2.value,
+    outputXor.value,
+    in1_0.value,
+    in1_1.value,
+    in1_2.value,
+    in1_3.value,
+    in2_0.value,
+    in2_1.value,
+    in2_2.value,
+    in2_3.value,
+    out_0.value,
+    out_1.value,
+    out_2.value,
+    out_3.value
+  );
+}
+
+function zeroCheck(in1: Field, in2: Field, out: Field) {
+  Snarky.gates.zeroCheck(in1.value, in2.value, out.value);
+}
+
 function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
   return FieldConst.fromBigint(
     (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n)

From 958438286d7bbb849d696d7a1cc72ddb370d4d88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 12:01:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0128/1786] first draft of bitwise XOR gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 212 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 212 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b672129f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+import { Snarky } from 'src/snarky.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+
+/**
+ * Boolean Xor of length bits
+ * input1 and input2 are the inputs to the Xor gate
+ * length is the number of bits to Xor
+ * len_xor is the number of bits of the lookup table (default is 4)
+ */
+function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
+  // check that both input lengths are positive
+  assert(
+    length > 0 && len_xor < 0,
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+  );
+
+  // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
+  assert(
+    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
+    'Length exceeds maximum field size in bits.'
+  );
+
+  if (input1.isConstant() && input2.isConstant()) {
+    throw Error('TODO constant case');
+  }
+
+  // calculates next variable for the chain as provr
+  function nextVariable(): Field {
+    return new Field(5);
+  }
+
+  // builds xor chain recurisvely
+  function xorRec(
+    input1: Field,
+    input2: Field,
+    outputXor: FieldVar,
+    padLength: number,
+    len_xor: number
+  ) {
+    // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
+
+    if (length == 0) {
+      Gates.zeroCheck(input1, input2, new Field(outputXor));
+
+      let zero = new Field(0);
+      zero.assertEquals(input1);
+      zero.assertEquals(input2);
+      zero.assertEquals(new Field(outputXor));
+    } else {
+      function ofBits(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
+        if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
+          throw Error('Stop offste must be greater than start offset');
+
+        return Provable.witness(Field, () =>
+          fieldBitsToFieldLE(f, start, stop)
+        );
+      }
+
+      // nibble offsets
+      let first = len_xor;
+      let second = first + len_xor;
+      let third = second + len_xor;
+      let fourth = third + len_xor;
+
+      let in1_0 = ofBits(input1, 0, first);
+      let in1_1 = ofBits(input1, first, second);
+      let in1_2 = ofBits(input1, second, third);
+      let in1_3 = ofBits(input1, third, fourth);
+      let in2_0 = ofBits(input2, 0, first);
+      let in2_1 = ofBits(input2, first, second);
+      let in2_2 = ofBits(input2, second, third);
+      let in2_3 = ofBits(input2, third, fourth);
+      let out_0 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), 0, first);
+      let out_1 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), first, second);
+      let out_2 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), second, third);
+      let out_3 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), third, fourth);
+
+      Gates.xor(
+        input1,
+        input2,
+        new Field(outputXor),
+        in1_0,
+        in1_1,
+        in1_2,
+        in1_3,
+        in2_0,
+        in2_1,
+        in2_2,
+        in2_3,
+        out_0,
+        out_1,
+        out_2,
+        out_3
+      );
+
+      let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(
+        input1,
+        in1_0,
+        in1_1,
+        in1_2,
+        in1_3,
+        len_xor
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // create two input arrays of length 255 set to false
+  let input1Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
+  let input2Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
+
+  // sanity check as prover about lengths of inputs
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    // check real lengths are at most the desired length
+    fitsInBits(input1, length);
+    fitsInBits(input2, length);
+
+    // converts input field elements to list of bits of length 255
+    let input1Bits = input1.toBits();
+    let input2Bits = input2.toBits();
+
+    // iterate over 255 positions to update value of arrays
+    for (let i = 0; i < Field.sizeInBits() - 1; i++) {
+      input1Array[i] = input1Bits[i];
+      input2Array[i] = input2Bits[i];
+    }
+  });
+
+  let outputXor = Snarky.existsVar(() => {
+    // check real lengths are at most the desired length
+    fitsInBits(input1, length);
+    fitsInBits(input2, length);
+
+    // converts input field elements to list of bits of length 255
+    let input1Bits = input1.toBits();
+    let input2Bits = input2.toBits();
+
+    let outputBits = input1Bits.map((bit, i) => {
+      let b1 = bit;
+      let b2 = input2Bits[i];
+      return b1.equals(b2).not();
+    });
+
+    // convert bits to Field
+    return FieldConst.fromBigint(Field.fromBits(outputBits).toBigInt());
+  });
+
+  // Obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
+  let padLength = len_xor;
+  if (length % (4 * len_xor) !== 0) {
+    padLength = length + 4 * len_xor - (length % (4 * len_xor));
+  }
+
+  // recurisvely build xor gadget
+
+  xorRec(input1, input2, outputXor, padLength, len_xor);
+
+  // convert back to field
+  return new Field(outputXor);
+}
+
+function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
+  if (!stmt) {
+    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
+  }
+}
+
+function fitsInBits(word: Field, length: number) {
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    assert(word.toBigInt() < 2 ** length, 'Word does not fit in bits');
+  });
+}
+
+function fieldBitsToFieldLE(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
+  if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
+    throw Error('stop offset must be greater than start offset');
+
+  let bits = f.toBits();
+
+  if (stop > bits.length) throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
+
+  if (stop === -1) stop = bits.length;
+
+  return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+}
+
+function asProverNextVar(
+  current: Field,
+  var0: Field,
+  var1: Field,
+  var2: Field,
+  var3: Field,
+  len_xor: number
+) {
+  let twoPowLen = new Field(2 ** len_xor);
+
+  let twoPow2Len = twoPowLen.mul(twoPowLen);
+  let twoPow3Len = twoPow2Len.mul(twoPowLen);
+  let twoPow4Len = twoPow3Len.mul(twoPowLen);
+
+  let nextVar = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    return current
+      .sub(var0)
+      .sub(var1.mul(twoPowLen))
+      .sub(var2.mul(twoPow2Len))
+      .sub(var3.mul(twoPow3Len))
+      .div(twoPow4Len);
+  });
+
+  return nextVar;
+}

From 09e3f37ba5aa85d37d1124e934f54d7f63b9e2ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 12:01:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0129/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 91e701cd02..cd5ea42eab 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 91e701cd027d5a1213e750e5e9b80da80c9d211e
+Subproject commit cd5ea42eab3f99bcce821b35b57ce93f81b14416

From ca54b508eab4faffdd8e2ccc656897756636f31b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 12:05:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0130/1786] WIP bitwise XOR draft

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 0b672129f8..5090fefcd2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   ) {
     // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
 
-    if (length == 0) {
+    if (padLength == 0) {
       Gates.zeroCheck(input1, input2, new Field(outputXor));
 
       let zero = new Field(0);
@@ -103,6 +103,27 @@ function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
         in1_3,
         len_xor
       );
+
+      let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(
+        input2,
+        in2_0,
+        in2_1,
+        in2_2,
+        in2_3,
+        len_xor
+      );
+
+      let next_out = asProverNextVar(
+        new Field(outputXor),
+        out_0,
+        out_1,
+        out_2,
+        out_3,
+        len_xor
+      );
+
+      let next_length = padLength - 4 * len_xor;
+      xorRec(next_in1, next_in2, next_out.value, next_length, len_xor);
     }
   }
 

From b69ac01826c02c59f44af394d229572f18c3d587 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 12:15:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0131/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index cd5ea42eab..b040bde6d8 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cd5ea42eab3f99bcce821b35b57ce93f81b14416
+Subproject commit b040bde6d8afcb2514aadcf30e80001b4f9b6222

From a2eca3d0ba7fccd1b516b5122cabce9a10bf0351 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 15:16:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0132/1786] support union types in function parameters nicely

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 99 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index bf4aa22882..4557cb47c6 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -8,12 +8,15 @@ import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
+  equivalentProvable,
+  oneOf,
   createEquivalenceTesters,
   throwError,
   handleErrors,
   deepEqual as defaultAssertEqual,
   id,
 };
+export { field, fieldBigint };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions };
 
 // a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
@@ -24,6 +27,11 @@ type FromSpec<In1, In2> = {
 
   // `there` converts to inputs to the second function
   there: (x: In1) => In2;
+
+  // `provable` tells us how to create witnesses, to test provable code
+  // note: we only allow the second function to be provable;
+  // the second because it's more natural to have non-provable types as random generator output
+  provable?: Provable<In2>;
 };
 
 type ToSpec<Out1, Out2> = {
@@ -36,6 +44,8 @@ type ToSpec<Out1, Out2> = {
 
 type Spec<T1, T2> = FromSpec<T1, T2> & ToSpec<T1, T2>;
 
+type ProvableSpec<T1, T2> = Spec<T1, T2> & { provable: Provable<T2> };
+
 type FuncSpec<In1 extends Tuple<any>, Out1, In2 extends Tuple<any>, Out2> = {
   from: {
     [k in keyof In1]: k extends keyof In2 ? FromSpec<In1[k], In2[k]> : never;
@@ -73,30 +83,60 @@ function id<T>(x: T) {
   return x;
 }
 
-// equivalence in provable code
+// unions of specs, to cleanly model functions parameters that are unions of types
 
-type ProvableSpec<T1, T2> = Spec<T1, T2> & { provable: Provable<T2> };
-type MaybeProvableFromSpec<T1, T2> = FromSpec<T1, T2> & {
-  provable?: Provable<T2>;
+type FromSpecUnion<T1, T2> = {
+  _isUnion: true;
+  specs: Tuple<FromSpec<T1, T2>>;
+  rng: Random<[number, T1]>;
 };
 
+type OrUnion<T1, T2> = FromSpec<T1, T2> | FromSpecUnion<T1, T2>;
+
+type Union<T> = T[keyof T & number];
+
+function oneOf<In extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>>(
+  ...specs: In
+): FromSpecUnion<Union<Params1<In>>, Union<Params2<In>>> {
+  // the randomly generated value from a union keeps track of which spec it came from
+  let rng = Random.oneOf(
+    ...specs.map((spec, i) =>
+      Random.map(spec.rng, (x) => [i, x] as [number, any])
+    )
+  );
+  return { _isUnion: true, specs, rng };
+}
+
+function toUnion<T1, T2>(spec: OrUnion<T1, T2>): FromSpecUnion<T1, T2> {
+  let specAny = spec as any;
+  return specAny._isUnion ? specAny : oneOf(specAny);
+}
+
+// equivalence in provable code
+
 function equivalentProvable<
-  In extends Tuple<MaybeProvableFromSpec<any, any>>,
+  In extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>,
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
->({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+>({ from: fromRaw, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+  let fromUnions = fromRaw.map(toUnion);
   return function run(
     f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
     f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
-    let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
+    let generators = fromUnions.map((spec) => spec.rng);
     let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
-    test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
+    test(...generators, (...args) => {
       args.pop();
-      let inputs = args as any as Params1<In>;
-      let inputs2 = inputs.map((x, i) =>
-        from[i].there(x)
-      ) as any as Params2<In>;
+
+      // figure out which spec to use for each argument
+      let from = (args as [number, unknown][]).map(
+        ([j], i) => fromUnions[i].specs[j]
+      );
+      let inputs = (args as [number, unknown][]).map(
+        ([, x]) => x
+      ) as Params1<In>;
+      let inputs2 = inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as Params2<In>;
 
       // outside provable code
       handleErrors(
@@ -113,7 +153,7 @@ function equivalentProvable<
           return provable !== undefined
             ? Provable.witness(provable, () => x)
             : x;
-        }) as any as Params2<In>;
+        }) as Params2<In>;
         handleErrors(
           () => f1(...inputs),
           () => f2(...inputWitnesses),
@@ -144,13 +184,8 @@ let fieldBigint: Spec<bigint, bigint> = {
 // old equivalence testers
 
 function createEquivalenceTesters() {
-  function equivalent1(
-    f1: (x: Field) => Field,
-    f2: (x: bigint) => bigint,
-    rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
-  ) {
-    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_], to: field_ })(f2, f1);
+  function equivalent1(f1: (x: Field) => Field, f2: (x: bigint) => bigint) {
+    equivalentProvable({ from: [field], to: field })(f2, f1);
   }
   function equivalent2(
     f1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => Field,
@@ -226,12 +261,28 @@ type Tuple<T> = [] | [T, ...T[]];
 
 // infer input types from specs
 
-type Params1<Ins extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>> = {
-  [k in keyof Ins]: Ins[k] extends FromSpec<infer In, any> ? In : never;
+type Param1<In extends OrUnion<any, any>> = In extends {
+  there: (x: infer In) => any;
+}
+  ? In
+  : In extends FromSpecUnion<infer T1, any>
+  ? T1
+  : never;
+type Param2<In extends OrUnion<any, any>> = In extends {
+  there: (x: any) => infer In;
+}
+  ? In
+  : In extends FromSpecUnion<any, infer T2>
+  ? T2
+  : never;
+
+type Params1<Ins extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>> = {
+  [k in keyof Ins]: Param1<Ins[k]>;
 };
-type Params2<Ins extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>> = {
-  [k in keyof Ins]: Ins[k] extends FromSpec<any, infer In> ? In : never;
+type Params2<Ins extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>> = {
+  [k in keyof Ins]: Param2<Ins[k]>;
 };
+
 type Result1<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<infer Out1, any>
   ? Out1
   : never;

From af2444d0f233b7de641fe371d8d5fd58d2adf95b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 15:44:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0133/1786] refactor field unit test to new style

---
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts    | 101 +++++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts |  56 +++++--------------
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 67f007ab79..8f7d8843f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,16 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Binable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { FieldType } from './field.js';
-import { createEquivalenceTesters, throwError } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  equivalentProvable as equivalent,
+  oneOf,
+  field,
+  bigintField,
+  throwError,
+  unit,
+  bool,
+  Spec,
+} from './testing/equivalent.js';
 
 // types
 Field satisfies Provable<Field>;
@@ -56,73 +65,75 @@ test(Random.field, Random.int(-5, 5), (x, k) => {
   deepEqual(Field(x + BigInt(k) * Field.ORDER), Field(x));
 });
 
+// Field | bigint parameter
+let fieldOrBigint = oneOf(field, bigintField);
+
 // special generator
 let SmallField = Random.reject(
   Random.field,
   (x) => x.toString(2).length > Fp.sizeInBits - 2
 );
-
-let { equivalent1, equivalent2, equivalentVoid1, equivalentVoid2 } =
-  createEquivalenceTesters();
+let smallField: Spec<bigint, Field> = { ...field, rng: SmallField };
+let smallBigint: Spec<bigint, bigint> = { ...bigintField, rng: SmallField };
+let smallFieldOrBigint = oneOf(smallField, smallBigint);
 
 // arithmetic, both in- and outside provable code
-equivalent2((x, y) => x.add(y), Fp.add);
-equivalent1((x) => x.neg(), Fp.negate);
-equivalent2((x, y) => x.sub(y), Fp.sub);
-equivalent2((x, y) => x.mul(y), Fp.mul);
+let equivalent1 = equivalent({ from: [field], to: field });
+let equivalent2 = equivalent({ from: [field, fieldOrBigint], to: field });
+
+equivalent2(Fp.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
+equivalent1(Fp.negate, (x) => x.neg());
+equivalent2(Fp.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
+equivalent2(Fp.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
 equivalent1(
-  (x) => x.inv(),
-  (x) => Fp.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0')
+  (x) => Fp.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
+  (x) => x.inv()
 );
 equivalent2(
-  (x, y) => x.div(y),
-  (x, y) => Fp.div(x, y) ?? throwError('division by 0')
+  (x, y) => Fp.div(x, y) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
+  (x, y) => x.div(y)
 );
-equivalent1((x) => x.square(), Fp.square);
+equivalent1(Fp.square, (x) => x.square());
 equivalent1(
-  (x) => x.sqrt(),
-  (x) => Fp.sqrt(x) ?? throwError('no sqrt')
+  (x) => Fp.sqrt(x) ?? throwError('no sqrt'),
+  (x) => x.sqrt()
 );
-equivalent2(
-  (x, y) => x.equals(y).toField(),
-  (x, y) => BigInt(x === y)
+equivalent({ from: [field, fieldOrBigint], to: bool })(
+  (x, y) => x === y,
+  (x, y) => x.equals(y)
 );
-equivalent2(
-  (x, y) => x.lessThan(y).toField(),
-  (x, y) => BigInt(x < y),
-  SmallField
+
+equivalent({ from: [smallField, smallFieldOrBigint], to: bool })(
+  (x, y) => x < y,
+  (x, y) => x.lessThan(y)
 );
-equivalent2(
-  (x, y) => x.lessThanOrEqual(y).toField(),
-  (x, y) => BigInt(x <= y),
-  SmallField
+equivalent({ from: [smallField, smallFieldOrBigint], to: bool })(
+  (x, y) => x <= y,
+  (x, y) => x.lessThanOrEqual(y)
 );
-equivalentVoid2(
-  (x, y) => x.assertEquals(y),
-  (x, y) => x === y || throwError('not equal')
+equivalent({ from: [field, fieldOrBigint], to: unit })(
+  (x, y) => x === y || throwError('not equal'),
+  (x, y) => x.assertEquals(y)
 );
-equivalentVoid2(
-  (x, y) => x.assertNotEquals(y),
-  (x, y) => x !== y || throwError('equal')
+equivalent({ from: [field, fieldOrBigint], to: unit })(
+  (x, y) => x !== y || throwError('equal'),
+  (x, y) => x.assertNotEquals(y)
 );
-equivalentVoid2(
-  (x, y) => x.assertLessThan(y),
+equivalent({ from: [smallField, smallFieldOrBigint], to: unit })(
   (x, y) => x < y || throwError('not less than'),
-  SmallField
+  (x, y) => x.assertLessThan(y)
 );
-equivalentVoid2(
-  (x, y) => x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y),
+equivalent({ from: [smallField, smallFieldOrBigint], to: unit })(
   (x, y) => x <= y || throwError('not less than or equal'),
-  SmallField
+  (x, y) => x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y)
 );
-equivalentVoid1(
-  (x) => x.assertBool(),
-  (x) => x === 0n || x === 1n || throwError('not boolean')
+equivalent({ from: [field], to: unit })(
+  (x) => x === 0n || x === 1n || throwError('not boolean'),
+  (x) => x.assertBool()
 );
-equivalent1(
-  (x) => x.isEven().toField(),
-  (x) => BigInt((x & 1n) === 0n),
-  SmallField
+equivalent({ from: [smallField], to: bool })(
+  (x) => (x & 1n) === 0n,
+  (x) => x.isEven()
 );
 
 // non-constant field vars
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 4557cb47c6..014437aa9a 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -4,20 +4,19 @@
 import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
   equivalentProvable,
   oneOf,
-  createEquivalenceTesters,
   throwError,
   handleErrors,
   deepEqual as defaultAssertEqual,
   id,
 };
-export { field, fieldBigint };
-export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions };
+export { field, bigintField, bool, unit };
+export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
 
 // a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
 
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ function id<T>(x: T) {
   return x;
 }
 
-// unions of specs, to cleanly model functions parameters that are unions of types
+// unions of specs, to cleanly model function parameters that are unions of types
 
 type FromSpecUnion<T1, T2> = {
   _isUnion: true;
@@ -170,54 +169,25 @@ let unit: ToSpec<void, void> = { back: id, assertEqual() {} };
 
 let field: ProvableSpec<bigint, Field> = {
   rng: Random.field,
-  there: (x) => new Field(x),
+  there: Field,
   back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
   provable: Field,
 };
 
-let fieldBigint: Spec<bigint, bigint> = {
+let bigintField: Spec<bigint, bigint> = {
   rng: Random.field,
   there: id,
   back: id,
 };
 
-// old equivalence testers
-
-function createEquivalenceTesters() {
-  function equivalent1(f1: (x: Field) => Field, f2: (x: bigint) => bigint) {
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field], to: field })(f2, f1);
-  }
-  function equivalent2(
-    f1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => Field,
-    f2: (x: bigint, y: bigint) => bigint,
-    rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
-  ) {
-    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
-    let fieldBigint_ = { ...fieldBigint, rng };
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, field_], to: field_ })(f2, f1);
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, fieldBigint_], to: field_ })(f2, f1);
-  }
-  function equivalentVoid1(
-    f1: (x: Field) => void,
-    f2: (x: bigint) => void,
-    rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
-  ) {
-    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_], to: unit })(f2, f1);
-  }
-  function equivalentVoid2(
-    f1: (x: Field, y: Field | bigint) => void,
-    f2: (x: bigint, y: bigint) => void,
-    rng: Random<bigint> = Random.field
-  ) {
-    let field_ = { ...field, rng };
-    let fieldBigint_ = { ...fieldBigint, rng };
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, field_], to: unit })(f2, f1);
-    equivalentProvable({ from: [field_, fieldBigint_], to: unit })(f2, f1);
-  }
+let bool: Spec<boolean, Bool> = {
+  rng: Random.boolean,
+  there: Bool,
+  back: (x) => x.toBoolean(),
+  provable: Bool,
+};
 
-  return { equivalent1, equivalent2, equivalentVoid1, equivalentVoid2 };
-}
+// helper to ensure two functions throw equivalent errors
 
 function handleErrors<T, S, R>(
   op1: () => T,

From 3bf09f966f6cb2e6310d5f8d86584256d5c730df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 15:57:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0134/1786] make non provable equivalence tester more similar

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 014437aa9a..77cd08634f 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -57,27 +57,6 @@ type SpecFromFunctions<
   F2 extends AnyFunction
 > = FuncSpec<Parameters<F1>, ReturnType<F1>, Parameters<F2>, ReturnType<F2>>;
 
-function equivalent<In1 extends Tuple<any>, Out1, In2 extends Tuple<any>, Out2>(
-  { from, to }: FuncSpec<In1, Out1, In2, Out2>,
-  f1: (...args: In1) => Out1,
-  f2: (...args: In2) => Out2,
-  label = 'expect equal results'
-) {
-  let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
-  let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
-  test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
-    args.pop();
-    let inputs = args as any as In1;
-    handleErrors(
-      () => f1(...inputs),
-      () =>
-        to.back(f2(...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as any as In2))),
-      (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label),
-      label
-    );
-  });
-}
-
 function id<T>(x: T) {
   return x;
 }
@@ -111,7 +90,36 @@ function toUnion<T1, T2>(spec: OrUnion<T1, T2>): FromSpecUnion<T1, T2> {
   return specAny._isUnion ? specAny : oneOf(specAny);
 }
 
-// equivalence in provable code
+// equivalence tester
+
+function equivalent<
+  In extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>,
+  Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
+>({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+  return function run(
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
+    label = 'expect equal results'
+  ) {
+    let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
+    let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
+    test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
+      args.pop();
+      let inputs = args as Params1<In>;
+      handleErrors(
+        () => f1(...inputs),
+        () =>
+          to.back(
+            f2(...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as Params2<In>))
+          ),
+        (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label),
+        label
+      );
+    });
+  };
+}
+
+// equivalence tester for provable code
 
 function equivalentProvable<
   In extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>,
@@ -180,7 +188,7 @@ let bigintField: Spec<bigint, bigint> = {
   back: id,
 };
 
-let bool: Spec<boolean, Bool> = {
+let bool: ProvableSpec<boolean, Bool> = {
   rng: Random.boolean,
   there: Bool,
   back: (x) => x.toBoolean(),

From f0103e6dfacefa3c6ec02f28def13a14b2f2a901 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:40:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0135/1786] equivalence testing for async functions

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 77cd08634f..18a29f4a26 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 export {
   equivalent,
   equivalentProvable,
+  equivalentAsync,
   oneOf,
   throwError,
   handleErrors,
   deepEqual as defaultAssertEqual,
   id,
 };
-export { field, bigintField, bool, unit };
+export { field, bigintField, bool, boolean, unit };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
 
 // a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
@@ -119,6 +120,38 @@ function equivalent<
   };
 }
 
+// async equivalence
+
+function equivalentAsync<
+  In extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>,
+  Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
+>({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }, { runs = 1 } = {}) {
+  return async function run(
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Promise<Result1<Out>> | Result1<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Promise<Result2<Out>> | Result2<Out>,
+    label = 'expect equal results'
+  ) {
+    let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
+    let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
+
+    let nexts = generators.map((g) => g.create());
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < runs; i++) {
+      let args = nexts.map((next) => next());
+      let inputs = args as Params1<In>;
+      await handleErrorsAsync(
+        () => f1(...inputs),
+        async () =>
+          to.back(
+            await f2(...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as Params2<In>))
+          ),
+        (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label),
+        label
+      );
+    }
+  };
+}
+
 // equivalence tester for provable code
 
 function equivalentProvable<
@@ -194,6 +227,11 @@ let bool: ProvableSpec<boolean, Bool> = {
   back: (x) => x.toBoolean(),
   provable: Bool,
 };
+let boolean: Spec<boolean, boolean> = {
+  rng: Random.boolean,
+  there: id,
+  back: id,
+};
 
 // helper to ensure two functions throw equivalent errors
 
@@ -227,6 +265,36 @@ function handleErrors<T, S, R>(
   }
 }
 
+async function handleErrorsAsync<T, S, R>(
+  op1: () => T,
+  op2: () => S,
+  useResults?: (a: Awaited<T>, b: Awaited<S>) => R,
+  label?: string
+): Promise<R | undefined> {
+  let result1: Awaited<T>, result2: Awaited<S>;
+  let error1: Error | undefined;
+  let error2: Error | undefined;
+  try {
+    result1 = await op1();
+  } catch (err) {
+    error1 = err as Error;
+  }
+  try {
+    result2 = await op2();
+  } catch (err) {
+    error2 = err as Error;
+  }
+  if (!!error1 !== !!error2) {
+    error1 && console.log(error1);
+    error2 && console.log(error2);
+  }
+  let message = `${(label && `${label}: `) || ''}equivalent errors`;
+  deepEqual(!!error1, !!error2, message);
+  if (!(error1 || error2) && useResults !== undefined) {
+    return useResults(result1!, result2!);
+  }
+}
+
 function throwError(message?: string): any {
   throw Error(message);
 }

From 7a3cdb21f556c8bfe33817e9faccd8770dfd5bd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:40:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0136/1786] add test for 64-bit range check gate

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9963d53424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import {
+  Spec,
+  boolean,
+  equivalentAsync,
+  field,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+
+let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        rangeCheck64(x);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await RangeCheck64.compile();
+
+let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid),
+};
+
+// do a couple of proofs
+// TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
+
+equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await RangeCheck64.run(x);
+    return await RangeCheck64.verify(proof);
+  }
+);

From 40ca430f62a425da6b43f94a732c862c532ce27f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:46:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0137/1786] export range check 64 gate under Gadgets namespace

---
 src/index.ts                         | 1 +
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           | 7 +++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 6 ++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts       | 4 ++++
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 0813d3da4d..8a2f6ab2a0 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ export {
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
+export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..107ce568bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+
+export { Gadgets };
+
+const Gadgets = {
+  rangeCheck64,
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 9963d53424..d34ed8231d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,14 +7,16 @@ import {
   field,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
-import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+
+// TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
 
 let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
   methods: {
     run: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(x) {
-        rangeCheck64(x);
+        Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 12a914ccd8..d244b83ec4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { rangeCheck64 };
 
+/**
+ * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
+ * @param x field element
+ */
 function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   if (x.isConstant()) {
     if (x.toBigInt() >= 1n << 64n) {

From 1951f571d4eab828111aab7193850c9e8e56c20e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:46:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0138/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 91e701cd02..fc7f6a97fd 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 91e701cd027d5a1213e750e5e9b80da80c9d211e
+Subproject commit fc7f6a97fd5d0dd7941040f996441fe48a3b6c83

From 5e7467fe020b3ee73ffffe3c2ab5fd3f575c586d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:51:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0139/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b55c81885b..069787f8d6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,10 +27,15 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - To recover existing verification keys and behavior, change the order of properties in your Struct definitions to be alphabetical
   - The `customObjectKeys` option is removed from `Struct`
 
+### Added
+
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
+
 ### Changed
 
 - Improve prover performance by ~25% https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1092
   - Change internal representation of field elements to be JS bigint instead of Uint8Array
+- Consolidate internal framework for testing equivalence of two implementations
 
 ## [0.13.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/fbd4b2717...c2f392fe5)
 

From e5f8e37df51b10eeb891934594d3273451e57c2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:54:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0140/1786] revert using range check gate for uint64

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 451ceb8610..5299166b9e 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt64) {
-    rangeCheck64(x.value);
+    let actual = x.value.rangeCheckHelper(64);
+    actual.assertEquals(x.value);
   }
 
   static toInput(x: UInt64): HashInput {

From f5e67962a614f29fbb9459a7c7ebfa4f608c0ba1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:56:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0141/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b55c81885b..b74f554fbe 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From a16c7e4265f0ea66a288e91e691c5d82e5a37d1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 18:11:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0142/1786] fixup unit test

---
 src/examples/ex02_root.ts            |  3 ++-
 src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts    | 10 ++--------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts |  7 +++++--
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts        | 25 ++++++++++++++++---------
 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root.ts b/src/examples/ex02_root.ts
index 31dd48e818..54e5f0841b 100644
--- a/src/examples/ex02_root.ts
+++ b/src/examples/ex02_root.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, UInt64, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
 /* Exercise 2:
 
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Prove:
 class Main extends Circuit {
   @circuitMain
   static main(@public_ y: Field, x: UInt64) {
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x.value);
     let y3 = y.square().mul(y);
     y3.assertEquals(x.value);
   }
diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
index c4115dbd8d..b301a9f72f 100644
--- a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  Field,
-  Circuit,
-  circuitMain,
-  public_,
-  UInt64,
-  Experimental,
-} from 'o1js';
+import { Field, UInt64, Experimental, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
 let { ZkProgram } = Experimental;
 
@@ -15,6 +8,7 @@ const Main = ZkProgram({
     main: {
       privateInputs: [UInt64],
       method(y: Field, x: UInt64) {
+        Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x.value);
         let y3 = y.square().mul(y);
         y3.assertEquals(x.value);
       },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index d34ed8231d..6d65c57d50 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import {
@@ -26,13 +27,15 @@ await RangeCheck64.compile();
 
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
-  rng: Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid),
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
 };
 
 // do a couple of proofs
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
 
-equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 20 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
     return true;
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 18a29f4a26..c19748624e 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -139,15 +139,22 @@ function equivalentAsync<
     for (let i = 0; i < runs; i++) {
       let args = nexts.map((next) => next());
       let inputs = args as Params1<In>;
-      await handleErrorsAsync(
-        () => f1(...inputs),
-        async () =>
-          to.back(
-            await f2(...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as Params2<In>))
-          ),
-        (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label),
-        label
-      );
+      try {
+        await handleErrorsAsync(
+          () => f1(...inputs),
+          async () =>
+            to.back(
+              await f2(
+                ...(inputs.map((x, i) => from[i].there(x)) as Params2<In>)
+              )
+            ),
+          (x, y) => assertEqual(x, y, label),
+          label
+        );
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.log(...inputs);
+        throw err;
+      }
     }
   };
 }

From 14a7daf5f2945c90f248717ee99c70146d2d68c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 18:15:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0143/1786] revert some more changes

---
 src/lib/int.ts                    | 1 -
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 5299166b9e..f4143a9a5b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { rangeCheck64 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 7281070229..e7ec592915 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ const CounterProgram = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 const incrementMethodMetadata = CounterProgram.analyzeMethods()[0];
-expect(incrementMethodMetadata).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ rows: 9 }));
+expect(incrementMethodMetadata).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ rows: 18 }));

From ce21d6b9ba2f0e3bccd146b16c75e49a8838ecc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 18:16:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0144/1786] fixup changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9b6a31c849..1e64b6d357 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
 
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes
@@ -37,10 +39,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - To recover existing verification keys and behavior, change the order of properties in your Struct definitions to be alphabetical
   - The `customObjectKeys` option is removed from `Struct`
 
-### Added
-
-- `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
-
 ### Changed
 
 - Improve prover performance by ~25% https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1092

From f3bfc03f8617e58303d286b9941f45037526acc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 22:59:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0145/1786] initial refactor

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 192 +++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 5090fefcd2..b16199a1fb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
-import { Snarky } from 'src/snarky.js';
-import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
+export { xor };
+
 /**
  * Boolean Xor of length bits
  * input1 and input2 are the inputs to the Xor gate
  * length is the number of bits to Xor
  * len_xor is the number of bits of the lookup table (default is 4)
  */
-function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
+function xor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(
     length > 0 && len_xor < 0,
@@ -26,107 +27,6 @@ function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
     throw Error('TODO constant case');
   }
 
-  // calculates next variable for the chain as provr
-  function nextVariable(): Field {
-    return new Field(5);
-  }
-
-  // builds xor chain recurisvely
-  function xorRec(
-    input1: Field,
-    input2: Field,
-    outputXor: FieldVar,
-    padLength: number,
-    len_xor: number
-  ) {
-    // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
-
-    if (padLength == 0) {
-      Gates.zeroCheck(input1, input2, new Field(outputXor));
-
-      let zero = new Field(0);
-      zero.assertEquals(input1);
-      zero.assertEquals(input2);
-      zero.assertEquals(new Field(outputXor));
-    } else {
-      function ofBits(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
-        if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
-          throw Error('Stop offste must be greater than start offset');
-
-        return Provable.witness(Field, () =>
-          fieldBitsToFieldLE(f, start, stop)
-        );
-      }
-
-      // nibble offsets
-      let first = len_xor;
-      let second = first + len_xor;
-      let third = second + len_xor;
-      let fourth = third + len_xor;
-
-      let in1_0 = ofBits(input1, 0, first);
-      let in1_1 = ofBits(input1, first, second);
-      let in1_2 = ofBits(input1, second, third);
-      let in1_3 = ofBits(input1, third, fourth);
-      let in2_0 = ofBits(input2, 0, first);
-      let in2_1 = ofBits(input2, first, second);
-      let in2_2 = ofBits(input2, second, third);
-      let in2_3 = ofBits(input2, third, fourth);
-      let out_0 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), 0, first);
-      let out_1 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), first, second);
-      let out_2 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), second, third);
-      let out_3 = ofBits(new Field(outputXor), third, fourth);
-
-      Gates.xor(
-        input1,
-        input2,
-        new Field(outputXor),
-        in1_0,
-        in1_1,
-        in1_2,
-        in1_3,
-        in2_0,
-        in2_1,
-        in2_2,
-        in2_3,
-        out_0,
-        out_1,
-        out_2,
-        out_3
-      );
-
-      let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(
-        input1,
-        in1_0,
-        in1_1,
-        in1_2,
-        in1_3,
-        len_xor
-      );
-
-      let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(
-        input2,
-        in2_0,
-        in2_1,
-        in2_2,
-        in2_3,
-        len_xor
-      );
-
-      let next_out = asProverNextVar(
-        new Field(outputXor),
-        out_0,
-        out_1,
-        out_2,
-        out_3,
-        len_xor
-      );
-
-      let next_length = padLength - 4 * len_xor;
-      xorRec(next_in1, next_in2, next_out.value, next_length, len_xor);
-    }
-  }
-
   // create two input arrays of length 255 set to false
   let input1Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
   let input2Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
@@ -148,7 +48,7 @@ function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
     }
   });
 
-  let outputXor = Snarky.existsVar(() => {
+  let outputXor = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
     // check real lengths are at most the desired length
     fitsInBits(input1, length);
     fitsInBits(input2, length);
@@ -164,7 +64,7 @@ function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
     });
 
     // convert bits to Field
-    return FieldConst.fromBigint(Field.fromBits(outputBits).toBigInt());
+    return Field.fromBits(outputBits);
   });
 
   // Obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
@@ -181,6 +81,86 @@ function bxor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   return new Field(outputXor);
 }
 
+// builds xor chain recurisvely
+function xorRec(
+  input1: Field,
+  input2: Field,
+  outputXor: Field,
+  padLength: number,
+  len_xor: number
+) {
+  // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
+
+  if (padLength == 0) {
+    Gates.zeroCheck(input1, input2, outputXor);
+
+    let zero = new Field(0);
+    zero.assertEquals(input1);
+    zero.assertEquals(input2);
+    zero.assertEquals(outputXor);
+  } else {
+    function ofBits(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
+      if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
+        throw Error('Stop offste must be greater than start offset');
+
+      return Provable.witness(Field, () => fieldBitsToFieldLE(f, start, stop));
+    }
+
+    // nibble offsets
+    let first = len_xor;
+    let second = first + len_xor;
+    let third = second + len_xor;
+    let fourth = third + len_xor;
+
+    let in1_0 = ofBits(input1, 0, first);
+    let in1_1 = ofBits(input1, first, second);
+    let in1_2 = ofBits(input1, second, third);
+    let in1_3 = ofBits(input1, third, fourth);
+    let in2_0 = ofBits(input2, 0, first);
+    let in2_1 = ofBits(input2, first, second);
+    let in2_2 = ofBits(input2, second, third);
+    let in2_3 = ofBits(input2, third, fourth);
+    let out_0 = ofBits(outputXor, 0, first);
+    let out_1 = ofBits(outputXor, first, second);
+    let out_2 = ofBits(outputXor, second, third);
+    let out_3 = ofBits(outputXor, third, fourth);
+
+    Gates.xor(
+      input1,
+      input2,
+      outputXor,
+      in1_0,
+      in1_1,
+      in1_2,
+      in1_3,
+      in2_0,
+      in2_1,
+      in2_2,
+      in2_3,
+      out_0,
+      out_1,
+      out_2,
+      out_3
+    );
+
+    let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(input1, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, len_xor);
+
+    let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(input2, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, len_xor);
+
+    let next_out = asProverNextVar(
+      outputXor,
+      out_0,
+      out_1,
+      out_2,
+      out_3,
+      len_xor
+    );
+
+    let next_length = padLength - 4 * len_xor;
+    xorRec(next_in1, next_in2, next_out, next_length, len_xor);
+  }
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');

From 77cd4ae35e4ffd42f1c06ca58b17319aa6bc3897 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 23:37:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0146/1786] add basic example, dummy example

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/gadgets.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6574e047c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { Field, Provable, xor, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let res = xor(
+    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5215)),
+    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
+    4
+  );
+  Provable.log(res);
+});
+console.log(cs);
+
+const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    baseCase: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method: () => {
+        let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5));
+        let b = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(2));
+        let actual = xor(a, b, 4);
+        let expected = Field(7);
+        actual.assertEquals(expected);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+console.log('compiling..');
+
+console.time('compile');
+await XOR.compile();
+console.timeEnd('compile');
+
+console.log('proving..');
+
+console.time('prove');
+let proof = await XOR.baseCase();
+console.timeEnd('prove');
+
+if (!(await XOR.verify(proof))) throw Error('Invalid proof');
+else console.log('proof valid');

From 03c138a040a911e851c2245a0d74ee9c7aa72412 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 23:37:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0147/1786] make proving work, temporary

---
 src/bindings               |  2 +-
 src/index.ts               |  2 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 29 ++++++++++++++---------------
 src/lib/gates.ts           |  1 +
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b040bde6d8..8483c264a9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b040bde6d8afcb2514aadcf30e80001b4f9b6222
+Subproject commit 8483c264a9be6cb268c80eff507fe808d6204ae7
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 0813d3da4d..eb11633692 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+export { xor } from './lib/gadgets/bitwise.js';
+
 export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
 export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index b16199a1fb..eb9d907605 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ export { xor };
  * length is the number of bits to Xor
  * len_xor is the number of bits of the lookup table (default is 4)
  */
-function xor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
+function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(
-    length > 0 && len_xor < 0,
+    length > 0 && len_xor > 0,
     `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ function xor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
     'Length exceeds maximum field size in bits.'
   );
 
-  if (input1.isConstant() && input2.isConstant()) {
+  /*   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     throw Error('TODO constant case');
   }
-
+ */
   // create two input arrays of length 255 set to false
   let input1Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
   let input2Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ function xor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   // sanity check as prover about lengths of inputs
   Provable.asProver(() => {
     // check real lengths are at most the desired length
-    fitsInBits(input1, length);
-    fitsInBits(input2, length);
+    fitsInBits(a, length);
+    fitsInBits(b, length);
 
     // converts input field elements to list of bits of length 255
-    let input1Bits = input1.toBits();
-    let input2Bits = input2.toBits();
+    let input1Bits = a.toBits();
+    let input2Bits = b.toBits();
 
     // iterate over 255 positions to update value of arrays
     for (let i = 0; i < Field.sizeInBits() - 1; i++) {
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ function xor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
 
   let outputXor = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
     // check real lengths are at most the desired length
-    fitsInBits(input1, length);
-    fitsInBits(input2, length);
+    fitsInBits(a, length);
+    fitsInBits(b, length);
 
     // converts input field elements to list of bits of length 255
-    let input1Bits = input1.toBits();
-    let input2Bits = input2.toBits();
+    let input1Bits = a.toBits();
+    let input2Bits = b.toBits();
 
     let outputBits = input1Bits.map((bit, i) => {
       let b1 = bit;
@@ -75,10 +75,9 @@ function xor(input1: Field, input2: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
 
   // recurisvely build xor gadget
 
-  xorRec(input1, input2, outputXor, padLength, len_xor);
-
+  xorRec(a, b, outputXor, padLength, len_xor);
   // convert back to field
-  return new Field(outputXor);
+  return outputXor;
 }
 
 // builds xor chain recurisvely
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index a585dbf2ef..f20dfbb08c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ function xor(
   out_2: Field,
   out_3: Field
 ) {
+  console.log('XOR');
   Snarky.gates.xor(
     input1.value,
     input2.value,

From 4afed255dc7d6522a3e9d4be9b8f98177a18ff50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 14:54:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0148/1786] chore(bindings): update submodule for rot gate

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a6b9460a6f..1f7443d077 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a6b9460a6f113bcf82912b6f75efbf9842a4b356
+Subproject commit 1f7443d0776382bf39bf13ea0becd59712abaf2f

From 6bdcbbffe90d9aa997911ed5b651e7cb4af9a618 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 14:54:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0149/1786] feat(snarky.d.ts): add 'rot' function to Snarky
 interface to support rotation operations

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 7a0f16f129..1b3cdec993 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -298,6 +298,25 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       ],
       compact: FieldConst
     ): void;
+
+    rot(
+      word: FieldVar,
+      rotated: FieldVar,
+      excess: FieldVar,
+      limbs: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
+      crumbs: [
+        0,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar,
+        FieldVar
+      ],
+      two_to_rot: FieldConst
+    ): void;
   };
 
   bool: {

From 957cd54ee6ab1a6e48091d5a7480562b6a1ce27e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 23:56:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0150/1786] fix stackoverflow

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index eb9d907605..51ad061e1c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   });
 
   // Obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
-  let padLength = len_xor;
+  let padLength = length;
   if (length % (4 * len_xor) !== 0) {
     padLength = length + 4 * len_xor - (length % (4 * len_xor));
   }
@@ -80,22 +80,26 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   return outputXor;
 }
 
+let aa = 0;
 // builds xor chain recurisvely
 function xorRec(
-  input1: Field,
-  input2: Field,
+  a: Field,
+  b: Field,
   outputXor: Field,
   padLength: number,
   len_xor: number
 ) {
   // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
+  console.log('padLength', padLength);
+  aa++;
 
-  if (padLength == 0) {
-    Gates.zeroCheck(input1, input2, outputXor);
+  if (aa >= 30) throw Error('too many calls');
+  if (padLength === 0) {
+    Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, outputXor);
 
     let zero = new Field(0);
-    zero.assertEquals(input1);
-    zero.assertEquals(input2);
+    zero.assertEquals(a);
+    zero.assertEquals(b);
     zero.assertEquals(outputXor);
   } else {
     function ofBits(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
@@ -111,22 +115,22 @@ function xorRec(
     let third = second + len_xor;
     let fourth = third + len_xor;
 
-    let in1_0 = ofBits(input1, 0, first);
-    let in1_1 = ofBits(input1, first, second);
-    let in1_2 = ofBits(input1, second, third);
-    let in1_3 = ofBits(input1, third, fourth);
-    let in2_0 = ofBits(input2, 0, first);
-    let in2_1 = ofBits(input2, first, second);
-    let in2_2 = ofBits(input2, second, third);
-    let in2_3 = ofBits(input2, third, fourth);
+    let in1_0 = ofBits(a, 0, first);
+    let in1_1 = ofBits(a, first, second);
+    let in1_2 = ofBits(a, second, third);
+    let in1_3 = ofBits(a, third, fourth);
+    let in2_0 = ofBits(b, 0, first);
+    let in2_1 = ofBits(b, first, second);
+    let in2_2 = ofBits(b, second, third);
+    let in2_3 = ofBits(b, third, fourth);
     let out_0 = ofBits(outputXor, 0, first);
     let out_1 = ofBits(outputXor, first, second);
     let out_2 = ofBits(outputXor, second, third);
     let out_3 = ofBits(outputXor, third, fourth);
 
     Gates.xor(
-      input1,
-      input2,
+      a,
+      b,
       outputXor,
       in1_0,
       in1_1,
@@ -142,9 +146,9 @@ function xorRec(
       out_3
     );
 
-    let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(input1, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, len_xor);
+    let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, len_xor);
 
-    let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(input2, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, len_xor);
+    let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, len_xor);
 
     let next_out = asProverNextVar(
       outputXor,

From 24acc09bad4479d498b33164849c0f5b298631ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:21:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0151/1786] more example code

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 14 +++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 6574e047c7..18e8fb28f2 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,22 @@
 import { Field, Provable, xor, Experimental } from 'o1js';
 
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let res = xor(
+    Field(5215),
+    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
+    16
+  );
+  Provable.log(res);
+});
+
+let res = xor(Field(2), Field(5), 4);
+Provable.log(res);
+
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let res = xor(
     Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5215)),
     Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
-    4
+    2
   );
   Provable.log(res);
 });

From a1b5c943ecc3dd793fb3f0f743a37fe8e9d65851 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:21:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0152/1786] expose helper

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 16e79c802b..fc94ed40c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ export {
   withMessage,
   readVarMessage,
   toConstantField,
+  toFp,
 };
 
 type FieldConst = [0, bigint];

From 89aebb7aa17dfeb9bf74264458297d188f55a765 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:21:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0153/1786] simplify

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 90 +++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 51ad061e1c..9135c7e3e6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -1,71 +1,55 @@
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field, toFp } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
 /**
- * Boolean Xor of length bits
- * input1 and input2 are the inputs to the Xor gate
- * length is the number of bits to Xor
- * len_xor is the number of bits of the lookup table (default is 4)
+ * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+ * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
+ *
+ * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. By default it is set to `32`. The output is not constrained to the length.
+ *
+ * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+ *
+ * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
+ * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
+ *
+ * ```typescript
+ * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
+ * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
+ *
+ * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
+ * c.assertEquals(6);
+ * ```
  */
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(
     length > 0 && len_xor > 0,
-    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+    `Input lengths need to be positive values.`
   );
 
   // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
     length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
-    'Length exceeds maximum field size in bits.'
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 
-  /*   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
-    throw Error('TODO constant case');
-  }
- */
-  // create two input arrays of length 255 set to false
-  let input1Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
-  let input2Array = new Array(length).fill(false);
-
-  // sanity check as prover about lengths of inputs
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    // check real lengths are at most the desired length
-    fitsInBits(a, length);
-    fitsInBits(b, length);
-
-    // converts input field elements to list of bits of length 255
-    let input1Bits = a.toBits();
-    let input2Bits = b.toBits();
-
-    // iterate over 255 positions to update value of arrays
-    for (let i = 0; i < Field.sizeInBits() - 1; i++) {
-      input1Array[i] = input1Bits[i];
-      input2Array[i] = input2Bits[i];
-    }
-  });
+  // check that both elements fit into length bits as prover
+  fitsInBits(a, length);
+  fitsInBits(b, length);
 
-  let outputXor = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    // check real lengths are at most the desired length
-    fitsInBits(a, length);
-    fitsInBits(b, length);
-
-    // converts input field elements to list of bits of length 255
-    let input1Bits = a.toBits();
-    let input2Bits = b.toBits();
-
-    let outputBits = input1Bits.map((bit, i) => {
-      let b1 = bit;
-      let b2 = input2Bits[i];
-      return b1.equals(b2).not();
-    });
+  // handle constant case
+  if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
+    return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
+  }
 
-    // convert bits to Field
-    return Field.fromBits(outputBits);
-  });
+  let outputXor = Provable.witness(
+    Field,
+    () => new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
+  );
 
   // Obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = length;
@@ -80,7 +64,6 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
   return outputXor;
 }
 
-let aa = 0;
 // builds xor chain recurisvely
 function xorRec(
   a: Field,
@@ -90,10 +73,6 @@ function xorRec(
   len_xor: number
 ) {
   // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
-  console.log('padLength', padLength);
-  aa++;
-
-  if (aa >= 30) throw Error('too many calls');
   if (padLength === 0) {
     Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, outputXor);
 
@@ -172,7 +151,10 @@ function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
 
 function fitsInBits(word: Field, length: number) {
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    assert(word.toBigInt() < 2 ** length, 'Word does not fit in bits');
+    assert(
+      word.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
+      `${word.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
+    );
   });
 }
 

From f9def7694a0358c0c60f829e03cef7c77b8865c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:22:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0154/1786] remove debug code

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index f20dfbb08c..a585dbf2ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ function xor(
   out_2: Field,
   out_3: Field
 ) {
-  console.log('XOR');
   Snarky.gates.xor(
     input1.value,
     input2.value,

From 823542451be5a1d98722c5fc7a8a58da5fff4d70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:22:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0155/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8483c264a9..4aa3fc8835 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8483c264a9be6cb268c80eff507fe808d6204ae7
+Subproject commit 4aa3fc883539ea41aca0d37d6c8b86aacbd1e8d5

From 6d79928a546a1a57ffc834ecbc5b45756107f3f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:43:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0156/1786] simplify more

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 81 +++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 9135c7e3e6..8bbd65555e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export { xor };
  * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
  * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
  *
- * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. By default it is set to `32`. The output is not constrained to the length.
+ * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
  *
  * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
  *
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ export { xor };
  * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
  * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
  *
- * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
+ * let c = xor(a, b, 2);    // ... 000110
  * c.assertEquals(6);
  * ```
  */
-function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
+function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(
-    length > 0 && len_xor > 0,
+    length > 0 && lengthXor > 0,
     `Input lengths need to be positive values.`
   );
 
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, len_xor = 4) {
 
   // Obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = length;
-  if (length % (4 * len_xor) !== 0) {
-    padLength = length + 4 * len_xor - (length % (4 * len_xor));
+  if (length % (4 * lengthXor) !== 0) {
+    padLength = length + 4 * lengthXor - (length % (4 * lengthXor));
   }
 
   // recurisvely build xor gadget
 
-  xorRec(a, b, outputXor, padLength, len_xor);
+  xorRec(a, b, outputXor, padLength, lengthXor);
   // convert back to field
   return outputXor;
 }
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ function xorRec(
   b: Field,
   outputXor: Field,
   padLength: number,
-  len_xor: number
+  lengthXor: number
 ) {
   // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
   if (padLength === 0) {
@@ -81,31 +81,24 @@ function xorRec(
     zero.assertEquals(b);
     zero.assertEquals(outputXor);
   } else {
-    function ofBits(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
-      if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
-        throw Error('Stop offste must be greater than start offset');
-
-      return Provable.witness(Field, () => fieldBitsToFieldLE(f, start, stop));
-    }
-
     // nibble offsets
-    let first = len_xor;
-    let second = first + len_xor;
-    let third = second + len_xor;
-    let fourth = third + len_xor;
-
-    let in1_0 = ofBits(a, 0, first);
-    let in1_1 = ofBits(a, first, second);
-    let in1_2 = ofBits(a, second, third);
-    let in1_3 = ofBits(a, third, fourth);
-    let in2_0 = ofBits(b, 0, first);
-    let in2_1 = ofBits(b, first, second);
-    let in2_2 = ofBits(b, second, third);
-    let in2_3 = ofBits(b, third, fourth);
-    let out_0 = ofBits(outputXor, 0, first);
-    let out_1 = ofBits(outputXor, first, second);
-    let out_2 = ofBits(outputXor, second, third);
-    let out_3 = ofBits(outputXor, third, fourth);
+    let first = lengthXor;
+    let second = first + lengthXor;
+    let third = second + lengthXor;
+    let fourth = third + lengthXor;
+
+    let in1_0 = sliceBits(a, 0, first);
+    let in1_1 = sliceBits(a, first, second);
+    let in1_2 = sliceBits(a, second, third);
+    let in1_3 = sliceBits(a, third, fourth);
+    let in2_0 = sliceBits(b, 0, first);
+    let in2_1 = sliceBits(b, first, second);
+    let in2_2 = sliceBits(b, second, third);
+    let in2_3 = sliceBits(b, third, fourth);
+    let out_0 = sliceBits(outputXor, 0, first);
+    let out_1 = sliceBits(outputXor, first, second);
+    let out_2 = sliceBits(outputXor, second, third);
+    let out_3 = sliceBits(outputXor, third, fourth);
 
     Gates.xor(
       a,
@@ -125,9 +118,9 @@ function xorRec(
       out_3
     );
 
-    let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, len_xor);
+    let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, lengthXor);
 
-    let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, len_xor);
+    let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, lengthXor);
 
     let next_out = asProverNextVar(
       outputXor,
@@ -135,11 +128,11 @@ function xorRec(
       out_1,
       out_2,
       out_3,
-      len_xor
+      lengthXor
     );
 
-    let next_length = padLength - 4 * len_xor;
-    xorRec(next_in1, next_in2, next_out, next_length, len_xor);
+    let next_length = padLength - 4 * lengthXor;
+    xorRec(next_in1, next_in2, next_out, next_length, lengthXor);
   }
 }
 
@@ -158,17 +151,17 @@ function fitsInBits(word: Field, length: number) {
   });
 }
 
-function fieldBitsToFieldLE(f: Field, start: number, stop: number) {
+function sliceBits(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
   if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
     throw Error('stop offset must be greater than start offset');
 
-  let bits = f.toBits();
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let bits = f.toBits();
+    if (stop > bits.length) throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
+    if (stop === -1) stop = bits.length;
 
-  if (stop > bits.length) throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
-
-  if (stop === -1) stop = bits.length;
-
-  return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+    return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+  });
 }
 
 function asProverNextVar(

From ea423df02373aa31a5009ce673bd60fef063733e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:55:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0157/1786] integrate API surface

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/int.ts   | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index fc94ed40c5..50f402aa8b 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver, inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import * as Gadgets from './gadgets/bitwise.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Field };
@@ -589,6 +590,29 @@ class Field {
     return new Field(z);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Bitwise XOR gate on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
+   *
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. By default it is set to `32`. The output is not constrained to the length.
+   *
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   *
+   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
+   * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
+   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
+   * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
+   *
+   * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
+   * c.assertEquals(6);
+   * ```
+   */
+  xor(y: Field | bigint | number | string, length: number = 32) {
+    return Gadgets.xor(this, Field.from(y), length);
+  }
+
   /**
    * @deprecated use `x.equals(0)` which is equivalent
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 451ceb8610..eb15455bea 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -115,6 +115,21 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
     return new UInt64(Field((1n << 64n) - 1n));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Bitwise XOR gate on {@link UInt64} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal. It applies XOR to all 64 bits of the elements.
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = UInt64.from(5);    // ... 000101
+   * let b = UInt64.from(3);    // ... 000011
+   *
+   * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
+   * c.assertEquals(6);
+   * ```
+   */
+  xor(y: UInt64) {
+    return new UInt64(this.value.xor(y.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Integer division with remainder.
    *
@@ -458,6 +473,22 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   static MAXINT() {
     return new UInt32(Field((1n << 32n) - 1n));
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise XOR gate on {@link UInt32} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal. It applies XOR to all 32 bits of the elements.
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = UInt32.from(5);    // ... 000101
+   * let b = UInt32.from(3);    // ... 000011
+   *
+   * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
+   * c.assertEquals(6);
+   * ```
+   */
+  xor(y: UInt32) {
+    return new UInt32(this.value.xor(y.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Integer division with remainder.
    *

From bb61d3ced28caa9878d698b218b97bc531a1f526 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 00:55:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0158/1786] basic unit tests

---
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index f28f688bb3..f4b569c60f 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,23 @@ test(Random.field, Random.int(-5, 5), (x, k) => {
   deepEqual(Field(x + BigInt(k) * Field.ORDER), Field(x));
 });
 
+// XOR with some common and odd lengths
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
+  test(Random.field, Random.field, (x_, y_, assert) => {
+    let modulus = 1n << BigInt(length);
+    let x = x_ % modulus;
+    let y = y_ % modulus;
+    let z = Field(x);
+
+    let r1 = Fp.xor(BigInt(x), BigInt(y));
+
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let r2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => z).xor(y, length);
+      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
+    });
+  });
+});
+
 // special generator
 let SmallField = Random.reject(
   Random.field,

From 6f081c94891821871bec4982459205f33b2c4687 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 01:08:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0159/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 36 +++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 8bbd65555e..c556e8deb3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -57,15 +57,14 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
     padLength = length + 4 * lengthXor - (length % (4 * lengthXor));
   }
 
-  // recurisvely build xor gadget
+  // recursively build xor gadget
+  buildXor(a, b, outputXor, padLength, lengthXor);
 
-  xorRec(a, b, outputXor, padLength, lengthXor);
-  // convert back to field
   return outputXor;
 }
 
-// builds xor chain recurisvely
-function xorRec(
+// builds xor chain recursively
+function buildXor(
   a: Field,
   b: Field,
   outputXor: Field,
@@ -118,11 +117,9 @@ function xorRec(
       out_3
     );
 
-    let next_in1 = asProverNextVar(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, lengthXor);
-
-    let next_in2 = asProverNextVar(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, lengthXor);
-
-    let next_out = asProverNextVar(
+    let nextIn1 = witnessNextValue(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, lengthXor);
+    let nextIn2 = witnessNextValue(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, lengthXor);
+    let nextOut = witnessNextValue(
       outputXor,
       out_0,
       out_1,
@@ -132,7 +129,7 @@ function xorRec(
     );
 
     let next_length = padLength - 4 * lengthXor;
-    xorRec(next_in1, next_in2, next_out, next_length, lengthXor);
+    buildXor(nextIn1, nextIn2, nextOut, next_length, lengthXor);
   }
 }
 
@@ -164,21 +161,20 @@ function sliceBits(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
   });
 }
 
-function asProverNextVar(
+function witnessNextValue(
   current: Field,
   var0: Field,
   var1: Field,
   var2: Field,
   var3: Field,
-  len_xor: number
+  lenXor: number
 ) {
-  let twoPowLen = new Field(2 ** len_xor);
-
-  let twoPow2Len = twoPowLen.mul(twoPowLen);
-  let twoPow3Len = twoPow2Len.mul(twoPowLen);
-  let twoPow4Len = twoPow3Len.mul(twoPowLen);
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let twoPowLen = new Field(2 ** lenXor);
+    let twoPow2Len = twoPowLen.mul(twoPowLen);
+    let twoPow3Len = twoPow2Len.mul(twoPowLen);
+    let twoPow4Len = twoPow3Len.mul(twoPowLen);
 
-  let nextVar = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
     return current
       .sub(var0)
       .sub(var1.mul(twoPowLen))
@@ -186,6 +182,4 @@ function asProverNextVar(
       .sub(var3.mul(twoPow3Len))
       .div(twoPow4Len);
   });
-
-  return nextVar;
 }

From cd1cbbe60d44fe5ac6484d22f469993c5a00be6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 01:09:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0160/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index a585dbf2ef..4bcedf1ec5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ function xor(
   );
 }
 
-function zeroCheck(in1: Field, in2: Field, out: Field) {
-  Snarky.gates.zeroCheck(in1.value, in2.value, out.value);
+function zeroCheck(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
+  Snarky.gates.zeroCheck(a.value, b.value, c.value);
 }
 
 function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {

From 46123ac8301e35d5c0896cd4d7dc7c2bfb11ad23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 09:26:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0161/1786] address feedback: cleaner switch statement

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 40 +++++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/snarky.d.ts         |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 2313f2623f..553137d0fd 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   FeatureFlags,
   MlFeatureFlags,
   Gate,
+  GateType,
 } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
@@ -846,6 +847,18 @@ function dummyBase64Proof() {
   return withThreadPool(async () => Pickles.dummyBase64Proof());
 }
 
+// what feature flags to set to enable certain gate types
+
+const gateToFlag: Partial<Record<GateType, keyof FeatureFlags>> = {
+  RangeCheck0: 'rangeCheck0',
+  RangeCheck1: 'rangeCheck1',
+  ForeignFieldAdd: 'foreignFieldAdd',
+  ForeignFieldMul: 'foreignFieldMul',
+  Xor16: 'xor',
+  Rot64: 'rot',
+  Lookup: 'lookup',
+};
+
 function computeFeatureFlags(gates: Gate[]): MlFeatureFlags {
   let flags: FeatureFlags = {
     rangeCheck0: false,
@@ -858,31 +871,8 @@ function computeFeatureFlags(gates: Gate[]): MlFeatureFlags {
     runtimeTables: false,
   };
   for (let gate of gates) {
-    switch (gate.type) {
-      case 'RangeCheck0':
-        flags.rangeCheck0 = true;
-        break;
-      case 'RangeCheck1':
-        flags.rangeCheck1 = true;
-        break;
-      case 'ForeignFieldAdd':
-        flags.foreignFieldAdd = true;
-        break;
-      case 'ForeignFieldMul':
-        flags.foreignFieldMul = true;
-        break;
-      case 'Xor16':
-        flags.xor = true;
-        break;
-      case 'Rot64':
-        flags.rot = true;
-        break;
-      case 'Lookup':
-        flags.lookup = true;
-        break;
-      default:
-        break;
-    }
+    let flag = gateToFlag[gate.type];
+    if (flag !== undefined) flags[flag] = true;
   }
   return [
     0,
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 7a0f16f129..6145412344 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import type {
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 
-export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate };
+export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType };
 
 // internal
 export {

From 6b776e2161dd88162304ff81d25624e86d21efb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 10:05:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0162/1786] address feedback: add doccomment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts |  3 +--
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 107ce568bf..b4c799b2cb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,36 @@
+/**
+ * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
+ */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
 const Gadgets = {
-  rangeCheck64,
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^64).
+   *
+   * This function proves that the provided field element can be represented with 64 bits.
+   * If the field element exceeds 64 bits, an error is thrown.
+   *
+   * @param x - The value to be range-checked.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678n));
+   * rangeCheck64(x); // successfully proves 64-bit range
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * rangeCheck64(xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Note**: Small "negative" field element inputs are interpreted as large integers close to the field size,
+   * and don't pass the 64-bit check. If you want to prove that a value lies in the int64 range [-2^63, 2^63),
+   * you could use `rangeCheck64(x.add(1n << 63n))`.
+   */
+  rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheck64(x);
+  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index d244b83ec4..d27d4807a4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 export { rangeCheck64 };
 
 /**
- * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
- * @param x field element
+ * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64), handles constant case
  */
 function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   if (x.isConstant()) {

From aa26e467b114bf1d78a2c5602cecffa82ac529ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 13 Oct 2023 10:30:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0163/1786] fixup typo

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index fb03bcbd92..cf91b86108 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ class SmartContract {
         (instance as any)[methodName](publicInput, ...args);
       };
     });
-    // run methods once to get information tshat we need already at compile time
+    // run methods once to get information that we need already at compile time
     let methodsMeta = this.analyzeMethods();
     let gates = methodIntfs.map((intf) => methodsMeta[intf.methodName].gates);
     let {

From 68b9ba89d4daeeb59f5e93e65c557be3d6d96328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 18:14:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0164/1786] address feedback: document new interfaces

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 6145412344..f3e4d1e9e4 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -282,6 +282,14 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 
   gates: {
+    /**
+     * Range check gate
+     *
+     * @param v0 field var to be range checked
+     * @param v0p bits 16 to 88 as 6 12-bit limbs
+     * @param v0c bits 0 to 16 as 8 2-bit limbs
+     * @param compact boolean field elements -- whether to use "compact mode"
+     */
     rangeCheck0(
       v0: FieldVar,
       v0p: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
@@ -564,16 +572,30 @@ type MlFeatureFlags = [
 declare namespace Pickles {
   type Proof = unknown; // opaque to js
   type Statement<F> = [_: 0, publicInput: MlArray<F>, publicOutput: MlArray<F>];
+
+  /**
+   * A "rule" is a circuit plus some metadata for `Pickles.compile`
+   */
   type Rule = {
     identifier: string;
+    /**
+     * The main circuit functions
+     */
     main: (publicInput: MlArray<FieldVar>) => {
       publicOutput: MlArray<FieldVar>;
       previousStatements: MlArray<Statement<FieldVar>>;
       shouldVerify: MlArray<BoolVar>;
     };
+    /**
+     * Feature flags which enable certain custom gates
+     */
     featureFlags: MlFeatureFlags;
+    /**
+     * Description of previous proofs to verify in this rule
+     */
     proofsToVerify: MlArray<{ isSelf: true } | { isSelf: false; tag: unknown }>;
   };
+
   type Prover = (
     publicInput: MlArray<FieldConst>,
     previousProofs: MlArray<Proof>

From 5ef100f13ba69d5d1b815d435995fba29374fb1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 18:14:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0165/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a6b9460a6f..851d3df238 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a6b9460a6f113bcf82912b6f75efbf9842a4b356
+Subproject commit 851d3df2385c693bd4f652ad7a0a1af98491e99c

From f9a0935ddb7d68e7c9ab920a4a68ec6742971246 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 18:26:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0166/1786] simplify

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 91 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index c556e8deb3..17e747481f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -37,29 +37,40 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
     `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 
-  // check that both elements fit into length bits as prover
-  fitsInBits(a, length);
-  fitsInBits(b, length);
+  // sanity check as prover to check that both elements fit into length bits
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    assert(
+      a.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
+      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
+    );
+
+    assert(
+      b.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
+      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
+    );
+  });
 
   // handle constant case
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }
 
+  // calculate expect xor output
   let outputXor = Provable.witness(
     Field,
     () => new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
   );
 
-  // Obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
+  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = length;
   if (length % (4 * lengthXor) !== 0) {
     padLength = length + 4 * lengthXor - (length % (4 * lengthXor));
   }
 
-  // recursively build xor gadget
+  // recursively build xor gadget chain
   buildXor(a, b, outputXor, padLength, lengthXor);
 
+  // return the result of the xor operation
   return outputXor;
 }
 
@@ -67,18 +78,18 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
 function buildXor(
   a: Field,
   b: Field,
-  outputXor: Field,
+  expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number,
   lengthXor: number
 ) {
   // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
   if (padLength === 0) {
-    Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, outputXor);
+    Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, expectedOutput);
 
     let zero = new Field(0);
     zero.assertEquals(a);
     zero.assertEquals(b);
-    zero.assertEquals(outputXor);
+    zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
   } else {
     // nibble offsets
     let first = lengthXor;
@@ -86,23 +97,28 @@ function buildXor(
     let third = second + lengthXor;
     let fourth = third + lengthXor;
 
-    let in1_0 = sliceBits(a, 0, first);
-    let in1_1 = sliceBits(a, first, second);
-    let in1_2 = sliceBits(a, second, third);
-    let in1_3 = sliceBits(a, third, fourth);
-    let in2_0 = sliceBits(b, 0, first);
-    let in2_1 = sliceBits(b, first, second);
-    let in2_2 = sliceBits(b, second, third);
-    let in2_3 = sliceBits(b, third, fourth);
-    let out_0 = sliceBits(outputXor, 0, first);
-    let out_1 = sliceBits(outputXor, first, second);
-    let out_2 = sliceBits(outputXor, second, third);
-    let out_3 = sliceBits(outputXor, third, fourth);
+    // slices of a
+    let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, first);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, first, second);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, second, third);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, third, fourth);
+
+    // slices of b
+    let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, first);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, first, second);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, second, third);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, third, fourth);
+
+    // slice of expected output
+    let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, first);
+    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, first, second);
+    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, third);
+    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, fourth);
 
     Gates.xor(
       a,
       b,
-      outputXor,
+      expectedOutput,
       in1_0,
       in1_1,
       in1_2,
@@ -111,25 +127,25 @@ function buildXor(
       in2_1,
       in2_2,
       in2_3,
-      out_0,
-      out_1,
-      out_2,
-      out_3
+      out0,
+      out1,
+      out2,
+      out3
     );
 
     let nextIn1 = witnessNextValue(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, lengthXor);
     let nextIn2 = witnessNextValue(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, lengthXor);
-    let nextOut = witnessNextValue(
-      outputXor,
-      out_0,
-      out_1,
-      out_2,
-      out_3,
+    let nextExpectedOutput = witnessNextValue(
+      expectedOutput,
+      out0,
+      out1,
+      out2,
+      out3,
       lengthXor
     );
 
     let next_length = padLength - 4 * lengthXor;
-    buildXor(nextIn1, nextIn2, nextOut, next_length, lengthXor);
+    buildXor(nextIn1, nextIn2, nextExpectedOutput, next_length, lengthXor);
   }
 }
 
@@ -139,16 +155,7 @@ function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   }
 }
 
-function fitsInBits(word: Field, length: number) {
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    assert(
-      word.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
-      `${word.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
-    );
-  });
-}
-
-function sliceBits(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
   if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
     throw Error('stop offset must be greater than start offset');
 

From ddb9200e0be35ba2903d01d588a32358b8bedb5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 10:32:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0167/1786] feat(gates.ts): add rot function

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 503c4d2c6a..bb2d3b9750 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64 };
+export { rangeCheck64, rot };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -42,6 +42,27 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   );
 }
 
+function rot(
+  word: FieldVar,
+  rotated: FieldVar,
+  excess: FieldVar,
+  limbs: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
+  crumbs: [
+    0,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar,
+    FieldVar
+  ],
+  two_to_rot: FieldConst
+) {
+  Snarky.gates.rot(word, rotated, excess, limbs, crumbs, two_to_rot);
+}
+
 function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
   return FieldConst.fromBigint(
     (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n)

From 65d97bed322dac01be0eae6097840a9a51b1af36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 10:35:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0168/1786] feat(rot.ts): add new rotation function for bitwise
 operations

This commit introduces a new function 'rot' in rot.ts file which performs bitwise rotation on a given word. It supports both left and right rotation modes. The function also includes a check for the number of bits to be rotated, ensuring it is within the range of 0 to 64. The rotation function is designed to work with both constant and provable words.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cc37be4b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
+import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+
+export { rot };
+
+type RotationMode = 'left' | 'right';
+
+function rot(word: Field, mode: RotationMode, bits: number) {
+  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+  checkBits(bits);
+
+  if (word.isConstant()) {
+    return rot_constant(word, mode, bits);
+  } else {
+    return rot_provable(word, mode, bits);
+  }
+}
+
+function checkBits(bits: number) {
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
+    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  }
+}
+
+function rot_constant(word: Field, mode: RotationMode, bits: number) {
+  let x = word.toBigInt();
+  if (mode === 'left') {
+    return (x << BigInt(bits)) % (1n << 64n);
+  } else {
+    return (x >> BigInt(bits)) % (1n << 64n);
+  }
+}
+
+function rot_provable(word: Field, mode: RotationMode, bits: number) {
+  // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
+  // Compute actual length depending on whether the rotation mode is "left" or "right"
+  // Auxiliary BigInt values
+  // Compute rotated word
+  // Compute current row
+  // Compute next row
+  // Compute following row
+}

From d92b6fa610e257f8d0d40d4732bd45362d8ba32e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 21:00:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0169/1786] revert excessive testing cost

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 6d65c57d50..13a44a059d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 // do a couple of proofs
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
 
-equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 20 })(
+equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
     return true;

From e69a93fe84e4fa8a496410d899d26a1cc8754ede Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:09:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0170/1786] chore(bindings): update bindings subproject to
 latest commit

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1f7443d077..13cb203feb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1f7443d0776382bf39bf13ea0becd59712abaf2f
+Subproject commit 13cb203febb168a47c82fa83013e7e4b4193d438

From e040fe7d0f46ed4fb67a7b7851061935a4681619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:14:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0171/1786] refactor(snarky.d.ts): replace hardcoded arrays
 with MlArray<FieldVar> for limbs and crumbs

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 14 ++------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 1b3cdec993..d5be6ac756 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -303,18 +303,8 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       word: FieldVar,
       rotated: FieldVar,
       excess: FieldVar,
-      limbs: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
-      crumbs: [
-        0,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar
-      ],
+      limbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      crumbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
       two_to_rot: FieldConst
     ): void;
   };

From 82dfa33cbf8fa1a097d9ce4f71dbc734553e0ee2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:15:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0172/1786] feat(gates.ts): add MlArray import to convert limbs
 and crumbs arrays to MlArray

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index bb2d3b9750..175dc72afc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
+import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 
 export { rangeCheck64, rot };
 
@@ -43,24 +44,21 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
 }
 
 function rot(
-  word: FieldVar,
-  rotated: FieldVar,
-  excess: FieldVar,
-  limbs: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
-  crumbs: [
-    0,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar,
-    FieldVar
-  ],
-  two_to_rot: FieldConst
+  word: Field,
+  rotated: Field,
+  excess: Field,
+  limbs: [Field, Field, Field, Field],
+  crumbs: [Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field],
+  two_to_rot: Field
 ) {
-  Snarky.gates.rot(word, rotated, excess, limbs, crumbs, two_to_rot);
+  Snarky.gates.rot(
+    word.value,
+    rotated.value,
+    excess.value,
+    MlArray.to(limbs.map((x) => x.value)),
+    MlArray.to(crumbs.map((x) => x.value)),
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(two_to_rot.toBigInt())
+  );
 }
 
 function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {

From a63c0d317dfc32613e3b9c5fe570cc377dd36ac5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:16:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0173/1786] feat(rot.ts): implement provable rotation function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 138 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 118 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 9cc37be4b2..10a45fc81a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -1,44 +1,142 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { UInt64 } from '../int.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { rot };
 
-type RotationMode = 'left' | 'right';
+const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
-function rot(word: Field, mode: RotationMode, bits: number) {
+function rot(word: Field, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left', bits: number) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  checkBits(bits);
-
-  if (word.isConstant()) {
-    return rot_constant(word, mode, bits);
-  } else {
-    return rot_provable(word, mode, bits);
-  }
-}
-
-function checkBits(bits: number) {
   if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
     throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
-}
 
-function rot_constant(word: Field, mode: RotationMode, bits: number) {
-  let x = word.toBigInt();
-  if (mode === 'left') {
-    return (x << BigInt(bits)) % (1n << 64n);
+  if (word.isConstant()) {
+    return new Field(Fp.rot64(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
   } else {
-    return (x >> BigInt(bits)) % (1n << 64n);
+    // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
+    UInt64.check(UInt64.from(word));
+    return rot_provable(word, direction, bits);
   }
 }
 
-function rot_provable(word: Field, mode: RotationMode, bits: number) {
+function rot_provable(
+  word: Field,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left',
+  bits: number
+) {
   // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    if (word.toBigInt() < 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
+      throw Error(
+        `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
+      );
+    }
+  });
+
   // Compute actual length depending on whether the rotation mode is "left" or "right"
-  // Auxiliary BigInt values
+  let rotationBits = bits;
+  if (direction === 'right') {
+    rotationBits = MAX_BITS - bits;
+  }
+
   // Compute rotated word
+  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = computeRotatedWord(
+    word,
+    rotationBits
+  );
+
   // Compute current row
+  Gates.rot(
+    word,
+    rotated,
+    excess,
+    [
+      witnessSlices(bound, 52, 64),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 40, 52),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 28, 40),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 16, 28),
+    ],
+    [
+      witnessSlices(bound, 14, 16),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 12, 14),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 10, 12),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 8, 10),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 6, 8),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 4, 6),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 2, 4),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2),
+    ],
+    Field.from(2n ** 64n)
+  );
   // Compute next row
+  Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
   // Compute following row
+  Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
+  return rotated;
+}
+
+function computeRotatedWord(word: Field, rotationBits: number) {
+  // Auxiliary BigInt values
+  const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
+  const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
+  const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
+
+  return Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 4), () => {
+    // Assert that the word is at most 64 bits.
+    if (wordBigInt < big2Power64) {
+      throw Error(
+        `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation
+    // word * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
+    const { quotient: excessBigInt, remainder: shiftedBigInt } = divRem(
+      wordBigInt * big2PowerRot,
+      big2Power64
+    );
+
+    // Compute rotated value as
+    // rotated = excess + shifted
+    const rotatedBig = shiftedBigInt + excessBigInt;
+
+    // Compute bound that is the right input of FFAdd equation
+    const boundBig = excessBigInt + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
+
+    // Convert back to field
+    const shifted = Field.from(shiftedBigInt);
+    const excess = Field.from(excessBigInt);
+    const rotated = Field.from(rotatedBig);
+    const bound = Field.from(boundBig);
+
+    return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound];
+  });
+}
+
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
+  if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start) {
+    throw Error('stop must be greater than start');
+  }
+
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let bits = f.toBits();
+    if (stop > bits.length) {
+      throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
+    }
+    if (stop === -1) {
+      stop = bits.length;
+    }
+
+    return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+  });
+}
+
+function divRem(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
+  const quotient = numerator / denominator;
+  const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
+  return { quotient, remainder };
 }

From 19bfedfbd097fb05bd744606c683a5200b59a891 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:27:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0174/1786] refactor(rot.ts): simplify rot function by removing
 unnecessary checks and conditions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 23 +----------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 10a45fc81a..6dd10f8adb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -1,33 +1,12 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { UInt64 } from '../int.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { rot };
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
-function rot(word: Field, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left', bits: number) {
-  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
-    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-  }
-
-  if (word.isConstant()) {
-    return new Field(Fp.rot64(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
-  } else {
-    // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
-    UInt64.check(UInt64.from(word));
-    return rot_provable(word, direction, bits);
-  }
-}
-
-function rot_provable(
-  word: Field,
-  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left',
-  bits: number
-) {
+function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
     if (word.toBigInt() < 2 ** MAX_BITS) {

From 1909678d2d6320d5b102aead523c48c35c5e03c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:28:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0175/1786] feat(field.ts): add rot64 method to Field class for
 bit rotation

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 29193d64db..5e0a8fd995 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver, inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import { rot } from './gadgets/rot.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Field };
@@ -589,6 +590,33 @@ class Field {
     return new Field(z);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
+   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
+   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = Field(12);
+   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * c.assertEquals(20);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
+   * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
+   */
+  rot64(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+    if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
+      throw Error(`rot64: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+    }
+    if (this.isConstant()) {
+      return new Field(Fp.rot64(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
+    } else {
+      return rot(this, bits, direction);
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * @deprecated use `x.equals(0)` which is equivalent
    */

From a94394f1dfcc66068ebbd58728d3c172e38609ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 12:36:50 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0176/1786] feat(field.unit-test.ts, int.ts): add rotation test

---
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/int.ts             | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index f28f688bb3..f4fe4e4c4a 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,24 @@ test(Random.field, Random.json.field, (x, y, assert) => {
   assert(z.toJSON() === y);
 });
 
+// rotation
+test(
+  Random.uint64,
+  Random.nat(64),
+  Random.boolean,
+  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
+    let z = Field(x);
+    let r1 = Fp.rot64(x, n, direction);
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let r2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => z).rot64(
+        n,
+        direction ? 'left' : 'right'
+      );
+      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
+    });
+  }
+);
+
 // handles small numbers
 test(Random.nat(1000), (n, assert) => {
   assert(Field(n).toString() === String(n));
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index f4143a9a5b..5bef34beb2 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -371,6 +371,22 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt64, message?: string) {
     y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
+   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = UInt64.from(12);
+   * let b = a.rot(2, true);  // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * c.assertEquals(20);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
+   * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
+   */
+  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return new UInt64(this.value.rot64(bits, direction));
+  }
 }
 /**
  * A 32 bit unsigned integer with values ranging from 0 to 4,294,967,295.
@@ -707,6 +723,22 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt32, message?: string) {
     y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
+   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = UInt32.from(12);
+   * let b = a.rot(2, true);  // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * c.assertEquals(20);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
+   * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
+   */
+  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return new UInt32(this.value.rot64(bits, direction));
+  }
 }
 
 class Sign extends CircuitValue {

From eed078cf3a528613663c70ea82a3903e17a9aeef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 13:13:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0177/1786] fix(rot.ts): correct condition to check if word is
 more than 64 bits

---
 src/lib/field.ts       |  4 ----
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 20 +++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 5e0a8fd995..c919432261 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -606,10 +606,6 @@ class Field {
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
   rot64(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-    if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
-      throw Error(`rot64: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-    }
     if (this.isConstant()) {
       return new Field(Fp.rot64(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
     } else {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 6dd10f8adb..64d2963c50 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@ export { rot };
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
+    throw Error(`rot64: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  }
+
   // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    if (word.toBigInt() < 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
+    if (word.toBigInt() > 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
       throw Error(
         `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
       );
@@ -59,14 +64,15 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
 }
 
 function computeRotatedWord(word: Field, rotationBits: number) {
-  // Auxiliary BigInt values
-  const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
-  const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
-  const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
-
   return Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 4), () => {
+    const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
+
+    // Auxiliary BigInt values
+    const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
+    const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
+
     // Assert that the word is at most 64 bits.
-    if (wordBigInt < big2Power64) {
+    if (wordBigInt > big2Power64) {
       throw Error(
         `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
       );

From 60517f3316ce5f6ae7d41affc20a502bc7832178 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 13:19:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0178/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): add entry for bitwise ROT
 operation support for native field elements

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2eb508bf0b..466bc5df9d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
 
+- Added bitwise `ROT` operation support for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1182
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From b8cc337dab014b4beb24673cb792a99b3f1ccec6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 15:46:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0179/1786] refactor(rot.ts): replace hardcoded value 64 with
 constant MAX_BITS

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 64d2963c50..5ab1169282 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > 64) {
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
     throw Error(`rot64: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
 

From 3c8dd487d2c3835e7497c4009ebbc728b0011d80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 15:47:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0180/1786] refactor(rot.ts): extract rotation logic into
 separate rotate function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 25 +++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 5ab1169282..6358420700 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { rot };
+export { rot, rotate };
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -21,17 +21,8 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     }
   });
 
-  // Compute actual length depending on whether the rotation mode is "left" or "right"
-  let rotationBits = bits;
-  if (direction === 'right') {
-    rotationBits = MAX_BITS - bits;
-  }
-
   // Compute rotated word
-  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = computeRotatedWord(
-    word,
-    rotationBits
-  );
+  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
 
   // Compute current row
   Gates.rot(
@@ -63,7 +54,17 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   return rotated;
 }
 
-function computeRotatedWord(word: Field, rotationBits: number) {
+function rotate(
+  word: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
+) {
+  // Compute actual length depending on whether the rotation mode is "left" or "right"
+  let rotationBits = bits;
+  if (direction === 'right') {
+    rotationBits = MAX_BITS - bits;
+  }
+
   return Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 4), () => {
     const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
 

From eba9209e851cd8f18a67ce88c3716e179cdd6d6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 15:48:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0181/1786] fix(rot.ts): correct error message to match
 function name 'rot'

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 6358420700..193985cbbe 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`rot64: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
 
   // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.

From 8945d7f1d2093d189a7d20196701dd584dffef09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 15:56:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0182/1786] refactor(rot.ts): simplify computation and
 conversion of rotated, excess, shifted, bound values for readability

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 19 +++++--------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 193985cbbe..9c54b7ffa2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ function rotate(
 
   return Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 4), () => {
     const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
-
     // Auxiliary BigInt values
     const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
     const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
@@ -81,25 +80,17 @@ function rotate(
 
     // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation
     // word * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
-    const { quotient: excessBigInt, remainder: shiftedBigInt } = divRem(
+    const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
       wordBigInt * big2PowerRot,
       big2Power64
     );
-
     // Compute rotated value as
     // rotated = excess + shifted
-    const rotatedBig = shiftedBigInt + excessBigInt;
-
+    const rotated = shifted + excess;
     // Compute bound that is the right input of FFAdd equation
-    const boundBig = excessBigInt + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
-
-    // Convert back to field
-    const shifted = Field.from(shiftedBigInt);
-    const excess = Field.from(excessBigInt);
-    const rotated = Field.from(rotatedBig);
-    const bound = Field.from(boundBig);
+    const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
 
-    return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound];
+    return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
   });
 }
 
@@ -121,7 +112,7 @@ function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
   });
 }
 
-function divRem(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
+function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
   const quotient = numerator / denominator;
   const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
   return { quotient, remainder };

From 6745559171b92615ae12a90a5b08f1c751861303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 16:10:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0183/1786] refactor: rename rot64 method to rot in field.ts,
 field.unit-test.ts, int.ts

---
 src/lib/field.ts           | 4 ++--
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 src/lib/int.ts             | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index c919432261..db7ed19e61 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -605,9 +605,9 @@ class Field {
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
-  rot64(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     if (this.isConstant()) {
-      return new Field(Fp.rot64(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
+      return new Field(Fp.rot(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
     } else {
       return rot(this, bits, direction);
     }
diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index f4fe4e4c4a..7f23e76d7a 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ test(
   Random.boolean,
   (x, n, direction, assert) => {
     let z = Field(x);
-    let r1 = Fp.rot64(x, n, direction);
+    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction);
     Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let r2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => z).rot64(
+      let r2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => z).rot(
         n,
         direction ? 'left' : 'right'
       );
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 5bef34beb2..3fd35c3006 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return new UInt64(this.value.rot64(bits, direction));
+    return new UInt64(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
   }
 }
 /**
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return new UInt32(this.value.rot64(bits, direction));
+    return new UInt32(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
   }
 }
 

From e0bcb0f6a43703e860500101967a419f80728d53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 16:14:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0184/1786] feat(field.ts, int.ts): add default values for bits
 parameter in rot method to improve usability This change allows users to call
 the rot method without specifying the bits parameter, which will default to
 64 for Field class, UInt64.NUM_BITS for UInt64 class, and UInt32.NUM_BITS for
 UInt32 class.

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/int.ts   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index db7ed19e61..00a6aaf0d1 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ class Field {
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
-  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number = 64, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     if (this.isConstant()) {
       return new Field(Fp.rot(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
     } else {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 3fd35c3006..ea84a413ac 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
-  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number = UInt64.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt64(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
   }
 }
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
    * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
    */
-  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number = UInt32.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt32(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
   }
 }

From e8e0c51c25a189865b135688f9c1bc61fc5bf279 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 16:21:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0185/1786] fix(field.ts, int.ts): correct the documentation
 for the rot function - Update the example output to match the correct result
 of the operation - Change the direction parameter description from boolean to
 'left' or 'right' string values for better readability and understanding of
 the function usage

---
 src/lib/field.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/int.ts   | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 00a6aaf0d1..6471d02456 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -599,11 +599,11 @@ class Field {
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(12);
    * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * c.assertEquals(20);
+   * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
    *
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
-   * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number = 64, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     if (this.isConstant()) {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index ea84a413ac..6ea5f4dd75 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -377,12 +377,12 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.   *
    * ```typescript
    * let a = UInt64.from(12);
-   * let b = a.rot(2, true);  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * c.assertEquals(20);
+   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
    *
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
-   * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number = UInt64.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt64(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
@@ -729,12 +729,12 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.   *
    * ```typescript
    * let a = UInt32.from(12);
-   * let b = a.rot(2, true);  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * c.assertEquals(20);
+   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
    *
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
-   * @param direction (true) left or (false) right rotation direction.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number = UInt32.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt32(this.value.rot(bits, direction));

From 6f3a6c568c3f8706ba0369e8f19a52ed73acae67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 16:30:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0186/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add example e2e test

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/gadgets.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bddf250c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { Field, Provable, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let f = Field(12);
+  let res = f.rot(2, 'left');
+  Provable.log(res);
+  res.assertEquals(Field(48));
+});
+
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let res1 = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12).rot(2, 'left'));
+  let res2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12).rot(2, 'right'));
+
+  res1.assertEquals(Field(48));
+  res2.assertEquals(Field(3));
+
+  Provable.log(res1);
+  Provable.log(res2);
+});
+console.log(cs);
+
+const ROT = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    baseCase: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method: () => {
+        let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(48));
+        let actualLeft = a.rot(2, 'left');
+        let actualRight = a.rot(2, 'right');
+
+        let expectedLeft = Field(192);
+        actualLeft.assertEquals(expectedLeft);
+
+        let expectedRight = 12;
+        actualRight.assertEquals(expectedRight);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+console.log('compiling..');
+
+console.time('compile');
+await ROT.compile();
+console.timeEnd('compile');
+
+console.log('proving..');
+
+console.time('prove');
+let proof = await ROT.baseCase();
+console.timeEnd('prove');
+
+if (!(await ROT.verify(proof))) throw Error('Invalid proof');
+else console.log('proof valid');

From cd024e55abc97ca648b84ba1b2d9fefe9e2351a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 17:52:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0187/1786] refactor(rot.ts): split rot function into rot and
 rotate

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 9c54b7ffa2..d50ea03e1e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,26 @@ export { rot, rotate };
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  const [rotated, ,] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
+  return rotated;
+}
+
+function rotate(
+  word: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
+): [Field, Field, Field] {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
     throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
 
+  if (direction !== 'left' && direction !== 'right') {
+    throw Error(
+      `rot: expected direction to be 'left' or 'right', got ${direction}`
+    );
+  }
+
   // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
     if (word.toBigInt() > 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
@@ -21,8 +36,31 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     }
   });
 
-  // Compute rotated word
-  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
+  const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
+  const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
+  const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
+
+  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = Provable.witness(
+    Provable.Array(Field, 4),
+    () => {
+      const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
+
+      // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation
+      // word * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
+      const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
+        wordBigInt * big2PowerRot,
+        big2Power64
+      );
+
+      // Compute rotated value as
+      // rotated = excess + shifted
+      const rotated = shifted + excess;
+      // Compute bound that is the right input of FFAdd equation
+      const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
+
+      return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
+    }
+  );
 
   // Compute current row
   Gates.rot(
@@ -45,53 +83,13 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
       witnessSlices(bound, 2, 4),
       witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2),
     ],
-    Field.from(2n ** 64n)
+    Field.from(big2PowerRot)
   );
   // Compute next row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
   // Compute following row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
-  return rotated;
-}
-
-function rotate(
-  word: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
-) {
-  // Compute actual length depending on whether the rotation mode is "left" or "right"
-  let rotationBits = bits;
-  if (direction === 'right') {
-    rotationBits = MAX_BITS - bits;
-  }
-
-  return Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 4), () => {
-    const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
-    // Auxiliary BigInt values
-    const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
-    const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
-
-    // Assert that the word is at most 64 bits.
-    if (wordBigInt > big2Power64) {
-      throw Error(
-        `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
-      );
-    }
-
-    // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation
-    // word * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
-    const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
-      wordBigInt * big2PowerRot,
-      big2Power64
-    );
-    // Compute rotated value as
-    // rotated = excess + shifted
-    const rotated = shifted + excess;
-    // Compute bound that is the right input of FFAdd equation
-    const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
-
-    return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
-  });
+  return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
 function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {

From 704c2d900bceb573fdab1102ef67ddb7bb54801f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 18:04:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0188/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add more test cases

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 1bddf250c3..1ff2c67ebd 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,34 @@
 import { Field, Provable, Experimental } from 'o1js';
 
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let f = Field(12);
-  let res = f.rot(2, 'left');
-  Provable.log(res);
-  res.assertEquals(Field(48));
-});
+function testRot(
+  word: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  mode: 'left' | 'right',
+  result: Field
+) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => word);
+    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
+    let output = w.rot(bits, mode);
+    output.assertEquals(r);
+  });
+}
+
+console.log('Running positive tests...');
+testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
+testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
+testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
+testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808));
+testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
+
+// TODO: fix this test
+// testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'left', Field(11936128518282651045));
+//testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045));
+
+testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
+testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
+testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
+console.log('🎉 Passed positive tests');
 
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let res1 = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12).rot(2, 'left'));
@@ -17,7 +40,7 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   Provable.log(res1);
   Provable.log(res2);
 });
-console.log(cs);
+console.log('constraint system: ', cs);
 
 const ROT = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   methods: {

From fb347bd23726cff2d1a4ae314ffc415073c144fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 18:05:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0189/1786] chore(rot.ts): minor refactors

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index d50ea03e1e..1a99afcc8e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export { rot, rotate };
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-  const [rotated, ,] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
+  const [rotated] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
   return rotated;
 }
 
@@ -45,19 +45,18 @@ function rotate(
     () => {
       const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
 
-      // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation
+      // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation:
       // word * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
       const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
         wordBigInt * big2PowerRot,
         big2Power64
       );
 
-      // Compute rotated value as
+      // Compute rotated value as:
       // rotated = excess + shifted
       const rotated = shifted + excess;
       // Compute bound that is the right input of FFAdd equation
       const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
-
       return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
     }
   );

From 98bd547be9c4af5979cf092954e4d0a56e6635dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 18:19:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0190/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): enhance testRot function to log
 output for better debugging

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 1ff2c67ebd..cba262e689 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ function testRot(
     let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => word);
     let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
     let output = w.rot(bits, mode);
-    output.assertEquals(r);
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      Provable.log(`rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode}) = ${output}`);
+    });
+    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
   });
 }
 
@@ -22,7 +25,8 @@ testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808));
 testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
 
 // TODO: fix this test
-// testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'left', Field(11936128518282651045));
+// 0x5A5A5A5A5A5A5A5A is 0xA5A5A5A5A5A5A5A5 both when rotate 4 bits left or right
+// testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045));
 //testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045));
 
 testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));

From 33db00dd543328cda94bbf130a2522cb877fe1ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:22:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0191/1786] add tests

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts                       | 10 ++---
 src/index.ts                                  |  4 +-
 src/lib/field.ts                              |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts                    |  1 +
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts          | 38 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                    | 24 ++++++++++++
 ....unit-test.ts => range-check.unit-test.ts} |  0
 7 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
 rename src/lib/gadgets/{gadgets.unit-test.ts => range-check.unit-test.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 18e8fb28f2..8bcf698791 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-import { Field, Provable, xor, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, Experimental } from 'o1js';
 
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let res = xor(
+  let res = Gadgets.xor(
     Field(5215),
     Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
     16
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
   Provable.log(res);
 });
 
-let res = xor(Field(2), Field(5), 4);
+let res = Gadgets.xor(Field(2), Field(5), 4);
 Provable.log(res);
 
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let res = xor(
+  let res = Gadgets.xor(
     Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5215)),
     Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
     2
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
       method: () => {
         let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5));
         let b = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(2));
-        let actual = xor(a, b, 4);
+        let actual = Gadgets.xor(a, b, 4);
         let expected = Field(7);
         actual.assertEquals(expected);
       },
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 190aa61135..fcf49a582b 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-export { xor } from './lib/gadgets/bitwise.js';
-
 export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
 export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ export {
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
   setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   sendZkapp,
-  Lightnet
+  Lightnet,
 } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
 export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index f77a57ffdf..24d44a37ce 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver, inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import * as Gadgets from './gadgets/bitwise.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Field };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 17e747481f..a5873a997d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ function buildXor(
     let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, third);
     let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, fourth);
 
+    // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
     Gates.xor(
       a,
       b,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e3caed13a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { Spec, equivalentAsync, field } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+
+let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
+  publicOutput: Field,
+  methods: {
+    xor: {
+      privateInputs: [Field, Field],
+      method(a: Field, b: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await Bitwise.compile();
+
+let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
+};
+
+// do a couple of proofs
+equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x, y) => {
+    return Fp.xor(x, y);
+  },
+  async (x, y) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.xor(x, y);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b4c799b2cb..528da1f64e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import { xor } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -33,4 +34,27 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
+   *
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
+   *
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   *
+   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
+   * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
+   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
+   * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
+   *
+   * let c = xor(a, b, 2);    // ... 000110
+   * c.assertEquals(6);
+   * ```
+   */
+  xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
+    return xor(a, b, length, lengthXor);
+  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts

From bce7ffe1f6c3b22f89d751d0fdd675d2619057b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:53:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0192/1786] dump vks

---
 src/bindings                                |  2 +-
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/examples/regression_test.json           | 13 +++++++++++++
 src/examples/vk_regression.ts               |  3 ++-
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 4aa3fc8835..6972f73332 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4aa3fc883539ea41aca0d37d6c8b86aacbd1e8d5
+Subproject commit 6972f7333206f17882330c74bd2b6e42bf295d01
diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 17735faa04..1ef5a5f87c 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Group, Poseidon, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
 
 function mock(obj: { [K: string]: (...args: any) => void }, name: string) {
   let methodKeys = Object.keys(obj);
@@ -63,4 +63,16 @@ const GroupMock = {
   },
 };
 
+const BitwiseMock = {
+  xor() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
+    let b = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
+    Gadgets.xor(a, b, 16);
+    Gadgets.xor(a, b, 32);
+    Gadgets.xor(a, b, 48);
+    Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
+  },
+};
+
 export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');
+export const BitwiseCS = mock(BitwiseMock, 'Bitwise Primitive');
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index e492f2d163..817796fa3a 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -164,5 +164,18 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
+  },
+  "Bitwise Primitive": {
+    "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
+    "methods": {
+      "xor": {
+        "rows": 15,
+        "digest": "b3595a9cc9562d4f4a3a397b6de44971"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "",
+      "hash": ""
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts b/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
index 6dbcd31373..a76b41aef4 100644
--- a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
+++ b/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from './zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from './zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from './zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from './zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { GroupCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
+import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
 const skipVerificationKeys = false;
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   TokenContract,
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
+  BitwiseCS,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './src/examples/regression_test.json';

From 70ba811168c00901c38c1c10db0456b25110f07d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:54:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0193/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 6972f73332..f8185abae7 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 6972f7333206f17882330c74bd2b6e42bf295d01
+Subproject commit f8185abae79db6dcb01212e57c4871052c09a1be

From 458bd4646f9f1174400e2971834704b0435ef341 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:58:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0194/1786] add doc commnets to gate

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 4bcedf1ec5..354df690b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
 }
 
 /**
- *
+ * Asserts that 16 bit limbs of input two elements are the correct XOR output
  */
 function xor(
   input1: Field,
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ function xor(
   in2_1: Field,
   in2_2: Field,
   in2_3: Field,
-  out_0: Field,
-  out_1: Field,
-  out_2: Field,
-  out_3: Field
+  out0: Field,
+  out1: Field,
+  out2: Field,
+  out3: Field
 ) {
   Snarky.gates.xor(
     input1.value,
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ function xor(
     in2_1.value,
     in2_2.value,
     in2_3.value,
-    out_0.value,
-    out_1.value,
-    out_2.value,
-    out_3.value
+    out0.value,
+    out1.value,
+    out2.value,
+    out3.value
   );
 }
 

From 5b87fb7fec0a9628ca8298aec433725645a33e56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 14:11:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0195/1786] remove circular dependency

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts              |  6 +++---
 src/lib/field.ts                     | 23 ---------------------
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts           |  6 +++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts           |  4 +++-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/int.ts                       | 30 ----------------------------
 6 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 8bcf698791..608cdee2f7 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, Experimental } from 'o1js';
 
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
   let res = Gadgets.xor(
-    Field(5215),
-    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
-    16
+    Field(521515),
+    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(771812)),
+    32
   );
   Provable.log(res);
 });
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 24d44a37ce..6b9ff9082e 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -591,29 +591,6 @@ class Field {
     return new Field(z);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Bitwise XOR gate on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
-   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
-   *
-   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. By default it is set to `32`. The output is not constrained to the length.
-   *
-   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
-   *
-   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
-   * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
-   *
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
-   * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
-   *
-   * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
-   * c.assertEquals(6);
-   * ```
-   */
-  xor(y: Field | bigint | number | string, length: number = 32) {
-    return Gadgets.xor(this, Field.from(y), length);
-  }
-
   /**
    * @deprecated use `x.equals(0)` which is equivalent
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 36b401e228..9ae4ee945a 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   bool,
   Spec,
 } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // types
 Field satisfies Provable<Field>;
@@ -76,11 +77,14 @@ test(Random.field, Random.int(-5, 5), (x, k) => {
     let r1 = Fp.xor(BigInt(x), BigInt(y));
 
     Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let r2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => z).xor(y, length);
+      let zz = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+      let yy = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(y));
+      let r2 = Gadgets.xor(zz, yy, length);
       Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
     });
   });
 });
+
 // Field | bigint parameter
 let fieldOrBigint = oneOf(field, bigintField);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index a5873a997d..5149c52913 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { Field, toFp } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ export { xor };
  * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
  * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
  *
+ * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively. Each XOR gate can verify 16 bit at most. If your input elements exceed 16 bit, another XOR gate will be added to the chain.
+ *
  * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
  *
  * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 5e3caed13a..d18d4bbe5d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Spec, equivalentAsync, field } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index bdf4a695cf..a48118fa2c 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -115,21 +115,6 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
     return new UInt64(Field((1n << 64n) - 1n));
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Bitwise XOR gate on {@link UInt64} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
-   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal. It applies XOR to all 64 bits of the elements.
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = UInt64.from(5);    // ... 000101
-   * let b = UInt64.from(3);    // ... 000011
-   *
-   * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
-   * c.assertEquals(6);
-   * ```
-   */
-  xor(y: UInt64) {
-    return new UInt64(this.value.xor(y.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
-  }
-
   /**
    * Integer division with remainder.
    *
@@ -474,21 +459,6 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     return new UInt32(Field((1n << 32n) - 1n));
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Bitwise XOR gate on {@link UInt32} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
-   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal. It applies XOR to all 32 bits of the elements.
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = UInt32.from(5);    // ... 000101
-   * let b = UInt32.from(3);    // ... 000011
-   *
-   * let c = a.xor(b);    // ... 000110
-   * c.assertEquals(6);
-   * ```
-   */
-  xor(y: UInt32) {
-    return new UInt32(this.value.xor(y.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
-  }
-
   /**
    * Integer division with remainder.
    *

From 8f9c9a865326d7c20caa5857272dcad1694daed9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 14:13:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0196/1786] move gadget tests

---
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts           | 20 --------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 9ae4ee945a..8f7d8843f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import {
   bool,
   Spec,
 } from './testing/equivalent.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // types
 Field satisfies Provable<Field>;
@@ -66,25 +65,6 @@ test(Random.field, Random.int(-5, 5), (x, k) => {
   deepEqual(Field(x + BigInt(k) * Field.ORDER), Field(x));
 });
 
-// XOR with some common and odd lengths
-[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
-  test(Random.field, Random.field, (x_, y_, assert) => {
-    let modulus = 1n << BigInt(length);
-    let x = x_ % modulus;
-    let y = y_ % modulus;
-    let z = Field(x);
-
-    let r1 = Fp.xor(BigInt(x), BigInt(y));
-
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let zz = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let yy = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(y));
-      let r2 = Gadgets.xor(zz, yy, length);
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  });
-});
-
 // Field | bigint parameter
 let fieldOrBigint = oneOf(field, bigintField);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index d18d4bbe5d..f7c628109f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Spec, equivalentAsync, field } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   publicOutput: Field,
@@ -26,6 +27,25 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ),
 };
 
+// XOR with some common and odd lengths
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
+  test(Random.field, Random.field, (x_, y_, assert) => {
+    let modulus = 1n << BigInt(length);
+    let x = x_ % modulus;
+    let y = y_ % modulus;
+    let z = new Field(x);
+
+    let r1 = Fp.xor(BigInt(x), BigInt(y));
+
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let zz = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+      let yy = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(y));
+      let r2 = Gadgets.xor(zz, yy, length);
+      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
+    });
+  });
+});
+
 // do a couple of proofs
 equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x, y) => {

From f3505cf1ace4f025480dec6a256974a8ad20e323 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 14:15:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0197/1786] cleanup

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 6b9ff9082e..7ff78ce4e5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver, inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Field };

From 08c5d10c1a857c809df2d960463ddee0baecda9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 14:16:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0198/1786] cleanup example

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 22 ----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 608cdee2f7..2048b294fa 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,27 +1,5 @@
 import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, Experimental } from 'o1js';
 
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let res = Gadgets.xor(
-    Field(521515),
-    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(771812)),
-    32
-  );
-  Provable.log(res);
-});
-
-let res = Gadgets.xor(Field(2), Field(5), 4);
-Provable.log(res);
-
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let res = Gadgets.xor(
-    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5215)),
-    Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(7812)),
-    2
-  );
-  Provable.log(res);
-});
-console.log(cs);
-
 const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   methods: {
     baseCase: {

From 92de8ecd357d706779a30622f8e07812871a3ef4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 14:39:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0199/1786] clean up unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 16 +++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f7c628109f..00f0699243 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,13 +20,6 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
 
 await Bitwise.compile();
 
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
-};
-
 // XOR with some common and odd lengths
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
   test(Random.field, Random.field, (x_, y_, assert) => {
@@ -46,9 +39,18 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   });
 });
 
+let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
+};
+
 // do a couple of proofs
 equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x, y) => {
+    if (x > 2 ** length || y > 2 ** length)
+      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.xor(x, y);
   },
   async (x, y) => {

From 8991e3b2e53e6f77e1cdc8d79e1bc1caeba2c16a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 14:51:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0200/1786] fix unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 00f0699243..32373efe5c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 // do a couple of proofs
 equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x > 2 ** length || y > 2 ** length)
-      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    if (x > 2 ** 64 || y > 2 ** 64) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.xor(x, y);
   },
   async (x, y) => {

From cc2d15882b68250d80c20154814c6da23d08a123 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 09:24:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0201/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): change testRot function
 parameters from number to string to avoid precision loss in JavaScript

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index cba262e689..06c6c41b79 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -18,20 +18,26 @@ function testRot(
 }
 
 console.log('Running positive tests...');
-testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
-testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808));
-testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
-
-// TODO: fix this test
-// 0x5A5A5A5A5A5A5A5A is 0xA5A5A5A5A5A5A5A5 both when rotate 4 bits left or right
-// testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045));
-//testRot(Field(6510615555426900570), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045));
-
-testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
-testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
-testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
+testRot(Field('0'), 0, 'left', Field('0'));
+testRot(Field('0'), 32, 'right', Field('0'));
+testRot(Field('1'), 1, 'left', Field('2'));
+testRot(Field('1'), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
+testRot(Field('256'), 4, 'right', Field('16'));
+testRot(Field('1234567890'), 32, 'right', Field('5302428712241725440'));
+testRot(Field('2651214356120862720'), 32, 'right', Field('617283945'));
+testRot(Field('1153202983878524928'), 32, 'right', Field('268500993'));
+testRot(
+  Field('6510615555426900570'),
+  4,
+  'right',
+  Field('11936128518282651045')
+);
+testRot(
+  Field('6510615555426900570'),
+  4,
+  'right',
+  Field('11936128518282651045')
+);
 console.log('🎉 Passed positive tests');
 
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {

From b7698a6c85b05005fa29fc203abdb1b1e4f5738c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 09:24:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0202/1786] refactor(rot.ts): update comment for clarity on the
 role of the prover in checking the input word length

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 1a99afcc8e..d651f05cae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ function rotate(
     );
   }
 
-  // Check that the input word is at most 64 bits.
+  // Check as the prover, that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
     if (word.toBigInt() > 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
       throw Error(

From 1c25be89d277083238bad555b5395765ee08ae00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 18:34:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0203/1786] address feedback

---
 src/bindings                         |  2 +-
 src/lib/field.ts                     |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts           | 38 +++++-----------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 32 +++++++++++------------
 src/lib/gates.ts                     |  6 ++---
 src/snarky.d.ts                      |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f8185abae7..571d19674a 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f8185abae79db6dcb01212e57c4871052c09a1be
+Subproject commit 571d19674a4dd6ec8f13615dedc830cba138dc39
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 7ff78ce4e5..5d810ef20f 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1246,9 +1246,9 @@ class Field {
   /**
    * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
    *
-   * As all {@link Field} elements have 31 bytes, this function returns 31.
+   * As all {@link Field} elements have 32 bytes, this function returns 32.
    *
-   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element - 31.
+   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element - 32.
    */
   static sizeInBytes() {
     return Fp.sizeInBytes();
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 5149c52913..040d382993 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,27 +5,6 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
-/**
- * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
- * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
- *
- * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively. Each XOR gate can verify 16 bit at most. If your input elements exceed 16 bit, another XOR gate will be added to the chain.
- *
- * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
- *
- * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
- *
- * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
- * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
- *
- * ```typescript
- * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
- * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
- *
- * let c = xor(a, b, 2);    // ... 000110
- * c.assertEquals(6);
- * ```
- */
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(
@@ -39,8 +18,8 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
     `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 
-  // sanity check as prover to check that both elements fit into length bits
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
+  // handle constant case
+  if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     assert(
       a.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
       `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
@@ -50,10 +29,7 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
       b.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
       `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
     );
-  });
 
-  // handle constant case
-  if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }
 
@@ -64,10 +40,8 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
-  let padLength = length;
-  if (length % (4 * lengthXor) !== 0) {
-    padLength = length + 4 * lengthXor - (length % (4 * lengthXor));
-  }
+  let l = 4 * lengthXor;
+  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
 
   // recursively build xor gadget chain
   buildXor(a, b, outputXor, padLength, lengthXor);
@@ -86,14 +60,14 @@ function buildXor(
 ) {
   // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
   if (padLength === 0) {
-    Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, expectedOutput);
+    Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
 
     let zero = new Field(0);
     zero.assertEquals(a);
     zero.assertEquals(b);
     zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
   } else {
-    // nibble offsets
+    // lengthXor-sized offsets
     let first = lengthXor;
     let second = first + lengthXor;
     let third = second + lengthXor;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 32373efe5c..4b218729b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
-import { Spec, equivalentAsync, field } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  Spec,
+  equivalent,
+  equivalentAsync,
+  field,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
@@ -21,24 +26,19 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
 await Bitwise.compile();
 
 // XOR with some common and odd lengths
-[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
-  test(Random.field, Random.field, (x_, y_, assert) => {
-    let modulus = 1n << BigInt(length);
-    let x = x_ % modulus;
-    let y = y_ % modulus;
-    let z = new Field(x);
-
-    let r1 = Fp.xor(BigInt(x), BigInt(y));
+let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let zz = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let yy = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(y));
-      let r2 = Gadgets.xor(zz, yy, length);
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  });
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
+    Fp.xor,
+    (x, y) => Gadgets.xor(x, y, length)
+  );
 });
 
+// helper that should be added to `equivalent.ts`
+function fieldWithRng(rng: Random<bigint>): Spec<bigint, Field> {
+  return { ...field, rng };
+}
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
   rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 354df690b7..1a5a9a3c00 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, xor, zeroCheck };
+export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ function xor(
   );
 }
 
-function zeroCheck(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
-  Snarky.gates.zeroCheck(a.value, b.value, c.value);
+function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
+  Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
 }
 
 function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index d259ac5ab6..ab0f5e85a9 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       out_3: FieldVar
     ): void;
 
-    zeroCheck(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
+    zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
   };
 
   bool: {

From 1e1f46e102fb724b5d3736d2d4e11741fe3c6ff3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 09:39:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0204/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 latest version for up-to-date dependencies

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 13cb203feb..62ebd762bb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 13cb203febb168a47c82fa83013e7e4b4193d438
+Subproject commit 62ebd762bbc3f5698ec01f202d36a97a4689d375

From b7b01a3f826f13d46d6213b7d41b09ef267806e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 09:44:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0205/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add rot function to Gadgets
 namespace for bit rotation

The rot function provides left and right bit rotation functionality. It accepts a Field element, the number of bits to rotate, and the direction of rotation. This function will throw an error if the Field element exceeds 64 bits.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b4c799b2cb..3566a2d2f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import { rot } from './rot.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -33,4 +34,27 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
+   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
+   *
+   * @param word {@link Field} element to rotate.
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = Field(12);
+   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * b.assertEquals(48);
+   * ```
+   */
+  rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return rot(word, bits, direction);
+  },
 };

From 3f1de405f6056cf07445448bdd62336eab838d8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 09:45:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0206/1786] docs(field.ts, int.ts): rearrange and add more
 details to the rot method documentation

---
 src/lib/field.ts |  9 ++++++---
 src/lib/int.ts   | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 6471d02456..089b11d53c 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -596,14 +596,17 @@ class Field {
    *
    * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
    *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(12);
    * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
    * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
-   *
-   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
-   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number = 64, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     if (this.isConstant()) {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 6ea5f4dd75..7f348eb06a 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -374,15 +374,21 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
 
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
-   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.   *
+   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
    * ```typescript
-   * let a = UInt64.from(12);
+   * let a = Field(12);
    * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
    * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
-   *
-   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
-   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number = UInt64.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt64(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
@@ -726,15 +732,21 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
 
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
-   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.   *
+   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
    * ```typescript
-   * let a = UInt32.from(12);
+   * let a = Field(12);
    * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
    * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
-   *
-   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
-   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    */
   rot(bits: number = UInt32.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt32(this.value.rot(bits, direction));

From c0210c3cc9cb69d0d83429deecb70116547168a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:03:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0207/1786] feat(gadgets.unit-test.ts): add ROT ZkProgram and
 its equivalentAsync test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 13a44a059d..aec2477b1b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,20 @@ let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
+let ROT = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'left');
+        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'right');
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
 await RangeCheck64.compile();
+await ROT.compile();
 
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
@@ -45,3 +58,14 @@ equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
     return await RangeCheck64.verify(proof);
   }
 );
+
+equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await ROT.run(x);
+    return await ROT.verify(proof);
+  }
+);

From 22050e10da62e6f6218e3769318a156e1f993cc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:06:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0208/1786] feat: add rot tests to primitive_constraint_system
 and vk_regression

---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 13 ++++++++++++-
 src/examples/vk_regression.ts               |  3 ++-
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 17735faa04..961ff1788b 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Group, Poseidon, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Group, Poseidon, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
 
 function mock(obj: { [K: string]: (...args: any) => void }, name: string) {
   let methodKeys = Object.keys(obj);
@@ -63,4 +63,15 @@ const GroupMock = {
   },
 };
 
+const BitwiseMock = {
+  rot() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.rot(a, 2, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rot(a, 2, 'right');
+    Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'left');
+  },
+};
+
 export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');
+export const BitwiseCS = mock(BitwiseMock, 'Bitwise Primitive');
diff --git a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts b/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
index 6dbcd31373..a76b41aef4 100644
--- a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
+++ b/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from './zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from './zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from './zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from './zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { GroupCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
+import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
 const skipVerificationKeys = false;
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   TokenContract,
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
+  BitwiseCS,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './src/examples/regression_test.json';

From ea73c6a457efb2376156708b099c774f904d50c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:08:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0209/1786] feat(regression_test.json): add 'Bitwise Primitive'
 test case to extend test coverage

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index e492f2d163..f664f15780 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -164,5 +164,18 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
+  },
+  "Bitwise Primitive": {
+    "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
+    "methods": {
+      "rot": {
+        "rows": 13,
+        "digest": "a84b4cdef2d61ddab70f47b788d096d4"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "",
+      "hash": ""
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 95a4559781bf047fc2644173e44289b9a2ce85c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:09:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0210/1786] Revert "feat(field.ts, int.ts): add default values
 for bits parameter in rot method to improve usability"

This reverts commit e0bcb0f6a43703e860500101967a419f80728d53.
---
 src/lib/field.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/int.ts   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 089b11d53c..44ad0ad6b1 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ class Field {
    * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
    */
-  rot(bits: number = 64, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     if (this.isConstant()) {
       return new Field(Fp.rot(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
     } else {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 7f348eb06a..25bc76bc28 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
    */
-  rot(bits: number = UInt64.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt64(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
   }
 }
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * b.assertEquals(48);
    * ```
    */
-  rot(bits: number = UInt32.NUM_BITS, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return new UInt32(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
   }
 }

From 8f53db3ea0a24bcdcdf49fd2c0431beae1e15012 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:31:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0211/1786] feat(rot): fix unit tests by only using Gadgets
 namespace for public API

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts    | 18 ++++++++++------
 src/lib/field.ts           | 27 -----------------------
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts |  7 +++---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 10 +++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts     |  4 ++++
 src/lib/int.ts             | 44 --------------------------------------
 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 06c6c41b79..21a9c0f48b 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Provable, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Provable, Experimental, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
 function testRot(
   word: Field,
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ function testRot(
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
     let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => word);
     let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
-    let output = w.rot(bits, mode);
+    let output = Gadgets.rot(w, bits, mode);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       Provable.log(`rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode}) = ${output}`);
     });
@@ -41,8 +41,14 @@ testRot(
 console.log('🎉 Passed positive tests');
 
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let res1 = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12).rot(2, 'left'));
-  let res2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12).rot(2, 'right'));
+  let res1 = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let f = Field(12);
+    return Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'left');
+  });
+  let res2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let f = Field(12);
+    return Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'right');
+  });
 
   res1.assertEquals(Field(48));
   res2.assertEquals(Field(3));
@@ -58,8 +64,8 @@ const ROT = Experimental.ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [],
       method: () => {
         let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(48));
-        let actualLeft = a.rot(2, 'left');
-        let actualRight = a.rot(2, 'right');
+        let actualLeft = Gadgets.rot(a, 2, 'left');
+        let actualRight = Gadgets.rot(a, 2, 'right');
 
         let expectedLeft = Field(192);
         actualLeft.assertEquals(expectedLeft);
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 44ad0ad6b1..29193d64db 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver, inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { rot } from './gadgets/rot.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Field };
@@ -590,32 +589,6 @@ class Field {
     return new Field(z);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
-   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
-   *
-   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
-   *
-   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
-   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
-   *
-   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(12);
-   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * b.assertEquals(48);
-   * ```
-   */
-  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    if (this.isConstant()) {
-      return new Field(Fp.rot(this.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
-    } else {
-      return rot(this, bits, direction);
-    }
-  }
-
   /**
    * @deprecated use `x.equals(0)` which is equivalent
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 6706e7b7fd..28e17b90eb 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   bool,
   Spec,
 } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // types
 Field satisfies Provable<Field>;
@@ -53,10 +54,8 @@ test(
     let z = Field(x);
     let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction);
     Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let r2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => z).rot(
-        n,
-        direction ? 'left' : 'right'
-      );
+      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+      let r2 = Gadgets.rot(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
       Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 3566a2d2f1..bf13001128 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -48,10 +48,12 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
    *
    * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(12);
-   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * b.assertEquals(48);
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
+   * const y = rot(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bit
+   * const z = rot(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bit
+   * y.assertEquals(48);
+   * z.assertEquals(3)
    * ```
    */
   rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index d651f05cae..e7763b7ff1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { rot, rotate };
@@ -7,6 +8,9 @@ export { rot, rotate };
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  if (word.isConstant()) {
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
+  }
   const [rotated] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
   return rotated;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 25bc76bc28..f4143a9a5b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -371,28 +371,6 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt64, message?: string) {
     y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
-
-  /**
-   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
-   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
-   *
-   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
-   *
-   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
-   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
-   *
-   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(12);
-   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * b.assertEquals(48);
-   * ```
-   */
-  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return new UInt64(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
-  }
 }
 /**
  * A 32 bit unsigned integer with values ranging from 0 to 4,294,967,295.
@@ -729,28 +707,6 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt32, message?: string) {
     y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
-
-  /**
-   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
-   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
-   *
-   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
-   *
-   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
-   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
-   *
-   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(12);
-   * let b = a.rot(2, 'left');  // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * b.assertEquals(48);
-   * ```
-   */
-  rot(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return new UInt32(this.value.rot(bits, direction));
-  }
 }
 
 class Sign extends CircuitValue {

From d86a4c81adc4a89cc3929a83a84b53fe52ee1a88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:39:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0212/1786] chore(rot): minor doc and vk updates

---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 2 +-
 src/examples/regression_test.json           | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                  | 7 +++++--
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 961ff1788b..c680a1855b 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.rot(a, 2, 'left');
     Gadgets.rot(a, 2, 'right');
     Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'left');
-    Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'right');
   },
 };
 
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index f664f15780..a4eadbd725 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
     "methods": {
       "rot": {
         "rows": 13,
-        "digest": "a84b4cdef2d61ddab70f47b788d096d4"
+        "digest": "2c0dadbba96fd7ddb9adb7d643425ce3"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bf13001128..01fe77b052 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -50,10 +50,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
-   * const y = rot(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bit
-   * const z = rot(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bit
+   * const y = rot(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
+   * const z = rot(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(48);
    * z.assertEquals(3)
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * rot(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
   rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {

From 39328bfec96a953376d998d44d3f43d1176310a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 10:53:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0213/1786] chore(bindings): update bindings for compiled ROT
 artifacts

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 62ebd762bb..038a16eac1 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 62ebd762bbc3f5698ec01f202d36a97a4689d375
+Subproject commit 038a16eac1bf5dc62779a079b95fa36e21aa4202

From 300427cb1de6ce36903f9996234e745db5f68947 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:12:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0214/1786] feat(rot): minor refactor to rot gate checks and
 add range check to rotated word

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 25 +++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index e7763b7ff1..c1763d1cbb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,17 @@ export { rot, rotate };
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  }
+
+  if (direction !== 'left' && direction !== 'right') {
+    throw Error(
+      `rot: expected direction to be 'left' or 'right', got ${direction}`
+    );
+  }
+
   if (word.isConstant()) {
     return new Field(Fp.rot(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
   }
@@ -20,17 +31,6 @@ function rotate(
   bits: number,
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
 ): [Field, Field, Field] {
-  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-  }
-
-  if (direction !== 'left' && direction !== 'right') {
-    throw Error(
-      `rot: expected direction to be 'left' or 'right', got ${direction}`
-    );
-  }
-
   // Check as the prover, that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
     if (word.toBigInt() > 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ function rotate(
   });
 
   const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
-  const big2Power64 = 2n ** 64n;
+  const big2Power64 = 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS);
   const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
 
   const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = Provable.witness(
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ function rotate(
   Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
   // Compute following row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
+  Gates.rangeCheck64(rotated);
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 

From cd2c3444202fe515edebb353a2f55ec131d96317 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:17:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0215/1786] fix(gadgets.unit-test.ts): add await keyword to
 equivalentAsync function calls to ensure tests run asynchronously and
 complete before proceeding

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index aec2477b1b..11def1e147 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 // do a couple of proofs
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
 
-equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
     return true;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
     return true;

From 7de9b160346ad499badc9981536f7647d0e152e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 17 Oct 2023 11:35:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0216/1786] fix(regression_test.json): update 'rows' and
 'digest' values in 'rot' method to reflect recent changes in the test data

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index a4eadbd725..ef26739ab3 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@
     "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "rot": {
-        "rows": 13,
-        "digest": "2c0dadbba96fd7ddb9adb7d643425ce3"
+        "rows": 17,
+        "digest": "5253728d9fd357808be58a39c8375c07"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {

From 598bdd00dd6855f3949fd03178975d10365b689a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 13:39:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0217/1786] address feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 149 ++++++++++++-------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |   6 +-
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 104 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 5149c52913..fe0bf15107 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,33 +5,11 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
-/**
- * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
- * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
- *
- * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively. Each XOR gate can verify 16 bit at most. If your input elements exceed 16 bit, another XOR gate will be added to the chain.
- *
- * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
- *
- * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
- *
- * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
- * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
- *
- * ```typescript
- * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
- * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
- *
- * let c = xor(a, b, 2);    // ... 000110
- * c.assertEquals(6);
- * ```
- */
-function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
+const LENGTH_XOR = 4;
+
+function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
-  assert(
-    length > 0 && lengthXor > 0,
-    `Input lengths need to be positive values.`
-  );
+  assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
 
   // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
@@ -64,13 +42,11 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
-  let padLength = length;
-  if (length % (4 * lengthXor) !== 0) {
-    padLength = length + 4 * lengthXor - (length % (4 * lengthXor));
-  }
+  let l = 4 * LENGTH_XOR;
+  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
 
   // recursively build xor gadget chain
-  buildXor(a, b, outputXor, padLength, lengthXor);
+  buildXor(a, b, outputXor, padLength);
 
   // return the result of the xor operation
   return outputXor;
@@ -81,41 +57,33 @@ function buildXor(
   a: Field,
   b: Field,
   expectedOutput: Field,
-  padLength: number,
-  lengthXor: number
+  padLength: number
 ) {
-  // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
-  if (padLength === 0) {
-    Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, expectedOutput);
-
-    let zero = new Field(0);
-    zero.assertEquals(a);
-    zero.assertEquals(b);
-    zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
-  } else {
-    // nibble offsets
-    let first = lengthXor;
-    let second = first + lengthXor;
-    let third = second + lengthXor;
-    let fourth = third + lengthXor;
-
+  // 4 bit sized offsets
+  let first = LENGTH_XOR;
+  let second = first + LENGTH_XOR;
+  let third = second + LENGTH_XOR;
+
+  // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
+  while (padLength !== 0) {
+    // slices the inputs into LENGTH_XOR-sized chunks
     // slices of a
-    let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, first);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, first, second);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, second, third);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, third, fourth);
+    let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, first, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, second, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, third, LENGTH_XOR);
 
     // slices of b
-    let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, first);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, first, second);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, second, third);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, third, fourth);
+    let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, first, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, second, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, third, LENGTH_XOR);
 
     // slice of expected output
-    let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, first);
-    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, first, second);
-    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, third);
-    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, fourth);
+    let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, first, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, LENGTH_XOR);
 
     // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
     Gates.xor(
@@ -136,20 +104,20 @@ function buildXor(
       out3
     );
 
-    let nextIn1 = witnessNextValue(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3, lengthXor);
-    let nextIn2 = witnessNextValue(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3, lengthXor);
-    let nextExpectedOutput = witnessNextValue(
-      expectedOutput,
-      out0,
-      out1,
-      out2,
-      out3,
-      lengthXor
-    );
-
-    let next_length = padLength - 4 * lengthXor;
-    buildXor(nextIn1, nextIn2, nextExpectedOutput, next_length, lengthXor);
+    // update the values for the next loop iteration
+    a = witnessNextValue(a);
+    b = witnessNextValue(b);
+    expectedOutput = witnessNextValue(expectedOutput);
+    padLength = padLength - 4 * LENGTH_XOR;
   }
+
+  // inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check - we reached the end of our chain
+  Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, expectedOutput);
+
+  let zero = new Field(0);
+  zero.assertEquals(a);
+  zero.assertEquals(b);
+  zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
 }
 
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
@@ -158,38 +126,15 @@ function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   }
 }
 
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
-  if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start)
-    throw Error('stop offset must be greater than start offset');
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
 
   return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let bits = f.toBits();
-    if (stop > bits.length) throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
-    if (stop === -1) stop = bits.length;
-
-    return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+    let n = f.toBigInt();
+    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
   });
 }
 
-function witnessNextValue(
-  current: Field,
-  var0: Field,
-  var1: Field,
-  var2: Field,
-  var3: Field,
-  lenXor: number
-) {
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let twoPowLen = new Field(2 ** lenXor);
-    let twoPow2Len = twoPowLen.mul(twoPowLen);
-    let twoPow3Len = twoPow2Len.mul(twoPowLen);
-    let twoPow4Len = twoPow3Len.mul(twoPowLen);
-
-    return current
-      .sub(var0)
-      .sub(var1.mul(twoPowLen))
-      .sub(var2.mul(twoPow2Len))
-      .sub(var3.mul(twoPow3Len))
-      .div(twoPow4Len);
-  });
+function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 528da1f64e..7691d7460a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
    * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
    *
+   * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively. Each XOR gate can verify 16 bit at most. If your input elements exceed 16 bit, another XOR gate will be added to the chain.
+   *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * c.assertEquals(6);
    * ```
    */
-  xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
-    return xor(a, b, length, lengthXor);
+  xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
+    return xor(a, b, length);
   },
 };

From 35dfd8a18051f9341906f6804231ed09c740290f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 13:44:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0218/1786] change zero gate name

---
 src/bindings               | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gates.ts           | 6 +++---
 src/snarky.d.ts            | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f8185abae7..d4d7b792ee 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f8185abae79db6dcb01212e57c4871052c09a1be
+Subproject commit d4d7b792eeee6985e1efb8bb6cdd681e94b2bf86
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index fe0bf15107..67b70039b5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function buildXor(
   }
 
   // inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check - we reached the end of our chain
-  Gates.zeroCheck(a, b, expectedOutput);
+  Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
 
   let zero = new Field(0);
   zero.assertEquals(a);
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 354df690b7..1a5a9a3c00 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, xor, zeroCheck };
+export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ function xor(
   );
 }
 
-function zeroCheck(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
-  Snarky.gates.zeroCheck(a.value, b.value, c.value);
+function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
+  Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
 }
 
 function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index d259ac5ab6..ab0f5e85a9 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       out_3: FieldVar
     ): void;
 
-    zeroCheck(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
+    zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
   };
 
   bool: {

From 1d4a2dd9e568fc0c6cbdfa915521d931d16f7ba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 13:47:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0219/1786] fix merge conflict

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 25 -------------------------
 1 file changed, 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 6ada9bf296..fc284bdcae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,9 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
-<<<<<<< HEAD
 const LENGTH_XOR = 4;
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
-=======
-function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
->>>>>>> 1c25be89d277083238bad555b5395765ee08ae00
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
 
@@ -43,11 +39,7 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number, lengthXor = 4) {
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
-<<<<<<< HEAD
   let l = 4 * LENGTH_XOR;
-=======
-  let l = 4 * lengthXor;
->>>>>>> 1c25be89d277083238bad555b5395765ee08ae00
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
 
   // recursively build xor gadget chain
@@ -64,27 +56,10 @@ function buildXor(
   expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number
 ) {
-<<<<<<< HEAD
   // 4 bit sized offsets
   let first = LENGTH_XOR;
   let second = first + LENGTH_XOR;
   let third = second + LENGTH_XOR;
-=======
-  // if inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check
-  if (padLength === 0) {
-    Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
-
-    let zero = new Field(0);
-    zero.assertEquals(a);
-    zero.assertEquals(b);
-    zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
-  } else {
-    // lengthXor-sized offsets
-    let first = lengthXor;
-    let second = first + lengthXor;
-    let third = second + lengthXor;
-    let fourth = third + lengthXor;
->>>>>>> 1c25be89d277083238bad555b5395765ee08ae00
 
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {

From a24bc2d7e3321f5e934c125ce5bb1a051932ebf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:04:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0220/1786] fix tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 11 +++--------
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts        |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 4b218729b0..12950672f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ import {
   equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
+  fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   publicOutput: Field,
@@ -25,20 +25,15 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
 
 await Bitwise.compile();
 
-// XOR with some common and odd lengths
 let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
-[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 3, 5, 10, 15].forEach((length) => {
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
     Fp.xor,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.xor(x, y, length)
   );
 });
 
-// helper that should be added to `equivalent.ts`
-function fieldWithRng(rng: Random<bigint>): Spec<bigint, Field> {
-  return { ...field, rng };
-}
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
   rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index c19748624e..22c1954a91 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ export {
   handleErrors,
   deepEqual as defaultAssertEqual,
   id,
+  fieldWithRng,
 };
 export { field, bigintField, bool, boolean, unit };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
@@ -240,6 +241,10 @@ let boolean: Spec<boolean, boolean> = {
   back: id,
 };
 
+function fieldWithRng(rng: Random<bigint>): Spec<bigint, Field> {
+  return { ...field, rng };
+}
+
 // helper to ensure two functions throw equivalent errors
 
 function handleErrors<T, S, R>(

From fd91ab1336f5e7a307c4cc59b1e76b7ce3575557 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:14:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0221/1786] improve doc comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 7691d7460a..e7fc53ad6c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -41,12 +41,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively. Each XOR gate can verify 16 bit at most. If your input elements exceed 16 bit, another XOR gate will be added to the chain.
    *
-   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. The output is not constrained to the length.
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared.
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
    *
    * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
    * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
+   * If either input element exceeds the maximum bit length, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated because the method fails to properly constrain the operation.
    *
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101

From eec0cb8844bee5aba5c04779f11e726671db144b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 14:19:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0222/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index d4d7b792ee..d35d3d6014 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d4d7b792eeee6985e1efb8bb6cdd681e94b2bf86
+Subproject commit d35d3d6014b730c1a48533e88f8567a59737a09c

From 23807239d87e2a5de42d885e4ce146e72192f2d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 17:54:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0223/1786] update pickles type

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts | 12 +++++++++++-
 src/snarky.d.ts    | 14 +++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 1b6b7fd02a..128fe0a9e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * This module contains basic methods for interacting with OCaml
  */
-export { MlArray, MlTuple, MlList, MlOption, MlBool, MlBytes };
+export { MlArray, MlTuple, MlList, MlOption, MlBool, MlBytes, MlResult };
 
 // ocaml types
 
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ type MlArray<T> = [0, ...T[]];
 type MlList<T> = [0, T, 0 | MlList<T>];
 type MlOption<T> = 0 | [0, T];
 type MlBool = 0 | 1;
+type MlResult<T, E> = [0, T] | [1, E];
 
 /**
  * js_of_ocaml representation of a byte array,
@@ -85,3 +86,12 @@ const MlOption = Object.assign(
     },
   }
 );
+
+const MlResult = {
+  return<T>(t: T): MlResult<T, any> {
+    return [0, t];
+  },
+  unitError(): MlResult<any, 0> {
+    return [1, 0];
+  },
+};
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index f3e4d1e9e4..0967ff7ec4 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type {
   MlOption,
   MlBool,
   MlBytes,
+  MlResult,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 
@@ -596,6 +597,16 @@ declare namespace Pickles {
     proofsToVerify: MlArray<{ isSelf: true } | { isSelf: false; tag: unknown }>;
   };
 
+  /**
+   * Type to configure how Pickles should cache prover keys
+   */
+  type Storable = [
+    _: 0,
+    read: (key: any, path: string) => MlResult<unknown, 0>,
+    write: (key: any, value: any, path: string) => MlResult<undefined, 0>,
+    canWrite: MlBool
+  ];
+
   type Prover = (
     publicInput: MlArray<FieldConst>,
     previousProofs: MlArray<Proof>
@@ -626,9 +637,10 @@ declare const Pickles: {
    */
   compile: (
     rules: MlArray<Pickles.Rule>,
-    signature: {
+    config: {
       publicInputSize: number;
       publicOutputSize: number;
+      storable?: Pickles.Storable;
       overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
     }
   ) => {

From 617d840bd23a1f004d56ded8e6ddb39787ac567d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 17:56:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0224/1786] dummy storable for debugging

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 553137d0fd..952f2fe2b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
-import { MlArray, MlBool, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 
@@ -540,6 +540,19 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let maxProofs = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
   overrideWrapDomain ??= maxProofsToWrapDomain[maxProofs];
 
+  let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
+    0,
+    function read(key, path) {
+      console.log('READ', path);
+      return MlResult.unitError();
+    },
+    function write(key, path, value) {
+      console.log('WRITE', path, value);
+      return MlResult.unitError();
+    },
+    MlBool(true),
+  ];
+
   let { verificationKey, provers, verify, tag } =
     await prettifyStacktracePromise(
       withThreadPool(async () => {
@@ -549,6 +562,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
           result = Pickles.compile(MlArray.to(rules), {
             publicInputSize: publicInputType.sizeInFields(),
             publicOutputSize: publicOutputType.sizeInFields(),
+            storable,
             overrideWrapDomain,
           });
         } finally {

From ba204bb013205b837ada7dc26a11120e102339e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 17:57:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0225/1786] make simple zkapp example circuits deterministic

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index 95593e4273..f033266e86 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@ let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
 let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
 
 // a special account that is allowed to pull out half of the zkapp balance, once
-let privilegedKey = PrivateKey.random();
+let privilegedKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
+  'EKEeoESE2A41YQnSht9f7mjiKpJSeZ4jnfHXYatYi8xJdYSxWBep'
+);
 let privilegedAddress = privilegedKey.toPublicKey();
 
 let initialBalance = 10_000_000_000;

From 9100656f5b3b36d588f35bd9da63330e65e25eea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 17:57:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0226/1786] simple zkapp web-compatible version

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts | 131 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 131 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..098d651779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import {
+  Field,
+  state,
+  State,
+  method,
+  UInt64,
+  PrivateKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  Mina,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Bool,
+  PublicKey,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+const doProofs = true;
+
+const beforeGenesis = UInt64.from(Date.now());
+
+class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
+  @state(Field) x = State<Field>();
+
+  events = { update: Field, payout: UInt64, payoutReceiver: PublicKey };
+
+  @method init() {
+    super.init();
+    this.x.set(initialState);
+  }
+
+  @method update(y: Field): Field {
+    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.network.timestamp.assertBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
+    this.emitEvent('update', y);
+    let x = this.x.get();
+    this.x.assertEquals(x);
+    let newX = x.add(y);
+    this.x.set(newX);
+    return newX;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method allows a certain privileged account to claim half of the zkapp balance, but only once
+   * @param caller the privileged account
+   */
+  @method payout(caller: PrivateKey) {
+    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+
+    // check that caller is the privileged account
+    let callerAddress = caller.toPublicKey();
+    callerAddress.assertEquals(privilegedAddress);
+
+    // assert that the caller account is new - this way, payout can only happen once
+    let callerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(callerAddress);
+    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    // pay out half of the zkapp balance to the caller
+    let balance = this.account.balance.get();
+    this.account.balance.assertEquals(balance);
+    let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
+    this.send({ to: callerAccountUpdate, amount: halfBalance });
+
+    // emit some events
+    this.emitEvent('payoutReceiver', callerAddress);
+    this.emitEvent('payout', halfBalance);
+  }
+}
+
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+// a test account that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
+let { privateKey: senderKey, publicKey: sender } = Local.testAccounts[0];
+
+// the zkapp account
+let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
+let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
+
+// a special account that is allowed to pull out half of the zkapp balance, once
+let privilegedKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
+  'EKEeoESE2A41YQnSht9f7mjiKpJSeZ4jnfHXYatYi8xJdYSxWBep'
+);
+let privilegedAddress = privilegedKey.toPublicKey();
+
+let initialBalance = 10_000_000_000;
+let initialState = Field(1);
+let zkapp = new SimpleZkapp(zkappAddress);
+
+if (doProofs) {
+  console.log('compile');
+  await SimpleZkapp.compile();
+}
+
+console.log('deploy');
+let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  let senderUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
+  senderUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: initialBalance });
+  zkapp.deploy({ zkappKey });
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+console.log('initial state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
+console.log(`initial balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
+
+let account = Mina.getAccount(zkappAddress);
+console.log('account state is proved:', account.zkapp?.provedState.toBoolean());
+
+console.log('update');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  zkapp.update(Field(3));
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+// pay more into the zkapp -- this doesn't need a proof
+console.log('receive');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  let payerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender);
+  payerAccountUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: UInt64.from(8e9) });
+});
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+console.log('payout');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
+  zkapp.payout(privilegedKey);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+sender;
+
+console.log('final state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
+console.log(`final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);

From a77d0a801ea8c4a6825dd82487ccc6df43f95f2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 09:27:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0227/1786] refactor(rot.ts): simplify witnessSlices function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 17 ++++-------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index c1763d1cbb..c1b45bcd0c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -96,21 +96,12 @@ function rotate(
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
-  if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start) {
-    throw Error('stop must be greater than start');
-  }
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
 
   return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let bits = f.toBits();
-    if (stop > bits.length) {
-      throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
-    }
-    if (stop === -1) {
-      stop = bits.length;
-    }
-
-    return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+    let n = f.toBigInt();
+    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
   });
 }
 

From fdc1061e0aac86d6af81d592023f051a70b52c4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 09:38:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0228/1786] Revert "refactor(rot.ts): simplify witnessSlices
 function"

This reverts commit a77d0a801ea8c4a6825dd82487ccc6df43f95f2d.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 17 +++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index c1b45bcd0c..c1763d1cbb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -96,12 +96,21 @@ function rotate(
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
+  if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start) {
+    throw Error('stop must be greater than start');
+  }
 
   return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
+    let bits = f.toBits();
+    if (stop > bits.length) {
+      throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
+    }
+    if (stop === -1) {
+      stop = bits.length;
+    }
+
+    return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
   });
 }
 

From 0540b6718c6448383c9286767729df31ea70921e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 19:00:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0229/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index d4d7b792ee..83810ae030 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d4d7b792eeee6985e1efb8bb6cdd681e94b2bf86
+Subproject commit 83810ae030f0a57a2df9fd0a90a4911b32bcb34b

From 82c89e5d4f45f815765ec6c253c4e44666ee24f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 19:43:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0230/1786] fix unit tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts     | 8 ++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 12950672f9..4b92ce7aff 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -42,9 +42,13 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 };
 
 // do a couple of proofs
-equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
+  { runs: 3 }
+)(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x > 2 ** 64 || y > 2 ** 64) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n || y >= 2n ** 64n)
+      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.xor(x, y);
   },
   async (x, y) => {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 13a44a059d..669f811174 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 // do a couple of proofs
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
 
-equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
     return true;

From 9963735e0921659728a104ac394bcba03c0cba79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 13:47:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0231/1786] js storable interface

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts      |  4 ++--
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 19 +++++++++++++------
 src/lib/storable.ts     | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/util/fs.ts      |  2 ++
 src/lib/util/fs.web.ts  |  5 +++++
 5 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/storable.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/fs.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/fs.web.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 128fe0a9e1..0d6be322e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ const MlOption = Object.assign(
 );
 
 const MlResult = {
-  return<T>(t: T): MlResult<T, any> {
+  ok<T, E>(t: T): MlResult<T, E> {
     return [0, t];
   },
-  unitError(): MlResult<any, 0> {
+  unitError<T>(): MlResult<T, 0> {
     return [1, 0];
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 952f2fe2b9..b16b6577e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
 import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
+import { Storable } from './storable.js';
 
 // public API
 export {
@@ -517,6 +518,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
+  storable: { read, write } = Storable.FileSystemDefault,
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -525,6 +527,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods: ((...args: any) => void)[];
   gates: Gate[][];
   proofSystemTag: { name: string };
+  storable?: Storable<Uint8Array>;
   overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
 }) {
   let rules = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
@@ -542,13 +545,17 @@ async function compileProgram({
 
   let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
     0,
-    function read(key, path) {
-      console.log('READ', path);
-      return MlResult.unitError();
+    function read_(_key, path) {
+      let value = read(path);
+      if (value === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
+      // TODO decode value
+      return MlResult.ok(value);
     },
-    function write(key, path, value) {
-      console.log('WRITE', path, value);
-      return MlResult.unitError();
+    function write_(_key, value, path) {
+      // TODO encode value
+      let stringValue = value;
+      if (write(path, stringValue)) return MlResult.ok(undefined);
+      return MlResult.unitError<undefined>();
     },
     MlBool(true),
   ];
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d112257d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { writeFileSync, readFileSync, mkdirSync } from './util/fs.js';
+import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
+
+export { Storable };
+
+type Storable<T> = {
+  write(key: string, value: T): boolean;
+  read(key: string): T | undefined;
+};
+
+const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable<Uint8Array> => ({
+  read(key) {
+    if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') return undefined;
+    console.log('READ', key);
+    try {
+      let buffer = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`);
+      return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      console.log('read failed', e.message);
+      return undefined;
+    }
+  },
+  write(key, value) {
+    if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') return false;
+    console.log('WRITE', key);
+    try {
+      mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
+      writeFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, value);
+      return true;
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      console.log('write failed', e.message);
+      return false;
+    }
+  },
+});
+
+const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem('/tmp');
+
+const Storable = {
+  FileSystem,
+  FileSystemDefault,
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/util/fs.ts b/src/lib/util/fs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4e61589f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/fs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export { writeFileSync, readFileSync, mkdirSync } from 'node:fs';
+export { resolve } from 'node:path';
diff --git a/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts b/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d394064aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+export { dummy as writeFileSync, dummy as readFileSync, dummy as resolve };
+
+function dummy() {
+  throw Error('not implemented');
+}

From 91f7d37e83bec686f3f6f8edbda75469a0b1bef1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 14:56:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0232/1786] stub out key encoding functions

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts                  | 12 ++++++-
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             | 24 +++++++------
 src/lib/util/fs.web.ts              |  7 +++-
 src/snarky.d.ts                     | 13 +++++--
 5 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 0d6be322e8..10243efab7 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 /**
  * This module contains basic methods for interacting with OCaml
  */
-export { MlArray, MlTuple, MlList, MlOption, MlBool, MlBytes, MlResult };
+export {
+  MlArray,
+  MlTuple,
+  MlList,
+  MlOption,
+  MlBool,
+  MlBytes,
+  MlResult,
+  MlUnit,
+};
 
 // ocaml types
 
@@ -11,6 +20,7 @@ type MlList<T> = [0, T, 0 | MlList<T>];
 type MlOption<T> = 0 | [0, T];
 type MlBool = 0 | 1;
 type MlResult<T, E> = [0, T] | [1, E];
+type MlUnit = 0;
 
 /**
  * js_of_ocaml representation of a byte array,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bed9ac51fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import {
+  WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex,
+  WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
+} from '../../bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
+
+export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
+
+type TODO = any;
+type Opaque = unknown;
+
+type MlConstraintSystem = Opaque; // opaque
+
+// Dlog_plonk_based_keypair.Make().t
+
+type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
+  _: 0,
+  index: WasmIndex,
+  cs: MlConstraintSystem
+];
+
+// pickles_bindings.ml, any_key enum
+
+enum KeyType {
+  StepProverKey,
+  StepVerifierKey,
+  WrapProverKey,
+  WrapVerifierKey,
+}
+
+// TODO better names
+
+type AnyKey =
+  | [KeyType.StepProverKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerifierKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.WrapProverKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerifierKey, TODO];
+
+type AnyValue =
+  | [KeyType.StepProverKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerifierKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.WrapProverKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerifierKey, TODO];
+
+function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
+  console.log('ENCODE', value);
+  // TODO
+  return value as any;
+}
+
+function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
+  console.log('DECODE', key);
+  // TODO
+  return bytes as any;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index b16b6577e9..9dac9af708 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -25,10 +25,14 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
-import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Storable } from './storable.js';
+import {
+  decodeProverKey,
+  encodeProverKey,
+} from './proof-system/prover-keys.js';
 
 // public API
 export {
@@ -545,17 +549,15 @@ async function compileProgram({
 
   let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
     0,
-    function read_(_key, path) {
-      let value = read(path);
-      if (value === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
-      // TODO decode value
-      return MlResult.ok(value);
+    function read_(key, path) {
+      let bytes = read(path);
+      if (bytes === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
+      return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
     },
-    function write_(_key, value, path) {
-      // TODO encode value
-      let stringValue = value;
-      if (write(path, stringValue)) return MlResult.ok(undefined);
-      return MlResult.unitError<undefined>();
+    function write_(key, value, path) {
+      let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
+      if (write(path, bytes)) return MlResult.ok(undefined);
+      return MlResult.unitError();
     },
     MlBool(true),
   ];
diff --git a/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts b/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
index d394064aa1..1cc5bd4c8f 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-export { dummy as writeFileSync, dummy as readFileSync, dummy as resolve };
+export {
+  dummy as writeFileSync,
+  dummy as readFileSync,
+  dummy as resolve,
+  dummy as mkdirSync,
+};
 
 function dummy() {
   throw Error('not implemented');
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 0967ff7ec4..ff2f3b41b5 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ import type {
   MlBool,
   MlBytes,
   MlResult,
+  MlUnit,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
+import type * as ProverKeys from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType };
 
@@ -602,8 +604,15 @@ declare namespace Pickles {
    */
   type Storable = [
     _: 0,
-    read: (key: any, path: string) => MlResult<unknown, 0>,
-    write: (key: any, value: any, path: string) => MlResult<undefined, 0>,
+    read: (
+      key: ProverKeys.AnyKey,
+      path: string
+    ) => MlResult<ProverKeys.AnyValue, MlUnit>,
+    write: (
+      key: ProverKeys.AnyKey,
+      value: ProverKeys.AnyValue,
+      path: string
+    ) => MlResult<undefined, MlUnit>,
     canWrite: MlBool
   ];
 

From ab1f975b482989f6e652608c39df824a347b136b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 15:48:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0233/1786] tweak error logic so that encoding/decoding can
 fail

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts |  6 ++----
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             | 21 +++++++++++++------
 src/lib/storable.ts                 | 31 +++++++++++------------------
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index bed9ac51fa..c8bee1a720 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -43,12 +43,10 @@ type AnyValue =
 
 function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   console.log('ENCODE', value);
-  // TODO
-  return value as any;
+  throw Error('todo');
 }
 
 function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
   console.log('DECODE', key);
-  // TODO
-  return bytes as any;
+  throw Error('todo');
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 9dac9af708..40cc1a082d 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -550,14 +550,23 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
     0,
     function read_(key, path) {
-      let bytes = read(path);
-      if (bytes === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
-      return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
+      try {
+        let bytes = read(path);
+        return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        console.log('read failed', e.message);
+        return MlResult.unitError();
+      }
     },
     function write_(key, value, path) {
-      let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
-      if (write(path, bytes)) return MlResult.ok(undefined);
-      return MlResult.unitError();
+      try {
+        let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
+        write(path, bytes);
+        return MlResult.ok(undefined);
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        console.log('write failed', e.message);
+        return MlResult.unitError();
+      }
     },
     MlBool(true),
   ];
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index d112257d5b..7e573a0ad5 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -3,34 +3,27 @@ import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
 export { Storable };
 
+/**
+ * Interface for storing and retrieving values for caching.
+ * `read()` and `write()` can just throw errors on failure.
+ */
 type Storable<T> = {
-  write(key: string, value: T): boolean;
-  read(key: string): T | undefined;
+  read(key: string): T;
+  write(key: string, value: T): void;
 };
 
 const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable<Uint8Array> => ({
   read(key) {
-    if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') return undefined;
+    if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('READ', key);
-    try {
-      let buffer = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`);
-      return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
-    } catch (e: any) {
-      console.log('read failed', e.message);
-      return undefined;
-    }
+    let buffer = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`);
+    return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
   },
   write(key, value) {
-    if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') return false;
+    if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('WRITE', key);
-    try {
-      mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
-      writeFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, value);
-      return true;
-    } catch (e: any) {
-      console.log('write failed', e.message);
-      return false;
-    }
+    mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
+    writeFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, value);
   },
 });
 

From 17d1a8dc24523d90363c854dd7f6555c782b0a87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 15:59:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0234/1786] get prover key storing to work

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/snarky.d.ts                     |  3 ++-
 src/snarky.js                       |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index c8bee1a720..2b8f97ea47 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import {
   WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex,
   WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
 } from '../../bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
+import { getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
 
@@ -37,16 +38,37 @@ type AnyKey =
 
 type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.StepProverKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
-  | [KeyType.StepVerifierKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerifierKey, unknown]
   | [KeyType.WrapProverKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
-  | [KeyType.WrapVerifierKey, TODO];
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerifierKey, unknown];
 
 function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   console.log('ENCODE', value);
-  throw Error('todo');
+  let wasm = getWasm();
+  switch (value[0]) {
+    case KeyType.StepProverKey:
+      return wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_encode(value[1][1]);
+    default:
+      throw Error('todo');
+  }
 }
 
 function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
   console.log('DECODE', key);
-  throw Error('todo');
+  let wasm = getWasm();
+  switch (key[0]) {
+    case KeyType.StepProverKey:
+      throw Error('todo');
+    // return [
+    //   KeyType.StepProverKey,
+    //   [
+    //     0,
+    //     wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_decode(bytes),
+    //     // TODO
+    //     null,
+    //   ],
+    // ];
+    default:
+      throw Error('todo');
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index ff2f3b41b5..ffdceec54e 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ import type {
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import type * as ProverKeys from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts';
+import { getWasm } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 
-export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType };
+export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType, getWasm };
 
 // internal
 export {
diff --git a/src/snarky.js b/src/snarky.js
index 698a4a17b6..b80fa8e6bd 100644
--- a/src/snarky.js
+++ b/src/snarky.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import './bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
-import { getSnarky, withThreadPool } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
+import { getSnarky, getWasm, withThreadPool } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import snarkySpec from './bindings/js/snarky-class-spec.js';
 import { proxyClasses } from './bindings/js/proxy.js';
 
-export { Snarky, Ledger, Pickles, Test, withThreadPool };
+export { Snarky, Ledger, Pickles, Test, withThreadPool, getWasm };
 let isReadyBoolean = true;
 let isItReady = () => isReadyBoolean;
 

From 7817ddefa07856ddc242faa3754e9d858ba478b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 16:38:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0235/1786] fix prover error and dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json |   4 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts        | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 817796fa3a..d3d278bf2e 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@
     "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "xor": {
-        "rows": 15,
-        "digest": "b3595a9cc9562d4f4a3a397b6de44971"
+        "rows": 75,
+        "digest": "44c171b0efd13d6380e470965919b663"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index fc284bdcae..8a342cdfa5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,8 +5,19 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
+// XOR specific constants
 const LENGTH_XOR = 4;
 
+const twoPowLen = new Field(2 ** LENGTH_XOR);
+const twoPow2Len = twoPowLen.mul(twoPowLen);
+const twoPow3Len = twoPow2Len.mul(twoPowLen);
+const twoPow4Len = twoPow3Len.mul(twoPowLen);
+
+// 4 bit sized offsets
+const firstOffset = LENGTH_XOR;
+const secondOffset = firstOffset + LENGTH_XOR;
+const thirdOffset = secondOffset + LENGTH_XOR;
+
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
@@ -56,82 +67,134 @@ function buildXor(
   expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number
 ) {
-  // 4 bit sized offsets
-  let first = LENGTH_XOR;
-  let second = first + LENGTH_XOR;
-  let third = second + LENGTH_XOR;
+  let iterations = Math.ceil(padLength / (4 * LENGTH_XOR));
+
+  // pre compute all inputs for the xor chain
+  let precomputedInputs = computeChainInputs(iterations, a, b, expectedOutput);
+
+  precomputedInputs.forEach(
+    (
+      {
+        a,
+        b,
+        expectedOutput,
+        in1: [in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3],
+        in2: [in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3],
+        out: [out0, out1, out2, out3],
+      },
+      n
+    ) => {
+      // assert that xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
+      Gates.xor(
+        a,
+        b,
+        expectedOutput,
+        in1_0,
+        in1_1,
+        in1_2,
+        in1_3,
+        in2_0,
+        in2_1,
+        in2_2,
+        in2_3,
+        out0,
+        out1,
+        out2,
+        out3
+      );
+
+      // if we reached the end of our chain, assert that the inputs are zero and add a zero gate
+      if (n === iterations - 1) {
+        Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
+
+        let zero = new Field(0);
+        zero.assertEquals(a);
+        zero.assertEquals(b);
+        zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
+      }
+    }
+  );
+}
+
+function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
+  if (!stmt) {
+    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
+  }
+}
+
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
 
-  // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
-  while (padLength !== 0) {
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let n = f.toBigInt();
+    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
+  });
+}
+
+function computeChainInputs(
+  iterations: number,
+  a: Field,
+  b: Field,
+  expectedOutput: Field
+) {
+  let precomputedVariables = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
     // slices the inputs into LENGTH_XOR-sized chunks
     // slices of a
     let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, first, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, second, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, third, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, firstOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, secondOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
 
     // slices of b
     let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, first, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, second, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, third, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, firstOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, secondOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
 
     // slice of expected output
     let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, first, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, firstOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, secondOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
 
-    // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
-    Gates.xor(
+    // store all inputs for the current iteration of the XOR chain
+    precomputedVariables[i] = {
       a,
       b,
       expectedOutput,
-      in1_0,
-      in1_1,
-      in1_2,
-      in1_3,
-      in2_0,
-      in2_1,
-      in2_2,
-      in2_3,
+      in1: [in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3],
+      in2: [in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3],
+      out: [out0, out1, out2, out3],
+    };
+
+    // update the values for the next loop iteration - seal them to force snarky to compute the constraints directly
+    a = calculateNextValue(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3).seal();
+    b = calculateNextValue(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3).seal();
+    expectedOutput = calculateNextValue(
+      expectedOutput,
       out0,
       out1,
       out2,
       out3
-    );
-
-    // update the values for the next loop iteration
-    a = witnessNextValue(a);
-    b = witnessNextValue(b);
-    expectedOutput = witnessNextValue(expectedOutput);
-    padLength = padLength - 4 * LENGTH_XOR;
+    ).seal();
   }
 
-  // inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check - we reached the end of our chain
-  Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
-
-  let zero = new Field(0);
-  zero.assertEquals(a);
-  zero.assertEquals(b);
-  zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
-}
-
-function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
-  if (!stmt) {
-    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
-  }
+  return precomputedVariables;
 }
 
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
-
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
-  });
-}
-
-function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
+function calculateNextValue(
+  current: Field,
+  var0: Field,
+  var1: Field,
+  var2: Field,
+  var3: Field
+) {
+  return current
+    .sub(var0)
+    .sub(var1.mul(twoPowLen))
+    .sub(var2.mul(twoPow2Len))
+    .sub(var3.mul(twoPow3Len))
+    .div(twoPow4Len);
 }

From 71212604cbec8b3c386e38d77b509db6cd3dc701 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 16:41:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0236/1786] first attempt at reading step pk

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 61 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/snarky.d.ts                     |  9 ++++-
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 2b8f97ea47..edea0fcdc6 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ import {
   WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex,
   WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
 } from '../../bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
-import { getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
 
-type TODO = any;
+type TODO = unknown;
 type Opaque = unknown;
 
-type MlConstraintSystem = Opaque; // opaque
+// Plonk_constraint_system.Make()().t
+class MlConstraintSystem {
+  // opaque type
+}
 
 // Dlog_plonk_based_keypair.Make().t
 
@@ -19,34 +22,44 @@ type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
   cs: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
+// Pickles.Cache.{Step,Wrap}.Key.Proving.t
+
+type MlProvingKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: Opaque,
+  index: number,
+  constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
+];
+
 // pickles_bindings.ml, any_key enum
 
 enum KeyType {
-  StepProverKey,
-  StepVerifierKey,
-  WrapProverKey,
-  WrapVerifierKey,
+  StepProvingKey,
+  StepVerificationKey,
+  WrapProvingKey,
+  WrapVerificationKey,
 }
 
 // TODO better names
 
 type AnyKey =
-  | [KeyType.StepProverKey, TODO]
-  | [KeyType.StepVerifierKey, TODO]
-  | [KeyType.WrapProverKey, TODO]
-  | [KeyType.WrapVerifierKey, TODO];
+  | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlProvingKeyHeader]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlProvingKeyHeader]
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, TODO];
 
 type AnyValue =
-  | [KeyType.StepProverKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
-  | [KeyType.StepVerifierKey, unknown]
-  | [KeyType.WrapProverKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
-  | [KeyType.WrapVerifierKey, unknown];
+  | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, TODO];
 
 function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   console.log('ENCODE', value);
   let wasm = getWasm();
   switch (value[0]) {
-    case KeyType.StepProverKey:
+    case KeyType.StepProvingKey:
       return wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_encode(value[1][1]);
     default:
       throw Error('todo');
@@ -57,17 +70,11 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
   console.log('DECODE', key);
   let wasm = getWasm();
   switch (key[0]) {
-    case KeyType.StepProverKey:
-      throw Error('todo');
-    // return [
-    //   KeyType.StepProverKey,
-    //   [
-    //     0,
-    //     wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_decode(bytes),
-    //     // TODO
-    //     null,
-    //   ],
-    // ];
+    case KeyType.StepProvingKey:
+      let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFp();
+      let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
+      let cs = key[1][4];
+      return [KeyType.StepProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     default:
       throw Error('todo');
   }
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index ffdceec54e..9bd2a1d051 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -13,8 +13,12 @@ import type {
   MlUnit,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
-import type * as ProverKeys from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts';
+import type * as ProverKeys from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.js';
 import { getWasm } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
+import type {
+  WasmFpSrs,
+  WasmFqSrs,
+} from './bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType, getWasm };
 
@@ -672,6 +676,9 @@ declare const Pickles: {
     verificationKey: string
   ): Promise<boolean>;
 
+  loadSrsFp(): WasmFpSrs;
+  loadSrsFq(): WasmFqSrs;
+
   dummyBase64Proof: () => string;
   /**
    * @returns (base64 vk, hash)

From aa9b9aee8d422572618c9ce8ef8c4d1ab802d34a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 17:05:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0237/1786] fix chain end values

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 8a342cdfa5..299c250110 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -70,9 +70,10 @@ function buildXor(
   let iterations = Math.ceil(padLength / (4 * LENGTH_XOR));
 
   // pre compute all inputs for the xor chain
-  let precomputedInputs = computeChainInputs(iterations, a, b, expectedOutput);
+  let precomputed = computeChainInputs(iterations, a, b, expectedOutput);
 
-  precomputedInputs.forEach(
+  // for each iteration of the xor chain, take the precomputed inputs and assert that the xor operation of the slices is correct
+  precomputed.inputs.forEach(
     (
       {
         a,
@@ -103,14 +104,16 @@ function buildXor(
         out3
       );
 
-      // if we reached the end of our chain, assert that the inputs are zero and add a zero gate
+      // if we reached the end of our chain, assert that the final inputs are zero and add a zero gate
       if (n === iterations - 1) {
-        Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
+        // final values for a, b and output - the end of the XOR chain - which should be zero
+        let { finalA, finalB, finalOutput } = precomputed;
 
+        Gates.zero(finalA, finalB, finalOutput);
         let zero = new Field(0);
-        zero.assertEquals(a);
-        zero.assertEquals(b);
-        zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
+        zero.assertEquals(finalA);
+        zero.assertEquals(finalB);
+        zero.assertEquals(finalOutput);
       }
     }
   );
@@ -137,7 +140,7 @@ function computeChainInputs(
   b: Field,
   expectedOutput: Field
 ) {
-  let precomputedVariables = [];
+  let inputs = [];
 
   for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
     // slices the inputs into LENGTH_XOR-sized chunks
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ function computeChainInputs(
     let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
 
     // store all inputs for the current iteration of the XOR chain
-    precomputedVariables[i] = {
+    inputs[i] = {
       a,
       b,
       expectedOutput,
@@ -181,7 +184,8 @@ function computeChainInputs(
     ).seal();
   }
 
-  return precomputedVariables;
+  // we return the precomputed inputs to the XOR chain and the final values of a, b and output for the final zero gate and zero assertion check
+  return { inputs, finalA: a, finalB: b, finalOutput: expectedOutput };
 }
 
 function calculateNextValue(

From 1f1df6bd72b9f58477552397417c68dd92d6849d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 19:00:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0238/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 851d3df238..70358c321b 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 851d3df2385c693bd4f652ad7a0a1af98491e99c
+Subproject commit 70358c321b18988b81d89bbc47f9ea55459da056

From b5b34b0b61347dd51400e43a94d52866be645465 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 19:16:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0239/1786] revert precalculation of inputs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 191 ++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 61 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 299c250110..32c54ef085 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,19 +5,6 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
-// XOR specific constants
-const LENGTH_XOR = 4;
-
-const twoPowLen = new Field(2 ** LENGTH_XOR);
-const twoPow2Len = twoPowLen.mul(twoPowLen);
-const twoPow3Len = twoPow2Len.mul(twoPowLen);
-const twoPow4Len = twoPow3Len.mul(twoPowLen);
-
-// 4 bit sized offsets
-const firstOffset = LENGTH_XOR;
-const secondOffset = firstOffset + LENGTH_XOR;
-const thirdOffset = secondOffset + LENGTH_XOR;
-
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
@@ -49,8 +36,8 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     () => new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
   );
 
-  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 4*n for n-bit length lookup table
-  let l = 4 * LENGTH_XOR;
+  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
+  let l = 16;
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
 
   // recursively build xor gadget chain
@@ -67,138 +54,82 @@ function buildXor(
   expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number
 ) {
-  let iterations = Math.ceil(padLength / (4 * LENGTH_XOR));
-
-  // pre compute all inputs for the xor chain
-  let precomputed = computeChainInputs(iterations, a, b, expectedOutput);
-
-  // for each iteration of the xor chain, take the precomputed inputs and assert that the xor operation of the slices is correct
-  precomputed.inputs.forEach(
-    (
-      {
-        a,
-        b,
-        expectedOutput,
-        in1: [in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3],
-        in2: [in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3],
-        out: [out0, out1, out2, out3],
-      },
-      n
-    ) => {
-      // assert that xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
-      Gates.xor(
-        a,
-        b,
-        expectedOutput,
-        in1_0,
-        in1_1,
-        in1_2,
-        in1_3,
-        in2_0,
-        in2_1,
-        in2_2,
-        in2_3,
-        out0,
-        out1,
-        out2,
-        out3
-      );
-
-      // if we reached the end of our chain, assert that the final inputs are zero and add a zero gate
-      if (n === iterations - 1) {
-        // final values for a, b and output - the end of the XOR chain - which should be zero
-        let { finalA, finalB, finalOutput } = precomputed;
-
-        Gates.zero(finalA, finalB, finalOutput);
-        let zero = new Field(0);
-        zero.assertEquals(finalA);
-        zero.assertEquals(finalB);
-        zero.assertEquals(finalOutput);
-      }
-    }
-  );
-}
-
-function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
-  if (!stmt) {
-    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
-  }
-}
-
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
-
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
-  });
-}
-
-function computeChainInputs(
-  iterations: number,
-  a: Field,
-  b: Field,
-  expectedOutput: Field
-) {
-  let inputs = [];
+  // 4 bit sized offsets
+  let first = 4;
+  let second = first + 4;
+  let third = second + 4;
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
+  // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
+  while (padLength !== 0) {
     // slices the inputs into LENGTH_XOR-sized chunks
     // slices of a
-    let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, firstOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, secondOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, 4);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, first, 4);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, second, 4);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, third, 4);
 
     // slices of b
-    let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, firstOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, secondOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, 4);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, first, 4);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, second, 4);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, third, 4);
 
     // slice of expected output
-    let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, firstOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, secondOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
-    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, thirdOffset, LENGTH_XOR);
+    let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
+    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, first, 4);
+    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, 4);
+    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, 4);
 
-    // store all inputs for the current iteration of the XOR chain
-    inputs[i] = {
+    // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
+    Gates.xor(
       a,
       b,
       expectedOutput,
-      in1: [in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3],
-      in2: [in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3],
-      out: [out0, out1, out2, out3],
-    };
-
-    // update the values for the next loop iteration - seal them to force snarky to compute the constraints directly
-    a = calculateNextValue(a, in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3).seal();
-    b = calculateNextValue(b, in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3).seal();
-    expectedOutput = calculateNextValue(
-      expectedOutput,
+      in1_0,
+      in1_1,
+      in1_2,
+      in1_3,
+      in2_0,
+      in2_1,
+      in2_2,
+      in2_3,
       out0,
       out1,
       out2,
       out3
-    ).seal();
+    );
+
+    // update the values for the next loop iteration
+    a = witnessNextValue(a);
+    b = witnessNextValue(b);
+    expectedOutput = witnessNextValue(expectedOutput);
+    padLength = padLength - 16;
   }
 
-  // we return the precomputed inputs to the XOR chain and the final values of a, b and output for the final zero gate and zero assertion check
-  return { inputs, finalA: a, finalB: b, finalOutput: expectedOutput };
+  // inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check - we reached the end of our chain
+  Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
+
+  let zero = new Field(0);
+  zero.assertEquals(a);
+  zero.assertEquals(b);
+  zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
 }
 
-function calculateNextValue(
-  current: Field,
-  var0: Field,
-  var1: Field,
-  var2: Field,
-  var3: Field
-) {
-  return current
-    .sub(var0)
-    .sub(var1.mul(twoPowLen))
-    .sub(var2.mul(twoPow2Len))
-    .sub(var3.mul(twoPow3Len))
-    .div(twoPow4Len);
+function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
+  if (!stmt) {
+    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
+  }
+}
+
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
+
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let n = f.toBigInt();
+    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
+  });
+}
+
+function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
 }

From e1c22af7fb05f8cf01e05b3ffa9c3dd89e7627a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 19:19:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0240/1786] dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts        | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index d3d278bf2e..3d4409de2d 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
     "methods": {
       "xor": {
         "rows": 75,
-        "digest": "44c171b0efd13d6380e470965919b663"
+        "digest": "8d87d6130e66394180b88c76c11a4baf"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 32c54ef085..9604be32ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
+// 4 bit sized offsets
+const firstChunk = 4;
+const secondChunk = firstChunk + 4;
+const thirdChunk = secondChunk + 4;
+
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
@@ -54,31 +59,26 @@ function buildXor(
   expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number
 ) {
-  // 4 bit sized offsets
-  let first = 4;
-  let second = first + 4;
-  let third = second + 4;
-
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {
-    // slices the inputs into LENGTH_XOR-sized chunks
+    // slices the inputs 4bit-sized chunks
     // slices of a
     let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, 4);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, first, 4);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, second, 4);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, third, 4);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, firstChunk, 4);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, secondChunk, 4);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, thirdChunk, 4);
 
     // slices of b
     let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, 4);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, first, 4);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, second, 4);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, third, 4);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, firstChunk, 4);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, secondChunk, 4);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, thirdChunk, 4);
 
     // slice of expected output
     let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
-    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, first, 4);
-    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, second, 4);
-    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, third, 4);
+    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, firstChunk, 4);
+    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, secondChunk, 4);
+    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, thirdChunk, 4);
 
     // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
     Gates.xor(

From eb8143b107c554780fc07490d3ef78ee16b805ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 19:21:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0241/1786] move constants

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 9604be32ef..bd218a5314 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,11 +5,6 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
 export { xor };
 
-// 4 bit sized offsets
-const firstChunk = 4;
-const secondChunk = firstChunk + 4;
-const thirdChunk = secondChunk + 4;
-
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
@@ -59,6 +54,11 @@ function buildXor(
   expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number
 ) {
+  // 4 bit sized offsets
+  const firstChunk = 4;
+  const secondChunk = firstChunk + 4;
+  const thirdChunk = secondChunk + 4;
+
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {
     // slices the inputs 4bit-sized chunks

From 043f0ef0808de2c32d4a324204e55e1b2e3b5c74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 19:24:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0242/1786] dump regression test vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 3d4409de2d..817796fa3a 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@
     "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "xor": {
-        "rows": 75,
-        "digest": "8d87d6130e66394180b88c76c11a4baf"
+        "rows": 15,
+        "digest": "b3595a9cc9562d4f4a3a397b6de44971"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {

From 36830a82eff1a757a2270178e9bb12506140abd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 19:26:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0243/1786] hardcode chunk size

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 25 ++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index bd218a5314..8e2465d3d5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -54,31 +54,26 @@ function buildXor(
   expectedOutput: Field,
   padLength: number
 ) {
-  // 4 bit sized offsets
-  const firstChunk = 4;
-  const secondChunk = firstChunk + 4;
-  const thirdChunk = secondChunk + 4;
-
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {
-    // slices the inputs 4bit-sized chunks
+    // slices the inputs 4 4bit-sized chunks
     // slices of a
     let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, 4);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, firstChunk, 4);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, secondChunk, 4);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, thirdChunk, 4);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, 4, 4);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, 8, 4);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, 12, 4);
 
     // slices of b
     let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, 4);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, firstChunk, 4);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, secondChunk, 4);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, thirdChunk, 4);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, 4, 4);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, 8, 4);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, 12, 4);
 
     // slice of expected output
     let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
-    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, firstChunk, 4);
-    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, secondChunk, 4);
-    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, thirdChunk, 4);
+    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 4, 4);
+    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 8, 4);
+    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 12, 4);
 
     // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
     Gates.xor(

From eeae4cfd5ab0d417b754d59f6a9d681b3c05f444 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 20:58:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0244/1786] wrap proving key

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index edea0fcdc6..c6bb05fe73 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
 
 // Pickles.Cache.{Step,Wrap}.Key.Proving.t
 
-type MlProvingKeyHeader = [
+type MlStepProvingKeyHeader = [
   _: 0,
   typeEqual: number,
   snarkKeysHeader: Opaque,
@@ -32,6 +32,13 @@ type MlProvingKeyHeader = [
   constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
+type MlWrapProvingKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: Opaque,
+  constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
+];
+
 // pickles_bindings.ml, any_key enum
 
 enum KeyType {
@@ -44,9 +51,9 @@ enum KeyType {
 // TODO better names
 
 type AnyKey =
-  | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlProvingKeyHeader]
+  | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlStepProvingKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, TODO]
-  | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlProvingKeyHeader]
+  | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlWrapProvingKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, TODO];
 
 type AnyValue =
@@ -56,25 +63,46 @@ type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, TODO];
 
 function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
-  console.log('ENCODE', value);
   let wasm = getWasm();
   switch (value[0]) {
-    case KeyType.StepProvingKey:
-      return wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_encode(value[1][1]);
+    case KeyType.StepProvingKey: {
+      let index = value[1][1];
+      console.time('encode index');
+      let encoded = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_encode(index);
+      console.timeEnd('encode index');
+      return encoded;
+    }
+    case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
+      let index = value[1][1];
+      console.time('encode wrap index');
+      let encoded = wasm.caml_pasta_fq_plonk_index_encode(index);
+      console.timeEnd('encode wrap index');
+      return encoded;
+    }
     default:
       throw Error('todo');
   }
 }
 
 function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
-  console.log('DECODE', key);
   let wasm = getWasm();
   switch (key[0]) {
-    case KeyType.StepProvingKey:
+    case KeyType.StepProvingKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFp();
+      console.time('decode index');
       let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
+      console.timeEnd('decode index');
       let cs = key[1][4];
       return [KeyType.StepProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
+    }
+    case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
+      let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFq();
+      console.time('decode wrap index');
+      let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fq_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
+      console.timeEnd('decode wrap index');
+      let cs = key[1][3];
+      return [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
+    }
     default:
       throw Error('todo');
   }

From 1f54f64ef34437c0f8852a59ad0f69d515445a47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 12:12:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0245/1786] fix length doc comment

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e7fc53ad6c..3ebc23b842 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively. Each XOR gate can verify 16 bit at most. If your input elements exceed 16 bit, another XOR gate will be added to the chain.
    *
-   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared.
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
    *

From 7c01398d683936ae541f67f3b32b7f0ec8935d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 12:12:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0246/1786] fix doc comment

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 3ebc23b842..8038922656 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -45,9 +45,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
    *
-   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^length - 1`, or the operation will fail.
-   * For example, for `length = 2` ( 2² = 4), `.xor` will fail for any element that is larger than `> 3`.
-   * If either input element exceeds the maximum bit length, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated because the method fails to properly constrain the operation.
+   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated..
+   * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `xor()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101

From d1626723f4d9a8cd38d646b0299ea3cdcbca75e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 12:16:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0247/1786] fix size assertion

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 24 ++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 8e2465d3d5..dc1e026e2e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 
+  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
+  let l = 16;
+  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
+
   // handle constant case
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
-    assert(
-      a.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
-      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
-    );
+    let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(
-      b.toBigInt() < 2 ** length,
-      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${length} bits`
-    );
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${max} bits`);
+
+    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${max} bits`);
 
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }
@@ -36,18 +36,14 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     () => new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
   );
 
-  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
-  let l = 16;
-  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
-
-  // recursively build xor gadget chain
+  // builds the xor gadget chain
   buildXor(a, b, outputXor, padLength);
 
   // return the result of the xor operation
   return outputXor;
 }
 
-// builds xor chain recursively
+// builds a xor chain
 function buildXor(
   a: Field,
   b: Field,

From 09ad52ef6ea360a7107af07fb48f66ac623d5b97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 12:26:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0248/1786] Update src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index dc1e026e2e..b61b8fdcbf 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${max} bits`);
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
 
-    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${max} bits`);
+    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
 
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }

From b360fda053afc573f5304d20aa12b9f2d309d5ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 12:32:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0249/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 70358c321b..b8c624fd12 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 70358c321b18988b81d89bbc47f9ea55459da056
+Subproject commit b8c624fd1261190b697b375930310d5c7f0891f1

From e28cecdf550968f586023347de9fdd2a135fcb81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 14:31:56 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0250/1786] start exposing dummy proofs but there's a problem

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 553137d0fd..47bd0c3340 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -139,6 +139,22 @@ class Proof<Input, Output> {
     this.proof = proof; // TODO optionally convert from string?
     this.maxProofsVerified = maxProofsVerified;
   }
+
+  static async dummy<Input, OutPut>(
+    publicInput: Input,
+    publicOutput: OutPut,
+    maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2
+  ): Promise<Proof<Input, OutPut>> {
+    // TODO need to select dummy based on maxProofsVerified
+    let dummyBase64 = await dummyBase64Proof();
+    let [, dummyRaw] = Pickles.proofOfBase64(dummyBase64, maxProofsVerified);
+    return new this({
+      publicInput,
+      publicOutput,
+      proof: dummyRaw,
+      maxProofsVerified,
+    });
+  }
 }
 
 async function verify(

From 786e3982370742176c96ba462b187666786f46ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 14:57:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0251/1786] use flexible dummy proof

---
 src/bindings            |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 13 ++++++++-----
 src/snarky.d.ts         |  9 +++++----
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 69904ab544..f876f85498 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 69904ab5445b12bd8bf3e87f6ac34c70e64e1add
+Subproject commit f876f854989f1431815452df9d3a25422debcb46
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 47bd0c3340..a64be30170 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -145,9 +145,7 @@ class Proof<Input, Output> {
     publicOutput: OutPut,
     maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2
   ): Promise<Proof<Input, OutPut>> {
-    // TODO need to select dummy based on maxProofsVerified
-    let dummyBase64 = await dummyBase64Proof();
-    let [, dummyRaw] = Pickles.proofOfBase64(dummyBase64, maxProofsVerified);
+    let dummyRaw = await dummyProof(maxProofsVerified);
     return new this({
       publicInput,
       publicOutput,
@@ -859,8 +857,13 @@ ZkProgram.Proof = function <
   };
 };
 
-function dummyBase64Proof() {
-  return withThreadPool(async () => Pickles.dummyBase64Proof());
+function dummyProof(maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2) {
+  return withThreadPool(async () => Pickles.dummyProof(maxProofsVerified)[1]);
+}
+
+async function dummyBase64Proof() {
+  let proof = await dummyProof(2);
+  return Pickles.proofToBase64([2, proof]);
 }
 
 // what feature flags to set to enable certain gate types
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index f3e4d1e9e4..19844ad907 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -650,17 +650,18 @@ declare const Pickles: {
     verificationKey: string
   ): Promise<boolean>;
 
-  dummyBase64Proof: () => string;
+  dummyProof: <N extends 0 | 1 | 2>(maxProofsVerified: N) => [N, Pickles.Proof];
+
   /**
    * @returns (base64 vk, hash)
    */
   dummyVerificationKey: () => [_: 0, data: string, hash: FieldConst];
 
   proofToBase64: (proof: [0 | 1 | 2, Pickles.Proof]) => string;
-  proofOfBase64: (
+  proofOfBase64: <N extends 0 | 1 | 2>(
     base64: string,
-    maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2
-  ) => [0 | 1 | 2, Pickles.Proof];
+    maxProofsVerified: N
+  ) => [N, Pickles.Proof];
 
   proofToBase64Transaction: (proof: Pickles.Proof) => string;
 };

From 78c4de342d0e186c76af4e957501e08768992d87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 15:54:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0252/1786] expose domainLog2

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 13 ++++++++-----
 src/snarky.d.ts         |  5 ++++-
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index a64be30170..4296e8b808 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -143,9 +143,10 @@ class Proof<Input, Output> {
   static async dummy<Input, OutPut>(
     publicInput: Input,
     publicOutput: OutPut,
-    maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2
+    maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2,
+    domainLog2: number = 14
   ): Promise<Proof<Input, OutPut>> {
-    let dummyRaw = await dummyProof(maxProofsVerified);
+    let dummyRaw = await dummyProof(maxProofsVerified, domainLog2);
     return new this({
       publicInput,
       publicOutput,
@@ -857,12 +858,14 @@ ZkProgram.Proof = function <
   };
 };
 
-function dummyProof(maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2) {
-  return withThreadPool(async () => Pickles.dummyProof(maxProofsVerified)[1]);
+function dummyProof(maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2, domainLog2: number) {
+  return withThreadPool(
+    async () => Pickles.dummyProof(maxProofsVerified, domainLog2)[1]
+  );
 }
 
 async function dummyBase64Proof() {
-  let proof = await dummyProof(2);
+  let proof = await dummyProof(2, 15);
   return Pickles.proofToBase64([2, proof]);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 19844ad907..7fb7f27fb8 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -650,7 +650,10 @@ declare const Pickles: {
     verificationKey: string
   ): Promise<boolean>;
 
-  dummyProof: <N extends 0 | 1 | 2>(maxProofsVerified: N) => [N, Pickles.Proof];
+  dummyProof: <N extends 0 | 1 | 2>(
+    maxProofsVerified: N,
+    domainLog2: number
+  ) => [N, Pickles.Proof];
 
   /**
    * @returns (base64 vk, hash)

From bb138bf66601343b15914eb9da61fa046a0ba0cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 15:59:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0253/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f876f85498..6db2442764 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f876f854989f1431815452df9d3a25422debcb46
+Subproject commit 6db2442764e48977dc25145b5b048f272e3995f5

From 600b6327a01b664795d3448f8e93d3009b507e1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 16:26:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0254/1786] add docs

---
 CHANGELOG.md            |  3 +++
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1e64b6d357..9401e4ee36 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
 
+- `Proof.dummy()` to create dummy proofs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1188
+  - You can use this to write ZkPrograms that handle the base case and the inductive case in the same method.
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 4296e8b808..6d3987bde3 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,27 @@ class Proof<Input, Output> {
     this.maxProofsVerified = maxProofsVerified;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Dummy proof. This can be useful for ZkPrograms that handle the base case in the same
+   * method as the inductive case, using a pattern like this:
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * method(proof: SelfProof<I, O>, isRecursive: Bool) {
+   *   proof.verifyIf(isRecursive);
+   *   // ...
+   * }
+   * ```
+   *
+   * To use such a method in the base case, you need a dummy proof:
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let dummy = await MyProof.dummy(publicInput, publicOutput, 1);
+   * await myProgram.myMethod(dummy, Bool(false));
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Note**: The types of `publicInput` and `publicOutput`, as well as the `maxProofsVerified` parameter,
+   * must match your ZkProgram. `maxProofsVerified` is the maximum number of proofs that any of your methods take as arguments.
+   */
   static async dummy<Input, OutPut>(
     publicInput: Input,
     publicOutput: OutPut,

From 2d379a5fa5171ac580adcaf423015a44d98a9980 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 17:33:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0255/1786] deprecate Experimental.ZkProgram

---
 CHANGELOG.md                          |  4 ++++
 src/examples/program-with-input.ts    |  6 +++---
 src/examples/program.ts               |  6 +++---
 src/index.ts                          |  9 +++++++--
 src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts   |  6 +++---
 src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts         | 10 +++++-----
 tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js | 10 +++++-----
 7 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1e64b6d357..5af5d4f1a0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Constraint optimizations in Field methods and core crypto changes break all verification keys https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1171 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1178
 
+### Changed
+
+- `ZkProgram` has moved out of the `Experimental` namespace and is now available as a top-level import directly. `Experimental.ZkProgram` has been deprecated.
+
 ### Added
 
 - `Lightnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
diff --git a/src/examples/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/program-with-input.ts
index 71dfafbc2c..f506e61b07 100644
--- a/src/examples/program-with-input.ts
+++ b/src/examples/program-with-input.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   SelfProof,
   Field,
-  Experimental,
+  ZkProgram,
   verify,
   isReady,
   Proof,
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 
 await isReady;
 
-let MyProgram = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MyProgram = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ let MyProgram = Experimental.ZkProgram({
 MyProgram.publicInputType satisfies typeof Field;
 MyProgram.publicOutputType satisfies Provable<void>;
 
-let MyProof = Experimental.ZkProgram.Proof(MyProgram);
+let MyProof = ZkProgram.Proof(MyProgram);
 
 console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
diff --git a/src/examples/program.ts b/src/examples/program.ts
index 111ed0b5a8..a60bbc54d5 100644
--- a/src/examples/program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/program.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   SelfProof,
   Field,
-  Experimental,
+  ZkProgram,
   verify,
   isReady,
   Proof,
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
 
 await isReady;
 
-let MyProgram = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MyProgram = ZkProgram({
   publicOutput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ let MyProgram = Experimental.ZkProgram({
 MyProgram.publicInputType satisfies Provable<Empty>;
 MyProgram.publicOutputType satisfies typeof Field;
 
-let MyProof = Experimental.ZkProgram.Proof(MyProgram);
+let MyProof = ZkProgram.Proof(MyProgram);
 
 console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index ead07ffbea..6073135ff9 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ export {
   setGraphqlEndpoints,
   setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   sendZkapp,
-  Lightnet
+  Lightnet,
 } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
 export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
@@ -76,8 +76,10 @@ export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle_map.js';
 
 export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
 
-// experimental APIs
 import { ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
+export { ZkProgram };
+
+// experimental APIs
 import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
 import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
@@ -97,6 +99,9 @@ type Callback_<Result> = Callback<Result>;
  * (Not unstable in the sense that they are less functional or tested than other parts.)
  */
 namespace Experimental {
+  /** @deprecated `ZkProgram` has moved out of the Experimental namespace and is now directly available as a top-level import `ZkProgram`.
+   * The old `Experimental.ZkProgram` API has been deprecated in favor of the new `ZkProgram` top-level import.
+   */
   export let ZkProgram = Experimental_.ZkProgram;
   export let createChildAccountUpdate = Experimental_.createChildAccountUpdate;
   export let memoizeWitness = Experimental_.memoizeWitness;
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
index 271a2bb6cc..5f6c063709 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   SelfProof,
   Field,
-  Experimental,
+  ZkProgram,
   isReady,
   shutdown,
   Proof,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { tic, toc } from '../examples/zkapps/tictoc.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ async function testRecursion(
 ) {
   console.log(`testing maxProofsVerified = ${maxProofsVerified}`);
 
-  let ProofClass = Experimental.ZkProgram.Proof(Program);
+  let ProofClass = ZkProgram.Proof(Program);
 
   tic('executing base case');
   let initialProof = await Program.baseCase(Field(0));
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
index 61c1c9dc1d..9accd6a4b5 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   SelfProof,
   Field,
-  Experimental,
+  ZkProgram,
   isReady,
   shutdown,
   Proof,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { tic, toc } from '../examples/zkapps/tictoc.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedTwo = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedTwo = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ async function testRecursion(
 ) {
   console.log(`testing maxProofsVerified = ${maxProofsVerified}`);
 
-  let ProofClass = Experimental.ZkProgram.Proof(Program);
+  let ProofClass = ZkProgram.Proof(Program);
 
   tic('executing base case');
   let initialProof = await Program.baseCase(Field(0));
diff --git a/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js b/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js
index 5fe77f4ced..9238d67117 100644
--- a/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js
+++ b/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   SelfProof,
   Field,
-  Experimental,
+  ZkProgram,
   isReady,
   shutdown,
 } from '../../dist/node/index.js';
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { tic, toc } from './tictoc.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-let MaxProofsVerifiedTwo = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+let MaxProofsVerifiedTwo = ZkProgram({
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ await testRecursion(MaxProofsVerifiedTwo, 2);
 async function testRecursion(Program, maxProofsVerified) {
   console.log(`testing maxProofsVerified = ${maxProofsVerified}`);
 
-  let ProofClass = Experimental.ZkProgram.Proof(Program);
+  let ProofClass = ZkProgram.Proof(Program);
 
   tic('executing base case..');
   let initialProof = await Program.baseCase(Field(0));

From 31f0ede0ff2ded9f6d506a427358bd10399746ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 20 Oct 2023 22:16:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0256/1786] wrap vk encoding

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             |  2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts                     |  3 +++
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index c6bb05fe73..a7f30972e3 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
+export type { MlWrapVerificationKey };
 
 type TODO = unknown;
 type Opaque = unknown;
@@ -39,6 +40,13 @@ type MlWrapProvingKeyHeader = [
   constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
+// Pickles.Verification_key.t
+// no point in defining
+
+class MlWrapVerificationKey {
+  // opaque type
+}
+
 // pickles_bindings.ml, any_key enum
 
 enum KeyType {
@@ -60,7 +68,7 @@ type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
   | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, TODO]
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
-  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, TODO];
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKey];
 
 function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   let wasm = getWasm();
@@ -79,7 +87,15 @@ function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
       console.timeEnd('encode wrap index');
       return encoded;
     }
+    case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
+      let vk = value[1];
+      console.time('encode wrap vk');
+      let string = Pickles.encodeVerificationKey(vk);
+      console.timeEnd('encode wrap vk');
+      return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
+    }
     default:
+      value[0] satisfies KeyType.StepVerificationKey;
       throw Error('todo');
   }
 }
@@ -103,7 +119,15 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
       let cs = key[1][3];
       return [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     }
+    case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
+      let string = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+      console.time('decode wrap vk');
+      let vk = Pickles.decodeVerificationKey(string);
+      console.timeEnd('decode wrap vk');
+      return [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, vk];
+    }
     default:
+      key[0] satisfies KeyType.StepVerificationKey;
       throw Error('todo');
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 40cc1a082d..42b0ab6f37 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
         let bytes = read(path);
         return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
-        console.log('read failed', e.message);
+        console.log('read failed', e);
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 9bd2a1d051..f7d8e41acb 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -685,6 +685,9 @@ declare const Pickles: {
    */
   dummyVerificationKey: () => [_: 0, data: string, hash: FieldConst];
 
+  encodeVerificationKey: (vk: ProverKeys.MlWrapVerificationKey) => string;
+  decodeVerificationKey: (vk: string) => ProverKeys.MlWrapVerificationKey;
+
   proofToBase64: (proof: [0 | 1 | 2, Pickles.Proof]) => string;
   proofOfBase64: (
     base64: string,

From e795fb46984017737b029f9cb55d37db6f655b0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 16:58:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0257/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 aa7f880 for latest changes in the subproject

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 038a16eac1..aa7f880eb7 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 038a16eac1bf5dc62779a079b95fa36e21aa4202
+Subproject commit aa7f880eb752c91408c90a40cf7e8bcb7dec87ff

From 044267254a643d2f7e2e18811ae6d8d0625c15f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 17:08:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0258/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): move testRot function and
 related tests to gadgets.unit-test.ts

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts              | 40 -------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 21a9c0f48b..345d5b9d71 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,45 +1,5 @@
 import { Field, Provable, Experimental, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
-function testRot(
-  word: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  mode: 'left' | 'right',
-  result: Field
-) {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => word);
-    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
-    let output = Gadgets.rot(w, bits, mode);
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      Provable.log(`rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode}) = ${output}`);
-    });
-    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
-  });
-}
-
-console.log('Running positive tests...');
-testRot(Field('0'), 0, 'left', Field('0'));
-testRot(Field('0'), 32, 'right', Field('0'));
-testRot(Field('1'), 1, 'left', Field('2'));
-testRot(Field('1'), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
-testRot(Field('256'), 4, 'right', Field('16'));
-testRot(Field('1234567890'), 32, 'right', Field('5302428712241725440'));
-testRot(Field('2651214356120862720'), 32, 'right', Field('617283945'));
-testRot(Field('1153202983878524928'), 32, 'right', Field('268500993'));
-testRot(
-  Field('6510615555426900570'),
-  4,
-  'right',
-  Field('11936128518282651045')
-);
-testRot(
-  Field('6510615555426900570'),
-  4,
-  'right',
-  Field('11936128518282651045')
-);
-console.log('🎉 Passed positive tests');
-
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let res1 = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
     let f = Field(12);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 11def1e147..f758a57be6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import {
   Spec,
@@ -9,8 +9,19 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+
+let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
+};
 
 // TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
+// --------------------------
+// RangeCheck64 Gate
+// --------------------------
 
 let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
   methods: {
@@ -23,31 +34,9 @@ let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-let ROT = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(x) {
-        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'left');
-        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'right');
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
 await RangeCheck64.compile();
-await ROT.compile();
 
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
-};
-
-// do a couple of proofs
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
-
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
@@ -59,6 +48,22 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
+// --------------------------
+// ROT Gate
+// --------------------------
+let ROT = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'left');
+        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'right');
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await ROT.compile();
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
@@ -69,3 +74,38 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
     return await ROT.verify(proof);
   }
 );
+
+function testRot(
+  word: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  mode: 'left' | 'right',
+  result: Field
+) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => word);
+    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
+    let output = Gadgets.rot(w, bits, mode);
+    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
+  });
+}
+
+testRot(Field('0'), 0, 'left', Field('0'));
+testRot(Field('0'), 32, 'right', Field('0'));
+testRot(Field('1'), 1, 'left', Field('2'));
+testRot(Field('1'), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
+testRot(Field('256'), 4, 'right', Field('16'));
+testRot(Field('1234567890'), 32, 'right', Field('5302428712241725440'));
+testRot(Field('2651214356120862720'), 32, 'right', Field('617283945'));
+testRot(Field('1153202983878524928'), 32, 'right', Field('268500993'));
+testRot(
+  Field('6510615555426900570'),
+  4,
+  'right',
+  Field('11936128518282651045')
+);
+testRot(
+  Field('6510615555426900570'),
+  4,
+  'right',
+  Field('11936128518282651045')
+);

From 5b0de018434176bab2f55f56b7ee20bf0742ecc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 17:13:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0259/1786] refactor(gadgets.unit-test.ts): convert inputs for
 rot to strings

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 30 ++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index f758a57be6..914fed654c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -89,23 +89,13 @@ function testRot(
   });
 }
 
-testRot(Field('0'), 0, 'left', Field('0'));
-testRot(Field('0'), 32, 'right', Field('0'));
-testRot(Field('1'), 1, 'left', Field('2'));
-testRot(Field('1'), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
-testRot(Field('256'), 4, 'right', Field('16'));
-testRot(Field('1234567890'), 32, 'right', Field('5302428712241725440'));
-testRot(Field('2651214356120862720'), 32, 'right', Field('617283945'));
-testRot(Field('1153202983878524928'), 32, 'right', Field('268500993'));
-testRot(
-  Field('6510615555426900570'),
-  4,
-  'right',
-  Field('11936128518282651045')
-);
-testRot(
-  Field('6510615555426900570'),
-  4,
-  'right',
-  Field('11936128518282651045')
-);
+testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
+testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
+testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
+testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
+testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
+testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
+testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
+testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
+testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
+testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));

From de2c09139b67d7fdb392a12a4524b3a8bc240e5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 17:16:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0260/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): simplify witness creation and
 rotation operations

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 12 ++++--------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 345d5b9d71..78800439ca 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 import { Field, Provable, Experimental, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let res1 = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let f = Field(12);
-    return Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'left');
-  });
-  let res2 = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let f = Field(12);
-    return Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'right');
-  });
+  let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
+
+  let res1 = Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'left');
+  let res2 = Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'right');
 
   res1.assertEquals(Field(48));
   res2.assertEquals(Field(3));

From e3264ecfc9c5bf824da51c4eaee30564b8e05e6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Oct 2023 13:45:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0261/1786] refactor(rot.ts): modify witnessSlices and change
 inputs to rot gate

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 44 +++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index c1763d1cbb..eaacb5ebd4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -71,20 +71,20 @@ function rotate(
     rotated,
     excess,
     [
-      witnessSlices(bound, 52, 64),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 40, 52),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 28, 40),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 16, 28),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
+      witnessSlices(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
+      witnessSlices(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
+      witnessSlices(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
     ],
     [
-      witnessSlices(bound, 14, 16),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 12, 14),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 10, 12),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 8, 10),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 6, 8),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 4, 6),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 2, 4),
-      witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2),
+      witnessSlices(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
+      witnessSlices(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
+      witnessSlices(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
+      witnessSlices(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
+      witnessSlices(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
+      witnessSlices(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
+      witnessSlices(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
+      witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
     ],
     Field.from(big2PowerRot)
   );
@@ -96,21 +96,13 @@ function rotate(
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, stop = -1) {
-  if (stop !== -1 && stop <= start) {
-    throw Error('stop must be greater than start');
-  }
-
+// TODO: move to utils once https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177 is merged
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
   return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let bits = f.toBits();
-    if (stop > bits.length) {
-      throw Error('stop must be less than bit-length');
-    }
-    if (stop === -1) {
-      stop = bits.length;
-    }
-
-    return Field.fromBits(bits.slice(start, stop));
+    let mask = (1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n;
+    let n = f.toBigInt();
+    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & mask);
   });
 }
 

From 84cf95fe0decac6dbb93d0bd28461c51d0c8a60b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 13:06:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0262/1786] step verification keys, and handle reading strings

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             |  7 +++-
 src/lib/storable.ts                 | 21 ++++++----
 3 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index a7f30972e3..e64c85a358 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ import {
   WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
 } from '../../bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
 import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { VerifierIndex } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/kimchi-types.js';
+import { getRustConversion } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
 
-export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
+export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, proverKeyType, AnyKey, AnyValue };
 export type { MlWrapVerificationKey };
 
-type TODO = unknown;
-type Opaque = unknown;
-
 // Plonk_constraint_system.Make()().t
+
 class MlConstraintSystem {
   // opaque type
 }
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
 type MlStepProvingKeyHeader = [
   _: 0,
   typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: Opaque,
+  snarkKeysHeader: unknown,
   index: number,
   constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
@@ -36,12 +36,11 @@ type MlStepProvingKeyHeader = [
 type MlWrapProvingKeyHeader = [
   _: 0,
   typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: Opaque,
+  snarkKeysHeader: unknown,
   constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
 // Pickles.Verification_key.t
-// no point in defining
 
 class MlWrapVerificationKey {
   // opaque type
@@ -60,13 +59,13 @@ enum KeyType {
 
 type AnyKey =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlStepProvingKeyHeader]
-  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, unknown]
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlWrapProvingKeyHeader]
-  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, TODO];
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, unknown];
 
 type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
-  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, TODO]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, VerifierIndex]
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKey];
 
@@ -80,6 +79,19 @@ function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
       console.timeEnd('encode index');
       return encoded;
     }
+    case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
+      let vkMl = value[1];
+      console.time('create rust conversion');
+      const rustConversion = getRustConversion(getWasm());
+      console.timeEnd('create rust conversion');
+      console.time('verifierIndexToRust');
+      let vkWasm = rustConversion.fp.verifierIndexToRust(vkMl);
+      console.timeEnd('verifierIndexToRust');
+      console.time('encode vk');
+      let string = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_verifier_index_serialize(vkWasm);
+      console.timeEnd('encode vk');
+      return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
+    }
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
       let index = value[1][1];
       console.time('encode wrap index');
@@ -95,7 +107,7 @@ function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
     }
     default:
-      value[0] satisfies KeyType.StepVerificationKey;
+      value satisfies never;
       throw Error('todo');
   }
 }
@@ -111,6 +123,23 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
       let cs = key[1][4];
       return [KeyType.StepProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     }
+    case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
+      let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFp();
+      let string = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
+      console.time('decode vk');
+      let vkWasm = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_verifier_index_deserialize(
+        srs,
+        string
+      );
+      console.timeEnd('decode vk');
+      console.time('create rust conversion');
+      const rustConversion = getRustConversion(getWasm());
+      console.timeEnd('create rust conversion');
+      console.time('verifierIndexFromRust');
+      let vkMl = rustConversion.fp.verifierIndexFromRust(vkWasm);
+      console.timeEnd('verifierIndexFromRust');
+      return [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, vkMl];
+    }
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFq();
       console.time('decode wrap index');
@@ -127,7 +156,18 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
       return [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, vk];
     }
     default:
-      key[0] satisfies KeyType.StepVerificationKey;
+      key satisfies never;
       throw Error('todo');
   }
 }
+
+const proverKeySerializationType = {
+  [KeyType.StepProvingKey]: 'bytes',
+  [KeyType.StepVerificationKey]: 'string',
+  [KeyType.WrapProvingKey]: 'bytes',
+  [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey]: 'string',
+} as const;
+
+function proverKeyType(key: AnyKey): 'string' | 'bytes' {
+  return proverKeySerializationType[key[0]];
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 42b0ab6f37..17d1d3e73c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { Storable } from './storable.js';
 import {
   decodeProverKey,
   encodeProverKey,
+  proverKeyType,
 } from './proof-system/prover-keys.js';
 
 // public API
@@ -551,7 +552,8 @@ async function compileProgram({
     0,
     function read_(key, path) {
       try {
-        let bytes = read(path);
+        let type = proverKeyType(key);
+        let bytes = read(path, type);
         return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
         console.log('read failed', e);
@@ -560,8 +562,9 @@ async function compileProgram({
     },
     function write_(key, value, path) {
       try {
+        let type = proverKeyType(key);
         let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
-        write(path, bytes);
+        write(path, bytes, type);
         return MlResult.ok(undefined);
       } catch (e: any) {
         console.log('write failed', e.message);
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 7e573a0ad5..5764b914e2 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -8,22 +8,29 @@ export { Storable };
  * `read()` and `write()` can just throw errors on failure.
  */
 type Storable<T> = {
-  read(key: string): T;
-  write(key: string, value: T): void;
+  read(key: string, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): T;
+  write(key: string, value: T, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
 };
 
 const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable<Uint8Array> => ({
-  read(key) {
+  read(key, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('READ', key);
-    let buffer = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`);
-    return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
+    if (type === 'string') {
+      let string = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, 'utf8');
+      return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
+    } else {
+      let buffer = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`);
+      return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
+    }
   },
-  write(key, value) {
+  write(key, value, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('WRITE', key);
     mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
-    writeFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, value);
+    writeFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, value, {
+      encoding: type === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,
+    });
   },
 });
 

From 82c812655fda4d9ab4ae7fb9687839449b5996d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 15:18:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0263/1786] default to not caching

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/storable.ts     | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 17d1d3e73c..14bed6df39 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
-  storable: { read, write } = Storable.FileSystemDefault,
+  storable: { read, write } = Storable.None,
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
         let bytes = read(path, type);
         return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
-        console.log('read failed', e);
+        console.log('read failed', e.message);
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 5764b914e2..2789d83c70 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@ type Storable<T> = {
   write(key: string, value: T, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
 };
 
+const None: Storable<Uint8Array> = {
+  read() {
+    throw Error('not available');
+  },
+  write() {
+    throw Error('not available');
+  },
+};
+
 const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable<Uint8Array> => ({
   read(key, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
@@ -39,4 +48,5 @@ const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem('/tmp');
 const Storable = {
   FileSystem,
   FileSystemDefault,
+  None,
 };

From 2b28f522770050d223f453871ff6f80b6b5f7b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 15:21:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0264/1786] remove generic type parameter which is always used
 with the same type

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/storable.ts     | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 14bed6df39..67f39dddca 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods: ((...args: any) => void)[];
   gates: Gate[][];
   proofSystemTag: { name: string };
-  storable?: Storable<Uint8Array>;
+  storable?: Storable;
   overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
 }) {
   let rules = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 2789d83c70..bff1daec16 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ export { Storable };
  * Interface for storing and retrieving values for caching.
  * `read()` and `write()` can just throw errors on failure.
  */
-type Storable<T> = {
-  read(key: string, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): T;
-  write(key: string, value: T, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
+type Storable = {
+  read(key: string, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): Uint8Array;
+  write(key: string, value: Uint8Array, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
 };
 
-const None: Storable<Uint8Array> = {
+const None: Storable = {
   read() {
     throw Error('not available');
   },
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const None: Storable<Uint8Array> = {
   },
 };
 
-const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable<Uint8Array> => ({
+const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
   read(key, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('READ', key);

From 184a5b20acae885e5bfa6246375871f52e296ccf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:23:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0265/1786] use a proper cache directory

---
 package-lock.json       | 14 ++++++++++++++
 package.json            |  1 +
 src/lib/proof_system.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/storable.ts     |  4 ++--
 src/lib/util/fs.ts      |  3 +++
 src/lib/util/fs.web.ts  |  5 +++++
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 49d8af9547..e8dc3eebf8 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
+        "cachedir": "^2.4.0",
         "detect-gpu": "^5.0.5",
         "isomorphic-fetch": "^3.0.0",
         "js-sha256": "^0.9.0",
@@ -2620,6 +2621,14 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-E+XQCRwSbaaiChtv6k6Dwgc+bx+Bs6vuKJHHl5kox/BaKbhiXzqQOwK4cO22yElGp2OCmjwVhT3HmxgyPGnJfQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/cachedir": {
+      "version": "2.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cachedir/-/cachedir-2.4.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9EtFOZR8g22CL7BWjJ9BUx1+A/djkofnyW3aOXZORNW2kxoUpx2h+uN2cOqwPmFhnpVmxg+KW2OjOSgChTEvsQ==",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/callsites": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/callsites/-/callsites-3.1.0.tgz",
@@ -9761,6 +9770,11 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-E+XQCRwSbaaiChtv6k6Dwgc+bx+Bs6vuKJHHl5kox/BaKbhiXzqQOwK4cO22yElGp2OCmjwVhT3HmxgyPGnJfQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "cachedir": {
+      "version": "2.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cachedir/-/cachedir-2.4.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9EtFOZR8g22CL7BWjJ9BUx1+A/djkofnyW3aOXZORNW2kxoUpx2h+uN2cOqwPmFhnpVmxg+KW2OjOSgChTEvsQ=="
+    },
     "callsites": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/callsites/-/callsites-3.1.0.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 1ade0ac845..f2e35405d6 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "blakejs": "1.2.1",
+    "cachedir": "^2.4.0",
     "detect-gpu": "^5.0.5",
     "isomorphic-fetch": "^3.0.0",
     "js-sha256": "^0.9.0",
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 67f39dddca..adc6b08a21 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
-  storable: { read, write } = Storable.None,
+  storable: { read, write } = Storable.FileSystemDefault,
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index bff1daec16..6e492cfd73 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { writeFileSync, readFileSync, mkdirSync } from './util/fs.js';
+import { writeFileSync, readFileSync, mkdirSync, cacheDir } from './util/fs.js';
 import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
 export { Storable };
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
   },
 });
 
-const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem('/tmp');
+const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('pickles'));
 
 const Storable = {
   FileSystem,
diff --git a/src/lib/util/fs.ts b/src/lib/util/fs.ts
index e4e61589f5..4d08832363 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/fs.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/fs.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,5 @@
+import cachedir from 'cachedir';
+
 export { writeFileSync, readFileSync, mkdirSync } from 'node:fs';
 export { resolve } from 'node:path';
+export { cachedir as cacheDir };
diff --git a/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts b/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
index 1cc5bd4c8f..6810aff2fd 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/fs.web.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,13 @@ export {
   dummy as readFileSync,
   dummy as resolve,
   dummy as mkdirSync,
+  cacheDir,
 };
 
 function dummy() {
   throw Error('not implemented');
 }
+
+function cacheDir() {
+  return '';
+}

From b6284b249030654de50abd74786321cb16f3183a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 14:53:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0266/1786] Add AND gate

---
 src/bindings                                |  2 +-
 src/examples/gadgets.ts                     | 38 ++++++++++-
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts |  8 +++
 src/examples/regression_test.json           |  4 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts                  | 70 +++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts        | 25 ++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                  | 32 +++++++++-
 src/lib/gates.ts                            | 18 +++++-
 src/snarky.d.ts                             | 11 ++++
 9 files changed, 198 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 83810ae030..100c625cde 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 83810ae030f0a57a2df9fd0a90a4911b32bcb34b
+Subproject commit 100c625cde92070057463b4ecec75667cab553d4
diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 2048b294fa..273e9c7b50 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
+console.log('XOR:');
+
 console.log('compiling..');
 
 console.time('compile');
@@ -24,8 +26,40 @@ console.timeEnd('compile');
 console.log('proving..');
 
 console.time('prove');
-let proof = await XOR.baseCase();
+let XORproof = await XOR.baseCase();
+console.timeEnd('prove');
+
+if (!(await XOR.verify(XORproof))) throw Error('Invalid proof');
+else console.log('proof valid');
+
+const AND = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    baseCase: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method: () => {
+        let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(3));
+        let b = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5));
+        let actual = Gadgets.and(a, b, 4);
+        let expected = Field(1);
+        actual.assertEquals(expected);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+console.log('AND:');
+
+console.log('compiling..');
+
+console.time('compile');
+await AND.compile();
+console.timeEnd('compile');
+
+console.log('proving..');
+
+console.time('prove');
+let ANDproof = await AND.baseCase();
 console.timeEnd('prove');
 
-if (!(await XOR.verify(proof))) throw Error('Invalid proof');
+if (!(await AND.verify(ANDproof))) throw Error('Invalid proof');
 else console.log('proof valid');
diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 1ef5a5f87c..656aa2e3a2 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -72,6 +72,14 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.xor(a, b, 48);
     Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
   },
+  and() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
+    let b = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
+    Gadgets.and(a, b, 16);
+    Gadgets.and(a, b, 32);
+    Gadgets.and(a, b, 48);
+    Gadgets.and(a, b, 64);
+  },
 };
 
 export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 817796fa3a..340b8f9fca 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -171,6 +171,10 @@
       "xor": {
         "rows": 15,
         "digest": "b3595a9cc9562d4f4a3a397b6de44971"
+      },
+      "and": {
+        "rows": 19,
+        "digest": "f18a6905deba799225051cdd89ef2606"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index b61b8fdcbf..a59ab873d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { xor };
+export { xor, and };
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
@@ -23,9 +23,15 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(
+      a.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
 
-    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(
+      b.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
 
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }
@@ -106,6 +112,62 @@ function buildXor(
   zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
 }
 
+function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
+  // check that both input lengths are positive
+  assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
+
+  // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
+  assert(
+    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+  );
+
+  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
+  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
+
+  // handle constant case
+  if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
+    let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
+
+    assert(
+      a.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
+
+    assert(
+      b.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
+
+    return new Field(Fp.and(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
+  }
+
+  // calculate expect and output
+  let outputAnd = Provable.witness(
+    Field,
+    () => new Field(Fp.and(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
+  );
+
+  // compute values for gate
+  let sum = a.add(b);
+  let xor_output = xor(a, b, length);
+  let and_output = outputAnd;
+
+  Gates.basic(
+    FieldConst['1'],
+    sum,
+    FieldConst['-1'],
+    xor_output,
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(-2n),
+    and_output,
+    FieldConst['0'],
+    FieldConst['0']
+  );
+
+  // return the result of the and operation
+  return outputAnd;
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 4b92ce7aff..5fb6073646 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
       },
     },
+    and: {
+      privateInputs: [Field, Field],
+      method(a: Field, b: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.and(a, b, 64);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
@@ -32,6 +38,10 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
     Fp.xor,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.xor(x, y, length)
   );
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
+    Fp.and,
+    (x, y) => Gadgets.and(x, y, length)
+  );
 });
 
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
@@ -56,3 +66,18 @@ await equivalentAsync(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
+  { runs: 3 }
+)(
+  (x, y) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n || y >= 2n ** 64n)
+      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.and(x, y);
+  },
+  async (x, y) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.and(x, y);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 8038922656..bab7055dfa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { xor } from './bitwise.js';
+import { xor, and } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
-
   /**
    * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
    * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
@@ -59,4 +58,33 @@ const Gadgets = {
   xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     return xor(a, b, length);
   },
+  /**
+   * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
+   * An AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
+   *
+   * It can be checked by a one double generic gate (plus the gates created by XOR) the that verifies the following relationship between these values.
+   *  a + b = sum
+   *  a x b = xor
+   *  a ^ b = and
+   *
+   * `a + b = sum` and the conjunction equation `2 * and = sum - xor`.
+   *
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
+   *
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   *
+   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated..
+   * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `and()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
+   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = Field(3);    // ... 000011
+   * let b = Field(5);    // ... 000101
+   *
+   * let c = and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * c.assertEquals(1);
+   * ```
+   */
+  and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
+    return and(a, b, length);
+  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 1a5a9a3c00..0c026a4dfe 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero };
+export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero, basic };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -81,6 +81,22 @@ function xor(
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ * Generic gate
+ */
+function basic(
+  sl: FieldConst,
+  l: Field,
+  sr: FieldConst,
+  r: Field,
+  so: FieldConst,
+  o: Field,
+  sm: FieldConst,
+  sc: FieldConst
+) {
+  Snarky.gates.basic(sl, l.value, sr, r.value, so, o.value, sm, sc);
+}
+
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
   Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
 }
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index ab0f5e85a9..a90f5dc3d7 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -326,6 +326,17 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ): void;
 
     zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
+
+    basic(
+      sl: FieldConst,
+      l: FieldVar,
+      sr: FieldConst,
+      r: FieldVar,
+      so: FieldConst,
+      o: FieldVar,
+      sm: FieldConst,
+      sc: FieldConst
+    ): void;
   };
 
   bool: {

From c0409dabcffd9641e6a5d5ec6512e22579fe3035 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:53:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0267/1786] expose storable in public APIs, harden cache dir
 resolving

---
 src/index.ts            |  1 +
 src/lib/proof_system.ts |  7 ++++---
 src/lib/storable.ts     | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/zkapp.ts        |  4 +++-
 4 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index b65a42c11f..dd615dbd6e 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ export {
   Undefined,
   Void,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
+export { Storable } from './lib/storable.js';
 
 export {
   Token,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index adc6b08a21..8fb2e8edce 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       }
     | undefined;
 
-  async function compile() {
+  async function compile({ storable = Storable.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
     let methodsMeta = analyzeMethods();
     let gates = methodsMeta.map((m) => m.gates);
     let { provers, verify, verificationKey } = await compileProgram({
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       methods: methodFunctions,
       gates,
       proofSystemTag: selfTag,
+      storable,
       overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
     });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
@@ -523,7 +524,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
-  storable: { read, write } = Storable.FileSystemDefault,
+  storable: { read, write },
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -532,7 +533,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods: ((...args: any) => void)[];
   gates: Gate[][];
   proofSystemTag: { name: string };
-  storable?: Storable;
+  storable: Storable;
   overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
 }) {
   let rules = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 6e492cfd73..0a57d9f819 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,34 @@
-import { writeFileSync, readFileSync, mkdirSync, cacheDir } from './util/fs.js';
+import {
+  writeFileSync,
+  readFileSync,
+  mkdirSync,
+  resolve,
+  cacheDir,
+} from './util/fs.js';
 import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
 export { Storable };
 
 /**
- * Interface for storing and retrieving values for caching.
+ * Interface for storing and retrieving values, for caching.
  * `read()` and `write()` can just throw errors on failure.
  */
 type Storable = {
+  /**
+   * Read a value from the cache.
+   *
+   * @param key The key to read from the cache. Can safely be used as a file path.
+   * @param type Specifies whether the data to be read is a utf8-encoded string or raw binary data. This was added
+   * because node's `fs.readFileSync` returns garbage when reading string files without specifying the encoding.
+   */
   read(key: string, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): Uint8Array;
+  /**
+   * Write a value to the cache.
+   *
+   * @param key The key of the data to write to the cache. This will be used by `read()` to retrieve the data. Can safely be used as a file path.
+   * @param value The value to write to the cache, as a byte array.
+   * @param type Specifies whether the value originated from a utf8-encoded string or raw binary data.
+   */
   write(key: string, value: Uint8Array, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
 };
 
@@ -26,10 +46,10 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('READ', key);
     if (type === 'string') {
-      let string = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, 'utf8');
+      let string = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key), 'utf8');
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
     } else {
-      let buffer = readFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`);
+      let buffer = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key));
       return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
     }
   },
@@ -37,7 +57,7 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     console.log('WRITE', key);
     mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
-    writeFileSync(`${cacheDirectory}/${key}`, value, {
+    writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key), value, {
       encoding: type === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,
     });
   },
@@ -46,7 +66,20 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
 const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('pickles'));
 
 const Storable = {
+  /**
+   * Store data on the file system, in a directory of your choice.
+   *
+   * Note: this {@link Storable} only caches data in Node.js.
+   */
   FileSystem,
+  /**
+   * Store data on the file system, in a standard cache directory depending on the OS.
+   *
+   * Note: this {@link Storable} only caches data in Node.js.
+   */
   FileSystemDefault,
+  /**
+   * Don't store anything.
+   */
   None,
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index cf91b86108..b6aeccc9e3 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ import {
   inProver,
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
+import { Storable } from './storable.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -661,7 +662,7 @@ class SmartContract {
    * it so that proofs end up in the original finite field). These are fairly expensive operations, so **expect compiling to take at least 20 seconds**,
    * up to several minutes if your circuit is large or your hardware is not optimal for these operations.
    */
-  static async compile() {
+  static async compile({ storable = Storable.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
     let methodIntfs = this._methods ?? [];
     let methods = methodIntfs.map(({ methodName }) => {
       return (
@@ -688,6 +689,7 @@ class SmartContract {
       methods,
       gates,
       proofSystemTag: this,
+      storable,
     });
     let verificationKey = {
       data: verificationKey_.data,

From 6a411d58c1bc95c168b7eed06fc3eecfda00c61c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:54:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0268/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b8c624fd12..610e7bbc40 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b8c624fd1261190b697b375930310d5c7f0891f1
+Subproject commit 610e7bbc4053009a1a921e61067f5c85f29357f3

From 5f42063533a373c62503ad76e04b39bd79d53841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 17:06:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0269/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2eb508bf0b..31d31d446b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -29,6 +29,12 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
 
+### Changed
+
+- Use cached prover keys in `compile()` when running in Node.js https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1187
+  - Caching is configurable by passing a custom `Storable` (new export) to `compile()`
+  - By default, prover keys are stored in an OS-dependent cache directory; `~/.cache/pickles` on Mac and Linux
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 97af12c9978e926138dd90275774675b19602567 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 09:29:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0270/1786] refactor(rot.ts): simplify direction param usage

---
 src/bindings           | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index aa7f880eb7..8ee9bde95e 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit aa7f880eb752c91408c90a40cf7e8bcb7dec87ff
+Subproject commit 8ee9bde95e0ad6947eb303e4346f147deba10ed2
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index eaacb5ebd4..43b3cdaeb7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   }
 
   if (word.isConstant()) {
-    return new Field(Fp.rot(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction === 'left'));
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
   }
   const [rotated] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
   return rotated;

From 20f10a0652a80de0f479132f249dad8d72f78c07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 09:36:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0271/1786] refactor(field.unit-test.ts): remove rotation test
 from field.unit-test.ts

---
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts           | 17 -----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 28e17b90eb..8f7d8843f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import {
   bool,
   Spec,
 } from './testing/equivalent.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // types
 Field satisfies Provable<Field>;
@@ -45,22 +44,6 @@ test(Random.field, Random.json.field, (x, y, assert) => {
   assert(z.toJSON() === y);
 });
 
-// rotation
-test(
-  Random.uint64,
-  Random.nat(64),
-  Random.boolean,
-  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
-    let z = Field(x);
-    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction);
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let r2 = Gadgets.rot(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  }
-);
-
 // handles small numbers
 test(Random.nat(1000), (n, assert) => {
   assert(Field(n).toString() === String(n));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 914fed654c..74380b1862 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import {
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 
@@ -99,3 +100,19 @@ testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
 testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
 testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
 testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
+
+// rotation
+test(
+  Random.uint64,
+  Random.nat(64),
+  Random.boolean,
+  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
+    let z = Field(x);
+    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+      let r2 = Gadgets.rot(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
+    });
+  }
+);

From 9696ff0a714f48356bd76735efc7c6116df96290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 09:44:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0272/1786] fix(gadgets.ts): change expectedRight from integer
 to Field object to match the type of actualRight for correct comparison

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 78800439ca..58b1ef882f 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const ROT = Experimental.ZkProgram({
         let expectedLeft = Field(192);
         actualLeft.assertEquals(expectedLeft);
 
-        let expectedRight = 12;
+        let expectedRight = Field(12);
         actualRight.assertEquals(expectedRight);
       },
     },

From 27efd595a3b7f5c779024ebc54aa74c0c1f0227e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 09:44:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0273/1786] fix(rot.ts): use BigInt for comparison to handle
 large numbers correctly

The change was necessary as the previous comparison could fail for large numbers. Now, the comparison is done using BigInt which can handle larger numbers accurately.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 43b3cdaeb7..4b093dc1fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ function rotate(
 ): [Field, Field, Field] {
   // Check as the prover, that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    if (word.toBigInt() > 2 ** MAX_BITS) {
+    if (word.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
       throw Error(
         `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
       );

From ef864c58ae6956c1d77cc1d49cc54fd43d1019ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 09:56:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0274/1786] refactor(rot.ts): extract max bits check into a
 separate function to reduce code duplication

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 15 ++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 4b093dc1fa..695b5d974c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   }
 
   if (word.isConstant()) {
+    checkMaxBits(word);
     return new Field(Fp.rot(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
   }
   const [rotated] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
@@ -33,11 +34,7 @@ function rotate(
 ): [Field, Field, Field] {
   // Check as the prover, that the input word is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    if (word.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
-      throw Error(
-        `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${word.toBigInt()}`
-      );
-    }
+    checkMaxBits(word);
   });
 
   const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
@@ -96,6 +93,14 @@ function rotate(
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
+function checkMaxBits(x: Field) {
+  if (x.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
+    throw Error(
+      `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${x.toBigInt()}`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
 // TODO: move to utils once https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177 is merged
 function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
   if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');

From 2a66015da3396bbc02ae4164cf19a66e53291014 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 18:43:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0275/1786] Bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 100c625cde..f20ab7aa7d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 100c625cde92070057463b4ecec75667cab553d4
+Subproject commit f20ab7aa7de403b410ee7f34823c6d0d80736043

From 29e2e9d1700385f3291d4377ac9b3ca766c8b914 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 12:25:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0276/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add leftShift function to perform
 left shift operation on Field elements

This function is similar to the '<<' shift operation in JavaScript. It uses the rotation method internally to perform the operation. It throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 01fe77b052..fd8f28da2a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -62,4 +62,31 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     return rot(word, bits, direction);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
+   * This is akin to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the left.
+   * The `leftShift` function uses the rotation method internally to achieve this operation.
+   *
+   * **Note:** You cannot shift {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits.
+   * For elements that exceed 64 bits, this operation will fail.
+   *
+   * @param word {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
+   * const y = leftShift(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(48);
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * ```
+   */
+  leftShift(word: Field, bits: number) {
+    return rot(word, bits, 'left');
+  },
 };

From c8f6776e3574bbf338a0a3a7e9092841ed48eb70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 12:29:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0277/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add rightShift function to
 perform right shift operation on Field elements

This function is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right. It throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits. This feature enhances the functionality of the Gadgets library by providing more operations for Field elements.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index fd8f28da2a..56e98dd743 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -89,4 +89,31 @@ const Gadgets = {
   leftShift(word: Field, bits: number) {
     return rot(word, bits, 'left');
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a right shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
+   * This is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right.
+   * The `rightShift` function utilizes the rotation method internally to implement this operation.
+   *
+   * **Note:** You cannot shift {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits.
+   * For elements that exceed 64 bits, this operation will fail.
+   *
+   * @param word {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the right.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(48));
+   * const y = rightShift(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(12);
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * rightShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * ```
+   */
+  rightShift(word: Field, bits: number) {
+    return rot(word, bits, 'right');
+  },
 };

From 1a9e56a768048a021e2f6e3baa5e0ae48dc906d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 12:38:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0278/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 055d2887 for latest changes and improvements

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8ee9bde95e..055d288727 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8ee9bde95e0ad6947eb303e4346f147deba10ed2
+Subproject commit 055d288727888e298a2a9815ecebb628db9ebfbf

From c4a261e41175addbbdf4cb9f0c7dbb8fe1bc67d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 12:43:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0279/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts, gadgets.unit-test.ts, rot.ts,
 gates.ts, snarky.d.ts): rename 'word' to 'field' for better clarity and
 consistency in code

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           |  6 +++---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts |  6 +++---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts               | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 src/lib/gates.ts                     |  4 ++--
 src/snarky.d.ts                      |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 01fe77b052..dc834c2218 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
    *
-   * @param word {@link Field} element to rotate.
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
    * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    *
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * rot(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
-  rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return rot(word, bits, direction);
+  rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return rot(field, bits, direction);
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 74380b1862..cfd91adedd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -77,16 +77,16 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
 );
 
 function testRot(
-  word: Field,
+  field: Field,
   bits: number,
   mode: 'left' | 'right',
   result: Field
 ) {
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => word);
+    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => field);
     let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
     let output = Gadgets.rot(w, bits, mode);
-    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${word}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
+    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 695b5d974c..32efb313f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export { rot, rotate };
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
-function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
     throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ function rot(word: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     );
   }
 
-  if (word.isConstant()) {
-    checkMaxBits(word);
-    return new Field(Fp.rot(word.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    checkMaxBits(field);
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
   }
-  const [rotated] = rotate(word, bits, direction);
+  const [rotated] = rotate(field, bits, direction);
   return rotated;
 }
 
 function rotate(
-  word: Field,
+  field: Field,
   bits: number,
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
 ): [Field, Field, Field] {
-  // Check as the prover, that the input word is at most 64 bits.
+  // Check as the prover, that the input is at most 64 bits.
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    checkMaxBits(word);
+    checkMaxBits(field);
   });
 
   const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ function rotate(
   const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = Provable.witness(
     Provable.Array(Field, 4),
     () => {
-      const wordBigInt = word.toBigInt();
+      const f = field.toBigInt();
 
       // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation:
-      // word * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
+      // f * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
       const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
-        wordBigInt * big2PowerRot,
+        f * big2PowerRot,
         big2Power64
       );
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function rotate(
 
   // Compute current row
   Gates.rot(
-    word,
+    field,
     rotated,
     excess,
     [
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ function rotate(
 function checkMaxBits(x: Field) {
   if (x.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
     throw Error(
-      `rot: expected word to be at most 64 bits, got ${x.toBigInt()}`
+      `rot: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${x.toBigInt()}`
     );
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 175dc72afc..30701da882 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
 }
 
 function rot(
-  word: Field,
+  field: Field,
   rotated: Field,
   excess: Field,
   limbs: [Field, Field, Field, Field],
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ function rot(
   two_to_rot: Field
 ) {
   Snarky.gates.rot(
-    word.value,
+    field.value,
     rotated.value,
     excess.value,
     MlArray.to(limbs.map((x) => x.value)),
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 8c80abff4a..3bee503990 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ): void;
 
     rot(
-      word: FieldVar,
+      field: FieldVar,
       rotated: FieldVar,
       excess: FieldVar,
       limbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,

From 0f31fee49e26d693100a9f7efecb7e8ccb1b0fb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 12:45:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0280/1786] fix(rot.ts): replace 'rotated' with 'field' in
 rangeCheck64 function to correct the variable being checked

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 32efb313f5..565d616be7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ function rotate(
   Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
   // Compute following row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(rotated);
+  Gates.rangeCheck64(field);
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 

From 10b8be92d9dd547e3f91d99b16e5b743a13a9041 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 12:58:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0281/1786] fix(regression_test.json): update digest value in
 rot method to ensure test consistency with latest changes

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index ef26739ab3..3ee8cc35e5 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
     "methods": {
       "rot": {
         "rows": 17,
-        "digest": "5253728d9fd357808be58a39c8375c07"
+        "digest": "916f4017a60f48d56d487c6869919b9c"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {

From f42089dbd60fda619c9f2429b35139e01a1aa41f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:11:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0282/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): rename 'word' parameter to
 'field' in leftShift and rightShift methods for better clarity and
 consistency with documentation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index f7719c5d12..77673f3b3f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** You cannot shift {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits.
    * For elements that exceed 64 bits, this operation will fail.
    *
-   * @param word {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
    * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left.
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
-  leftShift(word: Field, bits: number) {
-    return rot(word, bits, 'left');
+  leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return rot(field, bits, 'left');
   },
 
   /**
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** You cannot shift {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits.
    * For elements that exceed 64 bits, this operation will fail.
    *
-   * @param word {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
    * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the right.
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * rightShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
-  rightShift(word: Field, bits: number) {
-    return rot(word, bits, 'right');
+  rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return rot(field, bits, 'right');
   },
 };

From 3b30edb66065bafaa590a87997eb582771f844aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:37:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0283/1786] feat(rot.ts): add leftShift function to handle left
 shift operations

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts     | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 77673f3b3f..2e125b4e15 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { rot } from './rot.js';
+import { rot, leftShift } from './rot.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
-    return rot(field, bits, 'left');
+    return leftShift(field, bits);
   },
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 565d616be7..585bd39dab 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { rot, rotate };
+export { rot, rotate, leftShift };
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -27,6 +27,20 @@ function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   return rotated;
 }
 
+function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(`leftShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  }
+
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    checkMaxBits(field);
+    return new Field(Fp.leftShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
+  }
+  const [, , shifted] = rotate(field, bits, 'left');
+  return shifted;
+}
+
 function rotate(
   field: Field,
   bits: number,

From ac3a1afdad5667dc2cf0806e1e5da6a65def6931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 16:39:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0284/1786] feat(gadgets.ts, rot.ts): add rightShift function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts     | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 2e125b4e15..1b45220eae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { rot, leftShift } from './rot.js';
+import { rot, leftShift, rightShift } from './rot.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -114,6 +114,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
-    return rot(field, bits, 'right');
+    return rightShift(field, bits);
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 585bd39dab..4f6492a3e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { rot, rotate, leftShift };
+export { rot, rotate, leftShift, rightShift };
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -41,6 +41,22 @@ function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
   return shifted;
 }
 
+function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(
+      `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    checkMaxBits(field);
+    return new Field(Fp.rightShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
+  }
+  const [, excess] = rotate(field, bits, 'right');
+  return excess;
+}
+
 function rotate(
   field: Field,
   bits: number,

From 743ce690ed5a286cb8fd2fc849ee92281bbadc2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 17:16:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0285/1786] fix(rot.ts): swap leftShift and rightShift
 functions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 4f6492a3e9..839ed24705 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -27,34 +27,34 @@ function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   return rotated;
 }
 
-function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`leftShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+    throw Error(
+      `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
+    );
   }
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {
     checkMaxBits(field);
-    return new Field(Fp.leftShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
+    return new Field(Fp.rightShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
   }
-  const [, , shifted] = rotate(field, bits, 'left');
-  return shifted;
+  const [, excess] = rotate(field, bits, 'right');
+  return excess;
 }
 
-function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(
-      `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
-    );
+    throw Error(`leftShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {
     checkMaxBits(field);
-    return new Field(Fp.rightShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
+    return new Field(Fp.leftShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
   }
-  const [, excess] = rotate(field, bits, 'right');
-  return excess;
+  const [, , shifted] = rotate(field, bits, 'left');
+  return shifted;
 }
 
 function rotate(

From 942897d6cdee27fd54eb366b910b6ba2750fe5b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 17:32:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0286/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 3cd5ee9f for latest changes in the subproject

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 055d288727..3cd5ee9f66 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 055d288727888e298a2a9815ecebb628db9ebfbf
+Subproject commit 3cd5ee9f666ca81a599f0e75da8e0983f170a728

From a5c61a398c35c512957f93c19a9da8fb9cd4f30a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Oct 2023 17:33:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0287/1786] feat(gadgets.unit-test.ts): add shift gates tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 119 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index cfd91adedd..733ab89f99 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Bool } from '../core.js';
 
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
@@ -116,3 +117,121 @@ test(
     });
   }
 );
+
+// --------------------------
+// Shift Gates
+// --------------------------
+
+function testShift(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  mode: 'left' | 'right',
+  result: Field
+) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => field);
+    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
+    let output = Provable.if(
+      Bool(mode === 'left'),
+      Gadgets.leftShift(w, bits),
+      Gadgets.rightShift(w, bits)
+    );
+    output.assertEquals(
+      r,
+      `${mode === 'left' ? 'ls' : 'rs'}(${field}, ${bits})`
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+let LS = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        Gadgets.leftShift(x, 2);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await LS.compile();
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await LS.run(x);
+    return await LS.verify(proof);
+  }
+);
+
+let RS = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        Gadgets.rightShift(x, 2);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await RS.compile();
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await RS.run(x);
+    return await RS.verify(proof);
+  }
+);
+
+testShift(Field(0), 1, 'left', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(0), 1, 'right', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
+testShift(Field(1), 1, 'right', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
+testShift(Field(256), 20, 'right', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(6510615555426900570n), 16, 'right', Field(99344109427290n));
+testShift(
+  Field(18446744073709551615n),
+  15,
+  'left',
+  Field(18446744073709518848n)
+);
+testShift(Field(12523523412423524646n), 32, 'right', Field(2915860016));
+testShift(
+  Field(12523523412423524646n),
+  32,
+  'left',
+  Field(17134720101237391360n)
+);
+
+// TODO: left case is broken
+test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
+  let z = Field(x);
+  let r = Fp.leftShift(x, n);
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+    let o = Gadgets.leftShift(f, n);
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      console.log(
+        `input: ${z}, shift: ${n}, expected: ${r}, actual: ${o.toBigInt()}`
+      );
+    });
+    Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
+  });
+});
+
+test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
+  let z = Field(x);
+  let r = Fp.rightShift(x, n);
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+    let o = Gadgets.rightShift(f, n);
+    Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
+  });
+});

From e9d0d0f7e004e1c20c495d22d20226584d6f38df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 07:31:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0288/1786] remove debug logs

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 24 ------------------------
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             |  2 --
 src/lib/storable.ts                 |  2 --
 3 files changed, 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index e64c85a358..dbaf832042 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -74,36 +74,24 @@ function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   switch (value[0]) {
     case KeyType.StepProvingKey: {
       let index = value[1][1];
-      console.time('encode index');
       let encoded = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_encode(index);
-      console.timeEnd('encode index');
       return encoded;
     }
     case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
       let vkMl = value[1];
-      console.time('create rust conversion');
       const rustConversion = getRustConversion(getWasm());
-      console.timeEnd('create rust conversion');
-      console.time('verifierIndexToRust');
       let vkWasm = rustConversion.fp.verifierIndexToRust(vkMl);
-      console.timeEnd('verifierIndexToRust');
-      console.time('encode vk');
       let string = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_verifier_index_serialize(vkWasm);
-      console.timeEnd('encode vk');
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
     }
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
       let index = value[1][1];
-      console.time('encode wrap index');
       let encoded = wasm.caml_pasta_fq_plonk_index_encode(index);
-      console.timeEnd('encode wrap index');
       return encoded;
     }
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
       let vk = value[1];
-      console.time('encode wrap vk');
       let string = Pickles.encodeVerificationKey(vk);
-      console.timeEnd('encode wrap vk');
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
     }
     default:
@@ -117,42 +105,30 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
   switch (key[0]) {
     case KeyType.StepProvingKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFp();
-      console.time('decode index');
       let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
-      console.timeEnd('decode index');
       let cs = key[1][4];
       return [KeyType.StepProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     }
     case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFp();
       let string = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-      console.time('decode vk');
       let vkWasm = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_verifier_index_deserialize(
         srs,
         string
       );
-      console.timeEnd('decode vk');
-      console.time('create rust conversion');
       const rustConversion = getRustConversion(getWasm());
-      console.timeEnd('create rust conversion');
-      console.time('verifierIndexFromRust');
       let vkMl = rustConversion.fp.verifierIndexFromRust(vkWasm);
-      console.timeEnd('verifierIndexFromRust');
       return [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, vkMl];
     }
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFq();
-      console.time('decode wrap index');
       let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fq_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
-      console.timeEnd('decode wrap index');
       let cs = key[1][3];
       return [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     }
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
       let string = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);
-      console.time('decode wrap vk');
       let vk = Pickles.decodeVerificationKey(string);
-      console.timeEnd('decode wrap vk');
       return [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, vk];
     }
     default:
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 96781c0ccc..337f2aebc3 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -593,7 +593,6 @@ async function compileProgram({
         let bytes = read(path, type);
         return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
-        console.log('read failed', e.message);
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
@@ -604,7 +603,6 @@ async function compileProgram({
         write(path, bytes, type);
         return MlResult.ok(undefined);
       } catch (e: any) {
-        console.log('write failed', e.message);
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 0a57d9f819..42046bae58 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ const None: Storable = {
 const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
   read(key, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
-    console.log('READ', key);
     if (type === 'string') {
       let string = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key), 'utf8');
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
   },
   write(key, value, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
-    console.log('WRITE', key);
     mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
     writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key), value, {
       encoding: type === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,

From 35deab8f19d78a785c072a4e2c5db3202996f86f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 09:06:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0289/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b4c598b5e3..e77f9f4db7 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b4c598b5e3d8300f2c1bef6cf453d10c26bdb9c8
+Subproject commit e77f9f4db784d6ef8c7a7836fcc4fa43444f9560

From 5df6d8bfb4956210d6bef4dd727e826ce601499b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:37:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0290/1786] address feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 15 ++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index b61b8fdcbf..05ae43cbfa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -16,16 +16,21 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
-  let l = 16;
-  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / l) * l;
+  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
 
   // handle constant case
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(
+      a.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
 
-    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(
+      b.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
 
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }
@@ -65,7 +70,7 @@ function buildXor(
     let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, 8, 4);
     let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, 12, 4);
 
-    // slice of expected output
+    // slices of expected output
     let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
     let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 4, 4);
     let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 8, 4);

From 13b0701507ae91159522320f702361af025167fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:38:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0291/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1e64b6d357..78a1b895eb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
 
+- Added bitwise `XOR` operation support for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177
+
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From fa408e8ef293e93e66a909f26e65c883d6c35539 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:56:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0292/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 83810ae030..dbe878db43 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 83810ae030f0a57a2df9fd0a90a4911b32bcb34b
+Subproject commit dbe878db43d256ac3085f248551b05b75ffecfda

From 0cb77f2f9c53053d8498aaf4ff7d9c101c806610 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 12:34:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0293/1786] measure compile time

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index f033266e86..d1bae21804 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ let zkapp = new SimpleZkapp(zkappAddress);
 
 if (doProofs) {
   console.log('compile');
+  console.time('compile');
   await SimpleZkapp.compile();
+  console.timeEnd('compile');
 }
 
 console.log('deploy');

From cc3aa525c028aa92ee2a5abdff119861a6fe5ca1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 15:13:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0294/1786] add script to update wasm types

---
 package.json | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index f2e35405d6..dafc4785cf 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "make": "make -C ../../.. snarkyjs",
     "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
+    "wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
     "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",

From a3b0fc72cb25928c5a75ca9d4d73590f7936e501 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:05:50 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0295/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 fd87c4ece761d35e05bf679165d49c577f4326ce for latest changes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3cd5ee9f66..fd87c4ece7 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3cd5ee9f666ca81a599f0e75da8e0983f170a728
+Subproject commit fd87c4ece761d35e05bf679165d49c577f4326ce

From 46b86b6df779c3e74251fce838fe2e9937a9b13f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:07:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0296/1786] fix(gadgets.unit-test.ts): correct leftShift test
 case by removing TODO comment, test case is not broken anymore

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index 733ab89f99..1eeaf4670e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -210,18 +210,12 @@ testShift(
   Field(17134720101237391360n)
 );
 
-// TODO: left case is broken
 test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
   let z = Field(x);
   let r = Fp.leftShift(x, n);
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
     let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
     let o = Gadgets.leftShift(f, n);
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      console.log(
-        `input: ${z}, shift: ${n}, expected: ${r}, actual: ${o.toBigInt()}`
-      );
-    });
     Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
   });
 });

From c6e644b42c7cc7f6cd92c7442958807091bd0aaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:09:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0297/1786] feat(primitive_constraint_system.ts): add leftShift
 and rightShift methods to BitwiseMock

---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 src/examples/regression_test.json           |  8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index c680a1855b..09e330ba4d 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'left');
     Gadgets.rot(a, 4, 'right');
   },
+  leftShift() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.leftShift(a, 2);
+    Gadgets.leftShift(a, 4);
+  },
+  rightShift() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.rightShift(a, 2);
+    Gadgets.rightShift(a, 4);
+  },
 };
 
 export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 3ee8cc35e5..a4253c80fa 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -171,6 +171,14 @@
       "rot": {
         "rows": 17,
         "digest": "916f4017a60f48d56d487c6869919b9c"
+      },
+      "leftShift": {
+        "rows": 9,
+        "digest": "70b1449c9a549b3aa2e964c667b7e14c"
+      },
+      "rightShift": {
+        "rows": 9,
+        "digest": "110f686f60987e5e46b290e69e10cd37"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {

From 24e7a7448dccecf2d307dbb66799cb62bf1260fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 10:27:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0298/1786] refactor(rot.ts): extract bits range check into a
 separate function to reduce code duplication

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 25 +++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 839ed24705..19d5f48516 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -9,10 +9,7 @@ const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-  }
-
+  checkBitsRange(bits);
   if (direction !== 'left' && direction !== 'right') {
     throw Error(
       `rot: expected direction to be 'left' or 'right', got ${direction}`
@@ -28,12 +25,8 @@ function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
 }
 
 function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
-  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(
-      `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
-    );
-  }
+  // Check that the shift bits are in range
+  checkBitsRange(bits);
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {
     checkMaxBits(field);
@@ -44,10 +37,8 @@ function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
 }
 
 function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
-  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`leftShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-  }
+  // Check that the shift bits are in range
+  checkBitsRange(bits);
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {
     checkMaxBits(field);
@@ -123,6 +114,12 @@ function rotate(
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
+function checkBitsRange(bits: number) {
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  }
+}
+
 function checkMaxBits(x: Field) {
   if (x.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
     throw Error(

From 08a51150faaa6c5ef200bac22277e7c2f8eac677 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 20:06:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0299/1786] adjust comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 05ae43cbfa..53e6c432a4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
   }
 
-  // calculate expect xor output
+  // calculate expected xor output
   let outputXor = Provable.witness(
     Field,
     () => new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ function buildXor(
 ) {
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {
-    // slices the inputs 4 4bit-sized chunks
+    // slices the inputs into 4x 4bit-sized chunks
     // slices of a
     let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, 4);
     let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, 4, 4);

From 09cad2cc9821934cf358adbab96c5529e7679ded Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 20:12:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0300/1786] add disclaimer to doc comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 8038922656..5f993a9727 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   * It is also important to mention that specifying a smaller `length` allows the verifier to infer the length of the original input data (e.g. smaller than 16 bit if only one XOR gate has been used).
+   * A zkApp developer should consider these implications when choosing the `length` parameter and carefully weigh the trade-off between increased amount of constraints and security.
    *
    * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated..
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `xor()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.

From ca6754b2ee54a1bd27e6cddfd748a52867fe935f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Joseandro Luiz <joseandro.luiz@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 15:45:24 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0301/1786] Added CODEOWNERS file structure to help with x-team
 reviews

---
 CODEOWNERS | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 CODEOWNERS

diff --git a/CODEOWNERS b/CODEOWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b33083aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CODEOWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/src/lib/gadgets @o1-labs/crypto-eng-reviewers 
\ No newline at end of file

From f14284a14ed76510704d29e133608feb92f3f702 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Joseandro Luiz <joseandro@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 17:20:08 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 0302/1786] Update CODEOWNERS

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 CODEOWNERS | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CODEOWNERS b/CODEOWNERS
index 6b33083aff..d878a07b61 100644
--- a/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/CODEOWNERS
@@ -1 +1 @@
-/src/lib/gadgets @o1-labs/crypto-eng-reviewers 
\ No newline at end of file
+/src/lib/gadgets @o1-labs/crypto-eng-reviewers @mitschabaude

From 6e1fd44ff29c0f0ad9c7f963f2c8eec6d3f0a7fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 13:52:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0303/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add not function to Gadgets
 object to perform bitwise NOT operation on a field

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 5f993a9727..5123926f51 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -61,4 +61,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
   xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     return xor(a, b, length);
   },
+
+  not(a: Field, length: number) {
+   
+  }
 };

From 65aa015489eb041f7ae71945fb004e753f433e18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 14:02:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0304/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): update implementation for the
 'not' function in the Gadgets module

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 5123926f51..eab55dc21c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   not(a: Field, length: number) {
-   
-  }
+     // mask with all bits set to 1, up to the specified length
+    const allOnes = Field((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n); 
+    return xor(a, allOnes, length);
+  },
 };

From 359bcab796cf210206c215324692f56f8f54e38e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 14:19:11 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0305/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): add documentation for the `not`
 method in the Gadgets module

The `not` method in the Gadgets module performs a bitwise NOT operation on a given input. It takes two parameters: `a`, the value to apply NOT to, and `length`, the number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation. The method uses the XOR gate to build the NOT operation, applying it only up to the specified bit length.

The method documentation includes an example usage and a note about ensuring that the input value fits into the specified bit length to avoid potential errors.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index eab55dc21c..0da2b8513a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -62,6 +62,25 @@ const Gadgets = {
     return xor(a, b, length);
   },
 
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise NOT gadget on {@link Field} elements, for a specified bit length. Equivalent to the [bitwise NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT), but limited to the given length.
+   * A NOT gate works by inverting each bit.
+   *
+   * This gadget builds the NOT operation on a given input using the XOR gate. The NOT operation is applied only up to the specified bit length.
+   *
+   * **Note:** The {@link Field} element input needs to fit into the specified bit length. Otherwise, the `xor` implementation may throw an error.
+   *
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
+   *
+   * let c = not(a, 3);    // ... 010
+   * c.assertEquals(2);
+   * ```
+   * 
+   * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
+   * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
+   */
   not(a: Field, length: number) {
      // mask with all bits set to 1, up to the specified length
     const allOnes = Field((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n); 

From 7b12e6956e76da6fce614c2988461adae8f914a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 22:25:22 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0306/1786] Added link to Mina Book to explain AND gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index a59ab873d8..3cf33abc1e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   );
 
   // compute values for gate
+  // explanation here: https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and
   let sum = a.add(b);
   let xor_output = xor(a, b, length);
   let and_output = outputAnd;

From d1058e41abea19a822fcdbe3d796d52d33f5b022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 23:22:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0307/1786] Log line between gadgets in example

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 273e9c7b50..08bb1942d9 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, Experimental } from 'o1js';
 
+console.log('--------------- XOR ---------------');
+
 const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   methods: {
     baseCase: {
@@ -15,8 +17,6 @@ const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-console.log('XOR:');
-
 console.log('compiling..');
 
 console.time('compile');
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ console.timeEnd('prove');
 if (!(await XOR.verify(XORproof))) throw Error('Invalid proof');
 else console.log('proof valid');
 
+console.log('--------------- AND ---------------');
+
 const AND = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   methods: {
     baseCase: {
@@ -47,8 +49,6 @@ const AND = Experimental.ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-console.log('AND:');
-
 console.log('compiling..');
 
 console.time('compile');

From 7aaffae5eff79f0877ada7f1d15c76afea5590ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 16:52:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0308/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): add not function to perform
 bitwise negation on a field

The `not` function is added to perform bitwise negation on a field. This function takes two parameters: `a` which is the field to be negated, and `length` which is the number of bits in the field. Currently, the function is empty and needs to be implemented.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 53e6c432a4..8ffdb45c09 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { xor };
+export { xor, not };
+
+function not(a: Field, length: number) {
+  
+}
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive

From 5bd215f1f7a46d59e8c77805bcc586d629a482d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 23:52:30 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0309/1786] Made TypeDoc comment less bad

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 14 +++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bab7055dfa..a50855742a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -62,12 +62,16 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
    * An AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
    *
-   * It can be checked by a one double generic gate (plus the gates created by XOR) the that verifies the following relationship between these values.
-   *  a + b = sum
-   *  a x b = xor
-   *  a ^ b = and
+   * It can be checked by a double generic gate the that verifies the following relationship between the values below (in the process it also invokes the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget which will create additional constraints depending on `length`).
    *
-   * `a + b = sum` and the conjunction equation `2 * and = sum - xor`.
+   * The generic gate verifies:\
+   * `a + b = sum` and the conjunction equation `2 * and = sum - xor`\
+   * Where:\
+   * `a + b = sum`\
+   * `a x b = xor`\
+   * `a ^ b = and`
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *

From f0398e368485bcf281528f428021101e9a06c699 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 16:54:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0310/1786] fix(bitwise.ts): add input length validation in the
 not() function to ensure it is a positive value

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 8ffdb45c09..0e94aa46e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 export { xor, not };
 
 function not(a: Field, length: number) {
-  
+  // check that input length is positive
+  assert(length > 0, `Input length needs to be positive values.`);
+
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From 140df265202ad7fc5bb1fc054e550b775853b0c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 16:55:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0311/1786] fix(bitwise.ts): add assertion to check that length
 does not exceed maximum field size in bits to prevent errors

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 0e94aa46e9..495307ef15 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
   // check that input length is positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input length needs to be positive values.`);
 
+  // Check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
+  assert(
+    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+  );
+
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From 8a3efb5983defbc95f4c211d2e826dd640f0c10c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Oct 2023 17:25:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0312/1786] fix(bitwise.ts): handle constant case in the not()
 function to correctly perform bitwise NOT operation on constant values

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 495307ef15..9656e3d907 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,16 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
     `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 
+  // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
+  let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
+
+   // Handle constant case
+  if (a.isConstant()) {
+    let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
+  }
+
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From 930bdc748419d94873c23b0bb48bf09d68f5e383 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 00:29:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0313/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): create a bitmask with all ones in
 not function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 9656e3d907..e0b008cc13 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -18,13 +18,18 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
 
+  // Create a bitmask with all ones
+  let allOnes = BigInt(2 ** length - 1);
+
    // Handle constant case
   if (a.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
     assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
-    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
+    return new Field(Fp.(a.toBigInt()));
   }
 
+
+
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From 78f6659384dbc1148696908841cea429ea7817b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 00:51:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0314/1786] refactor(bitwise.ts): refactor not() function to
 use xor() function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index e0b008cc13..d46e709505 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -19,17 +19,20 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
 
   // Create a bitmask with all ones
-  let allOnes = BigInt(2 ** length - 1);
+  let allOnes = new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
+   
+  let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
+
 
    // Handle constant case
   if (a.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
     assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
-    return new Field(Fp.(a.toBigInt()));
+    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
   }
 
-
-
+  return notOutput;
+   
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From 5df6fb442334d26f2b1dbd3761abb6da51c4ed19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 01:14:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0315/1786] feat(bitwise.unit-test.ts): add unit test for the
 `Not` gadget in the `Bitwise` module

The `Not` gadget is a new addition to the `Bitwise` module. This commit adds a unit test for the `Not` gadget in the `bitwise.unit-test.ts` file. The unit test verifies the correctness of the `Not` gadget by running it with a private input and asserting the expected output.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 4b92ce7aff..f121a13623 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,18 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
+let Not = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a) {
+        Gadgets.not(a, 64);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   publicOutput: Field,
   methods: {

From 20ffa9d1f114fa7ebc433f47460923857553c428 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 01:39:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0316/1786] feat(bitwise.unit-test.ts): add test cases for the
 'not' operation on different lengths of inputs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 35 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f121a13623..398eaa67d9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -11,18 +11,6 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
-let Not = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(a) {
-        Gadgets.not(a, 64);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   publicOutput: Field,
   methods: {
@@ -68,3 +56,26 @@ await equivalentAsync(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
+
+let NOT = ZkProgram({
+  methods: {
+    run: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a) {
+        Gadgets.not(a, 64);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await NOT.compile();
+
+// not
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
+    Fp.not,
+    (x, ) => Gadgets.not(x, length)
+  );
+});
+
+

From 0085eac5ecd1a524d0a8e262667705e4e27d0fdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 01:46:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0317/1786] test(bitwise.unit-test.ts): add unit test for NOT
 operation with equivalentAsync

The unit test was added to test the NOT operation in the `bitwise.unit-test.ts` file. The test checks if the input value `x` is greater than or equal to 2^64 and throws an error if it does not fit into 64 bits. It then returns the result of the NOT operation on `x`. The test also includes an async function that uses the `Bitwise.not` method to calculate the NOT operation and returns the public output of the proof.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 398eaa67d9..03caf032ec 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -79,3 +79,19 @@ await NOT.compile();
 });
 
 
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [maybeUint64], to: field },
+  { runs: 3 }
+)(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n)
+      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.not(x);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.not(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+

From d01ab48cb5c85154f19abcaf7ec5806bba98b4e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:18:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0318/1786] helpers on mlarray

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 10243efab7..87c5e40da5 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ const MlArray = {
   map<T, S>([, ...arr]: MlArray<T>, map: (t: T) => S): MlArray<S> {
     return [0, ...arr.map(map)];
   },
+  mapTo<T, S>(arr: T[], map: (t: T) => S): MlArray<S> {
+    return [0, ...arr.map(map)];
+  },
+  mapFrom<T, S>([, ...arr]: MlArray<T>, map: (t: T) => S): S[] {
+    return arr.map(map);
+  },
 };
 
 const MlTuple = Object.assign(

From 94221589e5337c2b101c17a87369694ff49240ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:19:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0319/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index e77f9f4db7..1ee39430d5 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit e77f9f4db784d6ef8c7a7836fcc4fa43444f9560
+Subproject commit 1ee39430d5e1209fe1a0888604cfb8ab44317375

From 084a491dc717cb9515be61e442011aaeb4b3642c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:19:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0320/1786] enable srs caching

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 337f2aebc3..a5627c34fe 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import {
   encodeProverKey,
   proverKeyType,
 } from './proof-system/prover-keys.js';
+import { setSrsCache, unsetSrsCache } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/srs.js';
 
 // public API
 export {
@@ -560,7 +561,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
-  storable: { read, write },
+  storable,
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -585,12 +586,12 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let maxProofs = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
   overrideWrapDomain ??= maxProofsToWrapDomain[maxProofs];
 
-  let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
+  let picklesStorable: Pickles.Storable = [
     0,
     function read_(key, path) {
       try {
         let type = proverKeyType(key);
-        let bytes = read(path, type);
+        let bytes = storable.read(path, type);
         return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
         return MlResult.unitError();
@@ -600,7 +601,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
       try {
         let type = proverKeyType(key);
         let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
-        write(path, bytes, type);
+        storable.write(path, bytes, type);
         return MlResult.ok(undefined);
       } catch (e: any) {
         return MlResult.unitError();
@@ -614,15 +615,17 @@ async function compileProgram({
       withThreadPool(async () => {
         let result: ReturnType<typeof Pickles.compile>;
         let id = snarkContext.enter({ inCompile: true });
+        setSrsCache(storable);
         try {
           result = Pickles.compile(MlArray.to(rules), {
             publicInputSize: publicInputType.sizeInFields(),
             publicOutputSize: publicOutputType.sizeInFields(),
-            storable,
+            storable: picklesStorable,
             overrideWrapDomain,
           });
         } finally {
           snarkContext.leave(id);
+          unsetSrsCache();
         }
         let { getVerificationKey, provers, verify, tag } = result;
         CompiledTag.store(proofSystemTag, tag);

From 162732e51e38fdec1cc25f461c4b53b97a700907 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 13:41:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0321/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1ee39430d5..edefd67506 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1ee39430d5e1209fe1a0888604cfb8ab44317375
+Subproject commit edefd675062db3dff6cdfc4932a5cdc5a578b6a7

From 2f48759a93bad1a12f74ebe3f705a6e8c5b69030 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 11:59:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0322/1786] feat(primitive_constraint_system.ts): add support
 for 'not' operation in the primitive constraint system example

The 'not' operation has been added to the primitive constraint system. This operation allows for negating a value in the system. The 'not' operation is supported for 16-bit, 32-bit, 48-bit, and 64-bit values.
---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 1ef5a5f87c..d15d2e3416 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -72,6 +72,14 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.xor(a, b, 48);
     Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
   },
+
+  not() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
+    Gadgets.not(a, 16);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 32);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 48);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 64);
+  },
 };
 
 export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');

From 417bc5de85373190e04653cab4be1a158e82177b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:10:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0323/1786] refactor(bitwise.unit-test.ts): clean up test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 03caf032ec..296f5f62b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ await NOT.compile();
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
     Fp.not,
-    (x, ) => Gadgets.not(x, length)
+    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length)
   );
 });
 

From 358105d09931199e14e58c7176e18db2b86f361e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:12:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0324/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 fcda5090bc6bf433188c5152253d8370c25685c6 for latest changes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8ee9bde95e..fcda5090bc 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8ee9bde95e0ad6947eb303e4346f147deba10ed2
+Subproject commit fcda5090bc6bf433188c5152253d8370c25685c6

From 87d56012445ab9dfc46741ec8562195e044381e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:14:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0325/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): update doc comment

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index dc834c2218..8f44170c78 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
    * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
    *
-   * **Note:** You can not rotate {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits. For elements that exceed 64 bits this operation will fail.
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * Therefore, to safely use `rot()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
+   * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.

From 33aff5c6848aa2421b27a6bf21c70137271e8954 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:15:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0326/1786] refactor(rot.ts): remove direction check in rot
 function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 565d616be7..913d1dcbfc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,6 @@ function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
 
-  if (direction !== 'left' && direction !== 'right') {
-    throw Error(
-      `rot: expected direction to be 'left' or 'right', got ${direction}`
-    );
-  }
-
   if (field.isConstant()) {
     checkMaxBits(field);
     return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));

From 00530afef51180d9e10fac8a619c7c6c478597d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:22:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0327/1786] refactor(rot.ts, gates.ts): replace Field type with
 bigint for two_to_rot variable

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gates.ts       | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 913d1dcbfc..d28d23af5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ function rotate(
       witnessSlices(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
       witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
     ],
-    Field.from(big2PowerRot)
+    big2PowerRot
   );
   // Compute next row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 30701da882..bab62f0bf2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ function rot(
   excess: Field,
   limbs: [Field, Field, Field, Field],
   crumbs: [Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field],
-  two_to_rot: Field
+  two_to_rot: bigint
 ) {
   Snarky.gates.rot(
     field.value,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ function rot(
     excess.value,
     MlArray.to(limbs.map((x) => x.value)),
     MlArray.to(crumbs.map((x) => x.value)),
-    FieldConst.fromBigint(two_to_rot.toBigInt())
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(two_to_rot)
   );
 }
 

From 1948ea41cc9ba1814a3b1874f854668b471672ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:25:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0328/1786] fix(rot.ts): remove unnecessary range check on
 'field' variable

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index d28d23af5a..feead8c7ad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ function rotate(
   Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
   // Compute following row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(field);
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 

From c188a56a50ac573c3580e6d475dc6fb00f74ca59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:32:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0329/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): change numeric literals to
 binary

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 8f44170c78..f3a819d581 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100));
    * const y = rot(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
    * const z = rot(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
-   * y.assertEquals(48);
-   * z.assertEquals(3)
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
+   * z.assertEquals(0b000011)
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
    * rot(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits

From 8a98da9ba385371526c6a8214d8baeac05d9f8f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:34:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0330/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): update method description for
 bitwise rotation operation to provide more clarity on its functionality

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8287c5a4fc..96eccd1953 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
 
-- Added bitwise `ROT` operation support for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1182
+- `Gadgets.rotate()`, new provable method to support bitwise rotation for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1182
 
 - `Proof.dummy()` to create dummy proofs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1188
   - You can use this to write ZkPrograms that handle the base case and the inductive case in the same method.

From 1f9fb240d3a848729760efc8b425b6430a3f9e4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:42:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0331/1786] feat(gadgets): rename rot to rotate

---
 src/bindings                         |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           |  6 +++---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts               | 14 +++++++++-----
 src/lib/gates.ts                     |  6 +++---
 src/snarky.d.ts                      |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index fcda5090bc..5e5befc857 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit fcda5090bc6bf433188c5152253d8370c25685c6
+Subproject commit 5e5befc8579393dadb96be1917642f860624ed07
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index f3a819d581..9f781507d9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { rot } from './rot.js';
+import { rotate } from './rot.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * rot(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
-  rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return rot(field, bits, direction);
+  rotate(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return rotate(field, bits, direction);
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index cfd91adedd..bb03a3ae1f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ let ROT = ZkProgram({
     run: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(x) {
-        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'left');
-        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'right');
+        Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'left');
+        Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'right');
       },
     },
   },
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ function testRot(
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
     let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => field);
     let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
-    let output = Gadgets.rot(w, bits, mode);
+    let output = Gadgets.rotate(w, bits, mode);
     output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
   });
 }
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ test(
     let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
     Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
       let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let r2 = Gadgets.rot(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+      let r2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
       Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index feead8c7ad..fdad9f271b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { rot, rotate };
+export { rotate, rot };
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
-function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+function rotate(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
+) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
     throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
@@ -17,11 +21,11 @@ function rot(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
     checkMaxBits(field);
     return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
   }
-  const [rotated] = rotate(field, bits, direction);
+  const [rotated] = rot(field, bits, direction);
   return rotated;
 }
 
-function rotate(
+function rot(
   field: Field,
   bits: number,
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ function rotate(
   );
 
   // Compute current row
-  Gates.rot(
+  Gates.rotate(
     field,
     rotated,
     excess,
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index bab62f0bf2..a82c500744 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, rot };
+export { rangeCheck64, rotate };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   );
 }
 
-function rot(
+function rotate(
   field: Field,
   rotated: Field,
   excess: Field,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ function rot(
   crumbs: [Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field, Field],
   two_to_rot: bigint
 ) {
-  Snarky.gates.rot(
+  Snarky.gates.rotate(
     field.value,
     rotated.value,
     excess.value,
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 3bee503990..b89327d138 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       compact: FieldConst
     ): void;
 
-    rot(
+    rotate(
       field: FieldVar,
       rotated: FieldVar,
       excess: FieldVar,

From b3959506db7be28bbf4952484cb93e3042f77286 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:50:33 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0332/1786] refactor(rot.ts): simplify comments for better
 readability

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index fdad9f271b..6afce0e4f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -51,10 +51,9 @@ function rot(
         big2Power64
       );
 
-      // Compute rotated value as:
-      // rotated = excess + shifted
+      // Compute rotated value as: rotated = excess + shifted
       const rotated = shifted + excess;
-      // Compute bound that is the right input of FFAdd equation
+      // Compute bound to check excess < 2^rot
       const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
       return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
     }

From 142e30f47c34352cfb3fe88853de8321911410f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:52:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0333/1786] fix(rot.ts): adjust validation range for rotation
 bits to exclude 0 and MAX_BITS

---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 6afce0e4f0..79e72e961a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -13,8 +13,10 @@ function rotate(
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
 ) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  if (bits <= 0 || bits >= MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(
+      `rot: expected bits to be in range [1, ${MAX_BITS - 1}], got ${bits}`
+    );
   }
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {

From b9ef95e90edf8959f7af0df1d0e2ed506a4a08ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:54:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0334/1786] refactor(gadgets.unit-test.ts): simplify testRot
 function by removing unnecessary witness calls

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
index bb03a3ae1f..e956765a1a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
@@ -83,10 +83,8 @@ function testRot(
   result: Field
 ) {
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => field);
-    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
-    let output = Gadgets.rotate(w, bits, mode);
-    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
+    let output = Gadgets.rotate(field, bits, mode);
+    output.assertEquals(result, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
   });
 }
 

From fbe8aa59fb2c41e1713924298a5c296b68249a93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:56:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0335/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): enhance explanation of rotation
 operation and its constraints

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 9f781507d9..b3e37620fd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -36,12 +36,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * A (left and right) rotation is similar to the shift operation, `<<` and `>>` in JavaScript, just that bits are being appended to the other side.
-   * `direction` is a string which accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, defining the direction of the rotation.
+   * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript, with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end rather than being discarded.
+   * For a left rotation, this means that bits shifted off the left end reappear at the right end. Conversely, for a right rotation, bits shifted off the right end reappear at the left end.
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the binary representation of the number in big-endian format, where the most significant bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * The `direction` parameter is a string that accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, determining the direction of the rotation.
    *
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   *
    * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
-   * Therefore, to safely use `rot()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
+   * Therefore, to safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
    * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.

From 8ee06b8c6dcaa76f2a6a328789d92c7a82b2d71c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 14:40:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0336/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 d2dca1ccf95d37d3bd016ec0aa282b743b1b4173

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index dbe878db43..d2dca1ccf9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit dbe878db43d256ac3085f248551b05b75ffecfda
+Subproject commit d2dca1ccf95d37d3bd016ec0aa282b743b1b4173

From b25518bc666964c87a034670739f561cc182f296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 15:35:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0337/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 97f7017 for consistency and tracking purposes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index d2dca1ccf9..97f701708e 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d2dca1ccf95d37d3bd016ec0aa282b743b1b4173
+Subproject commit 97f701708e20f63e1d140ec11375e8c5276734bc

From 1dfd99054bdd81785da958431d3bf4d1dbafe4a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 16:03:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0338/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): update NOT operation in Gadgets
 namespace

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 0da2b8513a..d68c0c0868 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { xor } from './bitwise.js';
+import { xor, not } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -82,8 +82,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number) {
-     // mask with all bits set to 1, up to the specified length
-    const allOnes = Field((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n); 
-    return xor(a, allOnes, length);
+    return not(a, length);
   },
 };

From 525651d7840eeff6b981f3f4cd6e12194d1655a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 16:06:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0339/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): handle constant case before
 computation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index d46e709505..d2536d70d0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
+  // Handle constant case
+  if (a.isConstant()) {
+    let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
+  }
+
+
 
   // Create a bitmask with all ones
   let allOnes = new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
@@ -24,12 +32,7 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
   let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
 
 
-   // Handle constant case
-  if (a.isConstant()) {
-    let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
-    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
-    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
-  }
+
 
   return notOutput;
    

From c2b0930f5c3dfc771a31eced928a7949fc96e6e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Oct 2023 16:55:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0340/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash in
 bindings submodule

---
 src/bindings               | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 4 +---
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 97f701708e..ac02f402f4 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 97f701708e20f63e1d140ec11375e8c5276734bc
+Subproject commit ac02f402f4d4d355919d3cbdf7812b60d24f2518
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index d2536d70d0..32e20935aa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -24,17 +24,15 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
     return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
   }
 
-
-
   // Create a bitmask with all ones
   let allOnes = new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
    
   let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
 
 
+  return notOutput;
 
 
-  return notOutput;
    
 }
 

From 7114210a2f32c9eb77a6620eff4a3b9ba5b70680 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 16:33:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0341/1786] add name as a required argument to zkprogram (but
 optional in experimental version)

---
 src/index.ts            |  5 ++---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 6073135ff9..3aa161e08c 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle_map.js';
 
 export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
 
-import { ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
+import { ExperimentalZkProgram, ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export { ZkProgram };
 
 // experimental APIs
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ const Experimental_ = {
   Callback,
   createChildAccountUpdate,
   memoizeWitness,
-  ZkProgram,
 };
 
 type Callback_<Result> = Callback<Result>;
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ namespace Experimental {
   /** @deprecated `ZkProgram` has moved out of the Experimental namespace and is now directly available as a top-level import `ZkProgram`.
    * The old `Experimental.ZkProgram` API has been deprecated in favor of the new `ZkProgram` top-level import.
    */
-  export let ZkProgram = Experimental_.ZkProgram;
+  export let ZkProgram = ExperimentalZkProgram;
   export let createChildAccountUpdate = Experimental_.createChildAccountUpdate;
   export let memoizeWitness = Experimental_.memoizeWitness;
   export let Callback = Experimental_.Callback;
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 6d3987bde3..7c1ca6a0f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ export {
   SelfProof,
   JsonProof,
   ZkProgram,
+  ExperimentalZkProgram,
   verify,
   Empty,
   Undefined,
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
   }
 >(
   config: StatementType & {
+    name: string;
     methods: {
       [I in keyof Types]: Method<
         InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
   let publicInputType: ProvablePure<any> = config.publicInput! ?? Undefined;
   let publicOutputType: ProvablePure<any> = config.publicOutput! ?? Void;
 
-  let selfTag = { name: `Program${i++}` };
+  let selfTag = { name: config.name };
   type PublicInput = InferProvableOrUndefined<
     Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>
   >;
@@ -1021,3 +1023,30 @@ type UnwrapPromise<P> = P extends Promise<infer T> ? T : never;
 type Get<T, Key extends string> = T extends { [K in Key]: infer Value }
   ? Value
   : undefined;
+
+// deprecated experimental API
+
+function ExperimentalZkProgram<
+  StatementType extends {
+    publicInput?: FlexibleProvablePure<any>;
+    publicOutput?: FlexibleProvablePure<any>;
+  },
+  Types extends {
+    [I in string]: Tuple<PrivateInput>;
+  }
+>(
+  config: StatementType & {
+    name?: string;
+    methods: {
+      [I in keyof Types]: Method<
+        InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
+        InferProvableOrVoid<Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>>,
+        Types[I]
+      >;
+    };
+    overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
+  }
+) {
+  let config_ = { ...config, name: config.name ?? `Program${i++}` };
+  return ZkProgram<StatementType, Types>(config_);
+}

From 44f57ce9b39d342ad72cc140f9d52b0927505084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 16:43:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0342/1786] add name argument to all zkprograms

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts                 | 4 ++--
 src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts                     | 4 ++--
 src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts                  | 5 ++---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts                            | 5 +++--
 src/examples/program-with-input.ts                 | 1 +
 src/examples/program.ts                            | 1 +
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts               | 1 +
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts           | 1 +
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts                  | 2 ++
 src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts | 1 +
 src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts                | 1 +
 src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts                      | 3 +++
 tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js              | 3 +++
 13 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts
index d3b69f7575..e2b39ff9c8 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 /**
  * benchmark a circuit filled with generic gates
  */
-import { Circuit, Field, Provable, circuitMain, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+import { Circuit, Field, Provable, circuitMain, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 import { tic, toc } from './tic-toc.js';
-let { ZkProgram } = Experimental;
 
 // parameters
 let nMuls = (1 << 16) + (1 << 15); // not quite 2^17 generic gates = not quite 2^16 rows
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ function simpleKimchiCircuit(nMuls: number) {
 
 function picklesCircuit(nMuls: number) {
   return ZkProgram({
+    name: 'mul-chain',
     methods: {
       run: {
         privateInputs: [],
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts
index a4fe3ac742..deb9aabe43 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 /**
  * benchmark a circuit filled with generic gates
  */
-import { Circuit, Field, Provable, circuitMain, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+import { Circuit, Field, Provable, circuitMain, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 import { tic, toc } from '../zkapps/tictoc.js';
-let { ZkProgram } = Experimental;
 
 // parameters
 let nMuls = (1 << 16) + (1 << 15); // not quite 2^17 generic gates = not quite 2^16 rows
@@ -37,6 +36,7 @@ function simpleKimchiCircuit(nMuls: number) {
 
 function picklesCircuit(nMuls: number) {
   return ZkProgram({
+    name: 'mul-chain',
     methods: {
       run: {
         privateInputs: [],
diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
index b301a9f72f..1127c1d81f 100644
--- a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-import { Field, UInt64, Experimental, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
-
-let { ZkProgram } = Experimental;
+import { Field, UInt64, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 
 const Main = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'example-with-custom-gates',
   publicInput: Field,
   methods: {
     main: {
diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 2048b294fa..48113d8771 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, Experimental } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 
-const XOR = Experimental.ZkProgram({
+const XOR = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'xor-example',
   methods: {
     baseCase: {
       privateInputs: [],
diff --git a/src/examples/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/program-with-input.ts
index f506e61b07..005cce1b14 100644
--- a/src/examples/program-with-input.ts
+++ b/src/examples/program-with-input.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 await isReady;
 
 let MyProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'example-with-input',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
diff --git a/src/examples/program.ts b/src/examples/program.ts
index a60bbc54d5..40b5263854 100644
--- a/src/examples/program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/program.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
 await isReady;
 
 let MyProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'example-with-output',
   publicOutput: Field,
 
   methods: {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 4b92ce7aff..f546e90108 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'bitwise',
   publicOutput: Field,
   methods: {
     xor: {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 669f811174..f8cda9ead1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 // TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
 
 let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'range-check-64',
   methods: {
     run: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index e7ec592915..477d354114 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 const EmptyProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'empty',
   publicInput: Field,
   methods: {
     run: {
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ class CounterPublicInput extends Struct({
   updated: UInt64,
 }) {}
 const CounterProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'counter',
   publicInput: CounterPublicInput,
   methods: {
     increment: {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index 104fabad6c..c32180cff0 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ signature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky).assertTrue();
 const Message = Provable.Array(Field, fields.length);
 
 const MyProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'verify-signature',
   methods: {
     verifySignature: {
       privateInputs: [Signature, Message],
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
index 5f6c063709..d24f741302 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { tic, toc } from '../examples/zkapps/tictoc.js';
 await isReady;
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'recursive-1',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
index 9accd6a4b5..7fa724d162 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { tic, toc } from '../examples/zkapps/tictoc.js';
 await isReady;
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'no-recursion',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'recursive-1',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedTwo = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'recursive-2',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
diff --git a/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js b/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js
index 9238d67117..d8ff85cfd0 100644
--- a/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js
+++ b/tests/integration/inductive-proofs.js
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { tic, toc } from './tictoc.js';
 await isReady;
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'no-recursion',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'recursive-1',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 let MaxProofsVerifiedTwo = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'recursive-2',
   publicInput: Field,
 
   methods: {

From ef0d5e4497938cf9d3c8cb8eb179d58149e2bc25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 16:49:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0343/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3904cf0a1b..ba6b4605dc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -26,17 +26,14 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Changed
 
 - `ZkProgram` has moved out of the `Experimental` namespace and is now available as a top-level import directly. `Experimental.ZkProgram` has been deprecated.
+- `ZkProgram` gets a new input argument `name: string` which is required in the non-experimental API. The name is used to identify a ZkProgram when caching prover keys. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1200
 
 ### Added
 
 - `Lightnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
-
 - Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
-
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
-
 - Added bitwise `XOR` operation support for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177
-
 - `Proof.dummy()` to create dummy proofs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1188
   - You can use this to write ZkPrograms that handle the base case and the inductive case in the same method.
 

From 8c5079233f28aae3c4d40255867288a8cd5ed8d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 08:38:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0344/1786] Revert "fix(rot.ts): adjust validation range for
 rotation bits to exclude 0 and MAX_BITS"

This reverts commit 142e30f47c34352cfb3fe88853de8321911410f3.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 79e72e961a..6afce0e4f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ function rotate(
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
 ) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits <= 0 || bits >= MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(
-      `rot: expected bits to be in range [1, ${MAX_BITS - 1}], got ${bits}`
-    );
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
   }
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {

From 36415ad666933783b8a3596dd196c75b31b68c69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 08:40:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0345/1786] refactor(rot.ts): remove redundant checkMaxBits
 function call to improve performance

The checkMaxBits function was previously used to ensure that the input is at most 64 bits. However, this check is no longer necessary as the input size is now guaranteed by the type system.
---
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
index 6afce0e4f0..11a2b997dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
@@ -30,11 +30,6 @@ function rot(
   bits: number,
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
 ): [Field, Field, Field] {
-  // Check as the prover, that the input is at most 64 bits.
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    checkMaxBits(field);
-  });
-
   const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
   const big2Power64 = 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS);
   const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);

From b07707807e76db51c51015b85215ceeb8df43616 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:04:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0346/1786] fix(regression_test.json): update 'rot' method's
 rows and digest values to reflect recent changes

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 182f3a4b0c..40e164b481 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@
     "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "rot": {
-        "rows": 17,
-        "digest": "916f4017a60f48d56d487c6869919b9c"
+        "rows": 13,
+        "digest": "2c0dadbba96fd7ddb9adb7d643425ce3"
       },
       "xor": {
         "rows": 15,
@@ -182,4 +182,4 @@
       "hash": ""
     }
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 9075a94b046ff121d76289dbb6124add5617b291 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:04:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0347/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): rename 'rot' function to
 'rotate'

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index 109bb19529..85f9bb2d45 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import { Field, Provable, Experimental, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
 
-  let res1 = Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'left');
-  let res2 = Gadgets.rot(f, 2, 'right');
+  let res1 = Gadgets.rotate(f, 2, 'left');
+  let res2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, 2, 'right');
 
   res1.assertEquals(Field(48));
   res2.assertEquals(Field(3));

From 03b4988c1bfe382bb9451899e6b3e17ce1974b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:05:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0348/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): update description for XOR
 operation to match format of other entries for consistency

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7918685120..e2a8874328 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - `Gadgets.rotate()`, new provable method to support bitwise rotation for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1182
 
-- Added bitwise `XOR` operation support for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177
+- `Gadgets.xor()`, new provable method to support bitwise xor for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177
 
 - `Proof.dummy()` to create dummy proofs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1188
   - You can use this to write ZkPrograms that handle the base case and the inductive case in the same method.

From e2ff9926e2edc00180437ff40a85897bff1f20b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:08:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0349/1786] refactor(bitwise.ts): merge rotate function from
 rot.ts into bitwise.ts

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts |  95 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |   3 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts     | 109 -------------------------------------
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 53e6c432a4..4a48ef2123 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
-export { xor };
+export { xor, rotate };
+
+const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
@@ -111,6 +113,83 @@ function buildXor(
   zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
 }
 
+function rotate(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
+) {
+  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
+  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
+    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
+  }
+
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    checkMaxBits(field);
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
+  }
+  const [rotated] = rot(field, bits, direction);
+  return rotated;
+}
+
+function rot(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
+): [Field, Field, Field] {
+  const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
+  const big2Power64 = 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS);
+  const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
+
+  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = Provable.witness(
+    Provable.Array(Field, 4),
+    () => {
+      const f = field.toBigInt();
+
+      // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation:
+      // f * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
+      const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
+        f * big2PowerRot,
+        big2Power64
+      );
+
+      // Compute rotated value as: rotated = excess + shifted
+      const rotated = shifted + excess;
+      // Compute bound to check excess < 2^rot
+      const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
+      return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
+    }
+  );
+
+  // Compute current row
+  Gates.rotate(
+    field,
+    rotated,
+    excess,
+    [
+      witnessSlices(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
+      witnessSlices(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
+      witnessSlices(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
+      witnessSlices(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
+    ],
+    [
+      witnessSlices(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
+      witnessSlices(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
+      witnessSlices(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
+      witnessSlices(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
+      witnessSlices(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
+      witnessSlices(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
+      witnessSlices(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
+      witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
+    ],
+    big2PowerRot
+  );
+  // Compute next row
+  Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
+  // Compute following row
+  Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
+  return [rotated, excess, shifted];
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
@@ -129,3 +208,17 @@ function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
 function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
   return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
 }
+
+function checkMaxBits(x: Field) {
+  if (x.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
+    throw Error(
+      `rot: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${x.toBigInt()}`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
+  const quotient = numerator / denominator;
+  const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
+  return { quotient, remainder };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 942f7bcccf..8234bb400c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { rotate } from './rot.js';
-import { xor } from './bitwise.js';
+import { xor, rotate } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 11a2b997dc..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/rot.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
-
-export { rotate, rot };
-
-const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
-
-function rotate(
-  field: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
-) {
-  // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-  }
-
-  if (field.isConstant()) {
-    checkMaxBits(field);
-    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
-  }
-  const [rotated] = rot(field, bits, direction);
-  return rotated;
-}
-
-function rot(
-  field: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
-): [Field, Field, Field] {
-  const rotationBits = direction === 'right' ? MAX_BITS - bits : bits;
-  const big2Power64 = 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS);
-  const big2PowerRot = 2n ** BigInt(rotationBits);
-
-  const [rotated, excess, shifted, bound] = Provable.witness(
-    Provable.Array(Field, 4),
-    () => {
-      const f = field.toBigInt();
-
-      // Obtain rotated output, excess, and shifted for the equation:
-      // f * 2^rot = excess * 2^64 + shifted
-      const { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divideWithRemainder(
-        f * big2PowerRot,
-        big2Power64
-      );
-
-      // Compute rotated value as: rotated = excess + shifted
-      const rotated = shifted + excess;
-      // Compute bound to check excess < 2^rot
-      const bound = excess + big2Power64 - big2PowerRot;
-      return [rotated, excess, shifted, bound].map(Field.from);
-    }
-  );
-
-  // Compute current row
-  Gates.rotate(
-    field,
-    rotated,
-    excess,
-    [
-      witnessSlices(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
-      witnessSlices(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
-      witnessSlices(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
-      witnessSlices(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
-    ],
-    [
-      witnessSlices(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
-      witnessSlices(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
-      witnessSlices(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
-      witnessSlices(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
-      witnessSlices(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
-      witnessSlices(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
-      witnessSlices(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
-      witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
-    ],
-    big2PowerRot
-  );
-  // Compute next row
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
-  // Compute following row
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
-  return [rotated, excess, shifted];
-}
-
-function checkMaxBits(x: Field) {
-  if (x.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
-    throw Error(
-      `rot: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${x.toBigInt()}`
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-// TODO: move to utils once https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177 is merged
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let mask = (1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n;
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & mask);
-  });
-}
-
-function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
-  const quotient = numerator / denominator;
-  const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
-  return { quotient, remainder };
-}

From 6405b755d5126459e6eaa03cdf3ff321e1bf2a55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:11:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0350/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): enhance documentation for XOR
 gadget function

- Change single line comment to JSDoc style for better IDE support
- Add parameter descriptions for better understanding
- Improve wording and formatting for better readability
- Add @throws tag to highlight error conditions
- Update example code to match new parameter descriptions
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 8234bb400c..59e4a8e305 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     return rotate(field, bits, direction);
   },
 
-  /*
+  /**
    * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
    * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
    *
@@ -78,17 +78,26 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   *
    * It is also important to mention that specifying a smaller `length` allows the verifier to infer the length of the original input data (e.g. smaller than 16 bit if only one XOR gate has been used).
    * A zkApp developer should consider these implications when choosing the `length` parameter and carefully weigh the trade-off between increased amount of constraints and security.
    *
-   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated..
+   * **Important:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated.
+   *
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `xor()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
-   * let b = Field(3);    // ... 000011
+   * @param a {@link Field} element to compare.
+   * @param b {@link Field} element to compare.
+   * @param length amount of bits to compare.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input values exceed `2^paddedLength - 1`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let a = Field(5);      // ... 000101
+   * let b = Field(3);      // ... 000011
    *
-   * let c = xor(a, b, 2);    // ... 000110
+   * let c = xor(a, b, 2);  // ... 000110
    * c.assertEquals(6);
    * ```
    */

From 131bce24e7e36d3758b987363d912bfd8e2eacb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:16:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0351/1786] refactor(bitwise.ts, common.ts): extract common
 functions and constants to a separate file

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 54 +++++++++++---------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts  | 37 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 4a48ef2123..70a6c9b6b1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,16 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+import {
+  MAX_BITS,
+  assert,
+  witnessSlices,
+  witnessNextValue,
+  divideWithRemainder,
+} from './common.js';
 
 export { xor, rotate };
 
-const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
-
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
@@ -119,12 +124,16 @@ function rotate(
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
 ) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
-  if (bits < 0 || bits > MAX_BITS) {
-    throw Error(`rot: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`);
-  }
+  assert(
+    bits > 0 && bits < MAX_BITS,
+    `rotation: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
+  );
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {
-    checkMaxBits(field);
+    assert(
+      field.toBigInt() < 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS),
+      `rotation: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
+    );
     return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
   }
   const [rotated] = rot(field, bits, direction);
@@ -189,36 +198,3 @@ function rot(
   Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
-
-function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
-  if (!stmt) {
-    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
-  }
-}
-
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
-
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
-  });
-}
-
-function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
-}
-
-function checkMaxBits(x: Field) {
-  if (x.toBigInt() > BigInt(2 ** MAX_BITS)) {
-    throw Error(
-      `rot: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${x.toBigInt()}`
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
-  const quotient = numerator / denominator;
-  const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
-  return { quotient, remainder };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cade7e3417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+
+const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
+
+export {
+  MAX_BITS,
+  assert,
+  witnessSlices,
+  witnessNextValue,
+  divideWithRemainder,
+};
+
+function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
+  if (!stmt) {
+    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
+  }
+}
+
+function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
+
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    let n = f.toBigInt();
+    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
+  });
+}
+
+function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
+  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
+}
+
+function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
+  const quotient = numerator / denominator;
+  const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
+  return { quotient, remainder };
+}

From eeabe7ceae3431a138a3273df2b46e5614c817a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:23:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0352/1786] feat(range-check.unit-test.ts): add name property
 to ROT ZkProgram

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index fc812a6454..88a991e6ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
 // ROT Gate
 // --------------------------
 let ROT = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'rot',
   methods: {
     run: {
       privateInputs: [Field],

From 6f2a0dd71298bb514c713b1138ff779773a6ca57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:24:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0353/1786] fix(range-check.unit-test.ts): change Field value
 from string to BigInt

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 88a991e6ae..4d0d77fb69 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ function testRot(
 testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
 testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
 testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
-testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
+testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808n));
 testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
 testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
 testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));

From e48c5e4d860e9156eaa22bfb69131ed9393b0466 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:42:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0354/1786] fix(bitwise.ts): adjust rotation bits range check
 to include 0 and MAX_BITS

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 70a6c9b6b1..b51f90a801 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ function rotate(
 ) {
   // Check that the rotation bits are in range
   assert(
-    bits > 0 && bits < MAX_BITS,
+    bits >= 0 && bits <= MAX_BITS,
     `rotation: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
   );
 

From 7cd98ee22d90dac15f012ede76a60b4633607554 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 09:45:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0355/1786] refactor(bitwise.unit-test.ts): move rot tests from
 range-check.unit-test.ts to bitwise.unit-test.ts

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts     | 61 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 71 +-----------------------
 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f546e90108..f395b9ebb6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import {
   fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   name: 'bitwise',
@@ -21,6 +22,12 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
       },
     },
+    rot: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.rotate(a, 12, 'left');
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
@@ -35,6 +42,21 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
   );
 });
 
+test(
+  Random.uint64,
+  Random.nat(64),
+  Random.boolean,
+  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
+    let z = Field(x);
+    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+      let r2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
+    });
+  }
+);
+
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
   rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
@@ -42,7 +64,6 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ),
 };
 
-// do a couple of proofs
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
   { runs: 3 }
@@ -57,3 +78,37 @@ await equivalentAsync(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left');
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.rot(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+function testRot(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  mode: 'left' | 'right',
+  result: Field
+) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let output = Gadgets.rotate(field, bits, mode);
+    output.assertEquals(result, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
+  });
+}
+
+testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
+testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
+testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
+testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808n));
+testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
+testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
+testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
+testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
+testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
+testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 4d0d77fb69..4466f5e187 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ import {
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
-import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
@@ -49,70 +47,3 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
     return await RangeCheck64.verify(proof);
   }
 );
-
-// --------------------------
-// ROT Gate
-// --------------------------
-let ROT = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'rot',
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(x) {
-        Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'left');
-        Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'right');
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-await ROT.compile();
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
-  (x) => {
-    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
-    return true;
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    let proof = await ROT.run(x);
-    return await ROT.verify(proof);
-  }
-);
-
-function testRot(
-  field: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  mode: 'left' | 'right',
-  result: Field
-) {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let output = Gadgets.rotate(field, bits, mode);
-    output.assertEquals(result, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
-  });
-}
-
-testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
-testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808n));
-testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
-testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
-testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
-testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
-testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
-testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
-
-// rotation
-test(
-  Random.uint64,
-  Random.nat(64),
-  Random.boolean,
-  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
-    let z = Field(x);
-    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let r2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  }
-);

From 252b40c44da50cef5b2b15c9f852cd5e07a601a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 10:41:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0356/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): use Provable.witness to create a
 witness for the allOnes bitmask

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 20 +++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 32e20935aa..bc54688599 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -17,23 +17,25 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
-  // Handle constant case
+
+  // handle constant case
   if (a.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
-    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(
+      a.toBigInt() < max,
+      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
+    );
     return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
   }
 
-  // Create a bitmask with all ones
-  let allOnes = new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
-   
-  let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
+  let allOnes = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+    // Create a bitmask with all ones
+    return new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
+  });
 
+  let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
 
   return notOutput;
-
-
-   
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From bf2e81adfe087e249242d5a55d721797e9068e88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 11:04:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0357/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): add assertion to allones bitmask

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index bc54688599..abfae89b48 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -28,11 +28,15 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
     return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
   }
 
+  // create a bitmask with all ones
+  let allOnesF = new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
+
   let allOnes = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    // Create a bitmask with all ones
-    return new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
+    return allOnesF;
   });
 
+  allOnesF.assertEquals(allOnes);
+
   let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
 
   return notOutput;

From f9fb06fc0eb4ac08cd82507f555cf639a3a42299 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 11:48:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0358/1786] test(bitwise.unit-test.ts): update equivalentAsync
 test to use the refactored not method in Bitwise ZkProgram

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 39 +++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 296f5f62b7..d4e6be7f2f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
       },
     },
+    not: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 64);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
@@ -57,41 +63,20 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
-let NOT = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(a) {
-        Gadgets.not(a, 64);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-await NOT.compile();
-
 // not
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
-  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
-    Fp.not,
-    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length)
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(Fp.not, (x) =>
+    Gadgets.not(x, length)
   );
 });
 
-
-await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeUint64], to: field },
-  { runs: 3 }
-)(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 64n)
-      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.not(x);
   },
-  async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.not(x);
+  async (a) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.not(a);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-
-

From f64cd8eebb628421f237d45f3224dde10250b282 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 12:14:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0359/1786] feat(regression_test.json): add missing test case
 for the "not" operation

This commit adds the missing test case with the required "rows" and "digest" properties.
---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 817796fa3a..fe6b345de4 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -171,6 +171,10 @@
       "xor": {
         "rows": 15,
         "digest": "b3595a9cc9562d4f4a3a397b6de44971"
+      },
+      "not": {
+        "rows": 17,
+        "digest": "e558102138be69839649579eb34f2fe9"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {

From a1afdba65275f7ee2e142c301c4955fc07cf40fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 13:34:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0360/1786] refactor(gadgets.ts): improve comments and
 documentation for the `not` function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 26 ++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index d68c0c0868..ef92810088 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -62,22 +62,28 @@ const Gadgets = {
     return xor(a, b, length);
   },
 
-
   /**
-   * Bitwise NOT gadget on {@link Field} elements, for a specified bit length. Equivalent to the [bitwise NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT), but limited to the given length.
-   * A NOT gate works by inverting each bit.
+   * Bitwise NOT gate on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise
+   * NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/
+   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
+   * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
+   * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
+   * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.
    *
-   * This gadget builds the NOT operation on a given input using the XOR gate. The NOT operation is applied only up to the specified bit length.
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits to NOT. It
+   * defaults to the size of the field in bits ({@link Fp.sizeInBits}).
    *
-   * **Note:** The {@link Field} element input needs to fit into the specified bit length. Otherwise, the `xor` implementation may throw an error.
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional * * *
+   *   constraints.
    *
-   * ```typescript
-   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 000101
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 101
+   * let b = not(5,3);    // ... 010
    *
-   * let c = not(a, 3);    // ... 010
-   * c.assertEquals(2);
+   * b.assertEquals(-6);
    * ```
-   * 
+   *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
    */

From aacd892a48b1da20ea95256be77858fb199ddbeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 14:22:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0361/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): update calculation of allOnesF
 bitmask

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index a2b444a307..a35a34a98e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
   }
 
   // create a bitmask with all ones
-  let allOnesF = new Field(BigInt(2 ** length - 1));
+  let allOnesF = new Field(2n ** BigInt(length) - 1n);
 
   let allOnes = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
     return allOnesF;

From ea6e6df25b1a4b5ca9e559bca86d90b4651a5ce3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 14:36:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0362/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject reference

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index fd87c4ece7..1c99637e94 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit fd87c4ece761d35e05bf679165d49c577f4326ce
+Subproject commit 1c99637e94cc6ed0489c5d53afd62c413579230b

From b7e427c24a0396556450836a18302814a511ee74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 14:52:33 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0363/1786] refactor(bitwise.unit-test.ts): reorganize code

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 172 ++++++++++++++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts | 231 ---------------------------
 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 263 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f395b9ebb6..38ab5904bd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,19 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 
+let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
+};
+
+let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
+
+// --------------------------
+// Bitwise Gates
+// --------------------------
+
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   name: 'bitwise',
   publicOutput: Field,
@@ -28,42 +41,22 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.rotate(a, 12, 'left');
       },
     },
+    leftShift: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.leftShift(a, 12);
+      },
+    },
+    rightShift: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.rightShift(a, 12);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
 await Bitwise.compile();
-
-let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
-
-[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
-  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
-    Fp.xor,
-    (x, y) => Gadgets.xor(x, y, length)
-  );
-});
-
-test(
-  Random.uint64,
-  Random.nat(64),
-  Random.boolean,
-  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
-    let z = Field(x);
-    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let r2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  }
-);
-
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
-};
-
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
   { runs: 3 }
@@ -90,6 +83,58 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.leftShift(x, 12);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.leftShift(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.rightShift(x, 12);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.rightShift(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+// --------------------------
+// XOR
+// --------------------------
+
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
+    Fp.xor,
+    (x, y) => Gadgets.xor(x, y, length)
+  );
+});
+
+// --------------------------
+// ROT
+// --------------------------
+
+test(
+  Random.uint64,
+  Random.nat(64),
+  Random.boolean,
+  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
+    let z = Field(x);
+    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+      let r2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
+      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
+    });
+  }
+);
+
 function testRot(
   field: Field,
   bits: number,
@@ -112,3 +157,66 @@ testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
 testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
 testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
 testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
+
+// --------------------------
+// Shift
+// --------------------------
+
+function testShift(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  mode: 'left' | 'right',
+  result: Field
+) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let output =
+      mode === 'left'
+        ? Gadgets.leftShift(field, bits)
+        : Gadgets.rightShift(field, bits);
+    output.assertEquals(
+      result,
+      `${mode === 'left' ? 'ls' : 'rs'}(${field}, ${bits})`
+    );
+  });
+}
+
+testShift(Field(0), 1, 'left', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(0), 1, 'right', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
+testShift(Field(1), 1, 'right', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
+testShift(Field(256), 20, 'right', Field(0));
+testShift(Field(6510615555426900570n), 16, 'right', Field(99344109427290n));
+testShift(
+  Field(18446744073709551615n),
+  15,
+  'left',
+  Field(18446744073709518848n)
+);
+testShift(Field(12523523412423524646n), 32, 'right', Field(2915860016));
+testShift(
+  Field(12523523412423524646n),
+  32,
+  'left',
+  Field(17134720101237391360n)
+);
+
+test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
+  let z = Field(x);
+  let r = Fp.leftShift(x, n);
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+    let o = Gadgets.leftShift(f, n);
+    Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
+  });
+});
+
+test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
+  let z = Field(x);
+  let r = Fp.rightShift(x, n);
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
+    let o = Gadgets.rightShift(f, n);
+    Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1eeaf4670e..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.unit-test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
-import {
-  Spec,
-  boolean,
-  equivalentAsync,
-  field,
-} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
-import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Bool } from '../core.js';
-
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
-};
-
-// TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
-// --------------------------
-// RangeCheck64 Gate
-// --------------------------
-
-let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(x) {
-        Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-await RangeCheck64.compile();
-
-// TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
-  (x) => {
-    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
-    return true;
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    let proof = await RangeCheck64.run(x);
-    return await RangeCheck64.verify(proof);
-  }
-);
-
-// --------------------------
-// ROT Gate
-// --------------------------
-let ROT = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(x) {
-        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'left');
-        Gadgets.rot(x, 2, 'right');
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-await ROT.compile();
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
-  (x) => {
-    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
-    return true;
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    let proof = await ROT.run(x);
-    return await ROT.verify(proof);
-  }
-);
-
-function testRot(
-  field: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  mode: 'left' | 'right',
-  result: Field
-) {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => field);
-    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
-    let output = Gadgets.rot(w, bits, mode);
-    output.assertEquals(r, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
-  });
-}
-
-testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
-testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field('9223372036854775808'));
-testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
-testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
-testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
-testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
-testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
-testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
-
-// rotation
-test(
-  Random.uint64,
-  Random.nat(64),
-  Random.boolean,
-  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
-    let z = Field(x);
-    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let r2 = Gadgets.rot(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  }
-);
-
-// --------------------------
-// Shift Gates
-// --------------------------
-
-function testShift(
-  field: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  mode: 'left' | 'right',
-  result: Field
-) {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let w = Provable.witness(Field, () => field);
-    let r = Provable.witness(Field, () => result);
-    let output = Provable.if(
-      Bool(mode === 'left'),
-      Gadgets.leftShift(w, bits),
-      Gadgets.rightShift(w, bits)
-    );
-    output.assertEquals(
-      r,
-      `${mode === 'left' ? 'ls' : 'rs'}(${field}, ${bits})`
-    );
-  });
-}
-
-let LS = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(x) {
-        Gadgets.leftShift(x, 2);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-await LS.compile();
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
-  (x) => {
-    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
-    return true;
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    let proof = await LS.run(x);
-    return await LS.verify(proof);
-  }
-);
-
-let RS = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [Field],
-      method(x) {
-        Gadgets.rightShift(x, 2);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-await RS.compile();
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
-  (x) => {
-    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
-    return true;
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    let proof = await RS.run(x);
-    return await RS.verify(proof);
-  }
-);
-
-testShift(Field(0), 1, 'left', Field(0));
-testShift(Field(0), 1, 'right', Field(0));
-testShift(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
-testShift(Field(1), 1, 'right', Field(0));
-testShift(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
-testShift(Field(256), 20, 'right', Field(0));
-testShift(Field(6510615555426900570n), 16, 'right', Field(99344109427290n));
-testShift(
-  Field(18446744073709551615n),
-  15,
-  'left',
-  Field(18446744073709518848n)
-);
-testShift(Field(12523523412423524646n), 32, 'right', Field(2915860016));
-testShift(
-  Field(12523523412423524646n),
-  32,
-  'left',
-  Field(17134720101237391360n)
-);
-
-test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
-  let z = Field(x);
-  let r = Fp.leftShift(x, n);
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-    let o = Gadgets.leftShift(f, n);
-    Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
-  });
-});
-
-test(Random.uint64, Random.nat(64), (x, n, assert) => {
-  let z = Field(x);
-  let r = Fp.rightShift(x, n);
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-    let o = Gadgets.rightShift(f, n);
-    Provable.asProver(() => assert(r === o.toBigInt()));
-  });
-});

From ffe1af6ec847b82d1607d2a811ea438f9a0eea18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 14:58:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0364/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject reference

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1c99637e94..169c97fa2a 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1c99637e94cc6ed0489c5d53afd62c413579230b
+Subproject commit 169c97fa2ab1ef1ee345496795a067756fd8eab2

From e74b623cbb9a49699e78973d3511774d1d598eec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 15:04:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0365/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): update comments for better
 clarity

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 1ef2d0cdc0..5e407b7625 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100));
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
    * const y = rot(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
    * const z = rot(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
-   * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
-   * z.assertEquals(0b000011)
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
+   * z.assertEquals(0b000011) // 3 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
    * rot(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
@@ -110,19 +110,22 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * This is akin to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the left.
    * The `leftShift` function uses the rotation method internally to achieve this operation.
    *
-   * **Note:** You cannot shift {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits.
-   * For elements that exceed 64 bits, this operation will fail.
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   *
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * Therefore, to safely use `leftShift()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
+   * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
-   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
    * const y = leftShift(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
-   * y.assertEquals(48);
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
    * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
@@ -137,19 +140,22 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * This is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right.
    * The `rightShift` function utilizes the rotation method internally to implement this operation.
    *
-   * **Note:** You cannot shift {@link Field} elements that exceed 64 bits.
-   * For elements that exceed 64 bits, this operation will fail.
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   *
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * Therefore, to safely use `rightShift()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
+   * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
-   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the right.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(48));
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
    * const y = rightShift(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
-   * y.assertEquals(12);
+   * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 3 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
    * rightShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits

From 575920dbd2a4e50564ca422de7e7da4cc9b57542 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 15:11:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0366/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): update leftShift function
 documentation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 5e407b7625..a6e7da13d1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
 
   /**
    * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
-   * This is akin to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the left.
-   * The `leftShift` function uses the rotation method internally to achieve this operation.
+   * This operation is akin to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
    *
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *

From 93a4d5047a366641c307ed090da734af92c40f48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 15:43:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0367/1786] chore(bindings): update bindings submodule

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 26723fd698..2ca738394e 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 26723fd6987db505a8c44cc41e01b17ac496c22f
+Subproject commit 2ca738394ee68d1b6bf07b4317c634066b07d748

From 54e1e621a262cdca0069e293f9b52cc471c5c56b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 15:46:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0368/1786] chore(mina): update mina submodule to o1js-main

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 396ae46c0f..28aef4fefa 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 396ae46c0f301f697c91771bc6780571a7656a45
+Subproject commit 28aef4fefa0e23e107471b96053e6364c23f6d4e

From ba501f81fa1b4e3491f4c3b8c12714f55eee1bc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 15:29:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0369/1786] remove excess range check in rot gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index b51f90a801..73ccbd4448 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -194,7 +194,9 @@ function rot(
   );
   // Compute next row
   Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
-  // Compute following row
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
+  // note: range-checking `shifted` and `field` is enough.
+  // * excess < 2^rot follows from the bound check and the rotation equation in the gate
+  // * rotated < 2^64 follows from rotated = excess + shifted (because shifted has to be a multiple of 2^rot)
+  // for a proof, see TODO
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }

From c1474ee79872b1136f081ddd218eefbcf59443f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 15:30:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0370/1786] update cs test and json

---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 1 +
 src/examples/regression_test.json           | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 4f1f3f95ad..8f81efbee9 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ const GroupMock = {
 const BitwiseMock = {
   rot() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck64(a); // `rotate()` doesn't do this
     Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'left');
     Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'right');
     Gadgets.rotate(a, 4, 'left');
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 40e164b481..8fa3abbc50 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@
     "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
     "methods": {
       "rot": {
-        "rows": 13,
-        "digest": "2c0dadbba96fd7ddb9adb7d643425ce3"
+        "rows": 10,
+        "digest": "c38703de755b10edf77bf24269089274"
       },
       "xor": {
         "rows": 15,

From e11cc19f50b445956736131a32362454672ddeaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 15:30:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0371/1786] fixup bitwise unit test to test equivalence in
 provable code

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f395b9ebb6..1d5c457002 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import {
   Spec,
-  equivalent,
+  equivalentProvable as equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
   fieldWithRng,

From 9a58bc725cf4070ebe2a55d351860070ae1f9ea8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 15:31:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0372/1786] fill in PR link

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 73ccbd4448..b5edb5df5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -197,6 +197,6 @@ function rot(
   // note: range-checking `shifted` and `field` is enough.
   // * excess < 2^rot follows from the bound check and the rotation equation in the gate
   // * rotated < 2^64 follows from rotated = excess + shifted (because shifted has to be a multiple of 2^rot)
-  // for a proof, see TODO
+  // for a proof, see https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1201
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }

From 1270b4ee11e5dfffac221746c970c823cc4b7216 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 15:48:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0373/1786] clarify reference bit length of 64 in rotation
 gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 16 ++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 59e4a8e305..2035f688ad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -36,16 +36,20 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript, with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end rather than being discarded.
-   * For a left rotation, this means that bits shifted off the left end reappear at the right end. Conversely, for a right rotation, bits shifted off the right end reappear at the left end.
-   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the binary representation of the number in big-endian format, where the most significant bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
+   * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
+   * For a left rotation, this means that bits shifted off the left end reappear at the right end.
+   * Conversely, for a right rotation, bits shifted off the right end reappear at the left end.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
    * The `direction` parameter is a string that accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, determining the direction of the rotation.
    *
-   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   * **Important:** The gadget assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
    * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
-   * Therefore, to safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
-   * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
+   * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range checked to 64 bits;
+   * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.

From 3fad72c2f2ebac2993205497d5d07b677f8fed44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 15:50:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0374/1786] fix doccomment re errors when input is > 64 bits

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 11 +++--------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 2035f688ad..62102cf605 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -48,25 +48,20 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Important:** The gadget assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
    * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
-   * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range checked to 64 bits;
+   * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
    * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    *
-   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
-   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100));
-   * const y = rot(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
-   * const z = rot(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
+   * const y = Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
+   * const z = Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
    * z.assertEquals(0b000011)
-   *
-   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * rot(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
   rotate(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {

From 5c7747beacbe1d7b7133fce01582d6c272443124 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:02:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0375/1786] more doccomment fixes

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 62102cf605..5bcf66bd7c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678n));
-   * rangeCheck64(x); // successfully proves 64-bit range
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x); // successfully proves 64-bit range
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * rangeCheck64(xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheck64(xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    *
    * **Note**: Small "negative" field element inputs are interpreted as large integers close to the field size,
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
    * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
    *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100));
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * let a = Field(5);      // ... 000101
    * let b = Field(3);      // ... 000011
    *
-   * let c = xor(a, b, 2);  // ... 000110
+   * let c = Gadgets.xor(a, b, 2);  // ... 000110
    * c.assertEquals(6);
    * ```
    */

From 9893b903d0a9e694b6a46df4bdf1bc24b7bc4561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:05:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0376/1786] add back error example since its the behaviour in
 practice when creating a proof non-maliciously

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 5bcf66bd7c..f7b5126a23 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * const y = Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
    * const z = Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
-   * z.assertEquals(0b000011)
+   * z.assertEquals(0b000011);
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * Gadgets.rotate(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
   rotate(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {

From 75359152c950ef206b4756464da6eda526899d9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 12:35:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0377/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 3f2ccd8

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 2ca738394e..3f2ccd8757 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2ca738394ee68d1b6bf07b4317c634066b07d748
+Subproject commit 3f2ccd875744a2be0fe8e99e84a33b16a3ee3198

From 83468a284ad38703d2a123540ee07d6227ffb054 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 12:36:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0378/1786] fix(package.json): update 'make' script to use
 local script

---
 package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index fa0277d7c2..8bbe54f376 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
   "scripts": {
     "type-check": "tsc --noEmit",
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
-    "make": "make -C ../../.. snarkyjs",
+    "make": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
     "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
     "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",

From dcf8831a115650123bf9843fb905963314827037 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 12:36:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0379/1786] fix(tsconfig.json): add './src/mina' to exclude
 list to prevent unnecessary compilation of mina directory

---
 tsconfig.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index 569ef2b1e6..7eb2e0ba4d 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "include": ["./src/**/*.ts"],
-  "exclude": ["./src/**/*.bc.js", "./src/build", "./src/examples"],
+  "exclude": ["./src/**/*.bc.js", "./src/build", "./src/examples", "./src/mina"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "rootDir": "./src",
     "outDir": "dist",

From 779417621b9fc3ad348c92d4cc615ce71161aae6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:13:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0380/1786] fix(.gitmodules): change MinaProtocol submodule URL
 from SSH to HTTPS

---
 .gitmodules | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index b8be721ce9..76a36100bc 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 	url = https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs-bindings.git
 [submodule "src/mina"]
 	path = src/mina
-	url = git@github.com:MinaProtocol/mina.git
+	url = https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina.git

From d76da766d78291d3eed03316ad51abaabd06e79a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:47:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0381/1786] feat(jest.config.js): add 'src/mina/' to
 modulePathIgnorePatterns to prevent Jest from running tests in this directory

---
 jest.config.js | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/jest.config.js b/jest.config.js
index b24c895d96..7f6d944074 100644
--- a/jest.config.js
+++ b/jest.config.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ export default {
   testEnvironment: 'node',
   extensionsToTreatAsEsm: ['.ts'],
   transformIgnorePatterns: ['node_modules/', 'dist/node/'],
+  modulePathIgnorePatterns: ['src/mina/'],
   globals: {
     'ts-jest': {
       useESM: true,

From 7b946eef7d6c4f42dad665354e3ffd60c6cb297d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Oct 2023 15:00:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0382/1786] fix(package.json): update build:docs script to use
 tsconfig.web.json for typedoc generation to ensure correct TypeScript
 configuration is used for documentation generation

---
 package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 1ade0ac845..6f5e803187 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
-    "build:docs": "npx typedoc",
+    "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "serve:web": "cp src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/server.js src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/index.html src/examples/simple_zkapp.js dist/web && node dist/web/server.js",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",

From 5069c051deaa6737eed24d7a2b8d040cd99a6def Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Oct 2023 10:42:24 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0383/1786] feat(run-jest-tests.sh): add condition to exclude
 'src/mina' from jest tests This change is temporary until 'snarkyjs' is
 removed from the mina repo.

---
 run-jest-tests.sh | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/run-jest-tests.sh b/run-jest-tests.sh
index d103274798..f034d80158 100755
--- a/run-jest-tests.sh
+++ b/run-jest-tests.sh
@@ -3,5 +3,8 @@ set -e
 shopt -s globstar # to expand '**' into nested directories
 
 for f in ./src/**/*.test.ts; do
-  NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest $f;
-done
+  # TODO: Remove this once we remove the `snarkyjs` inside the mina repo
+  if [[ $f != *"src/mina"* ]]; then
+    NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest $f;
+  fi
+done
\ No newline at end of file

From e3c20452afa75f082eef1fe8dfc4dc42b13deb3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Oct 2023 20:22:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0384/1786] feat(README-dev): first draft

---
 README-dev.md | 125 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 81 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 2cd50c025c..c92ff4fc5c 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -1,74 +1,111 @@
-# How to contribute to the o1js codebase
+# o1js README-dev
 
-This README includes information that is helpful for o1js core contributors.
+o1js is a TypeScript framework designed for zk-SNARKs and zkApps on the Mina blockchain.
 
-## Run examples using Node.js
+- [zkApps Overview](https://docs.minaprotocol.com/zkapps)
+- [Mina README](/src/mina/README.md)
+
+For more information on our development process and how to contribute, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md). This document is meant to guide you through building o1js from source and understanding the development workflow.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have the following tools installed:
+
+- [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
+- [Node.js and npm](https://nodejs.org/)
+- [opam](https://opam.ocaml.org/)
+- [Cargo](https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started)
+
+After cloning the repository, you need to fetch the submodules:
+
+```sh
+git submodule update --init --recursive
+```
+
+## Building o1js
+
+For most users, building o1js is as simple as running:
 
 ```sh
 npm install
 npm run build
-
-./run src/examples/api_exploration.ts
 ```
 
-## Build and run the web version
+This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The compiled OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users. These artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and contain the artifacts needed for both node and web builds. These files do not have to be regenerated unless there are changes to the OCaml or Rust source files.
+
+## Building Bindings
+
+If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
+
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transplied to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky) and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
+
+The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
+
+If you wish to rebuild the OCaml and Rust artifacts, you must be able to build the Mina repo before building the bindings. See the [Mina Dev Readme](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/README-dev.md) for more information. Once you have configured your environment to build Mina, you can build the bindings:
 
 ```sh
-npm install
-npm run build:web
-npm run serve:web
+npm run make
 ```
 
-To see the test running in a web browser, go to `http://localhost:8000/`.
+This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings/compiled` directory.
+
+### OCaml Bindings
+
+The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`, and they specify all of the low-level OCaml code that is exposed to o1js. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
 
-## Run tests
+### WebAssembly Bindings
 
-- Unit tests
+The WebAssembly bindings are built using Rust's `wasm-pack`. Ensure you have it installed and configured correctly.
 
-  ```sh
-  npm run test
-  npm run test:unit
-  ```
+## Development
 
-- Integration tests
+### Branch Compatibility
 
-  ```sh
-  npm run test:integration
-  ```
+When working with submodules and various interconnected parts of the stack, ensure you are on the correct branches that are compatible with each other.
 
-- E2E tests
+#### How to Use the Branches
 
-  ```sh
-  npm install
-  npm run e2e:install
-  npm run build:web
+| Repository | mina -> o1js -> o1js-bindings    |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------- |
+| Branches   | o1js-main -> main -> main        |
+|            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
+|            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
-  npm run e2e:prepare-server
-  npm run test:e2e
-  npm run e2e:show-report
-  ```
+- `o1js-main`: The o1js-main branch in the Mina repository corresponds to the main branch in both o1js and o1js-bindings repositories. This is where stable releases and ramp-up features are maintained.
 
-## Branch Compatibility
+- `berkeley`: The berkeley branch is maintained across all three repositories. This branch is used for features and updates specific to the Berkeley release of the project.
 
-o1js is mostly used to write Mina Smart Contracts and must be compatible with the latest Berkeley Testnet, or soon Mainnet. 
+- `develop`: The develop branch is also maintained across all three repositories. It is used for ongoing development, testing new features, and integration work.
 
-The OCaml code is in the o1js-bindings repository, not directly in o1js.
+### Running Tests
 
-To maintain compatibility between the repositories and build o1js from the [Mina repository](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina), make changes to its core, such as the OCaml-bindings in the [o1js-bindings repository](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings), you must follow a certain branch compatibility pattern:
+To ensure your changes don't break existing functionality, run the test suite:
 
-The following branches are compatible:
+```sh
+npm run test
+npm run test:unit
+```
 
-| repository | mina -> o1js -> o1js-bindings |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
-| branches   | rampup -> main -> main                |
-|            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley      |
-|            | develop -> develop -> develop         |
+This will run all the unit tests and provide you with a summary of the test results.
 
-## Run the GitHub actions locally
+You can additionally run integration tests by running:
 
-<!-- The test example should stay in sync with a real value set in .github/workflows/build-actions.yml -->
-You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First generate a GitHub token and use:
+```sh
+npm run test:integration
 ```
-act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $GITHUB_TOKEN
+
+Finally, we have a set of end-to-end tests that run against the browser. These tests are not run by default, but you can run them by running:
+
+```sh
+npm install
+npm run e2e:install
+npm run build:web
+
+npm run e2e:prepare-server
+npm run test:e2e
+npm run e2e:show-report
 ```
-to execute the job "Build-And-Test-Server for the test type `Simple integration tests`.
+
+### Releasing
+
+To release a new version of o1js, you must first update the version number in `package.json`. Then, you can create a new pull request to merge your changes into the main branch. Once the pull request is merged, a CI job will automatically publish the new version to npm.

From b219f89614567c9678073e1736b83181a934716e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 10:02:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0385/1786] tweak xor docs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index f7b5126a23..3426e9d61f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * let a = Field(5);      // ... 000101
-   * let b = Field(3);      // ... 000011
+   * let a = Field(0b0101);
+   * let b = Field(0b0011);
    *
-   * let c = Gadgets.xor(a, b, 2);  // ... 000110
-   * c.assertEquals(6);
+   * let c = Gadgets.xor(a, b, 4); // xor-ing 4 bits
+   * c.assertEquals(0b0110);
    * ```
    */
   xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From bb14474be47cc1ac619ec7b1893ad24b85b071fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 12:48:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0386/1786] introduce header type and implement parsing in
 storable

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts                  |  2 +
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 92 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             |  5 ++
 src/lib/storable.ts                 | 25 +++++++-
 src/snarky.d.ts                     |  6 ++
 5 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 10243efab7..130e6b5357 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ export {
   MlBytes,
   MlResult,
   MlUnit,
+  MlString,
 };
 
 // ocaml types
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ type MlUnit = 0;
  * see https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml/blob/master/runtime/mlBytes.js
  */
 type MlBytes = { t: number; c: string; l: number };
+type MlString = MlBytes;
 
 const MlArray = {
   to<T>(arr: T[]): MlArray<T> {
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index dbaf832042..ede80f406d 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -5,8 +5,18 @@ import {
 import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { VerifierIndex } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/kimchi-types.js';
 import { getRustConversion } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
-
-export { encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, proverKeyType, AnyKey, AnyValue };
+import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
+import { CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion } from '../storable.js';
+import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof_system.js';
+
+export {
+  parseHeader,
+  encodeProverKey,
+  decodeProverKey,
+  proverKeyType,
+  AnyKey,
+  AnyValue,
+};
 export type { MlWrapVerificationKey };
 
 // Plonk_constraint_system.Make()().t
@@ -23,23 +33,52 @@ type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
   cs: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
+// Snarky_keys_header.t
+
+type MlSnarkKeysHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  headerVersion: number,
+  kind: [_: 0, type: MlString, identifier: MlString],
+  constraintConstants: unknown,
+  commits: unknown,
+  length: number,
+  commitDate: MlString,
+  constraintSystemHash: MlString,
+  identifyingHash: MlString
+];
+
 // Pickles.Cache.{Step,Wrap}.Key.Proving.t
 
 type MlStepProvingKeyHeader = [
   _: 0,
   typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: unknown,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
   index: number,
   constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
+type MlStepVerificationKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
+  index: number,
+  digest: unknown
+];
+
 type MlWrapProvingKeyHeader = [
   _: 0,
   typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: unknown,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
   constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
 ];
 
+type MlWrapVerificationKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
+  digest: unknown
+];
+
 // Pickles.Verification_key.t
 
 class MlWrapVerificationKey {
@@ -59,9 +98,9 @@ enum KeyType {
 
 type AnyKey =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlStepProvingKeyHeader]
-  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, unknown]
+  | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, MlStepVerificationKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlWrapProvingKeyHeader]
-  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, unknown];
+  | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKeyHeader];
 
 type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
@@ -69,6 +108,40 @@ type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKey];
 
+function parseHeader(
+  programId: string,
+  methods: MethodInterface[],
+  key: AnyKey
+): CacheHeader {
+  let hash = Pickles.util.fromMlString(key[1][2][8]);
+  switch (key[0]) {
+    case KeyType.StepProvingKey:
+    case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
+      let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
+      let methodIndex = key[1][3];
+      let methodName = methods[methodIndex].methodName;
+      // TODO sanitize unique id
+      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programId}-${methodIndex}-${methodName}-${hash}`;
+      return {
+        version: cacheHeaderVersion,
+        uniqueId,
+        kind,
+        programId,
+        methodName,
+        methodIndex,
+        hash,
+      };
+    }
+    case KeyType.WrapProvingKey:
+    case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
+      let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
+      // TODO sanitize unique id
+      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programId}-${hash}`;
+      return { version: cacheHeaderVersion, uniqueId, kind, programId, hash };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   let wasm = getWasm();
   switch (value[0]) {
@@ -137,6 +210,13 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
   }
 }
 
+const snarkKeyStringKind = {
+  [KeyType.StepProvingKey]: 'step-pk',
+  [KeyType.StepVerificationKey]: 'step-vk',
+  [KeyType.WrapProvingKey]: 'wrap-pk',
+  [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey]: 'wrap-vk',
+} as const;
+
 const proverKeySerializationType = {
   [KeyType.StepProvingKey]: 'bytes',
   [KeyType.StepVerificationKey]: 'string',
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 50f499053f..fb07aafda1 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import { Storable } from './storable.js';
 import {
   decodeProverKey,
   encodeProverKey,
+  parseHeader,
   proverKeyType,
 } from './proof-system/prover-keys.js';
 
@@ -590,6 +591,8 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
     0,
     function read_(key, path) {
+      // TODO sanitize program name
+      let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, key);
       try {
         let type = proverKeyType(key);
         let bytes = read(path, type);
@@ -599,6 +602,8 @@ async function compileProgram({
       }
     },
     function write_(key, value, path) {
+      // TODO sanitize program name
+      let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, key);
       try {
         let type = proverKeyType(key);
         let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 42046bae58..1f9b9b93be 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from './util/fs.js';
 import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
-export { Storable };
+export { Storable, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion };
 
 /**
  * Interface for storing and retrieving values, for caching.
@@ -32,6 +32,29 @@ type Storable = {
   write(key: string, value: Uint8Array, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
 };
 
+const cacheHeaderVersion = 0;
+
+type CommonHeader = { version: number; uniqueId: string };
+type StepKeyHeader<Kind> = {
+  kind: Kind;
+  programId: string;
+  methodName: string;
+  methodIndex: number;
+  hash: string;
+};
+type WrapKeyHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind; programId: string; hash: string };
+
+/**
+ * A header that is passed to the caching layer, to support richer caching strategies.
+ */
+type CacheHeader = (
+  | StepKeyHeader<'step-pk'>
+  | StepKeyHeader<'step-vk'>
+  | WrapKeyHeader<'wrap-pk'>
+  | WrapKeyHeader<'wrap-vk'>
+) &
+  CommonHeader;
+
 const None: Storable = {
   read() {
     throw Error('not available');
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 65d842fe94..e7d7f4a1ad 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import type {
   MlBytes,
   MlResult,
   MlUnit,
+  MlString,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import type * as ProverKeys from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.js';
@@ -728,4 +729,9 @@ declare const Pickles: {
   ) => [N, Pickles.Proof];
 
   proofToBase64Transaction: (proof: Pickles.Proof) => string;
+
+  util: {
+    toMlString(s: string): MlString;
+    fromMlString(s: MlString): string;
+  };
 };

From eb6251b35b15b5c5cb692a8cd4bf296913dc8d19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 13:16:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0387/1786] rename storable to cache and pass header as input

---
 src/index.ts                        |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 26 ++++++-------
 src/lib/proof_system.ts             | 25 ++++++------
 src/lib/storable.ts                 | 59 ++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                    |  6 +--
 src/snarky.d.ts                     |  4 +-
 6 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 386db42f78..257fd64de0 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export {
   Undefined,
   Void,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
-export { Storable } from './lib/storable.js';
+export { Cache } from './lib/storable.js';
 
 export {
   Token,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index ede80f406d..6161d6e6dd 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -9,14 +9,7 @@ import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
 import { CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion } from '../storable.js';
 import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof_system.js';
 
-export {
-  parseHeader,
-  encodeProverKey,
-  decodeProverKey,
-  proverKeyType,
-  AnyKey,
-  AnyValue,
-};
+export { parseHeader, encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
 export type { MlWrapVerificationKey };
 
 // Plonk_constraint_system.Make()().t
@@ -130,14 +123,23 @@ function parseHeader(
         methodName,
         methodIndex,
         hash,
+        dataType: snarkKeySerializationType[key[0]],
       };
     }
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey:
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
       let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
+      let dataType = snarkKeySerializationType[key[0]];
       // TODO sanitize unique id
       let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programId}-${hash}`;
-      return { version: cacheHeaderVersion, uniqueId, kind, programId, hash };
+      return {
+        version: cacheHeaderVersion,
+        uniqueId,
+        kind,
+        programId,
+        hash,
+        dataType,
+      };
     }
   }
 }
@@ -217,13 +219,9 @@ const snarkKeyStringKind = {
   [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey]: 'wrap-vk',
 } as const;
 
-const proverKeySerializationType = {
+const snarkKeySerializationType = {
   [KeyType.StepProvingKey]: 'bytes',
   [KeyType.StepVerificationKey]: 'string',
   [KeyType.WrapProvingKey]: 'bytes',
   [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey]: 'string',
 } as const;
-
-function proverKeyType(key: AnyKey): 'string' | 'bytes' {
-  return proverKeySerializationType[key[0]];
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index fb07aafda1..49388e6b1c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -28,12 +28,11 @@ import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
 import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
-import { Storable } from './storable.js';
+import { Cache } from './storable.js';
 import {
   decodeProverKey,
   encodeProverKey,
   parseHeader,
-  proverKeyType,
 } from './proof-system/prover-keys.js';
 
 // public API
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       }
     | undefined;
 
-  async function compile({ storable = Storable.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
+  async function compile({ cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
     let methodsMeta = analyzeMethods();
     let gates = methodsMeta.map((m) => m.gates);
     let { provers, verify, verificationKey } = await compileProgram({
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       methods: methodFunctions,
       gates,
       proofSystemTag: selfTag,
-      storable,
+      cache,
       overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
     });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
@@ -563,7 +562,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
-  storable: { read, write },
+  cache: { read, write },
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -572,7 +571,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods: ((...args: any) => void)[];
   gates: Gate[][];
   proofSystemTag: { name: string };
-  storable: Storable;
+  cache: Cache;
   overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
 }) {
   let rules = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
@@ -588,26 +587,24 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let maxProofs = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
   overrideWrapDomain ??= maxProofsToWrapDomain[maxProofs];
 
-  let storable: Pickles.Storable = [
+  let cache: Pickles.Cache = [
     0,
-    function read_(key, path) {
+    function read_(key) {
       // TODO sanitize program name
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, key);
       try {
-        let type = proverKeyType(key);
-        let bytes = read(path, type);
+        let bytes = read(header);
         return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
-    function write_(key, value, path) {
+    function write_(key, value) {
       // TODO sanitize program name
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, key);
       try {
-        let type = proverKeyType(key);
         let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
-        write(path, bytes, type);
+        write(header, bytes);
         return MlResult.ok(undefined);
       } catch (e: any) {
         return MlResult.unitError();
@@ -625,7 +622,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
           result = Pickles.compile(MlArray.to(rules), {
             publicInputSize: publicInputType.sizeInFields(),
             publicOutputSize: publicOutputType.sizeInFields(),
-            storable,
+            cache,
             overrideWrapDomain,
           });
         } finally {
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/storable.ts
index 1f9b9b93be..45a70f021f 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/storable.ts
@@ -7,34 +7,45 @@ import {
 } from './util/fs.js';
 import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
-export { Storable, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion };
+export { Cache, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion };
 
 /**
  * Interface for storing and retrieving values, for caching.
  * `read()` and `write()` can just throw errors on failure.
  */
-type Storable = {
+type Cache = {
   /**
    * Read a value from the cache.
    *
-   * @param key The key to read from the cache. Can safely be used as a file path.
-   * @param type Specifies whether the data to be read is a utf8-encoded string or raw binary data. This was added
-   * because node's `fs.readFileSync` returns garbage when reading string files without specifying the encoding.
+   * @param header A small header to identify what is read from the cache.
    */
-  read(key: string, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): Uint8Array;
+  read(header: CacheHeader): Uint8Array;
   /**
    * Write a value to the cache.
    *
-   * @param key The key of the data to write to the cache. This will be used by `read()` to retrieve the data. Can safely be used as a file path.
+   * @param header A small header to identify what is written to the cache. This will be used by `read()` to retrieve the data.
    * @param value The value to write to the cache, as a byte array.
-   * @param type Specifies whether the value originated from a utf8-encoded string or raw binary data.
    */
-  write(key: string, value: Uint8Array, type: 'string' | 'bytes'): void;
+  write(header: CacheHeader, value: Uint8Array): void;
 };
 
-const cacheHeaderVersion = 0;
+const cacheHeaderVersion = 0.1;
 
-type CommonHeader = { version: number; uniqueId: string };
+type CommonHeader = {
+  /**
+   * Header version to avoid parsing incompatible headers.
+   */
+  version: number;
+  /**
+   * A unique identifier for the data to be read. Safe to use as a file path.
+   */
+  uniqueId: string;
+  /**
+   * Specifies whether the data to be read is a utf8-encoded string or raw binary data. This was added
+   * because node's `fs.readFileSync` returns garbage when reading string files without specifying the encoding.
+   */
+  dataType: 'string' | 'bytes';
+};
 type StepKeyHeader<Kind> = {
   kind: Kind;
   programId: string;
@@ -46,6 +57,8 @@ type WrapKeyHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind; programId: string; hash: string };
 
 /**
  * A header that is passed to the caching layer, to support richer caching strategies.
+ *
+ * Both `uniqueId` and `programId` can safely be used as a file path.
  */
 type CacheHeader = (
   | StepKeyHeader<'step-pk'>
@@ -55,7 +68,7 @@ type CacheHeader = (
 ) &
   CommonHeader;
 
-const None: Storable = {
+const None: Cache = {
   read() {
     throw Error('not available');
   },
@@ -64,39 +77,39 @@ const None: Storable = {
   },
 };
 
-const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Storable => ({
-  read(key, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
+const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
+  read({ uniqueId, dataType }) {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
-    if (type === 'string') {
-      let string = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key), 'utf8');
+    if (dataType === 'string') {
+      let string = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, uniqueId), 'utf8');
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
     } else {
-      let buffer = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key));
+      let buffer = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, uniqueId));
       return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
     }
   },
-  write(key, value, type: 'string' | 'bytes') {
+  write({ uniqueId, dataType }, data) {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
-    writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, key), value, {
-      encoding: type === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,
+    writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, uniqueId), data, {
+      encoding: dataType === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,
     });
   },
 });
 
 const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('pickles'));
 
-const Storable = {
+const Cache = {
   /**
    * Store data on the file system, in a directory of your choice.
    *
-   * Note: this {@link Storable} only caches data in Node.js.
+   * Note: this {@link Cache} only caches data in Node.js.
    */
   FileSystem,
   /**
    * Store data on the file system, in a standard cache directory depending on the OS.
    *
-   * Note: this {@link Storable} only caches data in Node.js.
+   * Note: this {@link Cache} only caches data in Node.js.
    */
   FileSystemDefault,
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index b6aeccc9e3..7632c6006a 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ import {
   inProver,
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
-import { Storable } from './storable.js';
+import { Cache } from './storable.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ class SmartContract {
    * it so that proofs end up in the original finite field). These are fairly expensive operations, so **expect compiling to take at least 20 seconds**,
    * up to several minutes if your circuit is large or your hardware is not optimal for these operations.
    */
-  static async compile({ storable = Storable.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
+  static async compile({ cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
     let methodIntfs = this._methods ?? [];
     let methods = methodIntfs.map(({ methodName }) => {
       return (
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ class SmartContract {
       methods,
       gates,
       proofSystemTag: this,
-      storable,
+      cache,
     });
     let verificationKey = {
       data: verificationKey_.data,
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index e7d7f4a1ad..7f01303b74 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ declare namespace Pickles {
   /**
    * Type to configure how Pickles should cache prover keys
    */
-  type Storable = [
+  type Cache = [
     _: 0,
     read: (
       key: ProverKeys.AnyKey,
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ declare const Pickles: {
     config: {
       publicInputSize: number;
       publicOutputSize: number;
-      storable?: Pickles.Storable;
+      cache?: Pickles.Cache;
       overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
     }
   ) => {

From 267ee5283fd0d504a2c501fd8a09f2cc64ef6072 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 13:18:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0388/1786] move and rename storable.ts

---
 src/index.ts                                   | 2 +-
 src/lib/{storable.ts => proof-system/cache.ts} | 4 ++--
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts            | 2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts                        | 2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                               | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{storable.ts => proof-system/cache.ts} (97%)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 257fd64de0..2a21a86906 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export {
   Undefined,
   Void,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
-export { Cache } from './lib/storable.js';
+export { Cache } from './lib/proof-system/cache.js';
 
 export {
   Token,
diff --git a/src/lib/storable.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from src/lib/storable.ts
rename to src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 45a70f021f..764899afb7 100644
--- a/src/lib/storable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import {
   mkdirSync,
   resolve,
   cacheDir,
-} from './util/fs.js';
-import { jsEnvironment } from '../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
+} from '../util/fs.js';
+import { jsEnvironment } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
 export { Cache, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 6161d6e6dd..c81479671c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { VerifierIndex } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/kimchi-types.js';
 import { getRustConversion } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
 import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
-import { CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion } from '../storable.js';
+import { CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion } from './cache.js';
 import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof_system.js';
 
 export { parseHeader, encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 49388e6b1c..660a3da6e0 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
 import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
-import { Cache } from './storable.js';
+import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import {
   decodeProverKey,
   encodeProverKey,
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 7632c6006a..11f4978e15 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ import {
   inProver,
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
-import { Cache } from './storable.js';
+import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 
 // external API
 export {

From e5be79e9f2fb694e269d1e5ce3519024b5d6d1a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 14:56:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0389/1786] add canWrite bool and allow read to return
 undefined

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts |  8 +++++++-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts       | 24 +++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 764899afb7..e0116b213e 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type Cache = {
    *
    * @param header A small header to identify what is read from the cache.
    */
-  read(header: CacheHeader): Uint8Array;
+  read(header: CacheHeader): Uint8Array | undefined;
   /**
    * Write a value to the cache.
    *
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ type Cache = {
    * @param value The value to write to the cache, as a byte array.
    */
   write(header: CacheHeader, value: Uint8Array): void;
+  /**
+   * Indicates whether the cache is writable.
+   */
+  canWrite: boolean;
 };
 
 const cacheHeaderVersion = 0.1;
@@ -75,6 +79,7 @@ const None: Cache = {
   write() {
     throw Error('not available');
   },
+  canWrite: false,
 };
 
 const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
@@ -95,6 +100,7 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
       encoding: dataType === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,
     });
   },
+  canWrite: jsEnvironment === 'node',
 });
 
 const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('pickles'));
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 660a3da6e0..131ec22bf6 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   methods,
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
-  cache: { read, write },
+  cache,
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -587,30 +587,32 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let maxProofs = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
   overrideWrapDomain ??= maxProofsToWrapDomain[maxProofs];
 
-  let cache: Pickles.Cache = [
+  let picklesCache: Pickles.Cache = [
     0,
-    function read_(key) {
+    function read_(mlHeader) {
       // TODO sanitize program name
-      let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, key);
+      let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
       try {
-        let bytes = read(header);
-        return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(key, bytes));
+        let bytes = cache.read(header);
+        if (bytes === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
+        return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(mlHeader, bytes));
       } catch (e: any) {
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
-    function write_(key, value) {
+    function write_(mlHeader, value) {
+      if (!cache.canWrite) return MlResult.unitError();
       // TODO sanitize program name
-      let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, key);
+      let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
       try {
         let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
-        write(header, bytes);
+        cache.write(header, bytes);
         return MlResult.ok(undefined);
       } catch (e: any) {
         return MlResult.unitError();
       }
     },
-    MlBool(true),
+    MlBool(cache.canWrite),
   ];
 
   let { verificationKey, provers, verify, tag } =
@@ -622,7 +624,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
           result = Pickles.compile(MlArray.to(rules), {
             publicInputSize: publicInputType.sizeInFields(),
             publicOutputSize: publicOutputType.sizeInFields(),
-            cache,
+            cache: picklesCache,
             overrideWrapDomain,
           });
         } finally {

From 4ac50498bd483fa29b88b47e4c97ddf8b554dc07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 15:29:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0390/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 864cb03859..0d36b882ae 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 864cb038593cdad62ce7101990050f03b9d261be
+Subproject commit 0d36b882ae8942dedd1506c1c9c3dbc6981ec7db

From 7268251f0f0c48f855dba6ef807e67504cc78c4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 15:30:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0391/1786] add txnVersion to verification key permission

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 37 +++++++++++++++----
 src/lib/mina.ts                               |  5 ++-
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                       |  5 ++-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts     |  2 +
 .../src/test-vectors/accountUpdate.ts         |  5 ++-
 5 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c1518b1cfa..930ad181af 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,11 @@ import {
 } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
 import { TokenId as Base58TokenId } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import { hashWithPrefix, packToFields } from './hash.js';
-import { mocks, prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
+import {
+  mocks,
+  prefixes,
+  protocolVersions,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
@@ -63,6 +67,10 @@ export {
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
 
+const TxnVersion = {
+  current: () => UInt32.from(512),
+};
+
 type SmartContractContext = {
   this: SmartContract;
   methodCallDepth: number;
@@ -199,7 +207,10 @@ interface Permissions extends Permissions_ {
    * key associated with the circuit tied to this account. Effectively
    * "upgradeability" of the smart contract.
    */
-  setVerificationKey: Permission;
+  setVerificationKey: {
+    auth: Permission;
+    txnVersion: UInt32;
+  };
 
   /**
    * The {@link Permission} corresponding to the ability to set the zkapp uri
@@ -265,7 +276,10 @@ let Permissions = {
     receive: Permission.none(),
     setDelegate: Permission.signature(),
     setPermissions: Permission.signature(),
-    setVerificationKey: Permission.signature(),
+    setVerificationKey: {
+      auth: Permission.signature(),
+      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+    },
     setZkappUri: Permission.signature(),
     editActionState: Permission.proof(),
     setTokenSymbol: Permission.signature(),
@@ -281,7 +295,10 @@ let Permissions = {
     receive: Permission.none(),
     setDelegate: Permission.signature(),
     setPermissions: Permission.signature(),
-    setVerificationKey: Permission.signature(),
+    setVerificationKey: {
+      auth: Permission.signature(),
+      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+    },
     setZkappUri: Permission.signature(),
     editActionState: Permission.signature(),
     setTokenSymbol: Permission.signature(),
@@ -298,7 +315,10 @@ let Permissions = {
     access: Permission.none(),
     setDelegate: Permission.none(),
     setPermissions: Permission.none(),
-    setVerificationKey: Permission.none(),
+    setVerificationKey: {
+      auth: Permission.signature(),
+      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+    },
     setZkappUri: Permission.none(),
     editActionState: Permission.none(),
     setTokenSymbol: Permission.none(),
@@ -314,7 +334,10 @@ let Permissions = {
     access: Permission.impossible(),
     setDelegate: Permission.impossible(),
     setPermissions: Permission.impossible(),
-    setVerificationKey: Permission.impossible(),
+    setVerificationKey: {
+      auth: Permission.signature(),
+      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+    },
     setZkappUri: Permission.impossible(),
     editActionState: Permission.impossible(),
     setTokenSymbol: Permission.impossible(),
@@ -350,7 +373,7 @@ let Permissions = {
     return Object.fromEntries(
       Object.entries(permissions).map(([k, v]) => [
         k,
-        Permissions.fromString(v),
+        Permissions.fromString(typeof v === 'string' ? v : v.auth),
       ])
     ) as unknown as Permissions;
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 505d917d04..3f264976a0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -300,6 +300,9 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
   let self: Transaction = {
     transaction,
     sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]) {
+      self.transaction.accountUpdates.forEach(
+        (a) => (a.body.callData = Field(5))
+      );
       self.transaction = addMissingSignatures(self.transaction, additionalKeys);
       return self;
     },
@@ -1280,7 +1283,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
       case 'delegate':
         return perm.setDelegate;
       case 'verificationKey':
-        return perm.setVerificationKey;
+        return perm.setVerificationKey.auth;
       case 'permissions':
         return perm.setPermissions;
       case 'zkappUri':
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index c45d38587b..0969bedde3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,10 @@ type FetchedAccount = {
     receive: AuthRequired;
     setDelegate: AuthRequired;
     setPermissions: AuthRequired;
-    setVerificationKey: AuthRequired;
+    setVerificationKey: {
+      auth: AuthRequired;
+      txnVersion: string;
+    };
     setZkappUri: AuthRequired;
     editActionState: AuthRequired;
     setTokenSymbol: AuthRequired;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 69578ed193..43e13b08ca 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ function transactionCommitments(zkappCommand: ZkappCommand) {
     feePayerDigest,
     commitment,
   ]);
+  console.log('commitment', commitment);
+  console.log('fullCommitment', fullCommitment);
   return { commitment, fullCommitment };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/accountUpdate.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/accountUpdate.ts
index cb8817b9d4..76eaaa662b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/accountUpdate.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/accountUpdate.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ let accountUpdateExample: Json.AccountUpdate = {
         receive: 'Proof',
         setDelegate: 'Signature',
         setPermissions: 'None',
-        setVerificationKey: 'None',
+        setVerificationKey: {
+          auth: 'None',
+          txnVersion: '3',
+        },
         setZkappUri: 'Signature',
         editActionState: 'Proof',
         setTokenSymbol: 'Signature',

From 7c9d3c3d55c63e267a43de5b6515f7df55ed2981 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 15:48:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0392/1786] revert wrong pickles bindings typing

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts         | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 131ec22bf6..4dfb0214bf 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
           result = Pickles.compile(MlArray.to(rules), {
             publicInputSize: publicInputType.sizeInFields(),
             publicOutputSize: publicOutputType.sizeInFields(),
-            cache: picklesCache,
+            storable: picklesCache,
             overrideWrapDomain,
           });
         } finally {
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 7f01303b74..761fa1c901 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ declare const Pickles: {
     config: {
       publicInputSize: number;
       publicOutputSize: number;
-      cache?: Pickles.Cache;
+      storable?: Pickles.Cache;
       overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
     }
   ) => {

From ce236f934ffc3206e06f4538d0b72d2c259349f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:11:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0393/1786] implement non-disk-filling caching strategy

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts       | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 18 +++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index e0116b213e..459f16d56c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ type CommonHeader = {
    * Header version to avoid parsing incompatible headers.
    */
   version: number;
+  /**
+   * An identifier that is persistent even as version of the data change. Safe to use as a file path.
+   */
+  persistentId: string;
   /**
    * A unique identifier for the data to be read. Safe to use as a file path.
    */
@@ -52,12 +56,12 @@ type CommonHeader = {
 };
 type StepKeyHeader<Kind> = {
   kind: Kind;
-  programId: string;
+  programName: string;
   methodName: string;
   methodIndex: number;
   hash: string;
 };
-type WrapKeyHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind; programId: string; hash: string };
+type WrapKeyHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind; programName: string; hash: string };
 
 /**
  * A header that is passed to the caching layer, to support richer caching strategies.
@@ -83,20 +87,31 @@ const None: Cache = {
 };
 
 const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
-  read({ uniqueId, dataType }) {
+  read({ persistentId, uniqueId, dataType }) {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
+
+    // read current uniqueId, return data if it matches
+    let currentId = readFileSync(
+      resolve(cacheDirectory, `${persistentId}.header`),
+      'utf8'
+    );
+    if (currentId !== uniqueId) return undefined;
+
     if (dataType === 'string') {
-      let string = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, uniqueId), 'utf8');
+      let string = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, persistentId), 'utf8');
       return new TextEncoder().encode(string);
     } else {
-      let buffer = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, uniqueId));
+      let buffer = readFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, persistentId));
       return new Uint8Array(buffer.buffer);
     }
   },
-  write({ uniqueId, dataType }, data) {
+  write({ persistentId, uniqueId, dataType }, data) {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
     mkdirSync(cacheDirectory, { recursive: true });
-    writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, uniqueId), data, {
+    writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, `${persistentId}.header`), uniqueId, {
+      encoding: 'utf8',
+    });
+    writeFileSync(resolve(cacheDirectory, persistentId), data, {
       encoding: dataType === 'string' ? 'utf8' : undefined,
     });
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index c81479671c..5f84ad2689 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ type AnyValue =
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKey];
 
 function parseHeader(
-  programId: string,
+  programName: string,
   methods: MethodInterface[],
   key: AnyKey
 ): CacheHeader {
@@ -113,13 +113,15 @@ function parseHeader(
       let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
       let methodIndex = key[1][3];
       let methodName = methods[methodIndex].methodName;
-      // TODO sanitize unique id
-      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programId}-${methodIndex}-${methodName}-${hash}`;
+      // TODO sanitize ids
+      let persistentId = `${kind}-${programName}-${methodName}`;
+      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programName}-${methodIndex}-${methodName}-${hash}`;
       return {
         version: cacheHeaderVersion,
         uniqueId,
         kind,
-        programId,
+        persistentId,
+        programName,
         methodName,
         methodIndex,
         hash,
@@ -130,13 +132,15 @@ function parseHeader(
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
       let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
       let dataType = snarkKeySerializationType[key[0]];
-      // TODO sanitize unique id
-      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programId}-${hash}`;
+      // TODO sanitize ids
+      let persistentId = `${kind}-${programName}`;
+      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programName}-${hash}`;
       return {
         version: cacheHeaderVersion,
         uniqueId,
         kind,
-        programId,
+        persistentId,
+        programName,
         hash,
         dataType,
       };

From 34a870fca089c7c74b8c235bdf17682383175041 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:11:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0394/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 782ef8c733..9836b6ee4d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 782ef8c7339351d6c52398aa1b8fcd829ef58a1f
+Subproject commit 9836b6ee4d6fe3098d1d6fb59d2b599c147200e8

From 326208ab9a7ec7e5077c2bf077deacd18c62d8bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:24:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0395/1786] add generated constant

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 930ad181af..fe5cf41e4c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ export {
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
 
 const TxnVersion = {
-  current: () => UInt32.from(512),
+  current: () => UInt32.from(protocolVersions.txnVersion),
 };
 
 type SmartContractContext = {

From 84d969cdddae66cb55045b025f5c1a44b3dec888 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:25:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0396/1786] remove debug code

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 3f264976a0..e115ef7f12 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -300,9 +300,6 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
   let self: Transaction = {
     transaction,
     sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]) {
-      self.transaction.accountUpdates.forEach(
-        (a) => (a.body.callData = Field(5))
-      );
       self.transaction = addMissingSignatures(self.transaction, additionalKeys);
       return self;
     },

From 833e634b93e827bba9b076bedc961b080f642740 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:26:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0397/1786] sanitize ids to be filename- and url-safe

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 16 ++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 5f84ad2689..22682b222d 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -113,9 +113,10 @@ function parseHeader(
       let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
       let methodIndex = key[1][3];
       let methodName = methods[methodIndex].methodName;
-      // TODO sanitize ids
-      let persistentId = `${kind}-${programName}-${methodName}`;
-      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programName}-${methodIndex}-${methodName}-${hash}`;
+      let persistentId = sanitize(`${kind}-${programName}-${methodName}`);
+      let uniqueId = sanitize(
+        `${kind}-${programName}-${methodIndex}-${methodName}-${hash}`
+      );
       return {
         version: cacheHeaderVersion,
         uniqueId,
@@ -132,9 +133,8 @@ function parseHeader(
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
       let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
       let dataType = snarkKeySerializationType[key[0]];
-      // TODO sanitize ids
-      let persistentId = `${kind}-${programName}`;
-      let uniqueId = `${kind}-${programName}-${hash}`;
+      let persistentId = sanitize(`${kind}-${programName}`);
+      let uniqueId = sanitize(`${kind}-${programName}-${hash}`);
       return {
         version: cacheHeaderVersion,
         uniqueId,
@@ -216,6 +216,10 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
   }
 }
 
+function sanitize(string: string): string {
+  return string.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9_-]/g, '_');
+}
+
 const snarkKeyStringKind = {
   [KeyType.StepProvingKey]: 'step-pk',
   [KeyType.StepVerificationKey]: 'step-vk',

From c95a29cb0952f4c2a0b85f584d80dbb4acb0d057 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:27:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0398/1786] code organization tweak

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 136 ++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 22682b222d..55026c2251 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -12,72 +12,6 @@ import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof_system.js';
 export { parseHeader, encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
 export type { MlWrapVerificationKey };
 
-// Plonk_constraint_system.Make()().t
-
-class MlConstraintSystem {
-  // opaque type
-}
-
-// Dlog_plonk_based_keypair.Make().t
-
-type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
-  _: 0,
-  index: WasmIndex,
-  cs: MlConstraintSystem
-];
-
-// Snarky_keys_header.t
-
-type MlSnarkKeysHeader = [
-  _: 0,
-  headerVersion: number,
-  kind: [_: 0, type: MlString, identifier: MlString],
-  constraintConstants: unknown,
-  commits: unknown,
-  length: number,
-  commitDate: MlString,
-  constraintSystemHash: MlString,
-  identifyingHash: MlString
-];
-
-// Pickles.Cache.{Step,Wrap}.Key.Proving.t
-
-type MlStepProvingKeyHeader = [
-  _: 0,
-  typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
-  index: number,
-  constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
-];
-
-type MlStepVerificationKeyHeader = [
-  _: 0,
-  typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
-  index: number,
-  digest: unknown
-];
-
-type MlWrapProvingKeyHeader = [
-  _: 0,
-  typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
-  constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
-];
-
-type MlWrapVerificationKeyHeader = [
-  _: 0,
-  typeEqual: number,
-  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
-  digest: unknown
-];
-
-// Pickles.Verification_key.t
-
-class MlWrapVerificationKey {
-  // opaque type
-}
-
 // pickles_bindings.ml, any_key enum
 
 enum KeyType {
@@ -87,8 +21,6 @@ enum KeyType {
   WrapVerificationKey,
 }
 
-// TODO better names
-
 type AnyKey =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlStepProvingKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, MlStepVerificationKeyHeader]
@@ -233,3 +165,71 @@ const snarkKeySerializationType = {
   [KeyType.WrapProvingKey]: 'bytes',
   [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey]: 'string',
 } as const;
+
+// pickles types
+
+// Plonk_constraint_system.Make()().t
+
+class MlConstraintSystem {
+  // opaque type
+}
+
+// Dlog_plonk_based_keypair.Make().t
+
+type MlBackendKeyPair<WasmIndex> = [
+  _: 0,
+  index: WasmIndex,
+  cs: MlConstraintSystem
+];
+
+// Snarky_keys_header.t
+
+type MlSnarkKeysHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  headerVersion: number,
+  kind: [_: 0, type: MlString, identifier: MlString],
+  constraintConstants: unknown,
+  commits: unknown,
+  length: number,
+  commitDate: MlString,
+  constraintSystemHash: MlString,
+  identifyingHash: MlString
+];
+
+// Pickles.Cache.{Step,Wrap}.Key.Proving.t
+
+type MlStepProvingKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
+  index: number,
+  constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
+];
+
+type MlStepVerificationKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
+  index: number,
+  digest: unknown
+];
+
+type MlWrapProvingKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
+  constraintSystem: MlConstraintSystem
+];
+
+type MlWrapVerificationKeyHeader = [
+  _: 0,
+  typeEqual: number,
+  snarkKeysHeader: MlSnarkKeysHeader,
+  digest: unknown
+];
+
+// Pickles.Verification_key.t
+
+class MlWrapVerificationKey {
+  // opaque type
+}

From 29144ff3e5cd9ac8f5137da7083706ca2d0e209e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 16:48:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0399/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9836b6ee4d..7e157de114 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9836b6ee4d6fe3098d1d6fb59d2b599c147200e8
+Subproject commit 7e157de114112ead0faec5575e67a7331de7a1bc

From fad0f31fdb8e6167623ded118d0ddb71f0696be9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 17:06:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0400/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8fc3f99c09..f809dc8d47 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,22 +31,17 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - `Lightnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
-
 - Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
-
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
-
 - `Gadgets.rotate()`, new provable method to support bitwise rotation for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1182
-
 - `Gadgets.xor()`, new provable method to support bitwise xor for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1177
-
 - `Proof.dummy()` to create dummy proofs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1188
   - You can use this to write ZkPrograms that handle the base case and the inductive case in the same method.
 
 ### Changed
 
 - Use cached prover keys in `compile()` when running in Node.js https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1187
-  - Caching is configurable by passing a custom `Storable` (new export) to `compile()`
+  - Caching is configurable by passing a custom `Cache` (new export) to `compile()`
   - By default, prover keys are stored in an OS-dependent cache directory; `~/.cache/pickles` on Mac and Linux
 
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)

From 93f318a8ec7fbf0ff725744d5f75c21c9e5b67d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 17:10:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0401/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts       | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 459f16d56c..78afe44186 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ type CommonHeader = {
    */
   version: number;
   /**
-   * An identifier that is persistent even as version of the data change. Safe to use as a file path.
+   * An identifier that is persistent even as versions of the data change. Safe to use as a file path.
    */
   persistentId: string;
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 4dfb0214bf..9dfc8ce2c6 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -590,7 +590,6 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let picklesCache: Pickles.Cache = [
     0,
     function read_(mlHeader) {
-      // TODO sanitize program name
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
       try {
         let bytes = cache.read(header);
@@ -602,7 +601,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
     },
     function write_(mlHeader, value) {
       if (!cache.canWrite) return MlResult.unitError();
-      // TODO sanitize program name
+
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
       try {
         let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);

From d4f6252681affcf73ded88b4e454ad581324bcad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 17:47:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0402/1786] add custom js deriver

---
 src/bindings                              | 2 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                 | 1 +
 src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts       | 2 ++
 src/lib/testing/random.ts                 | 2 ++
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts | 2 --
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 0d36b882ae..3809752bc4 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 0d36b882ae8942dedd1506c1c9c3dbc6981ec7db
+Subproject commit 3809752bc43a77d18f7a67eaddf7ea0671312c60
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index fe5cf41e4c..a416fd1772 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -718,6 +718,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       this,
       isSelf
     );
+
     this.account = account;
     this.network = network;
     this.currentSlot = currentSlot;
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
index a280b22712..ed35a7ceef 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ function createAccountUpdate() {
   // convert accountUpdate to fields in pure JS, leveraging generated code
   let fields2 = Types.AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
 
+  console.log(json);
+
   // this is useful console output in the case the test should fail
   if (fields1.length !== fields2.length) {
     console.log(
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index b334f61523..c23d52589a 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ const Generators: Generators = {
   null: constant(null),
   string: base58(nat(50)), // TODO replace various strings, like signature, with parsed types
   number: nat(3),
+  TransactionVersion: uint32,
 };
 let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Provable<any>, Random<any>>(
   [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
@@ -238,6 +239,7 @@ const JsonGenerators: JsonGenerators = {
   null: constant(null),
   string: base58(nat(50)),
   number: nat(3),
+  TransactionVersion: json_.uint32,
 };
 let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Provable<any>, Random<any>>(
   [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 43e13b08ca..69578ed193 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -119,8 +119,6 @@ function transactionCommitments(zkappCommand: ZkappCommand) {
     feePayerDigest,
     commitment,
   ]);
-  console.log('commitment', commitment);
-  console.log('fullCommitment', fullCommitment);
   return { commitment, fullCommitment };
 }
 

From 132250dd3f6d05663e48f5c4d44e6f5ac984f2fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 18:15:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0403/1786] change cache directory

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 78afe44186..11e1bf0d96 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
   canWrite: jsEnvironment === 'node',
 });
 
-const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('pickles'));
+const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('o1js'));
 
 const Cache = {
   /**

From 953901f1640590f87b44e33b591f61a0aa85676f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 20:52:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0404/1786] document prover-keys.ts better and use better names
 for some types

---
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/snarky.d.ts                     | 19 ++++-----
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 55026c2251..18b68f27b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+/**
+ * This file provides helpers to
+ * - encode and decode all 4 kinds of snark keys to/from bytes
+ * - create a header which is passed to the `Cache` so that it can figure out where and if to read from cache
+ *
+ * The inputs are `SnarkKeyHeader` and `SnarkKey`, which are OCaml tagged enums defined in pickles_bindings.ml
+ */
 import {
   WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex,
   WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
@@ -9,11 +16,16 @@ import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
 import { CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion } from './cache.js';
 import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof_system.js';
 
-export { parseHeader, encodeProverKey, decodeProverKey, AnyKey, AnyValue };
+export {
+  parseHeader,
+  encodeProverKey,
+  decodeProverKey,
+  SnarkKeyHeader,
+  SnarkKey,
+};
 export type { MlWrapVerificationKey };
 
-// pickles_bindings.ml, any_key enum
-
+// there are 4 types of snark keys in Pickles which we all handle at once
 enum KeyType {
   StepProvingKey,
   StepVerificationKey,
@@ -21,29 +33,32 @@ enum KeyType {
   WrapVerificationKey,
 }
 
-type AnyKey =
+type SnarkKeyHeader =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlStepProvingKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, MlStepVerificationKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlWrapProvingKeyHeader]
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKeyHeader];
 
-type AnyValue =
+type SnarkKey =
   | [KeyType.StepProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex>]
   | [KeyType.StepVerificationKey, VerifierIndex]
   | [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, MlBackendKeyPair<WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex>]
   | [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, MlWrapVerificationKey];
 
+/**
+ * Create `CacheHeader` from a `SnarkKeyHeader` plus some context available to `compile()`
+ */
 function parseHeader(
   programName: string,
   methods: MethodInterface[],
-  key: AnyKey
+  header: SnarkKeyHeader
 ): CacheHeader {
-  let hash = Pickles.util.fromMlString(key[1][2][8]);
-  switch (key[0]) {
+  let hash = Pickles.util.fromMlString(header[1][2][8]);
+  switch (header[0]) {
     case KeyType.StepProvingKey:
     case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
-      let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
-      let methodIndex = key[1][3];
+      let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[header[0]];
+      let methodIndex = header[1][3];
       let methodName = methods[methodIndex].methodName;
       let persistentId = sanitize(`${kind}-${programName}-${methodName}`);
       let uniqueId = sanitize(
@@ -58,13 +73,13 @@ function parseHeader(
         methodName,
         methodIndex,
         hash,
-        dataType: snarkKeySerializationType[key[0]],
+        dataType: snarkKeySerializationType[header[0]],
       };
     }
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey:
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
-      let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[key[0]];
-      let dataType = snarkKeySerializationType[key[0]];
+      let kind = snarkKeyStringKind[header[0]];
+      let dataType = snarkKeySerializationType[header[0]];
       let persistentId = sanitize(`${kind}-${programName}`);
       let uniqueId = sanitize(`${kind}-${programName}-${hash}`);
       return {
@@ -80,7 +95,10 @@ function parseHeader(
   }
 }
 
-function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
+/**
+ * Encode a snark key to bytes
+ */
+function encodeProverKey(value: SnarkKey): Uint8Array {
   let wasm = getWasm();
   switch (value[0]) {
     case KeyType.StepProvingKey: {
@@ -111,13 +129,16 @@ function encodeProverKey(value: AnyValue): Uint8Array {
   }
 }
 
-function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
+/**
+ * Decode bytes to a snark key with the help of its header
+ */
+function decodeProverKey(header: SnarkKeyHeader, bytes: Uint8Array): SnarkKey {
   let wasm = getWasm();
-  switch (key[0]) {
+  switch (header[0]) {
     case KeyType.StepProvingKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFp();
       let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fp_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
-      let cs = key[1][4];
+      let cs = header[1][4];
       return [KeyType.StepProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     }
     case KeyType.StepVerificationKey: {
@@ -134,7 +155,7 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
     case KeyType.WrapProvingKey: {
       let srs = Pickles.loadSrsFq();
       let index = wasm.caml_pasta_fq_plonk_index_decode(bytes, srs);
-      let cs = key[1][3];
+      let cs = header[1][3];
       return [KeyType.WrapProvingKey, [0, index, cs]];
     }
     case KeyType.WrapVerificationKey: {
@@ -143,11 +164,14 @@ function decodeProverKey(key: AnyKey, bytes: Uint8Array): AnyValue {
       return [KeyType.WrapVerificationKey, vk];
     }
     default:
-      key satisfies never;
+      header satisfies never;
       throw Error('todo');
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Sanitize a string so that it can be used as a file name
+ */
 function sanitize(string: string): string {
   return string.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9_-]/g, '_');
 }
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 761fa1c901..3c0419f643 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ import type {
   MlString,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
-import type * as ProverKeys from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.js';
+import type {
+  SnarkKey,
+  SnarkKeyHeader,
+  MlWrapVerificationKey,
+} from './lib/proof-system/prover-keys.js';
 import { getWasm } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import type {
   WasmFpSrs,
@@ -639,13 +643,10 @@ declare namespace Pickles {
    */
   type Cache = [
     _: 0,
-    read: (
-      key: ProverKeys.AnyKey,
-      path: string
-    ) => MlResult<ProverKeys.AnyValue, MlUnit>,
+    read: (header: SnarkKeyHeader, path: string) => MlResult<SnarkKey, MlUnit>,
     write: (
-      key: ProverKeys.AnyKey,
-      value: ProverKeys.AnyValue,
+      header: SnarkKeyHeader,
+      value: SnarkKey,
       path: string
     ) => MlResult<undefined, MlUnit>,
     canWrite: MlBool
@@ -719,8 +720,8 @@ declare const Pickles: {
    */
   dummyVerificationKey: () => [_: 0, data: string, hash: FieldConst];
 
-  encodeVerificationKey: (vk: ProverKeys.MlWrapVerificationKey) => string;
-  decodeVerificationKey: (vk: string) => ProverKeys.MlWrapVerificationKey;
+  encodeVerificationKey: (vk: MlWrapVerificationKey) => string;
+  decodeVerificationKey: (vk: string) => MlWrapVerificationKey;
 
   proofToBase64: (proof: [0 | 1 | 2, Pickles.Proof]) => string;
   proofOfBase64: <N extends 0 | 1 | 2>(

From ad44550972e085c69bee628cbcca3645fdb164f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 30 Oct 2023 20:53:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0405/1786] remove noop statement

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
index 098d651779..60f5643b6d 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
@@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-sender;
 
 console.log('final state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
 console.log(`final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);

From a5fdfb2e1cc511e5415c5a7e210f7b91b37dee17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 08:37:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0406/1786] update readme-dev with new workflows

---
 README-dev.md | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 2cd50c025c..e77b02b95d 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -11,16 +11,19 @@ npm run build
 ./run src/examples/api_exploration.ts
 ```
 
-## Build and run the web version
+## Run examples in the browser
 
 ```sh
 npm install
 npm run build:web
-npm run serve:web
+
+./run-in-browser.js src/examples/api_exploration.ts
 ```
 
 To see the test running in a web browser, go to `http://localhost:8000/`.
 
+Note: Some of our examples don't work on the web because they use Node.js APIs.
+
 ## Run tests
 
 - Unit tests
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ To see the test running in a web browser, go to `http://localhost:8000/`.
 
 ## Branch Compatibility
 
-o1js is mostly used to write Mina Smart Contracts and must be compatible with the latest Berkeley Testnet, or soon Mainnet. 
+o1js is mostly used to write Mina Smart Contracts and must be compatible with the latest Berkeley Testnet, or soon Mainnet.
 
 The OCaml code is in the o1js-bindings repository, not directly in o1js.
 
@@ -58,17 +61,20 @@ To maintain compatibility between the repositories and build o1js from the [Mina
 
 The following branches are compatible:
 
-| repository | mina -> o1js -> o1js-bindings |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
-| branches   | rampup -> main -> main                |
-|            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley      |
-|            | develop -> develop -> develop         |
+| repository | mina -> o1js -> o1js-bindings    |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------- |
+| branches   | o1js-main -> main -> main        |
+|            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
+|            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
 ## Run the GitHub actions locally
 
 <!-- The test example should stay in sync with a real value set in .github/workflows/build-actions.yml -->
+
 You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First generate a GitHub token and use:
+
 ```
 act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $GITHUB_TOKEN
 ```
+
 to execute the job "Build-And-Test-Server for the test type `Simple integration tests`.

From 5162e280ed84fe8a10d9870527f23e87f1d745cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 08:45:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0407/1786] package.json grooming

---
 package.json | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 1ade0ac845..8afc4990a4 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
     "node": ">=16.4.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "type-check": "tsc --noEmit",
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "make": "make -C ../../.. snarkyjs",
     "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
@@ -53,15 +52,14 @@
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc",
-    "serve:web": "cp src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/server.js src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/index.html src/examples/simple_zkapp.js dist/web && node dist/web/server.js",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
     "prepublishOnly": "npm run prepublish:web && npm run prepublish:node",
     "dump-vks": "./run src/examples/vk_regression.ts --bundle --dump ./src/examples/regression_test.json",
     "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown **/*",
-    "test": "./run-jest-tests.sh",
     "clean": "rimraf ./dist && rimraf ./src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings",
     "clean-all": "npm run clean && rimraf ./tests/report && rimraf ./tests/test-artifacts",
+    "test": "./run-jest-tests.sh",
     "test:integration": "./run-integration-tests.sh",
     "test:unit": "./run-unit-tests.sh",
     "test:e2e": "rimraf ./tests/report && rimraf ./tests/test-artifacts && npx playwright test",

From a20f367c3aefb55a3a3edffd3fb8c0dad1b8e1a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 08:51:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0408/1786] move example code from compiled bindings to
 examples folder

---
 package.json                       |  2 +-
 src/examples/plain-html/index.html | 15 +++++++++++
 src/examples/plain-html/server.js  | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/plain-html/index.html
 create mode 100644 src/examples/plain-html/server.js

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 8afc4990a4..9e126225c0 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     "test:integration": "./run-integration-tests.sh",
     "test:unit": "./run-unit-tests.sh",
     "test:e2e": "rimraf ./tests/report && rimraf ./tests/test-artifacts && npx playwright test",
-    "e2e:prepare-server": "npm run build:examples && (cp -rf dist/examples dist/web || :) && node src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js && cp -rf src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/index.html src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/server.js tests/artifacts/html/*.html tests/artifacts/javascript/*.js dist/web",
+    "e2e:prepare-server": "npm run build:examples && (cp -rf dist/examples dist/web || :) && node src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js && cp -rf src/examples/plain-html/index.html src/examples/plain-html/server.js tests/artifacts/html/*.html tests/artifacts/javascript/*.js dist/web",
     "e2e:run-server": "node dist/web/server.js",
     "e2e:install": "npx playwright install --with-deps",
     "e2e:show-report": "npx playwright show-report tests/report"
diff --git a/src/examples/plain-html/index.html b/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0678fde35a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>hello-snarkyjs</title>
+    <script type="importmap">
+      { "imports": { "snarkyjs": "./index.js" } }
+    </script>    
+    <script type="module" src="./simple_zkapp.js">
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>Check out the console (F12)</div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/src/examples/plain-html/server.js b/src/examples/plain-html/server.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc7679626c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/plain-html/server.js
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import fs from 'node:fs/promises';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import http from 'node:http';
+
+const port = 8000;
+const defaultHeaders = {
+  'content-type': 'text/html',
+  'Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy': 'require-corp',
+  'Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy': 'same-origin',
+};
+
+const server = http.createServer(async (req, res) => {
+  let file = '.' + req.url;
+  console.log(file);
+
+  if (file === './') file = './index.html';
+  let content;
+  try {
+    content = await fs.readFile(path.resolve('./dist/web', file), 'utf8');
+  } catch (err) {
+    res.writeHead(404, defaultHeaders);
+    res.write('<html><body>404</body><html>');
+    res.end();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const extension = path.basename(file).split('.').pop();
+  const contentType = {
+    html: 'text/html',
+    js: 'application/javascript',
+    map: 'application/json',
+  }[extension];
+  const headers = { ...defaultHeaders, 'content-type': contentType };
+
+  res.writeHead(200, headers);
+  res.write(content);
+  res.end();
+});
+
+server.listen(port, () => {
+  console.log(`Server is running on: http://localhost:${port}`);
+});

From 126dddeb34bd3fe842e3bb08f9adc7a86b52c5c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 08:51:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0409/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 5e5befc857..e247e50af4 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 5e5befc8579393dadb96be1917642f860624ed07
+Subproject commit e247e50af4c952a72b13b5a6754c6d2677d9d721

From 596952b64ff017c45cbcb79dad7918c1740b5f7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:27:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0410/1786] add utils to include a version number of some data
 type

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 15 +++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 11e1bf0d96..27344d53cb 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '../util/fs.js';
 import { jsEnvironment } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
-export { Cache, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion };
+export { Cache, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion, withVersion };
 
 /**
  * Interface for storing and retrieving values, for caching.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ type Cache = {
   canWrite: boolean;
 };
 
-const cacheHeaderVersion = 0.1;
+const cacheHeaderVersion = 1;
 
 type CommonHeader = {
   /**
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ type StepKeyHeader<Kind> = {
   hash: string;
 };
 type WrapKeyHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind; programName: string; hash: string };
+type PlainHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind };
 
 /**
  * A header that is passed to the caching layer, to support richer caching strategies.
@@ -73,9 +74,19 @@ type CacheHeader = (
   | StepKeyHeader<'step-vk'>
   | WrapKeyHeader<'wrap-pk'>
   | WrapKeyHeader<'wrap-vk'>
+  | PlainHeader<'srs'>
+  | PlainHeader<'lagrange-basis'>
 ) &
   CommonHeader;
 
+function withVersion(
+  header: Omit<CacheHeader, 'version'>,
+  version = cacheHeaderVersion
+): CacheHeader {
+  let uniqueId = `${header.uniqueId}-${version}`;
+  return { ...header, version, uniqueId } as CacheHeader;
+}
+
 const None: Cache = {
   read() {
     throw Error('not available');

From 9376a34ce68df7b96ede991dbdf4840b1051409d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:27:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0411/1786] fixup merge

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 40635f0c02..68ae82d1ca 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
       withThreadPool(async () => {
         let result: ReturnType<typeof Pickles.compile>;
         let id = snarkContext.enter({ inCompile: true });
-        setSrsCache(storable);
+        setSrsCache(cache);
         try {
           result = Pickles.compile(MlArray.to(rules), {
             publicInputSize: publicInputType.sizeInFields(),

From b62546b757e047ffa8208eb6508ee2e34c5d9346 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:30:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0412/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index e81704e3aa..a27f4f0455 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit e81704e3aac3b10f08724ae559e18010fa973f0c
+Subproject commit a27f4f0455513e4c0013a310b0556caea63183b1

From e0126f7d7fc77ce5722d02aafdaa58a7ae6f4f22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 11:22:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0413/1786] bindings for web fix

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a27f4f0455..45dbd6e6c6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a27f4f0455513e4c0013a310b0556caea63183b1
+Subproject commit 45dbd6e6c6dcfb54baa461f7a1a5854b8fd8576c

From e37b5fb938f40920e85b6f10e1c47d51aec8fe33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 13:23:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0414/1786] export cache header

---
 src/index.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 2a21a86906..59d6f5eb5a 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export {
   Undefined,
   Void,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
-export { Cache } from './lib/proof-system/cache.js';
+export { Cache, CacheHeader } from './lib/proof-system/cache.js';
 
 export {
   Token,

From c07af69560b0575dfdd4a4bc2eebc22353ace6ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 13:24:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0415/1786] add debug option to cache and encapsulate some
 read/write logic

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 27344d53cb..fe332387a6 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ import {
 } from '../util/fs.js';
 import { jsEnvironment } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/env.js';
 
-export { Cache, CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion, withVersion };
+// external API
+export { Cache, CacheHeader };
+
+// internal API
+export { readCache, writeCache, withVersion, cacheHeaderVersion };
 
 /**
  * Interface for storing and retrieving values, for caching.
@@ -31,6 +35,13 @@ type Cache = {
    * Indicates whether the cache is writable.
    */
   canWrite: boolean;
+  /**
+   * If `isDebug` is toggled, cache read and write errors are logged to the console.
+   *
+   * By default, cache errors are silent, because they don't necessarily represent an error condition,
+   * but could just be a cache miss or file system permissions incompatible with writing data.
+   */
+  debug?: boolean;
 };
 
 const cacheHeaderVersion = 1;
@@ -54,6 +65,7 @@ type CommonHeader = {
    */
   dataType: 'string' | 'bytes';
 };
+
 type StepKeyHeader<Kind> = {
   kind: Kind;
   programName: string;
@@ -65,7 +77,7 @@ type WrapKeyHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind; programName: string; hash: string };
 type PlainHeader<Kind> = { kind: Kind };
 
 /**
- * A header that is passed to the caching layer, to support richer caching strategies.
+ * A header that is passed to the caching layer, to support rich caching strategies.
  *
  * Both `uniqueId` and `programId` can safely be used as a file path.
  */
@@ -87,6 +99,28 @@ function withVersion(
   return { ...header, version, uniqueId } as CacheHeader;
 }
 
+// default methods to interact with a cache
+
+function readCache(cache: Cache, header: CacheHeader) {
+  try {
+    let result = cache.read(header);
+    if (result === undefined && cache.debug) console.trace('Cache miss');
+    return result;
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (cache.debug) console.log('Failed to read cache', e);
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+function writeCache(cache: Cache, header: CacheHeader, value: Uint8Array) {
+  if (!cache.canWrite) return;
+  try {
+    cache.write(header, value);
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (cache.debug) console.log('Failed to write cache', e);
+  }
+}
+
 const None: Cache = {
   read() {
     throw Error('not available');

From 6aeb06882d85dd6e515afaf62bcc0bb2275a0b83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 13:56:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0416/1786] make internal cache helpers handle try-catch

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index fe332387a6..c3571af782 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -101,11 +101,25 @@ function withVersion(
 
 // default methods to interact with a cache
 
-function readCache(cache: Cache, header: CacheHeader) {
+function readCache(cache: Cache, header: CacheHeader): Uint8Array | undefined;
+function readCache<T>(
+  cache: Cache,
+  header: CacheHeader,
+  transform: (x: Uint8Array) => T
+): T | undefined;
+function readCache<T>(
+  cache: Cache,
+  header: CacheHeader,
+  transform?: (x: Uint8Array) => T
+): T | undefined {
   try {
     let result = cache.read(header);
-    if (result === undefined && cache.debug) console.trace('Cache miss');
-    return result;
+    if (result === undefined) {
+      if (cache.debug) console.trace('cache miss');
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    if (transform === undefined) return result as any as T;
+    return transform(result);
   } catch (e) {
     if (cache.debug) console.log('Failed to read cache', e);
     return undefined;
@@ -113,11 +127,13 @@ function readCache(cache: Cache, header: CacheHeader) {
 }
 
 function writeCache(cache: Cache, header: CacheHeader, value: Uint8Array) {
-  if (!cache.canWrite) return;
+  if (!cache.canWrite) return false;
   try {
     cache.write(header, value);
+    return true;
   } catch (e) {
     if (cache.debug) console.log('Failed to write cache', e);
+    return false;
   }
 }
 

From ee0daeb11674238df02c435c406b2e1298bde013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 13:57:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0417/1786] use internal helpers in compile

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 25 ++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 68ae82d1ca..8ef1bc9fc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
 import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
-import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
+import { Cache, readCache, writeCache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import {
   decodeProverKey,
   encodeProverKey,
@@ -592,25 +592,20 @@ async function compileProgram({
     0,
     function read_(mlHeader) {
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
-      try {
-        let bytes = cache.read(header);
-        if (bytes === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
-        return MlResult.ok(decodeProverKey(mlHeader, bytes));
-      } catch (e: any) {
-        return MlResult.unitError();
-      }
+      let result = readCache(cache, header, (bytes) =>
+        decodeProverKey(mlHeader, bytes)
+      );
+      if (result === undefined) return MlResult.unitError();
+      return MlResult.ok(result);
     },
     function write_(mlHeader, value) {
       if (!cache.canWrite) return MlResult.unitError();
 
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
-      try {
-        let bytes = encodeProverKey(value);
-        cache.write(header, bytes);
-        return MlResult.ok(undefined);
-      } catch (e: any) {
-        return MlResult.unitError();
-      }
+      let didWrite = writeCache(cache, header, encodeProverKey(value));
+
+      if (!didWrite) return MlResult.unitError();
+      return MlResult.ok(undefined);
     },
     MlBool(cache.canWrite),
   ];

From dec1cdaece5697b80b377598993509e5582efc36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:06:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0418/1786] expose debug param

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index c3571af782..0aa99c4c3c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ const None: Cache = {
   canWrite: false,
 };
 
-const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
+const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string, debug?: boolean): Cache => ({
   read({ persistentId, uniqueId, dataType }) {
     if (jsEnvironment !== 'node') throw Error('file system not available');
 
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ const FileSystem = (cacheDirectory: string): Cache => ({
     });
   },
   canWrite: jsEnvironment === 'node',
+  debug,
 });
 
 const FileSystemDefault = FileSystem(cacheDir('o1js'));

From 4de770dc5442720740640762517af0ab7e4f94a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:14:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0419/1786] add TransactionVersion

---
 src/index.ts              |  1 +
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 0813d3da4d..5e684ddb03 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ export {
   AccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
   ZkappPublicInput,
+  TransactionVersion,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index a416fd1772..ac94a8f091 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 
 // external API
-export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
+export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput, TransactionVersion };
 // internal API
 export {
   smartContractContext,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export {
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
 
-const TxnVersion = {
+const TransactionVersion = {
   current: () => UInt32.from(protocolVersions.txnVersion),
 };
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ let Permissions = {
     setPermissions: Permission.signature(),
     setVerificationKey: {
       auth: Permission.signature(),
-      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+      txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
     },
     setZkappUri: Permission.signature(),
     editActionState: Permission.proof(),
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ let Permissions = {
     setPermissions: Permission.signature(),
     setVerificationKey: {
       auth: Permission.signature(),
-      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+      txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
     },
     setZkappUri: Permission.signature(),
     editActionState: Permission.signature(),
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ let Permissions = {
     setPermissions: Permission.none(),
     setVerificationKey: {
       auth: Permission.signature(),
-      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+      txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
     },
     setZkappUri: Permission.none(),
     editActionState: Permission.none(),
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ let Permissions = {
     setPermissions: Permission.impossible(),
     setVerificationKey: {
       auth: Permission.signature(),
-      txnVersion: TxnVersion.current(),
+      txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
     },
     setZkappUri: Permission.impossible(),
     editActionState: Permission.impossible(),

From ec32d2a639298f31b5589ce1395757484e2ed3d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:15:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0420/1786] adjust examples to work with minimal solution

---
 src/bindings                                | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts    | 6 +++++-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts | 6 +++++-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts    | 6 +++++-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts        | 6 +++++-
 src/examples/zkapps/zkapp-self-update.ts    | 7 ++++++-
 6 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3809752bc4..5f9f3a3a30 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3809752bc43a77d18f7a67eaddf7ea0671312c60
+Subproject commit 5f9f3a3a30d3e98e7f42764ddf4d5c3b9db45a9e
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 31d4812a51..2cee0e003c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   Permissions,
   PrivateKey,
   UInt64,
+  TransactionVersion,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
@@ -427,7 +428,10 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     let update = AccountUpdate.createSigned(addresses.dex);
     update.account.permissions.set({
       ...Permissions.initial(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.impossible(),
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: Permissions.impossible(),
+        txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
+      },
     });
   });
   await tx.prove();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts
index e2ca2d1068..bc543d85a0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   method,
   DeployArgs,
   Permissions,
+  TransactionVersion,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 export class DummyContract extends SmartContract {
@@ -18,7 +19,10 @@ export class DummyContract extends SmartContract {
       editState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
       editActionState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
       setPermissions: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: Permissions.signature(),
+        txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
+      },
       incrementNonce: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
     });
     this.sum.set(Field(0));
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts
index 8a7d38611d..42e1609c0b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   provablePure,
   AccountUpdate,
   Provable,
+  TransactionVersion,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 import { Member } from './member.js';
 import { ParticipantPreconditions } from './preconditions.js';
@@ -74,7 +75,10 @@ export class Membership_ extends SmartContract {
       editState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
       editActionState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
       setPermissions: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+        txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
+      },
       incrementNonce: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts
index 2cef7197c3..034eaf3f93 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   provablePure,
   AccountUpdate,
   Provable,
+  TransactionVersion,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 import { Member } from './member.js';
@@ -103,7 +104,10 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
       editState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
       editActionState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
       incrementNonce: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.none(),
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: Permissions.none(),
+        txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
+      },
       setPermissions: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
     });
     this.accumulatedVotes.set(Reducer.initialActionState);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/zkapp-self-update.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/zkapp-self-update.ts
index 1400c6554a..9baa9770ce 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/zkapp-self-update.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/zkapp-self-update.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Circuit,
   Provable,
+  TransactionVersion,
+  UInt32,
 } from 'snarkyjs';
 
 class Foo extends SmartContract {
@@ -19,7 +21,10 @@ class Foo extends SmartContract {
     super.init();
     this.account.permissions.set({
       ...Permissions.default(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.proof(),
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: Permissions.proof(),
+        txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
+      },
     });
   }
 

From 02433b2cfa4a86ff7f7223b5320db812a4aebba1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:29:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0421/1786] document caching more

---
 src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
index 0aa99c4c3c..42343c88fc 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/cache.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,17 @@ export { readCache, writeCache, withVersion, cacheHeaderVersion };
 /**
  * Interface for storing and retrieving values, for caching.
  * `read()` and `write()` can just throw errors on failure.
+ *
+ * The data that will be passed to the cache for writing is exhaustively described by the {@link CacheHeader} type.
+ * It represents one of the following:
+ * - The SRS. This is a deterministic lists of curve points (one per curve) that needs to be generated just once,
+ *   to be used for polynomial commitments.
+ * - Lagrange basis commitments. Similar to the SRS, this will be created once for every power-of-2 circuit size.
+ * - Prover and verifier keys for every compiled circuit.
+ *
+ * Per smart contract or ZkProgram, several different keys are created:
+ * - a step prover key (`step-pk`) and verification key (`step-vk`) _for every method_.
+ * - a wrap prover key (`wrap-pk`) and verification key (`wrap-vk`) for the entire contract.
  */
 type Cache = {
   /**
@@ -24,6 +35,7 @@ type Cache = {
    * @param header A small header to identify what is read from the cache.
    */
   read(header: CacheHeader): Uint8Array | undefined;
+
   /**
    * Write a value to the cache.
    *
@@ -31,15 +43,17 @@ type Cache = {
    * @param value The value to write to the cache, as a byte array.
    */
   write(header: CacheHeader, value: Uint8Array): void;
+
   /**
    * Indicates whether the cache is writable.
    */
   canWrite: boolean;
+
   /**
-   * If `isDebug` is toggled, cache read and write errors are logged to the console.
+   * If `debug` is toggled, `read()` and `write()` errors are logged to the console.
    *
    * By default, cache errors are silent, because they don't necessarily represent an error condition,
-   * but could just be a cache miss or file system permissions incompatible with writing data.
+   * but could just be a cache miss, or file system permissions incompatible with writing data.
    */
   debug?: boolean;
 };
@@ -186,12 +200,18 @@ const Cache = {
   /**
    * Store data on the file system, in a directory of your choice.
    *
+   * Data will be stored in two files per cache entry: a data file and a `.header` file.
+   * The header file just contains a unique string which is used to determine whether we can use the cached data.
+   *
    * Note: this {@link Cache} only caches data in Node.js.
    */
   FileSystem,
   /**
    * Store data on the file system, in a standard cache directory depending on the OS.
    *
+   * Data will be stored in two files per cache entry: a data file and a `.header` file.
+   * The header file just contains a unique string which is used to determine whether we can use the cached data.
+   *
    * Note: this {@link Cache} only caches data in Node.js.
    */
   FileSystemDefault,

From b253629d78de090858572ea151609d1ba02b90a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:30:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0422/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 45dbd6e6c6..03cc35851b 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 45dbd6e6c6dcfb54baa461f7a1a5854b8fd8576c
+Subproject commit 03cc35851bb753500793b63a90f72b2131fae95c

From 67ea2f7ab68016eeb24c040c9a13cb3f651ac02a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:32:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0423/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f809dc8d47..d97e6b1ead 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,6 +43,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Use cached prover keys in `compile()` when running in Node.js https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1187
   - Caching is configurable by passing a custom `Cache` (new export) to `compile()`
   - By default, prover keys are stored in an OS-dependent cache directory; `~/.cache/pickles` on Mac and Linux
+- Use cached setup points (SRS and Lagrange bases) when running in Node.js https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1197
+  - Also, speed up SRS generation by using multiple threads
+  - Together with caching of prover keys, this speeds up compilation time by roughly
+    - **86%** when everything is cached
+    - **34%** when nothing is cached
 
 ## [0.13.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/c2f392fe5...045faa7)
 

From 3785f9bae532285fb5d30ff3f91ed5f90d0899ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 14:51:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0424/1786] dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 94 +++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index c8916cc0c4..ac928854b5 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -1,139 +1,139 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "2f0ca1dca22d7af925d31d23f3d4e37686ec1755a9f069063ae3b6300f6b3920",
+    "digest": "3d94f280d3d143b91564d659073b641b21f6e0ca8d8549c4f9f37434ebeea399",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
         "rows": 1260,
-        "digest": "5d6fa3b1f0f781fba8894da098827088"
+        "digest": "9f1d08069b07c165fe425b9b1b83d3ba"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
         "rows": 1260,
-        "digest": "abf93b4d926a8743bf622da4ee0f88b2"
+        "digest": "6e9e689b9d1bd2eedcc323c842cf8c87"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
-        "rows": 1146,
-        "digest": "197ce95e1895f940278034d20ab24274"
+        "rows": 1147,
+        "digest": "6189a2bf4c618401d61d30aac6328cea"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1674,
-        "digest": "a0dd0be93734dc39d52fc7d60d0f0bab"
+        "rows": 1675,
+        "digest": "ab1190db893274db9cd64d8c306d8b4a"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5797,
-        "digest": "9c5503e03dcbb6b04c907eb1da43e26e"
+        "digest": "cf02e1cd65980bafaf249c0444bfddf3"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "11565671297372915311669581079391063231397733208021234592662736001743584177724"
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   "Membership_": {
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     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
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       "publish": {
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   "HelloWorld": {
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     "methods": {
       "update": {
         "rows": 2352,
-        "digest": "217224955830a2c0db65a6dcc91cae29"
+        "digest": "5fd358199036f97e4d5dd88b8c90f644"
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   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "2039439604f1b4a88563bd34178bb380c0d998cc662b8fe9b9ea1164eefe70c7",
+    "digest": "3d52c586067f910c9e2d2c4845f87bc8a94ecae0f29173925a3c84ac792fb4c9",
     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
-        "rows": 3752,
-        "digest": "8d00a233c53340e6ef8898bb40ad919c"
+        "rows": 3754,
+        "digest": "94cc0fcf15c730ce5985eab050af69ee"
       },
       "swapX": {
-        "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "23a2ddbc46117681d58c03a130cfee3f"
+        "rows": 1987,
+        "digest": "b19ba33a99fce487fa57a26d4f94acef"
       },
       "swapY": {
-        "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "c218b1e81ac390ba81678a5be89bc7a7"
+        "rows": 1987,
+        "digest": "4de0b8ee16a3d16c1c35ca35b7afb5b3"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
         "rows": 719,
-        "digest": "63d13fc14775e43e4f6dd6245b74d516"
+        "digest": "2efa6087ee0f835cd54af2f2be520738"
       },
       "transfer": {
         "rows": 1045,
-        "digest": "dd6f98961085734ff5ec578746db3a53"
+        "digest": "f884b397fd90eb23d5687d9540fd2ba9"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "14012766312159048636010037107657830276597168503405582242210403680501924916774"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "25368023113388663131248907317546981854837405077704880729120589306824127621207"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From 8d803a20c66127f8f9ba7ed13b6a39f37da284d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 15:11:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0425/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d97e6b1ead..2588d44c1f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...HEAD)
+
+> No unreleased changes yet
+
+## [0.14.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...e8e7510e1)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 

From 8bd47f1d881e8658b463cd35cfd024739a5b81bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2023 15:12:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0426/1786] 0.14.0

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index e8dc3eebf8..640490462f 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.13.1",
+  "version": "0.14.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 2,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.13.1",
+      "version": "0.14.0",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 6367d83de1..7fadc8b5f5 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.13.1",
+  "version": "0.14.0",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From 6ace3a1d5012a60b415df58649200d16b1b7ca97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 00:13:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0427/1786] Use infix bitwise operators

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts           |  9 ++++-----
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 3cf33abc1e..eed902df2e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 
@@ -33,13 +32,13 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
       `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
     );
 
-    return new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
+    return new Field(a.toBigInt() ^ b.toBigInt());
   }
 
   // calculate expect xor output
   let outputXor = Provable.witness(
     Field,
-    () => new Field(Fp.xor(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
+    () => new Field(a.toBigInt() ^ b.toBigInt())
   );
 
   // builds the xor gadget chain
@@ -139,13 +138,13 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
       `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
     );
 
-    return new Field(Fp.and(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()));
+    return new Field(a.toBigInt() & b.toBigInt());
   }
 
   // calculate expect and output
   let outputAnd = Provable.witness(
     Field,
-    () => new Field(Fp.and(a.toBigInt(), b.toBigInt()))
+    () => new Field(a.toBigInt() & b.toBigInt())
   );
 
   // compute values for gate
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 5fb6073646..dab397e558 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   field,
   fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
-    Fp.xor,
+    (x, y) => x ^ y,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.xor(x, y, length)
   );
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
-    Fp.and,
+    (x, y) => x & y,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.and(x, y, length)
   );
 });
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   (x, y) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n || y >= 2n ** 64n)
       throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
-    return Fp.xor(x, y);
+    return x ^ y;
   },
   async (x, y) => {
     let proof = await Bitwise.xor(x, y);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   (x, y) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n || y >= 2n ** 64n)
       throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
-    return Fp.and(x, y);
+    return x & y;
   },
   async (x, y) => {
     let proof = await Bitwise.and(x, y);

From 833445b2bec0bf9b04fefae34d499f584241f926 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 00:14:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0428/1786] Bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f20ab7aa7d..c76cd48e8d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f20ab7aa7de403b410ee7f34823c6d0d80736043
+Subproject commit c76cd48e8d6218d030b7ceb77603a84104deea7c

From a4eabbb3f02a2a6e882a5a5696d0d44e80f97dad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 00:33:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0429/1786] Rename basic gate to generic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gates.ts           | 6 +++---
 src/snarky.d.ts            | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index eed902df2e..31238e0448 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   let xor_output = xor(a, b, length);
   let and_output = outputAnd;
 
-  Gates.basic(
+  Gates.generic(
     FieldConst['1'],
     sum,
     FieldConst['-1'],
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 0c026a4dfe..605989be2a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero, basic };
+export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero, generic };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ function xor(
 /**
  * Generic gate
  */
-function basic(
+function generic(
   sl: FieldConst,
   l: Field,
   sr: FieldConst,
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ function basic(
   sm: FieldConst,
   sc: FieldConst
 ) {
-  Snarky.gates.basic(sl, l.value, sr, r.value, so, o.value, sm, sc);
+  Snarky.gates.generic(sl, l.value, sr, r.value, so, o.value, sm, sc);
 }
 
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index a90f5dc3d7..aec1e90211 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
 
     zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
 
-    basic(
+    generic(
       sl: FieldConst,
       l: FieldVar,
       sr: FieldConst,

From c048023730ff5c70e355e9564a98c7f284530f3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 01:13:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0430/1786] Do AND in o1js instead of calling generic directly

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 17 +++--------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 31238e0448..3c55366054 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -148,21 +148,10 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   );
 
   // compute values for gate
-  // explanation here: https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and
+  // explanation: https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and
   let sum = a.add(b);
-  let xor_output = xor(a, b, length);
-  let and_output = outputAnd;
-
-  Gates.generic(
-    FieldConst['1'],
-    sum,
-    FieldConst['-1'],
-    xor_output,
-    FieldConst.fromBigint(-2n),
-    and_output,
-    FieldConst['0'],
-    FieldConst['0']
-  );
+  let xorOutput = xor(a, b, length);
+  outputAnd.mul(2).add(xorOutput).assertEquals(sum);
 
   // return the result of the and operation
   return outputAnd;

From b94bfd89720e32ca0d36660239e058c61a00abc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 07:39:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0431/1786] Bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a7f73ee3a5..bc3abc3d58 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a7f73ee3a5fec7a0f4c11dd841173fef3e7c9262
+Subproject commit bc3abc3d583517bba00e4ea17a0226bd5176dfb1

From bcfe4dd97d5168d16e1008060409d955089f414b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 08:38:11 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0432/1786] Improve generic gate interface and doccomment

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 3ea9885fde..75f0f063e7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -101,19 +101,36 @@ function xor(
 }
 
 /**
- * Generic gate
+ * [Generic gate](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=foreignfield#double-generic-gate)
+ * The vanilla PLONK gate that allows us to do operations like:
+ * * addition of two registers (into an output register)
+ * * multiplication of two registers
+ * * equality of a register with a constant
+ *
+ * More generally, the generic gate controls the coefficients (denoted `c_`) in the equation:
+ *
+ * `c_l*l + c_r*r + c_o+o + c_m*l*r + c_c === 0`
  */
 function generic(
-  sl: FieldConst,
-  l: Field,
-  sr: FieldConst,
-  r: Field,
-  so: FieldConst,
-  o: Field,
-  sm: FieldConst,
-  sc: FieldConst
+  coefficients: {
+    left: bigint;
+    right: bigint;
+    out: bigint;
+    mul: bigint;
+    const: bigint;
+  },
+  inputs: { left: Field; right: Field; out: Field }
 ) {
-  Snarky.gates.generic(sl, l.value, sr, r.value, so, o.value, sm, sc);
+  Snarky.gates.generic(
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(coefficients.left),
+    inputs.left.value,
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(coefficients.right),
+    inputs.right.value,
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(coefficients.out),
+    inputs.out.value,
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(coefficients.mul),
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(coefficients.const)
+  );
 }
 
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {

From aae706c21aab00e1c744c672e68295f1a92d00ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 08:39:24 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0433/1786] Dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 362a222f2d..8b5f3c8ba9 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
       },
       "and": {
         "rows": 19,
-        "digest": "f18a6905deba799225051cdd89ef2606"
+        "digest": "647e6fd1852873d1c326ba1cd269cff2"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {

From ba1c79bdc52fc4ee9c3c5f4e2a02771c769a1275 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 01:45:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0434/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 9779d243c632ad699217072134618a1e29c06763

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 4d988ded11..9779d243c6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4d988ded114f7e2d3283b5ef94b2552495b26b8f
+Subproject commit 9779d243c632ad699217072134618a1e29c06763

From 2dadc544e515d1b66710142d41190737f1e017c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 08:51:09 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0435/1786] Fix typos in doccomment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 8c742d37a5..3ad0de8f43 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -108,16 +108,16 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
   /**
    * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
-   * An AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
+   * The AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
    *
-   * It can be checked by a double generic gate the that verifies the following relationship between the values below (in the process it also invokes the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget which will create additional constraints depending on `length`).
+   * It can be checked by a double generic gate that verifies the following relationship between the values below (in the process it also invokes the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget which will create additional constraints depending on `length`).
    *
    * The generic gate verifies:\
    * `a + b = sum` and the conjunction equation `2 * and = sum - xor`\
    * Where:\
    * `a + b = sum`\
-   * `a x b = xor`\
-   * `a ^ b = and`
+   * `a ^ b = xor`\
+   * `a & b = and`
    *
    * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
    *
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
    *
-   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated..
+   * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated.
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `and()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
    * ```typescript

From 2d8f9c908115bad50ad0815ede8f12644dba3478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 01:52:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0436/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): pass length parameter to Fp.not()

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index a35a34a98e..5cc66ffa05 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number) {
       a.toBigInt() < max,
       `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
     );
-    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt()));
+    return new Field(Fp.not(a.toBigInt(), length));
   }
 
   // create a bitmask with all ones

From f69c9628a3e613dc1bc1392e2866261abf66b2ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 09:01:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0437/1786] Consolidated gadget ZkPrograms

---
 src/examples/gadgets.ts | 40 ++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
index a84cca31b5..0a87b61dce 100644
--- a/src/examples/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import { timeEnd } from 'node:console';
-import { basename } from 'node:path';
 import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
@@ -16,10 +14,10 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
 });
 console.log('constraint system: ', cs);
 
-const ROT = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'rot-example',
+const BitwiseProver = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'bitwise',
   methods: {
-    baseCase: {
+    rot: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method: () => {
         let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(48));
@@ -33,13 +31,7 @@ const ROT = ZkProgram({
         actualRight.assertEquals(expectedRight);
       },
     },
-  },
-});
-
-const XOR = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'xor-example',
-  methods: {
-    baseCase: {
+    xor: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method: () => {
         let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(5));
@@ -49,13 +41,7 @@ const XOR = ZkProgram({
         actual.assertEquals(expected);
       },
     },
-  },
-});
-
-const AND = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'and-example',
-  methods: {
-    baseCase: {
+    and: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method: () => {
         let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(3));
@@ -71,24 +57,22 @@ const AND = ZkProgram({
 console.log('compiling..');
 
 console.time('compile');
-await ROT.compile();
-await XOR.compile();
-await AND.compile();
+await BitwiseProver.compile();
 console.timeEnd('compile');
 
 console.log('proving..');
 
 console.time('rotation prove');
-let rotProof = await ROT.baseCase();
+let rotProof = await BitwiseProver.rot();
 console.timeEnd('rotation prove');
-if (!(await ROT.verify(rotProof))) throw Error('rotate: Invalid proof');
+if (!(await BitwiseProver.verify(rotProof))) throw Error('rot: Invalid proof');
 
 console.time('xor prove');
-let xorProof = await XOR.baseCase();
+let xorProof = await BitwiseProver.xor();
 console.timeEnd('xor prove');
-if (!(await XOR.verify(xorProof))) throw Error('xor: Invalid proof');
+if (!(await BitwiseProver.verify(xorProof))) throw Error('xor: Invalid proof');
 
 console.time('and prove');
-let andProof = await AND.baseCase();
+let andProof = await BitwiseProver.and();
 console.timeEnd('and prove');
-if (!(await AND.verify(andProof))) throw Error('and: Invalid proof');
+if (!(await BitwiseProver.verify(andProof))) throw Error('and: Invalid proof');

From 5065ac76e707ac3852ad8ff2f0bacb0e0100e780 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 10:37:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0438/1786] Update src/lib/gates.ts

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 75f0f063e7..bfead9e82c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ function xor(
  *
  * More generally, the generic gate controls the coefficients (denoted `c_`) in the equation:
  *
- * `c_l*l + c_r*r + c_o+o + c_m*l*r + c_c === 0`
+ * `c_l*l + c_r*r + c_o*o + c_m*l*r + c_c === 0`
  */
 function generic(
   coefficients: {

From cfd670ec9867b3876c3e782dec67d4a1ab7b9d14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:01:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0439/1786] introduce generic-length ml tuple type

---
 src/lib/ml/base.ts       | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/ml/conversion.ts |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/proof_system.ts  | 12 ++++++------
 src/snarky.d.ts          | 11 ++++++-----
 4 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index caba0f9e8d..6885705272 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  */
 export {
   MlArray,
-  MlTuple,
+  MlPair,
   MlList,
   MlOption,
   MlBool,
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ export {
   MlResult,
   MlUnit,
   MlString,
+  MlTuple,
 };
 
 // ocaml types
 
-type MlTuple<X, Y> = [0, X, Y];
+type MlPair<X, Y> = [0, X, Y];
 type MlArray<T> = [0, ...T[]];
 type MlList<T> = [0, T, 0 | MlList<T>];
 type MlOption<T> = 0 | [0, T];
@@ -48,18 +49,18 @@ const MlArray = {
   },
 };
 
-const MlTuple = Object.assign(
-  function MlTuple<X, Y>(x: X, y: Y): MlTuple<X, Y> {
+const MlPair = Object.assign(
+  function MlTuple<X, Y>(x: X, y: Y): MlPair<X, Y> {
     return [0, x, y];
   },
   {
-    from<X, Y>([, x, y]: MlTuple<X, Y>): [X, Y] {
+    from<X, Y>([, x, y]: MlPair<X, Y>): [X, Y] {
       return [x, y];
     },
-    first<X>(t: MlTuple<X, unknown>): X {
+    first<X>(t: MlPair<X, unknown>): X {
       return t[1];
     },
-    second<Y>(t: MlTuple<unknown, Y>): Y {
+    second<Y>(t: MlPair<unknown, Y>): Y {
       return t[2];
     },
   }
@@ -113,3 +114,27 @@ const MlResult = {
     return [1, 0];
   },
 };
+
+/**
+ * tuple type that has the length as generic parameter
+ */
+type MlTuple<T, N extends number> = N extends N
+  ? number extends N
+    ? [0, ...T[]] // N is not typed as a constant => fall back to array
+    : [0, ...TupleRec<T, N, []>]
+  : never;
+
+type TupleRec<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N
+  ? R
+  : TupleRec<T, N, [T, ...R]>;
+
+type Tuple<T> = [T, ...T[]] | [];
+
+const MlTuple = {
+  map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
+    [, ...mlTuple]: [0, ...T],
+    f: (a: T[number]) => B
+  ): [0, ...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+    return [0, ...mlTuple.map(f)] as any;
+  },
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
index 0ce74e727c..de65656cce 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
 import { Scalar, ScalarConst } from '../scalar.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
-import { MlTuple, MlBool, MlArray } from './base.js';
+import { MlPair, MlBool, MlArray } from './base.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './fields.js';
 
 export { Ml, MlHashInput };
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ const Ml = {
 type MlHashInput = [
   flag: 0,
   field_elements: MlArray<FieldConst>,
-  packed: MlArray<MlTuple<FieldConst, number>>
+  packed: MlArray<MlPair<FieldConst, number>>
 ];
 
 const MlHashInput = {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ function toPrivateKey(sk: ScalarConst) {
 }
 
 function fromPublicKey(pk: PublicKey): MlPublicKey {
-  return MlTuple(pk.x.toConstant().value[1], MlBool(pk.isOdd.toBoolean()));
+  return MlPair(pk.x.toConstant().value[1], MlBool(pk.isOdd.toBoolean()));
 }
 function toPublicKey([, x, isOdd]: MlPublicKey): PublicKey {
   return PublicKey.from({
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ function toPublicKey([, x, isOdd]: MlPublicKey): PublicKey {
 }
 
 function fromPublicKeyVar(pk: PublicKey): MlPublicKeyVar {
-  return MlTuple(pk.x.value, pk.isOdd.toField().value);
+  return MlPair(pk.x.value, pk.isOdd.toField().value);
 }
 function toPublicKeyVar([, x, isOdd]: MlPublicKeyVar): PublicKey {
   return PublicKey.from({ x: Field(x), isOdd: Bool(isOdd) });
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 8ef1bc9fc8..377daf1a82 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
-import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlTuple, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlPair, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Cache, readCache, writeCache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
@@ -203,14 +203,14 @@ async function verify(
     let output = MlFieldConstArray.to(
       (proof as JsonProof).publicOutput.map(Field)
     );
-    statement = MlTuple(input, output);
+    statement = MlPair(input, output);
   } else {
     // proof class
     picklesProof = proof.proof;
     let type = getStatementType(proof.constructor as any);
     let input = toFieldConsts(type.input, proof.publicInput);
     let output = toFieldConsts(type.output, proof.publicOutput);
-    statement = MlTuple(input, output);
+    statement = MlPair(input, output);
   }
   return prettifyStacktracePromise(
     withThreadPool(() =>
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       } finally {
         snarkContext.leave(id);
       }
-      let [publicOutputFields, proof] = MlTuple.from(result);
+      let [publicOutputFields, proof] = MlPair.from(result);
       let publicOutput = fromFieldConsts(publicOutputType, publicOutputFields);
       class ProgramProof extends Proof<PublicInput, PublicOutput> {
         static publicInputType = publicInputType;
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
         `Cannot verify proof, verification key not found. Try calling \`await program.compile()\` first.`
       );
     }
-    let statement = MlTuple(
+    let statement = MlPair(
       toFieldConsts(publicInputType, proof.publicInput),
       toFieldConsts(publicOutputType, proof.publicOutput)
     );
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ function picklesRuleFromFunction(
         proofs.push(proofInstance);
         let input = toFieldVars(type.input, publicInput);
         let output = toFieldVars(type.output, publicOutput);
-        previousStatements.push(MlTuple(input, output));
+        previousStatements.push(MlPair(input, output));
       } else if (arg.type === 'generic') {
         finalArgs[i] = argsWithoutPublicInput?.[i] ?? emptyGeneric();
       }
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index d40bf53ec0..0c4e1202e3 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import type { BoolVar, Bool } from './lib/bool.js';
 import type { ScalarConst } from './lib/scalar.js';
 import type {
   MlArray,
-  MlTuple,
+  MlPair,
   MlList,
   MlOption,
   MlBool,
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import type {
   MlResult,
   MlUnit,
   MlString,
+  MlTuple,
 } from './lib/ml/base.js';
 import type { MlHashInput } from './lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import type {
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ declare interface ProvablePure<T> extends Provable<T> {
   check: (value: T) => void;
 }
 
-type MlGroup = MlTuple<FieldVar, FieldVar>;
+type MlGroup = MlPair<FieldVar, FieldVar>;
 
 declare namespace Snarky {
   type Main = (publicInput: MlArray<FieldVar>) => void;
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     ): [
       _: 0,
       constant: MlOption<FieldConst>,
-      terms: MlList<MlTuple<FieldConst, number>>
+      terms: MlList<MlPair<FieldConst, number>>
     ];
   };
 
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       input: MlArray<FieldVar>
     ): [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar];
 
-    hashToGroup(input: MlArray<FieldVar>): MlTuple<FieldVar, FieldVar>;
+    hashToGroup(input: MlArray<FieldVar>): MlPair<FieldVar, FieldVar>;
 
     sponge: {
       create(isChecked: boolean): unknown;
@@ -540,7 +541,7 @@ declare const Test: {
   };
 
   poseidon: {
-    hashToGroup(input: MlArray<FieldConst>): MlTuple<FieldConst, FieldConst>;
+    hashToGroup(input: MlArray<FieldConst>): MlPair<FieldConst, FieldConst>;
   };
 
   signature: {

From f5d461b21a083deae939da45b580e7c023f76cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:02:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0440/1786] expose range check 1

---
 src/bindings    | 2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index bc3abc3d58..820eba0641 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit bc3abc3d583517bba00e4ea17a0226bd5176dfb1
+Subproject commit 820eba0641ccc789268ffc6a31159ff675214554
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 0c4e1202e3..865338d86d 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -321,6 +321,15 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       compact: FieldConst
     ): void;
 
+    rangeCheck1(
+      v2: FieldVar,
+      v12: FieldVar,
+      v0p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>,
+      v1p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>,
+      v2p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 4>,
+      v2c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 20>
+    ): void;
+
     rotate(
       field: FieldVar,
       rotated: FieldVar,

From ff26ac685b9e2e1cea7bac5b29d40359dd79452b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:05:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0441/1786] use mltuple for range check 0

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 14 ++------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 865338d86d..a0292a62dc 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -306,18 +306,8 @@ declare const Snarky: {
      */
     rangeCheck0(
       v0: FieldVar,
-      v0p: [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar],
-      v0c: [
-        0,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar,
-        FieldVar
-      ],
+      v0p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 6>,
+      v0c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 8>,
       compact: FieldConst
     ): void;
 

From ea9da10b223dd57301bc082669afd225908ccadc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:21:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0442/1786] move ecAdd to gates and reorder gates

---
 src/bindings     |  2 +-
 src/lib/group.ts |  2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts  | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 820eba0641..d59d34841d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 820eba0641ccc789268ffc6a31159ff675214554
+Subproject commit d59d34841d59536f78e3b48d88f10db754578c8c
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 552a8263ad..89cf5bf249 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class Group {
         return s.mul(x1.sub(x3)).sub(y1);
       });
 
-      let [, x, y] = Snarky.group.ecadd(
+      let [, x, y] = Snarky.gates.ecAdd(
         Group.from(x1.seal(), y1.seal()).#toTuple(),
         Group.from(x2.seal(), y2.seal()).#toTuple(),
         Group.from(x3, y3).#toTuple(),
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index a0292a62dc..afe2fa0904 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -296,6 +296,33 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 
   gates: {
+    zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
+
+    generic(
+      sl: FieldConst,
+      l: FieldVar,
+      sr: FieldConst,
+      r: FieldVar,
+      so: FieldConst,
+      o: FieldVar,
+      sm: FieldConst,
+      sc: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Low-level Elliptic Curve Addition gate.
+     */
+    ecAdd(
+      p1: MlGroup,
+      p2: MlGroup,
+      p3: MlGroup,
+      inf: FieldVar,
+      same_x: FieldVar,
+      slope: FieldVar,
+      inf_z: FieldVar,
+      x21_inv: FieldVar
+    ): MlGroup;
+
     /**
      * Range check gate
      *
@@ -346,19 +373,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       out_2: FieldVar,
       out_3: FieldVar
     ): void;
-
-    zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
-
-    generic(
-      sl: FieldConst,
-      l: FieldVar,
-      sr: FieldConst,
-      r: FieldVar,
-      so: FieldConst,
-      o: FieldVar,
-      sm: FieldConst,
-      sc: FieldConst
-    ): void;
   };
 
   bool: {
@@ -374,20 +388,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 
   group: {
-    /**
-     * Low-level Elliptic Curve Addition gate.
-     */
-    ecadd(
-      p1: MlGroup,
-      p2: MlGroup,
-      p3: MlGroup,
-      inf: FieldVar,
-      same_x: FieldVar,
-      slope: FieldVar,
-      inf_z: FieldVar,
-      x21_inv: FieldVar
-    ): MlGroup;
-
     scale(p: MlGroup, s: MlArray<BoolVar>): MlGroup;
   };
 

From 597f3eac821f9bd30fd739c03b3e059f44e31288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 14:16:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0443/1786] bindings to expose all remaining gates

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index d59d34841d..368333c0ea 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d59d34841d59536f78e3b48d88f10db754578c8c
+Subproject commit 368333c0eabfc0757798f4542577426fc835c25a

From 0a818061bc149e499c00a9c50429e1c6c895805e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 14:16:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0444/1786] expose all remaining gates

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 136 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 127 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index afe2fa0904..d592419844 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -309,6 +309,8 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       sc: FieldConst
     ): void;
 
+    poseidon(state: MlArray<MlTuple<Field, 3>>): void;
+
     /**
      * Low-level Elliptic Curve Addition gate.
      */
@@ -323,6 +325,68 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       x21_inv: FieldVar
     ): MlGroup;
 
+    ecScale(
+      state: MlArray<
+        [
+          _: 0,
+          accs: MlArray<MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>>,
+          bits: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+          ss: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+          base: MlGroup,
+          nPrev: Field,
+          nNext: Field
+        ]
+      >
+    ): void;
+
+    ecEndoscale(
+      state: MlArray<
+        [
+          _: 0,
+          xt: FieldVar,
+          yt: FieldVar,
+          xp: FieldVar,
+          yp: FieldVar,
+          nAcc: FieldVar,
+          xr: FieldVar,
+          yr: FieldVar,
+          s1: FieldVar,
+          s3: FieldVar,
+          b1: FieldVar,
+          b2: FieldVar,
+          b3: FieldVar,
+          b4: FieldVar
+        ]
+      >,
+      xs: FieldVar,
+      ys: FieldVar,
+      nAcc: FieldVar
+    ): void;
+
+    ecEndoscalar(
+      state: MlArray<
+        [
+          _: 0,
+          n0: FieldVar,
+          n8: FieldVar,
+          a0: FieldVar,
+          b0: FieldVar,
+          a8: FieldVar,
+          b8: FieldVar,
+          x0: FieldVar,
+          x1: FieldVar,
+          x2: FieldVar,
+          x3: FieldVar,
+          x4: FieldVar,
+          x5: FieldVar,
+          x6: FieldVar,
+          x7: FieldVar
+        ]
+      >
+    ): void;
+
+    lookup(input: MlTuple<FieldVar, 7>): void;
+
     /**
      * Range check gate
      *
@@ -347,15 +411,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       v2c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 20>
     ): void;
 
-    rotate(
-      field: FieldVar,
-      rotated: FieldVar,
-      excess: FieldVar,
-      limbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
-      crumbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
-      two_to_rot: FieldConst
-    ): void;
-
     xor(
       in1: FieldVar,
       in2: FieldVar,
@@ -373,6 +428,48 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       out_2: FieldVar,
       out_3: FieldVar
     ): void;
+
+    foreignFieldAdd(
+      left: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      right: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      fieldOverflow: FieldVar,
+      carry: FieldVar,
+      foreignFieldModulus: MlTuple<FieldConst, 3>,
+      sign: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    foreignFieldMul(
+      left: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      right: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      remainder: MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>,
+      quotient: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      quotientHiBound: FieldVar,
+      product1: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      carry0: FieldVar,
+      carry1p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 7>,
+      carry1c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 4>,
+      foreignFieldModulus2: FieldConst,
+      negForeignFieldModulus: MlTuple<FieldConst, 3>
+    ): void;
+
+    rotate(
+      field: FieldVar,
+      rotated: FieldVar,
+      excess: FieldVar,
+      limbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      crumbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      two_to_rot: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    addFixedLookupTable(id: number, data: MlArray<MlArray<FieldConst>>): void;
+
+    addRuntimeTableConfig(id: number, firstColumn: MlArray<FieldConst>): void;
+
+    raw(
+      kind: KimchiGateType,
+      values: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      coefficients: MlArray<FieldConst>
+    ): void;
   };
 
   bool: {
@@ -445,6 +542,27 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 };
 
+declare enum KimchiGateType {
+  Zero,
+  Generic,
+  Poseidon,
+  CompleteAdd,
+  VarBaseMul,
+  EndoMul,
+  EndoMulScalar,
+  Lookup,
+  CairoClaim,
+  CairoInstruction,
+  CairoFlags,
+  CairoTransition,
+  RangeCheck0,
+  RangeCheck1,
+  ForeignFieldAdd,
+  ForeignFieldMul,
+  Xor16,
+  Rot64,
+}
+
 type GateType =
   | 'Zero'
   | 'Generic'

From a49e93bbe7ab4ebe37a029c42169ff2a912630fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 15:12:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0445/1786] add nicely-typed low-level exists version

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 17 ++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/ml/base.ts        | 16 ++++++++++++++
 src/lib/util/types.ts     | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/types.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index cade7e3417..282a2b16b2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,31 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
 export {
   MAX_BITS,
+  exists,
   assert,
   witnessSlices,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
 };
 
+function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
+  n: N,
+  compute: C
+) {
+  let varsMl = Snarky.exists(n, () =>
+    MlArray.mapTo(compute(), FieldConst.fromBigint)
+  );
+  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, (v) => new Field(v));
+  return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/base.ts b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
index 6885705272..33cdb00975 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/base.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/base.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+
 /**
  * This module contains basic methods for interacting with OCaml
  */
@@ -137,4 +139,18 @@ const MlTuple = {
   ): [0, ...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
     return [0, ...mlTuple.map(f)] as any;
   },
+
+  mapFrom<T, N extends number, B>(
+    [, ...mlTuple]: MlTuple<T, N>,
+    f: (a: T) => B
+  ): B[] {
+    return mlTuple.map(f);
+  },
+
+  mapTo<T extends Tuple<any> | TupleN<any, any>, B>(
+    tuple: T,
+    f: (a: T[number]) => B
+  ): [0, ...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+    return [0, ...tuple.map(f)] as any;
+  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dad0611f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { assert } from '../errors.js';
+
+export { Tuple, TupleN };
+
+type Tuple<T> = [T, ...T[]] | [];
+
+const Tuple = {
+  map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
+    tuple: T,
+    f: (a: T[number]) => B
+  ): [...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+    return tuple.map(f) as any;
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * tuple type that has the length as generic parameter
+ */
+type TupleN<T, N extends number> = N extends N
+  ? number extends N
+    ? [...T[]] // N is not typed as a constant => fall back to array
+    : [...TupleRec<T, N, []>]
+  : never;
+
+const TupleN = {
+  map<T, S, N extends number>(
+    tuple: TupleN<T, N>,
+    f: (a: T) => S
+  ): TupleN<S, N> {
+    return tuple.map(f) as any;
+  },
+
+  fromArray<T, N extends number>(n: N, arr: T[]): TupleN<T, N> {
+    assert(
+      arr.length === n,
+      `Expected array of length ${n}, got ${arr.length}`
+    );
+    return arr as any;
+  },
+};
+
+type TupleRec<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N
+  ? R
+  : TupleRec<T, N, [T, ...R]>;

From 0b38e98cea42c453a09269b7100643c5801fcf4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 15:15:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0446/1786] move range check gadget 64 code to gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts      |  5 +++
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gates.ts               | 56 ++++++++--------------------------
 3 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 282a2b16b2..da021150b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ export {
   MAX_BITS,
   exists,
   assert,
+  bitSlice,
   witnessSlices,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
@@ -32,6 +33,10 @@ function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   }
 }
 
+function bitSlice(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
+  return (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n);
+}
+
 function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
   if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index d27d4807a4..9a271c24af 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { type Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
 export { rangeCheck64 };
 
@@ -11,7 +12,39 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     if (x.toBigInt() >= 1n << 64n) {
       throw Error(`rangeCheck64: expected field to fit in 64 bits, got ${x}`);
     }
-  } else {
-    Gates.rangeCheck64(x);
+    return;
   }
+
+  // crumbs (2-bit limbs)
+  let [x0, x2, x4, x6, x8, x10, x12, x14] = exists(8, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(xx, 0, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 2, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 4, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 6, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 8, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 10, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 12, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 14, 2),
+    ];
+  });
+
+  // 12-bit limbs
+  let [x16, x28, x40, x52] = exists(4, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(xx, 16, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 28, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 40, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 52, 12),
+    ];
+  });
+
+  Gates.rangeCheck0(
+    x,
+    [new Field(0), new Field(0), x52, x40, x28, x16],
+    [x14, x12, x10, x8, x6, x4, x2, x0],
+    false // not using compact mode
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index bfead9e82c..7dd88ae712 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,45 +1,21 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { FieldVar, FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
-import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
+import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
+import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
+import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, xor, zero, rotate, generic };
+export { rangeCheck0, xor, zero, rotate, generic };
 
-/**
- * Asserts that x is at most 64 bits
- */
-function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
-  let [, x0, x2, x4, x6, x8, x10, x12, x14] = Snarky.exists(8, () => {
-    let xx = x.toBigInt();
-    // crumbs (2-bit limbs)
-    return [
-      0,
-      getBits(xx, 0, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 2, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 4, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 6, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 8, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 10, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 12, 2),
-      getBits(xx, 14, 2),
-    ];
-  });
-  // 12-bit limbs
-  let [, x16, x28, x40, x52] = Snarky.exists(4, () => {
-    let xx = x.toBigInt();
-    return [
-      0,
-      getBits(xx, 16, 12),
-      getBits(xx, 28, 12),
-      getBits(xx, 40, 12),
-      getBits(xx, 52, 12),
-    ];
-  });
+function rangeCheck0(
+  x: Field,
+  xLimbs12: TupleN<Field, 6>,
+  xLimbs2: TupleN<Field, 8>,
+  isCompact: boolean
+) {
   Snarky.gates.rangeCheck0(
     x.value,
-    [0, FieldVar[0], FieldVar[0], x52, x40, x28, x16],
-    [0, x14, x12, x10, x8, x6, x4, x2, x0],
-    // not using compact mode
-    FieldConst[0]
+    MlTuple.mapTo(xLimbs12, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(xLimbs2, (x) => x.value),
+    isCompact ? FieldConst[1] : FieldConst[0]
   );
 }
 
@@ -136,9 +112,3 @@ function generic(
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
   Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
 }
-
-function getBits(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
-  return FieldConst.fromBigint(
-    (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n)
-  );
-}

From 54bc51e552952d7f8d340c8c4cae1d0c7ff7fe3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 15:19:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0447/1786] it's just one slice

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 50 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts  |  4 +--
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index f88ad1e598..7366d89e09 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 import {
   MAX_BITS,
   assert,
-  witnessSlices,
+  witnessSlice,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
 } from './common.js';
@@ -66,22 +66,22 @@ function buildXor(
   while (padLength !== 0) {
     // slices the inputs into 4x 4bit-sized chunks
     // slices of a
-    let in1_0 = witnessSlices(a, 0, 4);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlices(a, 4, 4);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlices(a, 8, 4);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlices(a, 12, 4);
+    let in1_0 = witnessSlice(a, 0, 4);
+    let in1_1 = witnessSlice(a, 4, 4);
+    let in1_2 = witnessSlice(a, 8, 4);
+    let in1_3 = witnessSlice(a, 12, 4);
 
     // slices of b
-    let in2_0 = witnessSlices(b, 0, 4);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlices(b, 4, 4);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlices(b, 8, 4);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlices(b, 12, 4);
+    let in2_0 = witnessSlice(b, 0, 4);
+    let in2_1 = witnessSlice(b, 4, 4);
+    let in2_2 = witnessSlice(b, 8, 4);
+    let in2_3 = witnessSlice(b, 12, 4);
 
     // slices of expected output
-    let out0 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
-    let out1 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 4, 4);
-    let out2 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 8, 4);
-    let out3 = witnessSlices(expectedOutput, 12, 4);
+    let out0 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
+    let out1 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 4, 4);
+    let out2 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 8, 4);
+    let out3 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 12, 4);
 
     // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
     Gates.xor(
@@ -221,20 +221,20 @@ function rot(
     rotated,
     excess,
     [
-      witnessSlices(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
-      witnessSlices(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
-      witnessSlices(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
-      witnessSlices(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
+      witnessSlice(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
+      witnessSlice(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
+      witnessSlice(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
+      witnessSlice(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
     ],
     [
-      witnessSlices(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
-      witnessSlices(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
-      witnessSlices(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
-      witnessSlices(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
-      witnessSlices(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
-      witnessSlices(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
-      witnessSlices(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
-      witnessSlices(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
+      witnessSlice(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
+      witnessSlice(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
+      witnessSlice(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
+      witnessSlice(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
+      witnessSlice(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
+      witnessSlice(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
+      witnessSlice(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
+      witnessSlice(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
     ],
     big2PowerRot
   );
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index da021150b4..6b97c6016b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export {
   exists,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
-  witnessSlices,
+  witnessSlice,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
 };
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ function bitSlice(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
   return (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n);
 }
 
-function witnessSlices(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
+function witnessSlice(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
   if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
 
   return Provable.witness(Field, () => {

From 5b6b89e4f632bd65b01578cd4223591509918d38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 15:20:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0448/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 7366d89e09..0eeffc9b52 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
 } from './common.js';
+import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { xor, and, rotate };
 
@@ -239,8 +240,8 @@ function rot(
     big2PowerRot
   );
   // Compute next row
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(shifted);
+  rangeCheck64(shifted);
   // Compute following row
-  Gates.rangeCheck64(excess);
+  rangeCheck64(excess);
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }

From cd6b954d4783d50b257f0dd5ed1a5582cdf8e1f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 16:36:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0449/1786] tweak range check 1 signature

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index d592419844..0408c637d5 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -405,10 +405,8 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     rangeCheck1(
       v2: FieldVar,
       v12: FieldVar,
-      v0p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>,
-      v1p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>,
-      v2p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 4>,
-      v2c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 20>
+      vCurr: MlTuple<FieldVar, 13>,
+      vNext: MlTuple<FieldVar, 15>
     ): void;
 
     xor(

From 7621ea6a8ee9fb78984c17e947031c5d92763b77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 16:39:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0450/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 368333c0ea..0823354ae6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 368333c0eabfc0757798f4542577426fc835c25a
+Subproject commit 0823354ae63477bf65120854e54f594c917f7c8f

From e9557c5246f22acc9a3315cbd1f29c8e9ae64e02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 16:42:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0451/1786] add multi range check gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 123 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gates.ts               |  20 +++++-
 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 9a271c24af..f9476455aa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64 };
+export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck };
 
 /**
- * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64), handles constant case
+ * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
  */
 function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   if (x.isConstant()) {
@@ -48,3 +48,122 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     false // not using compact mode
   );
 }
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)
+ */
+function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant() && y.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
+    if (
+      x.toBigInt() >= 1n << 88n ||
+      y.toBigInt() >= 1n << 88n ||
+      z.toBigInt() >= 1n << 88n
+    ) {
+      throw Error(
+        `multiRangeCheck: expected fields to fit in 88 bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`
+      );
+    }
+
+    let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x);
+    let [y64, y76] = rangeCheck0Helper(y);
+    rangeCheck1Helper({ x64, x76, y64, y76, z, yz: new Field(0) });
+  }
+}
+
+function rangeCheck0Helper(x: Field, isCompact = false): [Field, Field] {
+  // crumbs (2-bit limbs)
+  let [x0, x2, x4, x6, x8, x10, x12, x14] = exists(8, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(xx, 0, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 2, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 4, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 6, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 8, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 10, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 12, 2),
+      bitSlice(xx, 14, 2),
+    ];
+  });
+
+  // 12-bit limbs
+  let [x16, x28, x40, x52, x64, x76] = exists(6, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(xx, 16, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 28, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 40, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 52, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 64, 12),
+      bitSlice(xx, 76, 12),
+    ];
+  });
+
+  Gates.rangeCheck0(
+    x,
+    [x76, x64, x52, x40, x28, x16],
+    [x14, x12, x10, x8, x6, x4, x2, x0],
+    isCompact
+  );
+
+  // the two highest 12-bit limbs are returned because another gate
+  // is needed to add lookups for them
+  return [x64, x76];
+}
+
+function rangeCheck1Helper(inputs: {
+  x64: Field;
+  x76: Field;
+  y64: Field;
+  y76: Field;
+  z: Field;
+  yz: Field;
+}) {
+  let { x64, x76, y64, y76, z, yz } = inputs;
+
+  // create limbs for current row
+  let [z22, z24, z26, z28, z30, z32, z34, z36, z38, z50, z62, z74, z86] =
+    exists(13, () => {
+      let zz = z.toBigInt();
+      return [
+        bitSlice(zz, 22, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 24, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 26, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 28, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 30, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 32, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 34, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 36, 2),
+        bitSlice(zz, 38, 12),
+        bitSlice(zz, 50, 12),
+        bitSlice(zz, 62, 12),
+        bitSlice(zz, 74, 12),
+        bitSlice(zz, 86, 2),
+      ];
+    });
+
+  // create limbs for next row
+  let [z0, z2, z4, z6, z8, z10, z12, z14, z16, z18, z20] = exists(11, () => {
+    let zz = z.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(zz, 0, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 2, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 4, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 6, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 8, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 10, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 12, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 14, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 16, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 18, 2),
+      bitSlice(zz, 20, 2),
+    ];
+  });
+
+  Gates.rangeCheck1(
+    z,
+    yz,
+    [z86, z74, z62, z50, z38, z36, z34, z32, z30, z28, z26, z24, z22],
+    [z20, z18, z16, x76, x64, y76, y64, z14, z12, z10, z8, z6, z4, z2, z0]
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 7dd88ae712..16bfe7e050 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck0, xor, zero, rotate, generic };
+export { rangeCheck0, rangeCheck1, xor, zero, rotate, generic };
 
 function rangeCheck0(
   x: Field,
@@ -19,6 +19,24 @@ function rangeCheck0(
   );
 }
 
+/**
+ * the rangeCheck1 gate is used in combination with the rangeCheck0,
+ * for doing a 3x88-bit range check
+ */
+function rangeCheck1(
+  v2: Field,
+  v12: Field,
+  vCurr: TupleN<Field, 13>,
+  vNext: TupleN<Field, 15>
+) {
+  Snarky.gates.rangeCheck1(
+    v2.value,
+    v12.value,
+    MlTuple.mapTo(vCurr, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(vNext, (x) => x.value)
+  );
+}
+
 function rotate(
   field: Field,
   rotated: Field,

From 3f93ac6066846d5ed50b853ba35aca1dbcad1d1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 17:16:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0452/1786] compact multi range check

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/util/types.ts          |  8 +++---
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index f9476455aa..16ba1bd640 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck };
+export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
@@ -49,19 +49,18 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
   );
 }
 
+// default bigint limb size
+const L = 88n;
+const twoL = 2n * L;
+const lMask = (1n << L) - 1n;
+
 /**
  * Asserts that x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)
  */
 function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
   if (x.isConstant() && y.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
-    if (
-      x.toBigInt() >= 1n << 88n ||
-      y.toBigInt() >= 1n << 88n ||
-      z.toBigInt() >= 1n << 88n
-    ) {
-      throw Error(
-        `multiRangeCheck: expected fields to fit in 88 bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`
-      );
+    if (x.toBigInt() >> L || y.toBigInt() >> L || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
+      throw Error(`Expected fields to fit in ${L} bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`);
     }
 
     let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x);
@@ -70,6 +69,38 @@ function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Compact multi-range-check - checks
+ * - xy = x + 2^88*y
+ * - x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)
+ *
+ * Returns the full limbs x, y, z
+ */
+function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
+  // constant case
+  if (xy.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
+    if (xy.toBigInt() >> twoL || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
+      throw Error(
+        `Expected fields to fit in ${twoL} and ${L} bits respectively, got ${xy}, ${z}`
+      );
+    }
+    let [x, y] = splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt());
+    return [new Field(x), new Field(y), z];
+  }
+
+  let [x, y] = exists(2, () => splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt()));
+
+  let [z64, z76] = rangeCheck0Helper(z, false);
+  let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x, true);
+  rangeCheck1Helper({ x64: z64, x76: z76, y64: x64, y76: x76, z: y, yz: xy });
+
+  return [x, y, z];
+}
+
+function splitCompactLimb(x01: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
+  return [x01 & lMask, x01 >> L];
+}
+
 function rangeCheck0Helper(x: Field, isCompact = false): [Field, Field] {
   // crumbs (2-bit limbs)
   let [x0, x2, x4, x6, x8, x10, x12, x14] = exists(8, () => {
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index dad0611f4a..201824ec48 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ type TupleN<T, N extends number> = N extends N
   : never;
 
 const TupleN = {
-  map<T, S, N extends number>(
-    tuple: TupleN<T, N>,
-    f: (a: T) => S
-  ): TupleN<S, N> {
+  map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
+    tuple: T,
+    f: (a: T[number]) => B
+  ): [...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
     return tuple.map(f) as any;
   },
 

From 4491f7c18c3203eea2c466d2fafc40f4a1be2994 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 17:43:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0453/1786] random distribution for positive bigints

---
 src/lib/testing/random.ts | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 3324908e45..1cae85806e 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -311,6 +311,7 @@ const Random = Object.assign(Random_, {
   uint32,
   uint64,
   biguint: biguintWithInvalid,
+  bignat: bignatWithInvalid,
   privateKey,
   publicKey,
   scalar,
@@ -658,14 +659,14 @@ function int(min: number, max: number): Random<number> {
  * log-uniform distribution over range [0, max]
  * with bias towards 0, 1, 2
  */
-function nat(max: number): Random<number> {
-  if (max < 0) throw Error('max < 0');
-  if (max === 0) return constant(0);
+function bignat(max: bigint): Random<bigint> {
+  if (max < 0n) throw Error('max < 0');
+  if (max === 0n) return constant(0n);
   let bits = max.toString(2).length;
   let bitBits = bits.toString(2).length;
   // set of special numbers that will appear more often in tests
-  let special = [0, 0, 1];
-  if (max > 1) special.push(2);
+  let special = [0n, 0n, 1n];
+  if (max > 1n) special.push(2n);
   let nSpecial = special.length;
   return {
     create: () => () => {
@@ -681,13 +682,21 @@ function nat(max: number): Random<number> {
         let bitLength = 1 + drawUniformUintBits(bitBits);
         if (bitLength > bits) continue;
         // draw number from [0, 2**bitLength); reject if > max
-        let n = drawUniformUintBits(bitLength);
+        let n = drawUniformBigUintBits(bitLength);
         if (n <= max) return n;
       }
     },
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * log-uniform distribution over range [0, max]
+ * with bias towards 0, 1, 2
+ */
+function nat(max: number): Random<number> {
+  return map(bignat(BigInt(max)), (n) => Number(n));
+}
+
 function fraction(fixedPrecision = 3) {
   let denom = 10 ** fixedPrecision;
   if (fixedPrecision < 1) throw Error('precision must be > 1');
@@ -825,6 +834,15 @@ function biguintWithInvalid(bits: number): RandomWithInvalid<bigint> {
   return Object.assign(valid, { invalid });
 }
 
+function bignatWithInvalid(max: bigint): RandomWithInvalid<bigint> {
+  let valid = bignat(max);
+  let double = bignat(2n * max);
+  let negative = map(double, (uint) => -uint - 1n);
+  let tooLarge = map(valid, (uint) => uint + max);
+  let invalid = oneOf(negative, tooLarge);
+  return Object.assign(valid, { invalid });
+}
+
 function fieldWithInvalid(
   F: typeof Field | typeof Scalar
 ): RandomWithInvalid<bigint> {

From 00814a310c50dc3d7b66e9945ce1ee96547748ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 17:44:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0454/1786] test multi range checks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts               | 24 +++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts           |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 78 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 3ad0de8f43..ab76a96bdd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 /**
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
-import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import {
+  compactMultiRangeCheck,
+  multiRangeCheck,
+  rangeCheck64,
+} from './range-check.js';
 import { rotate, xor, and } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
@@ -139,4 +143,22 @@ const Gadgets = {
   and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
     return and(a, b, length);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Multi-range check
+   *
+   * TODO
+   */
+  multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
+    multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Compact multi-range check
+   *
+   * TODO
+   */
+  compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field) {
+    return compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
+  },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 16ba1bd640..e64108bd49 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
+export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck, L };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 4466f5e187..3a732c7ca6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,16 +5,23 @@ import {
   Spec,
   boolean,
   equivalentAsync,
-  field,
+  fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { L } from './range-check.js';
 
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
+let uint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
+  let uint = Random.bignat((1n << BigInt(n)) - 1n);
+  return fieldWithRng(uint);
+};
+
+let maybeUint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
+  let uint = Random.bignat((1n << BigInt(n)) - 1n);
+  return fieldWithRng(
+    Random.map(Random.oneOf(uint, uint.invalid), (x) => mod(x, Field.ORDER))
+  );
 };
 
 // TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
@@ -22,28 +29,71 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 // RangeCheck64 Gate
 // --------------------------
 
-let RangeCheck64 = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'range-check-64',
+let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'range-check',
   methods: {
-    run: {
+    check64: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(x) {
         Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
       },
     },
+    checkMulti: {
+      privateInputs: [Field, Field, Field],
+      method(x, y, z) {
+        Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
+      },
+    },
+    checkCompact: {
+      privateInputs: [Field, Field],
+      method(xy, z) {
+        let [x, y] = Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
+        x.add(y.mul(1n << 176n)).assertEquals(xy);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
-await RangeCheck64.compile();
+await RangeCheck.compile();
 
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x >= 1n << 64n) throw Error('expected 64 bits');
+    assert(x < 1n << 64n);
     return true;
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await RangeCheck64.run(x);
-    return await RangeCheck64.verify(proof);
+    let proof = await RangeCheck.check64(x);
+    return await RangeCheck.verify(proof);
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [maybeUint(L), uint(L), uint(L)], to: boolean },
+  { runs: 3 }
+)(
+  (x, y, z) => {
+    console.log(x, y, z);
+    assert(!(x >> L) && !(y >> L) && !(z >> L));
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x, y, z) => {
+    let proof = await RangeCheck.checkMulti(x, y, z);
+    return await RangeCheck.verify(proof);
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [maybeUint(2n * L), uint(L)], to: boolean },
+  { runs: 3 }
+)(
+  (xy, z) => {
+    assert(!(xy >> (2n * L)) && !(z >> L));
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (xy, z) => {
+    let proof = await RangeCheck.checkCompact(xy, z);
+    return await RangeCheck.verify(proof);
   }
 );

From ca1cf2789ccce341dee6ba2a0b300ab56978bff9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 18:00:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0455/1786] ouch - good that we have tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index e64108bd49..d48356d480 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -62,11 +62,12 @@ function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
     if (x.toBigInt() >> L || y.toBigInt() >> L || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
       throw Error(`Expected fields to fit in ${L} bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`);
     }
-
-    let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x);
-    let [y64, y76] = rangeCheck0Helper(y);
-    rangeCheck1Helper({ x64, x76, y64, y76, z, yz: new Field(0) });
+    return;
   }
+
+  let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x);
+  let [y64, y76] = rangeCheck0Helper(y);
+  rangeCheck1Helper({ x64, x76, y64, y76, z, yz: new Field(0) });
 }
 
 /**

From c2a2e0a1c453e91467fc3b4ae610f40dc71db4da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 18:13:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0456/1786] fixup test and add cs check

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 3a732c7ca6..0796183871 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import type { Gate } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import {
   Spec,
   boolean,
@@ -8,9 +10,10 @@ import {
   fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
-import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { L } from './range-check.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 let uint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
   let uint = Random.bignat((1n << BigInt(n)) - 1n);
@@ -24,6 +27,32 @@ let maybeUint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
   );
 };
 
+// constraint system sanity check
+
+function csWithoutGenerics(gates: Gate[]) {
+  return gates.map((g) => g.type).filter((type) => type !== 'Generic');
+}
+
+let check64 = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let [x] = exists(1, () => [0n]);
+  Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
+});
+let multi = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let [x, y, z] = exists(3, () => [0n, 0n, 0n]);
+  Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
+});
+let compact = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let [xy, z] = exists(2, () => [0n, 0n]);
+  Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
+});
+
+let expectedLayout64 = ['RangeCheck0'];
+let expectedLayoutMulti = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
+
+expect(csWithoutGenerics(check64.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayout64);
+expect(csWithoutGenerics(multi.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayoutMulti);
+expect(csWithoutGenerics(compact.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayoutMulti);
+
 // TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
 // --------------------------
 // RangeCheck64 Gate
@@ -48,7 +77,7 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [Field, Field],
       method(xy, z) {
         let [x, y] = Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
-        x.add(y.mul(1n << 176n)).assertEquals(xy);
+        x.add(y.mul(1n << L)).assertEquals(xy);
       },
     },
   },
@@ -74,8 +103,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y, z) => {
-    console.log(x, y, z);
-    assert(!(x >> L) && !(y >> L) && !(z >> L));
+    assert(!(x >> L) && !(y >> L) && !(z >> L), 'multi: not out of range');
     return true;
   },
   async (x, y, z) => {
@@ -89,7 +117,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (xy, z) => {
-    assert(!(xy >> (2n * L)) && !(z >> L));
+    assert(!(xy >> (2n * L)) && !(z >> L), 'compact: not out of range');
     return true;
   },
   async (xy, z) => {

From f11d393c024ca2a697009244bf12534c27c8754d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 18:24:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0457/1786] add some doccomments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 20 +++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index ab76a96bdd..32ad29acb7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -145,9 +145,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * Multi-range check
+   * Multi-range check.
    *
-   * TODO
+   * Proves that x, y, z are all in the range [0, 2^88).
+   *
+   * This takes 4 rows, so it checks 88*3/4 = 66 bits per row. This is slightly more efficient
+   * than 64-bit range checks, which can do 64 bits in 1 row.
+   *
+   * In particular, the 3x88-bit range check supports bigints up to 264 bits, which in turn is enough
+   * to support foreign field multiplication with moduli up to 2^259.
    */
   multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
     multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
@@ -156,7 +162,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
   /**
    * Compact multi-range check
    *
-   * TODO
+   * This is a variant of {@link multiRangeCheck} where the first two variables are passed in
+   * combined form xy = x + 2^88*y.
+   *
+   * The gadget
+   * - splits up xy into x and y
+   * - proves that xy = x + 2^88*y
+   * - proves that x, y, z are all in the range [0, 2^88).
+   *
+   * The split form [x, y, z] is returned.
    */
   compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field) {
     return compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);

From 302add7760f97912163cc7ec609f08c46d1bc9e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 18:26:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0458/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2588d44c1f..5df1ca6d4e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+### Added
+
+- `Gadgets.multiRangeCheck()` and `Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck()`, two building blocks for non-native arithmetic with bigints of size up to 264 bits. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1216
 
 ## [0.14.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...e8e7510e1)
 

From dc63daa0c84fad570c6e2e7c245ee95d6fdd16b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:21:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0459/1786] test(bitwise.unit-test.ts): add unit test for
 Gadgets.not function to ensure correctness of bitwise NOT operation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 22 ++++------------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 8940bb20b4..405d5a225d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
     (x, y) => x & y,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.and(x, y, length)
   );
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.not(x, length),
+    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length)
+  );
 });
 
 test(
@@ -95,24 +99,6 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
-// not
-[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
-  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(Fp.not, (x) =>
-    Gadgets.not(x, length)
-  );
-});
-
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
-  (x) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
-    return Fp.not(x);
-  },
-  async (a) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.not(a);
-    return proof.publicOutput;
-  }
-);
-
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
   { runs: 3 }

From a593aa4ac43bbe3bd616b2079d6b49c9f6f58130 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:33:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0460/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): update example in the
 documentation for the `not` function to use binary inputs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 0b99ac1148..95988ddff5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -115,18 +115,17 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.
    *
-   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits to NOT. It
-   * defaults to the size of the field in bits ({@link Fp.sizeInBits}).
+   * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits to NOT.
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional * * *
    *   constraints.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * let a = Field(5);    // ... 101
-   * let b = not(5,3);    // ... 010
+   * let a = Field(0b0101);
+   * let b = not(a,4);    // not-ing 4 bits
    *
-   * b.assertEquals(-6);
+   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.

From 62646866dfc9d1aed8df919f42c53c0e2ff48fde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:43:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0461/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 fe6d56b0712cc86492760449d501acb2ecf3c201

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f87bdbe86a..fe6d56b071 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f87bdbe86ad106edde9341747667f55d503933ae
+Subproject commit fe6d56b0712cc86492760449d501acb2ecf3c201

From 15a5200d43027024b9cd3629a4be08795d1b83c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 12:51:18 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0462/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): update documentation for
 Gadgets.bitwiseNot function to clarify behavior and mention the 'length'
 parameter

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 95988ddff5..0690209979 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -108,9 +108,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * Bitwise NOT gate on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise
+   * Bitwise NOT gate on {@link Field} elements. Similar to the [bitwise
    * NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/
-   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
+   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT). The NOT gate only operates over the amount
+   * of bits specified by the 'length' paramenter.
+   *
    * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.

From 5d7b1c3f392f3245fe5b163a1fcb1adb953165d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 13:04:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0463/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 af22d5bca5cc1080645f7887f684bac646d1ca1f for latest changes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 169c97fa2a..af22d5bca5 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 169c97fa2ab1ef1ee345496795a067756fd8eab2
+Subproject commit af22d5bca5cc1080645f7887f684bac646d1ca1f

From 509da0d7d94ee0190c1d023443785f14c8873ce1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 13:16:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0464/1786] chore(bitwise.unit-test): formatting

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index b5f0f3146b..323364dd76 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import {  Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
 let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
   ...field,
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
 
 await Bitwise.compile();
 
-
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x, y) => x ^ y,
@@ -148,4 +147,4 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     let proof = await Bitwise.rightShift(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
-);
\ No newline at end of file
+);

From c40db202bf528c7a17231e7345c5229f14d64db5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 13:27:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0465/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): add optional parameter 'checked'
 to the 'not' function.

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index bd75b8961e..b212901184 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
 
 export { xor, not, and, rotate };
 
-function not(a: Field, length: number) {
+function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
   // check that input length is positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input length needs to be positive values.`);
 

From f978ede71029e15ba76eb6918c40b9e64493f10c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 14:37:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0466/1786] refactor(bitwise.unit-test): fix rotate and shift
 tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 323364dd76..8261c38545 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
     (x, y) => x & y,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.and(x, y, length)
   );
+});
+
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left'),
     (x) => Gadgets.rotate(x, 12, 'left')

From b6dfc80c7b58acb96aac53e699befb63217aed36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 14:39:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0467/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): improve readability of shift
 gates

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 23 +++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 4ebe3608cc..2680ce05ed 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -109,12 +109,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
 
   /**
    * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
-   * This operation is akin to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * This operation is similar to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
    * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
    *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the shift.
    * Therefore, to safely use `leftShift()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
    * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
-   * const y = leftShift(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * const y = Gadgets.leftShift(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
@@ -142,11 +145,14 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * This is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right.
    * The `rightShift` function utilizes the rotation method internally to implement this operation.
    *
+   * * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
-   * Therefore, to safely use `rightShift()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
-   * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the shift.
+   * To safely use `rightShift()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
+   * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
    * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
@@ -156,7 +162,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
-   * const y = rightShift(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
+   * const y = Gadgets.rightShift(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 3 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
@@ -188,11 +194,12 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated.
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `and()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
+   * @example
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(3);    // ... 000011
    * let b = Field(5);    // ... 000101
    *
-   * let c = and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * let c = Gadgets.and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
    * c.assertEquals(1);
    * ```
    */

From 5123593ab71f2fa27a1345d0c5148b807bed834d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 14:55:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0468/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 cfb9bb78ec4a4f229cdd7d10ffd659afdbe7bc7f for consistency and tracking

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index fe6d56b071..cfb9bb78ec 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit fe6d56b0712cc86492760449d501acb2ecf3c201
+Subproject commit cfb9bb78ec4a4f229cdd7d10ffd659afdbe7bc7f

From a63eae8475ca75d7faa919c548c49cfabac2c483 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 15:31:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0469/1786] feat(regression_test.json): dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 0c38950153..91e4f93a47 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
       },
       "not": {
         "rows": 17,
-        "digest": "e558102138be69839649579eb34f2fe9"
+        "digest": "5e01b2cad70489c7bec1546b84ac868d"
       },
       "and": {
         "rows": 19,

From f7c7320cd80b5e88c6124bfae562cc3c1bd2bc39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 15:40:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0470/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): introduce separate variables for
 checked and unchecked cases and return unchecked by default

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 0d98e04723..21cc5542df 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { xor, not, and, rotate };
 
-function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
+function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = true) {
   // check that input length is positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input length needs to be positive values.`);
 
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
 
   allOnesF.assertEquals(allOnes);
 
-  let notOutput = xor(a, allOnes, length);
+  let notChecked = xor(a, allOnes, length);
+  let notUnchecked = allOnes.sub(a);
 
-  return notOutput;
+  return checked ? notChecked : notUnchecked;
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From b441e34704c2e4352e6d30ab7e23fd15665215e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 00:15:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0471/1786] ffadd gate wrapper

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 16bfe7e050..36f2a11ced 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck0, rangeCheck1, xor, zero, rotate, generic };
+export {
+  rangeCheck0,
+  rangeCheck1,
+  xor,
+  zero,
+  rotate,
+  generic,
+  foreignFieldAdd,
+};
 
 function rangeCheck0(
   x: Field,
@@ -130,3 +138,38 @@ function generic(
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
   Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
 }
+
+/**
+ * bigint addition which allows for field overflow and carry
+ *
+ * - `l01 + sign*r01 - overflow*f01 - carry*2^2l === r01`
+ * - `l2  + sign*r2  - overflow*f2  + carry      === r2`
+ * - overflow is 0 or sign
+ * - carry is 0, 1 or -1
+ *
+ * assumes that the result is placed in the first 3 cells of the next row!
+ */
+function foreignFieldAdd({
+  left,
+  right,
+  overflow,
+  carry,
+  modulus,
+  sign,
+}: {
+  left: TupleN<Field, 3>;
+  right: TupleN<Field, 3>;
+  overflow: Field;
+  carry: Field;
+  modulus: TupleN<bigint, 3>;
+  sign: 1n | -1n;
+}) {
+  Snarky.gates.foreignFieldAdd(
+    MlTuple.mapTo(left, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(right, (x) => x.value),
+    overflow.value,
+    carry.value,
+    MlTuple.mapTo(modulus, FieldConst.fromBigint),
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(sign)
+  );
+}

From b07b0478fc2418a8b9ee13a8a402ccb27295a27f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 00:55:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0472/1786] write logic for single ffadd

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts   | 11 ++++-
 2 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..944c1e04c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
+import { L, lMask, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
+
+type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
+type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
+type Sign = -1n | 1n;
+
+function sumchain(xs: Field3[], signs: Sign[], f: bigint) {
+  assert(xs.length === signs.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
+
+  // TODO
+}
+
+function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint): Field3 {
+  let f_ = split(f);
+
+  let [r0, r1, r2, overflow, carry] = exists(5, () => {
+    let x_ = bigint3(x);
+    let y_ = bigint3(y);
+
+    // figure out if there's overflow
+    let r = collapse(x_) + sign * collapse(y_);
+    let overflow = 0n;
+    if (sign === 1n && r > f) overflow = 1n;
+    if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+
+    // do the carry
+    let r01 = collapse2(x_) + sign * collapse2(y_) - overflow * collapse2(f_);
+    let carry = r01 >> twoL;
+    r01 &= twoLMask;
+    let [r0, r1] = split2(r01);
+    let r2 = x_[2] + sign * y_[2] - overflow * f_[2] + carry;
+
+    return [r0, r1, r2, overflow, carry];
+  });
+
+  foreignFieldAdd({
+    left: x,
+    right: y,
+    overflow,
+    carry,
+    modulus: f_,
+    sign,
+  });
+
+  return [r0, r1, r2];
+}
+
+function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
+  return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
+}
+function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
+  return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());
+}
+
+function collapse([x0, x1, x2]: bigint3) {
+  return x0 + (x1 << L) + (x2 << twoL);
+}
+function split(x: bigint): bigint3 {
+  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask, x >> twoL];
+}
+
+function collapse2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
+  return x0 + (x1 << L);
+}
+function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
+  return [x & lMask, x >> L];
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index d48356d480..f640cd56a7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,15 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck, L };
+export {
+  rangeCheck64,
+  multiRangeCheck,
+  compactMultiRangeCheck,
+  L,
+  twoL,
+  lMask,
+  twoLMask,
+};
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
@@ -53,6 +61,7 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
 const L = 88n;
 const twoL = 2n * L;
 const lMask = (1n << L) - 1n;
+const twoLMask = (1n << twoL) - 1n;
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)

From cf1d4bb2d3ed5ea4faeed5201438697fc33d9bcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 17:17:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0473/1786] feat(bitwise.ts): return unchecked not value as
 default

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 21cc5542df..fc97425029 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { xor, not, and, rotate };
 
-function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = true) {
+function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
   // check that input length is positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input length needs to be positive values.`);
 

From 2484d8db5c5d7fe9d8645d6b5b9a7986f58b7ec7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 17:22:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0474/1786] fix(bitwise.unit-test.ts): change the number of
 bits used in xor tests from 64 to 255 to support larger

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 405d5a225d..4ce195f80e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
     xor: {
       privateInputs: [Field, Field],
       method(a: Field, b: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
+        return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 255);
       },
     },
     not: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 64);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 16);
       },
     },
     and: {
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 64n || y >= 2n ** 64n)
-      throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    if (x >= 2n ** 255n || y >= 2n ** 255n)
+      throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
     return x ^ y;
   },
   async (x, y) => {

From f6b59ded830dec2cdbe764966da3381251241ae2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 22:56:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0475/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): add documentation for the
 'checked' parameter in the 'not' method

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 20 +++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 0690209979..e7a797102e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -122,19 +122,29 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional * * *
    *   constraints.
    *
+   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'true'
+   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd the with a second argument to be an
+   * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
+   * for a single negation. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'false' NOT is
+   * implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
+   * implementation is returned by default if no 'checked' parameter is provided.
+   *
+   *You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * let a = Field(0b0101);
-   * let b = not(a,4);    // not-ing 4 bits
+   * let b = not(a,4,false);    // not-ing 4 bits
    *
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
+   * @param checked - Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used.
    */
-  not(a: Field, length: number) {
-    return not(a, length);
+  not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
+    return not(a, length, checked);
   },
   /**
    * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
@@ -147,9 +157,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Where:\
    * `a + b = sum`\
    * `a ^ b = xor`\
-   * `a & b = and`
+   * `a & b = and`You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
+   *
    *
-   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *

From 7b524369c6b61cd8d432bdedc5af5789a155af7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 23:11:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0476/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): update 'not' doc comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e7a797102e..13b8bb7f4f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
   /**
    * Bitwise NOT gate on {@link Field} elements. Similar to the [bitwise
    * NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/
-   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT). The NOT gate only operates over the amount
+   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
+   *
+   * **Note:** The NOT gate only operates over the amount
    * of bits specified by the 'length' paramenter.
    *
    * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
@@ -119,8 +121,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits to NOT.
    *
-   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional * * *
-   *   constraints.
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   *
    *
    * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'true'
    * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd the with a second argument to be an
@@ -141,7 +143,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
-   * @param checked - Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used.
+   * @param checked - Optional Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used.
+   * It is set to false by default if no parameter is provided.
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
     return not(a, length, checked);

From 185ea69b194a83a5d01d5bd06421e89b12e23981 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Nov 2023 23:36:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0477/1786] feat(bitwise.unit-test.ts): update the bit length
 value passed to the Gadgets.not() method from 16 to 255

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 4ce195f80e..c75c5a50fe 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
     not: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 16);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 255);
       },
     },
     and: {

From 9ac67bf2d80a07301467a45f3e9a22b9856a08d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 11:43:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0478/1786] write sumchain gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib/gates.ts                 | 11 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 944c1e04c3..f71f6632be 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,37 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
-import { L, lMask, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
+import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
+
+export { ForeignField };
 
 type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
 type Sign = -1n | 1n;
 
-function sumchain(xs: Field3[], signs: Sign[], f: bigint) {
-  assert(xs.length === signs.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
+const ForeignField = { sumChain };
+
+/**
+ * computes x[0] + sign[0] * x[1] + ... + sign[n-1] * x[n] modulo f
+ *
+ * assumes that inputs are range checked, does range check on the result.
+ */
+function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
+  assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
+
+  let result = x[0];
+  for (let i = 0; i < sign.length; i++) {
+    ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], sign[i], f));
+  }
+  // final zero row to hold result
+  Gates.zero(...result);
 
-  // TODO
+  // range check result
+  multiRangeCheck(...result);
 }
 
-function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint): Field3 {
+function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   let f_ = split(f);
 
   let [r0, r1, r2, overflow, carry] = exists(5, () => {
@@ -26,8 +43,10 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint): Field3 {
     let overflow = 0n;
     if (sign === 1n && r > f) overflow = 1n;
     if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+    if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n; // special case where overflow doesn't change anything
 
-    // do the carry
+    // do the add with carry
+    // note: this "just works" with negative r01
     let r01 = collapse2(x_) + sign * collapse2(y_) - overflow * collapse2(f_);
     let carry = r01 >> twoL;
     r01 &= twoLMask;
@@ -46,7 +65,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint): Field3 {
     sign,
   });
 
-  return [r0, r1, r2];
+  return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }
 
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 36f2a11ced..d0be6abf17 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,17 @@ import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
 export {
+  Gates,
+  rangeCheck0,
+  rangeCheck1,
+  xor,
+  zero,
+  rotate,
+  generic,
+  foreignFieldAdd,
+};
+
+const Gates = {
   rangeCheck0,
   rangeCheck1,
   xor,

From d316ab21e70de93f2294f870ae95b92fab6b7395 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 11:50:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0479/1786] add another comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 17 +++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index f71f6632be..4c0e9eff9c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(...result);
 }
 
+/**
+ * core building block for non-native addition
+ *
+ * **warning**: this just adds the `foreignFieldAdd` row;
+ * it _must_ be chained with a second row that holds the result in its first 3 cells.
+ *
+ * the second row could, for example, be `zero`, `foreignFieldMul`, or another `foreignFieldAdd`.
+ */
 function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   let f_ = split(f);
 
@@ -56,14 +64,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
     return [r0, r1, r2, overflow, carry];
   });
 
-  foreignFieldAdd({
-    left: x,
-    right: y,
-    overflow,
-    carry,
-    modulus: f_,
-    sign,
-  });
+  foreignFieldAdd({ left: x, right: y, overflow, carry, modulus: f_, sign });
 
   return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }

From c277e35eb731e379b31a21ee4549aae543e6ee0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 11:52:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0480/1786] simplify gates imports

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts     | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 0eeffc9b52..c2c659dbb5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import {
   MAX_BITS,
   assert,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index f640cd56a7..756388d24d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
+import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
 export {

From 8529dcfeb797403316df4b416e099e4bf2eefa5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 11:56:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0481/1786] add and sub

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 10 +++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       |  6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 4c0e9eff9c..9f62bd2b13 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,15 @@ type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
 type Sign = -1n | 1n;
 
-const ForeignField = { sumChain };
+const ForeignField = {
+  add(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return sumChain([x, y], [1n], f);
+  },
+  sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return sumChain([x, y], [-1n], f);
+  },
+  sumChain,
+};
 
 /**
  * computes x[0] + sign[0] * x[1] + ... + sign[n-1] * x[n] modulo f
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 32ad29acb7..b8ce5dc359 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { rotate, xor, and } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { ForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -175,4 +176,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
   compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field) {
     return compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Gadgets for foreign field operations.
+   */
+  ForeignField,
 };

From cc7d4014c35149d26ffee37ede993a58249907fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:41:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0482/1786] add helpers, return result 0.O

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 9f62bd2b13..266c35533c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { ForeignField };
+export { ForeignField, Field3 };
 
 type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
 type Sign = -1n | 1n;
 
 const ForeignField = {
+  // arithmetic
   add(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sumChain([x, y], [1n], f);
   },
@@ -18,6 +19,14 @@ const ForeignField = {
     return sumChain([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
   sumChain,
+
+  // helper methods
+  from(x: bigint): Field3 {
+    return Field3(split(x));
+  },
+  toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
+    return collapse(bigint3(x));
+  },
 };
 
 /**
@@ -37,6 +46,8 @@ function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
 
   // range check result
   multiRangeCheck(...result);
+
+  return result;
 }
 
 /**

From 98666aba3cbf2e7ffa5cae1631bfe3a20b32e019 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:49:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0483/1786] sophisticated random generator for any field

---
 src/lib/testing/random.ts | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 1cae85806e..0d9c457cf2 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import { ProvableExtended } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { tokenSymbolLength } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/derived-leaves.js';
 import { stringLengthInBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 
 export { Random, sample, withHardCoded };
 
@@ -307,6 +308,7 @@ const Random = Object.assign(Random_, {
   reject,
   dice: Object.assign(dice, { ofSize: diceOfSize() }),
   field,
+  otherField: fieldWithInvalid,
   bool,
   uint32,
   uint64,
@@ -843,12 +845,12 @@ function bignatWithInvalid(max: bigint): RandomWithInvalid<bigint> {
   return Object.assign(valid, { invalid });
 }
 
-function fieldWithInvalid(
-  F: typeof Field | typeof Scalar
-): RandomWithInvalid<bigint> {
+function fieldWithInvalid(F: FiniteField): RandomWithInvalid<bigint> {
   let randomField = Random_(F.random);
-  let specialField = oneOf(0n, 1n, F(-1));
-  let field = oneOf<bigint[]>(randomField, randomField, uint64, specialField);
+  let specialField = oneOf(0n, 1n, F.negate(1n));
+  let roughLogSize = 1 << Math.ceil(Math.log2(F.sizeInBits) - 1);
+  let uint = biguint(roughLogSize);
+  let field = oneOf<bigint[]>(randomField, randomField, uint, specialField);
   let tooLarge = map(field, (x) => x + F.modulus);
   let negative = map(field, (x) => -x - 1n);
   let invalid = oneOf(tooLarge, negative);

From 150844048631b5f77f053389eda3cf7bd95c610a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:56:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0484/1786] handle constant case

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 266c35533c..961206708d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
@@ -37,6 +38,14 @@ const ForeignField = {
 function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
+  // constant case
+  if (x.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()))) {
+    let xBig = x.map(ForeignField.toBigint);
+    let sum = sign.reduce((sum, s, i) => sum + s * xBig[i + 1], xBig[0]);
+    return ForeignField.from(mod(sum, f));
+  }
+
+  // provable case - create chain of ffadd rows
   let result = x[0];
   for (let i = 0; i < sign.length; i++) {
     ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], sign[i], f));

From 1ef716551dcdbd0c704c72411075e05be3cbbdb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:57:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0485/1786] add unit test for add and sub

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7599a902a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
+import { Spec, equivalentProvable } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+
+function foreignField(F: FiniteField): Spec<bigint, Field3> {
+  let rng = Random.otherField(F);
+  return { rng, there: ForeignField.from, back: ForeignField.toBigint };
+}
+
+let { small, babybear, f25519, bls12_381_fq, Fq, Fp } = exampleFields;
+
+for (let F of [small, babybear, f25519, bls12_381_fq, Fq, Fp]) {
+  let f = foreignField(F);
+  let eq2 = equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f], to: f });
+
+  eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus));
+  eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus));
+}

From b5cb55cf47bf1f1c7a0dde7696f177cc2eb12fb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 14:11:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0486/1786] more example fields

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 7599a902a6..5906a011fe 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,9 +9,18 @@ function foreignField(F: FiniteField): Spec<bigint, Field3> {
   return { rng, there: ForeignField.from, back: ForeignField.toBigint };
 }
 
-let { small, babybear, f25519, bls12_381_fq, Fq, Fp } = exampleFields;
+let fields = [
+  exampleFields.small,
+  exampleFields.babybear,
+  exampleFields.f25519,
+  exampleFields.secp256k1,
+  exampleFields.secq256k1,
+  exampleFields.bls12_381_scalar,
+  exampleFields.Fq,
+  exampleFields.Fp,
+];
 
-for (let F of [small, babybear, f25519, bls12_381_fq, Fq, Fp]) {
+for (let F of fields) {
   let f = foreignField(F);
   let eq2 = equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f], to: f });
 

From 4def5e57a72bcf07e3ebdffea5e14921516b6f11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 15:51:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0487/1786] add a few specs

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 22c1954a91..a437dc85e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -15,9 +15,18 @@ export {
   handleErrors,
   deepEqual as defaultAssertEqual,
   id,
+};
+export {
+  field,
   fieldWithRng,
+  bigintField,
+  bool,
+  boolean,
+  unit,
+  array,
+  record,
+  fromRandom,
 };
-export { field, bigintField, bool, boolean, unit };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
 
 // a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
@@ -235,16 +244,51 @@ let bool: ProvableSpec<boolean, Bool> = {
   back: (x) => x.toBoolean(),
   provable: Bool,
 };
-let boolean: Spec<boolean, boolean> = {
-  rng: Random.boolean,
-  there: id,
-  back: id,
-};
+let boolean: Spec<boolean, boolean> = fromRandom(Random.boolean);
 
 function fieldWithRng(rng: Random<bigint>): Spec<bigint, Field> {
   return { ...field, rng };
 }
 
+// spec combinators
+
+function array<T, S>(
+  spec: Spec<T, S>,
+  n: Random<number> | number
+): Spec<T[], S[]> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.array(spec.rng, n),
+    there: (x) => x.map(spec.there),
+    back: (x) => x.map(spec.back),
+  };
+}
+
+function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
+  specs: Specs
+): Spec<
+  { [k in keyof Specs]: Result1<Specs[k]> },
+  { [k in keyof Specs]: Result2<Specs[k]> }
+> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.record(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.rng)) as any,
+    there: (x) => mapObject(specs, (spec, k) => spec.there(x[k])) as any,
+    back: (x) => mapObject(specs, (spec, k) => spec.back(x[k])) as any,
+  };
+}
+
+function mapObject<K extends string, T, S>(
+  t: { [k in K]: T },
+  map: (t: T, k: K) => S
+): { [k in K]: S } {
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries<T>(t).map(([k, v]) => [k, map(v, k as K)])
+  ) as any;
+}
+
+function fromRandom<T>(rng: Random<T>): Spec<T, T> {
+  return { rng, there: id, back: id };
+}
+
 // helper to ensure two functions throw equivalent errors
 
 function handleErrors<T, S, R>(

From 13c0e559f33df777ab23dfaab5967b790e3dd7b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 15:51:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0488/1786] expose sign

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 961206708d..7802750300 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { ForeignField, Field3 };
+export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
 
 type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];

From b9c1a00405cf8e663ea969d725228c472a740bd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 15:51:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0489/1786] add sumchain tests and with zkprogram

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 5906a011fe..c2eb4307e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
 import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
-import { Spec, equivalentProvable } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  Spec,
+  array,
+  equivalentAsync,
+  equivalentProvable,
+  fromRandom,
+  record,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
-import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignField, Field3, Sign } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { ProvableExtended, provable, provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 
 function foreignField(F: FiniteField): Spec<bigint, Field3> {
   let rng = Random.otherField(F);
   return { rng, there: ForeignField.from, back: ForeignField.toBigint };
 }
+let sign = fromRandom(Random.oneOf(1n as const, -1n as const));
 
 let fields = [
   exampleFields.small,
@@ -20,10 +34,85 @@ let fields = [
   exampleFields.Fp,
 ];
 
+// tests for witness generation
+
 for (let F of fields) {
   let f = foreignField(F);
   let eq2 = equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f], to: f });
 
-  eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus));
-  eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus));
+  eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus), 'add');
+  eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus), 'sub');
+
+  // sumchain of 5
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
+    (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
+    (xs, signs) => ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus)
+  );
+
+  // sumchain up to 100
+  let operands = array(record({ x: f, sign }), Random.nat(100));
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [f, operands], to: f })(
+    (x0, ts) => {
+      let xs = [x0, ...ts.map((t) => t.x)];
+      let signs = ts.map((t) => t.sign);
+      return sumchain(xs, signs, F);
+    },
+    (x0, ts) => {
+      let xs = [x0, ...ts.map((t) => t.x)];
+      let signs = ts.map((t) => t.sign);
+      return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+    },
+    'sumchain'
+  );
+}
+
+// tests with proving
+
+let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
+let f = foreignField(F);
+
+const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
+const Sign = provable(BigInt) as ProvableExtended<Sign, string>;
+
+let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'foreign-field',
+  publicOutput: Field3_,
+  methods: {
+    // sumchain of length 5
+    sumchain: {
+      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, 5), Provable.Array(Sign, 4)],
+      method(xs, signs) {
+        return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await ffProgram.compile();
+
+let [{ gates }] = ffProgram.analyzeMethods();
+
+console.log(gates);
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f },
+  { runs: 5 }
+)(
+  (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
+  async (xs, signs) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs, signs);
+    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+// helper
+
+function sumchain(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
+  let sum = xs[0];
+  for (let i = 0; i < signs.length; i++) {
+    sum = signs[i] === 1n ? F.add(sum, xs[i + 1]) : F.sub(sum, xs[i + 1]);
+  }
+  return sum;
 }

From 7e93bf170e909c27249a425d8ad1496c381575ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 16:12:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0490/1786] dang

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 7802750300..e85639c928 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
     // figure out if there's overflow
     let r = collapse(x_) + sign * collapse(y_);
     let overflow = 0n;
-    if (sign === 1n && r > f) overflow = 1n;
+    if (sign === 1n && r >= f) overflow = 1n;
     if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
     if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n; // special case where overflow doesn't change anything
 

From 6adf304fcc1bef0623f1747611144e4ebc61fdb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 16:40:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0491/1786] automatically reduce inputs to exists for easier
 use

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 6b97c6016b..5c05c40b4f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   compute: C
 ) {
   let varsMl = Snarky.exists(n, () =>
-    MlArray.mapTo(compute(), FieldConst.fromBigint)
+    MlArray.mapTo(compute(), (x) => FieldConst.fromBigint(mod(x, Field.ORDER)))
   );
   let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, (v) => new Field(v));
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);

From ac773391b042c48945fb7627b8c5d09ad42ff5b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 17:16:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0492/1786] add proof works

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           |  4 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 59 +++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index e85639c928..e2dfd5cd18 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -108,12 +108,12 @@ function collapse([x0, x1, x2]: bigint3) {
   return x0 + (x1 << L) + (x2 << twoL);
 }
 function split(x: bigint): bigint3 {
-  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask, x >> twoL];
+  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask, (x >> twoL) & lMask];
 }
 
 function collapse2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
   return x0 + (x1 << L);
 }
 function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
-  return [x & lMask, x >> L];
+  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask];
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index c2eb4307e9..473dc3f26f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -15,11 +15,19 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ProvableExtended, provable, provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+
+const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
+const Sign = provable(BigInt) as ProvableExtended<Sign, string>;
 
 function foreignField(F: FiniteField): Spec<bigint, Field3> {
   let rng = Random.otherField(F);
-  return { rng, there: ForeignField.from, back: ForeignField.toBigint };
+  return {
+    rng,
+    there: ForeignField.from,
+    back: ForeignField.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3_,
+  };
 }
 let sign = fromRandom(Random.oneOf(1n as const, -1n as const));
 
@@ -72,20 +80,24 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
 
-const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
-const Sign = provable(BigInt) as ProvableExtended<Sign, string>;
-
 let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'foreign-field',
   publicOutput: Field3_,
   methods: {
-    // sumchain of length 5
-    sumchain: {
-      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, 5), Provable.Array(Sign, 4)],
-      method(xs, signs) {
-        return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+    add: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
+      method(x, y) {
+        return ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
+
+    // // sumchain of length 5
+    // sumchain: {
+    //   privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, 5), Provable.Array(Sign, 4)],
+    //   method(xs, signs) {
+    //     return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+    //   },
+    // },
   },
 });
 
@@ -95,18 +107,29 @@ let [{ gates }] = ffProgram.analyzeMethods();
 
 console.log(gates);
 
-await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f },
-  { runs: 5 }
-)(
-  (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
-  async (xs, signs) => {
-    let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs, signs);
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
+  F.add,
+  async (x, y) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.add(x, y);
     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
     return proof.publicOutput;
-  }
+  },
+  'prove add'
 );
 
+// await equivalentAsync(
+//   { from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f },
+//   { runs: 5 }
+// )(
+//   (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
+//   async (xs, signs) => {
+//     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs, signs);
+//     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
+//     return proof.publicOutput;
+//   },
+//   'prove chain'
+// );
+
 // helper
 
 function sumchain(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {

From 1b135aa1f0d8d7531223c5c6ec613250517982dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 17:28:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0493/1786] actually it's easier this way

---
 src/lib/field.ts          | 4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 5d810ef20f..e6836237a9 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function constToBigint(x: FieldConst): Fp {
   return x[1];
 }
 function constFromBigint(x: Fp): FieldConst {
-  return [0, x];
+  return [0, Fp(x)];
 }
 
 const FieldConst = {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const FieldConst = {
   },
   [0]: constFromBigint(0n),
   [1]: constFromBigint(1n),
-  [-1]: constFromBigint(Fp(-1n)),
+  [-1]: constFromBigint(-1n),
 };
 
 enum FieldType {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 5c05c40b4f..6b97c6016b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
-import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   compute: C
 ) {
   let varsMl = Snarky.exists(n, () =>
-    MlArray.mapTo(compute(), (x) => FieldConst.fromBigint(mod(x, Field.ORDER)))
+    MlArray.mapTo(compute(), FieldConst.fromBigint)
   );
   let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, (v) => new Field(v));
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);

From 68ff7dafc6ce1b549b635d794b9b6ad70bab537a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 17:28:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0494/1786] sub proving works

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 57 ++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 473dc3f26f..e84d9992d7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -91,13 +91,20 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
       },
     },
 
-    // // sumchain of length 5
-    // sumchain: {
-    //   privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, 5), Provable.Array(Sign, 4)],
-    //   method(xs, signs) {
-    //     return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
-    //   },
-    // },
+    sub: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
+      method(x, y) {
+        return ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
+
+    // sumchain of length 5
+    sumchain: {
+      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, 5), Provable.Array(Sign, 4)],
+      method(xs, signs) {
+        return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
@@ -107,7 +114,7 @@ let [{ gates }] = ffProgram.analyzeMethods();
 
 console.log(gates);
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 0 })(
   F.add,
   async (x, y) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.add(x, y);
@@ -117,18 +124,28 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
   'prove add'
 );
 
-// await equivalentAsync(
-//   { from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f },
-//   { runs: 5 }
-// )(
-//   (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
-//   async (xs, signs) => {
-//     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs, signs);
-//     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
-//     return proof.publicOutput;
-//   },
-//   'prove chain'
-// );
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 10 })(
+  F.sub,
+  async (x, y) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.sub(x, y);
+    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  },
+  'prove sub'
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f },
+  { runs: 0 }
+)(
+  (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
+  async (xs, signs) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs, signs);
+    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  },
+  'prove chain'
+);
 
 // helper
 

From d4db523460eaf263f444f345bb859319d01d4ff2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 17:37:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0495/1786] sumchain works (signs are constants, d'oh)

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 57 ++++------------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index e84d9992d7..0c173c8352 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -80,28 +80,16 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
 
+let chainLength = 5;
+let signs = [-1n, 1n, -1n, -1n] satisfies Sign[];
+
 let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'foreign-field',
   publicOutput: Field3_,
   methods: {
-    add: {
-      privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
-      method(x, y) {
-        return ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus);
-      },
-    },
-
-    sub: {
-      privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
-      method(x, y) {
-        return ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus);
-      },
-    },
-
-    // sumchain of length 5
     sumchain: {
-      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, 5), Provable.Array(Sign, 4)],
-      method(xs, signs) {
+      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, chainLength)],
+      method(xs) {
         return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },
     },
@@ -110,37 +98,10 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
 
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
-let [{ gates }] = ffProgram.analyzeMethods();
-
-console.log(gates);
-
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 0 })(
-  F.add,
-  async (x, y) => {
-    let proof = await ffProgram.add(x, y);
-    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
-    return proof.publicOutput;
-  },
-  'prove add'
-);
-
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 10 })(
-  F.sub,
-  async (x, y) => {
-    let proof = await ffProgram.sub(x, y);
-    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
-    return proof.publicOutput;
-  },
-  'prove sub'
-);
-
-await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f },
-  { runs: 0 }
-)(
-  (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
-  async (xs, signs) => {
-    let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs, signs);
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
+  (xs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
+  async (xs) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs);
     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
     return proof.publicOutput;
   },

From de3a15c510a5259945bf164e34d0d68a0e941684 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 17:38:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0496/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 0823354ae6..f14ffa28ed 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 0823354ae63477bf65120854e54f594c917f7c8f
+Subproject commit f14ffa28ed319880fa0d9bca109ca390958b9361

From 2d49242d82ba28a87bcf13a8fc7c7a076ebf5d5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 10:18:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0497/1786] chore(bitwise.unit-test.ts): remove comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 8261c38545..a1ae04371d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 
 let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
-// --------------------------
-// Bitwise Gates
-// --------------------------
-
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   name: 'bitwise',
   publicOutput: Field,

From e2ceabeba51196a7c298226824e6aafc82cc8844 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 10:59:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0498/1786] chore(bindings): update commit

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index af22d5bca5..03e8047966 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit af22d5bca5cc1080645f7887f684bac646d1ca1f
+Subproject commit 03e8047966da86073d0dc3a06067f5568c8e873c

From e83153adfdfa9a8ad30407bb017e546c735babd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 11:21:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0499/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): update documentation for rotate,
 leftShift, rightShift

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 2680ce05ed..112bfa7217 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Important:** The gadget assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the rotation.
    * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the shift.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
    * Therefore, to safely use `leftShift()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
    * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the shift.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
    * To safely use `rightShift()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *

From 1eeab64ed7a30c4b49f730d51aaa315658991210 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 12:01:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0500/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): update `not` doc comments to
 include examples of checked and unchecked versions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 22 +++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 13b8bb7f4f..40a853e05f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
    *
    *
-   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'true'
+   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
    * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd the with a second argument to be an
    * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
-   * for a single negation. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'false' NOT is
+   * for a single negation. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'false', NOT is
    * implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
    * implementation is returned by default if no 'checked' parameter is provided.
    *
@@ -135,16 +135,24 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
+   * // not-ing 4 bits with the unchecked version
    * let a = Field(0b0101);
-   * let b = not(a,4,false);    // not-ing 4 bits
+   * let b = gadgets.not(a,4,false);
+   *
+   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   *
+   * // not-ing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
+   * let a = Field(0b0101);
+   * let b = gadgets.not(a,4,true);
    *
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
-   * @param checked - Optional Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used.
-   * It is set to false by default if no parameter is provided.
+   * @param checked - Optional Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd. If it is set to `false`
+   * NOT is implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
+   *
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
     return not(a, length, checked);
@@ -160,9 +168,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Where:\
    * `a + b = sum`\
    * `a ^ b = xor`\
-   * `a & b = and`You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
-   *
+   * `a & b = and`
    *
+   *You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *

From d09663afbf07150fe99ac780cc257fcdb5036265 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 12:19:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0501/1786] refactor(bitwise.ts): simplify the not function by
 using conditional return statements instead of separate variables

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index fc97425029..d23350efca 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -45,10 +45,11 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
 
   allOnesF.assertEquals(allOnes);
 
-  let notChecked = xor(a, allOnes, length);
-  let notUnchecked = allOnes.sub(a);
-
-  return checked ? notChecked : notUnchecked;
+  if (checked) {
+    return xor(a, allOnes, length);
+  } else {
+    return allOnes.sub(a);
+  }
 }
 
 function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {

From a2ef8548c39ad0555f60c621577ef8dc3258f01b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 12:43:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0502/1786] chore(regression_test.json): dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 91e4f93a47..6c5ce1bf3c 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -176,7 +176,11 @@
         "rows": 15,
         "digest": "b3595a9cc9562d4f4a3a397b6de44971"
       },
-      "not": {
+      "notUnchecked": {
+        "rows": 2,
+        "digest": "fa18d403c061ef2be221baeae18ca19d"
+      },
+      "notChecked": {
         "rows": 17,
         "digest": "5e01b2cad70489c7bec1546b84ac868d"
       },

From d7d809dbed154a921d481b8b6a34ac4b1e1ec316 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 12:52:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0503/1786] feat(bitwise.unit-test.ts): add  `notChecked` and
 `notUnchecked` tests

---
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts | 18 ++++++++++++------
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts        | 20 ++++++++++++++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                  |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 7dbb777a37..923727e1ba 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -79,13 +79,19 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.xor(a, b, 48);
     Gadgets.xor(a, b, 64);
   },
-
-  not() {
+  notUnchecked() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
+    Gadgets.not(a, 16, false);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 32, false);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 48, false);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 64, false);
+  },
+  notChecked() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
-    Gadgets.not(a, 16);
-    Gadgets.not(a, 32);
-    Gadgets.not(a, 48);
-    Gadgets.not(a, 64);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 16, true);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 32, true);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 48, true);
+    Gadgets.not(a, 64, true);
   },
   and() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index c75c5a50fe..f4ffa6b74c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -22,10 +22,16 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 255);
       },
     },
-    not: {
+    notChecked: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 255);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, true);
+      },
+    },
+    notUnchecked: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, false);
       },
     },
     and: {
@@ -56,9 +62,15 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
     (x, y) => x & y,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.and(x, y, length)
   );
-  equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
+  // NOT checked
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.not(x, length),
+    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length, true)
+  );
+  // NOT unchecked
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.not(x, length),
-    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length)
+    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length, false)
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 40a853e05f..24bf66a7c9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
    * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd the with a second argument to be an
    * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
-   * for a single negation. If the 'checked' parameter is set to 'false', NOT is
+   * for a single negation. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, NOT is
    * implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
-   * implementation is returned by default if no 'checked' parameter is provided.
+   * implementation is returned by default if no `checked` parameter is provided.
    *
    *You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
    *

From c57dbcdf4fcc289510f93970f68268197bc03ac3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:25:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0504/1786] chore(bindings): update commit

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 03e8047966..e17660291a 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 03e8047966da86073d0dc3a06067f5568c8e873c
+Subproject commit e17660291a884877639fdbdd66c6537b75855661

From 358e3d88ec2dbe664cb6fa3134df0ff6fa54146b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:29:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0505/1786] feat(CHANGELOG.md): add new provable methods
 Gadgets.leftShift(), Gadgets.rightShift(), and Gadgets.and() to support
 bitwise operations for native field elements

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2588d44c1f..b64391d853 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+### Added
+
+- `Gadgets.leftShift() / Gadgets.rightShift()`, new provable method to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1194
+- `Gadgets.and()`, new provable method to support bitwise and for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1193
 
 ## [0.14.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...e8e7510e1)
 

From c3aa4cdee481b98c7906efa97f68bc7de698ccd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 13:37:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0506/1786] fix(gadgets.ts): update doc comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f4ffa6b74c..e4caaaafaa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 255);
       },
     },
-    notChecked: {
+    notUnchecked: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, true);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, false);
       },
     },
-    notUnchecked: {
+    notChecked: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, false);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, true);
       },
     },
     and: {
@@ -62,15 +62,15 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
     (x, y) => x & y,
     (x, y) => Gadgets.and(x, y, length)
   );
-  // NOT checked
+  // NOT unchecked
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.not(x, length),
-    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length, true)
+    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length, false)
   );
-  // NOT unchecked
+  // NOT checked
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.not(x, length),
-    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length, false)
+    (x) => Gadgets.not(x, length, true)
   );
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 24bf66a7c9..673ecb4351 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -150,8 +150,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
-   * @param checked - Optional Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd. If it is set to `false`
-   * NOT is implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
+   * @param checked - Optional Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd.
+   * If it is set to `false`, NOT is implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
    *
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {

From 959cac27f70140c444431b4dc2e93933f4f22ca9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 22:43:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0507/1786] ffmul gate wrapper

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index d0be6abf17..e18ad6e2d5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export {
   rotate,
   generic,
   foreignFieldAdd,
+  foreignFieldMul,
 };
 
 const Gates = {
@@ -184,3 +185,48 @@ function foreignFieldAdd({
     FieldConst.fromBigint(sign)
   );
 }
+
+/**
+ * Foreign field multiplication
+ */
+function foreignFieldMul(inputs: {
+  left: TupleN<Field, 3>;
+  right: TupleN<Field, 3>;
+  remainder: TupleN<Field, 2>;
+  quotient: TupleN<Field, 3>;
+  quotientHiBound: Field;
+  product1: TupleN<Field, 3>;
+  carry0: Field;
+  carry1p: TupleN<Field, 7>;
+  carry1c: TupleN<Field, 4>;
+  foreignFieldModulus2: bigint;
+  negForeignFieldModulus: TupleN<bigint, 3>;
+}) {
+  let {
+    left,
+    right,
+    remainder,
+    quotient,
+    quotientHiBound,
+    product1,
+    carry0,
+    carry1p,
+    carry1c,
+    foreignFieldModulus2,
+    negForeignFieldModulus,
+  } = inputs;
+
+  Snarky.gates.foreignFieldMul(
+    MlTuple.mapTo(left, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(right, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(remainder, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(quotient, (x) => x.value),
+    quotientHiBound.value,
+    MlTuple.mapTo(product1, (x) => x.value),
+    carry0.value,
+    MlTuple.mapTo(carry1p, (x) => x.value),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(carry1c, (x) => x.value),
+    FieldConst.fromBigint(foreignFieldModulus2),
+    MlTuple.mapTo(negForeignFieldModulus, FieldConst.fromBigint)
+  );
+}

From 1dbee98fe19b170fbc273f7395906fa9d65e2f5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 14:50:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0508/1786] feat(gadgets.ts): correct typos in doc comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 673ecb4351..7335a2afa8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
    *
    * **Note:** The NOT gate only operates over the amount
-   * of bits specified by the 'length' paramenter.
+   * of bits specified by the 'length' parameter.
    *
    * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
@@ -125,33 +125,33 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    *
    * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
-   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd the with a second argument to be an
+   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
    * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
    * for a single negation. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, NOT is
-   * implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
+   * implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
    * implementation is returned by default if no `checked` parameter is provided.
    *
-   *You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * // not-ing 4 bits with the unchecked version
    * let a = Field(0b0101);
-   * let b = gadgets.not(a,4,false);
+   * let b = Gadgets.not(a,4,false);
    *
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    *
    * // not-ing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
    * let a = Field(0b0101);
-   * let b = gadgets.not(a,4,true);
+   * let b = Gadgets.not(a,4,true);
    *
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
-   * @param checked - Optional Boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reusesd.
-   * If it is set to `false`, NOT is implementad as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
+   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused.
+   * If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
    *
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * `a ^ b = xor`\
    * `a & b = and`
    *
-   *You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits should be compared. `length` is rounded to the nearest multiple of 16, `paddedLength = ceil(length / 16) * 16`, and both input values are constrained to fit into `paddedLength` bits. The output is guaranteed to have at most `paddedLength` bits as well.
    *

From adf5b1206ca3cde419fb8fa451e2a956f0263312 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 15:20:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0509/1786] fix(bitwise.ts): change the condition in the assert
 statement to check if the length is less than the maximum field size in bits
 instead of less than or equal to, to ensure it doesn't exceed the maximum
 size

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index d23350efca..367d330170 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
 
   // Check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
-    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
+    length < Field.sizeInBits(),
     `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
   );
 

From 696bc5c7933f8d81c3d5a5cbd429b2a5174f5bf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 15:38:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0510/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 22af158a9bd66b1b74376b1a36517722e931fcf6

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index cfb9bb78ec..22af158a9b 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cfb9bb78ec4a4f229cdd7d10ffd659afdbe7bc7f
+Subproject commit 22af158a9bd66b1b74376b1a36517722e931fcf6

From 29fc6319be06207d9797a2e017607d1b2e9a579d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 15:41:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0511/1786] Merge branch main into feature/NOT-gadget

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                |   5 +-
 src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts |  10 ++
 src/examples/regression_test.json           |   8 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts                  |  36 ++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts        | 102 +++++++++++---------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                  |  73 +++++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 183 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2588d44c1f..b64391d853 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+### Added
+
+- `Gadgets.leftShift() / Gadgets.rightShift()`, new provable method to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1194
+- `Gadgets.and()`, new provable method to support bitwise and for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1193
 
 ## [0.14.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...e8e7510e1)
 
diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
index 923727e1ba..9e47d24333 100644
--- a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
@@ -93,6 +93,16 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.not(a, 48, true);
     Gadgets.not(a, 64, true);
   },
+  leftShift() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.leftShift(a, 2);
+    Gadgets.leftShift(a, 4);
+  },
+  rightShift() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.rightShift(a, 2);
+    Gadgets.rightShift(a, 4);
+  },
   and() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
     let b = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index 6c5ce1bf3c..b702555394 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -184,6 +184,14 @@
         "rows": 17,
         "digest": "5e01b2cad70489c7bec1546b84ac868d"
       },
+      "leftShift": {
+        "rows": 7,
+        "digest": "66de39ad3dd5807f760341ec85a6cc41"
+      },
+      "rightShift": {
+        "rows": 7,
+        "digest": "a32264f2d4c3092f30d600fa9506385b"
+      },
       "and": {
         "rows": 19,
         "digest": "647e6fd1852873d1c326ba1cd269cff2"
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 367d330170..0943eec543 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 } from './common.js';
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { xor, not, and, rotate };
+export { xor, not, rotate, and, rightShift, leftShift };
 
 function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
   // check that input length is positive
@@ -284,3 +284,37 @@ function rot(
   rangeCheck64(excess);
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
+
+function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+  assert(
+    bits >= 0 && bits <= MAX_BITS,
+    `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
+  );
+
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      field.toBigInt() < 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS),
+      `rightShift: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
+    );
+    return new Field(Fp.rightShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
+  }
+  const [, excess] = rot(field, bits, 'right');
+  return excess;
+}
+
+function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+  assert(
+    bits >= 0 && bits <= MAX_BITS,
+    `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
+  );
+
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      field.toBigInt() < 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS),
+      `rightShift: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
+    );
+    return new Field(Fp.leftShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
+  }
+  const [, , shifted] = rot(field, bits, 'left');
+  return shifted;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index e4caaaafaa..24e348e4a8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,16 @@ import {
 import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+
+let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
+};
+
+let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   name: 'bitwise',
@@ -46,13 +54,23 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.rotate(a, 12, 'left');
       },
     },
+    leftShift: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.leftShift(a, 12);
+      },
+    },
+    rightShift: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.rightShift(a, 12);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
 await Bitwise.compile();
 
-let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
-
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length), uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x, y) => x ^ y,
@@ -74,27 +92,20 @@ let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
   );
 });
 
-test(
-  Random.uint64,
-  Random.nat(64),
-  Random.boolean,
-  (x, n, direction, assert) => {
-    let z = Field(x);
-    let r1 = Fp.rot(x, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-    Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-      let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => z);
-      let r2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, n, direction ? 'left' : 'right');
-      Provable.asProver(() => assert(r1 === r2.toBigInt()));
-    });
-  }
-);
-
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
-};
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64].forEach((length) => {
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left'),
+    (x) => Gadgets.rotate(x, 12, 'left')
+  );
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.leftShift(x, 12),
+    (x) => Gadgets.leftShift(x, 12)
+  );
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.rightShift(x, 12),
+    (x) => Gadgets.rightShift(x, 12)
+  );
+});
 
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
@@ -137,25 +148,24 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-function testRot(
-  field: Field,
-  bits: number,
-  mode: 'left' | 'right',
-  result: Field
-) {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let output = Gadgets.rotate(field, bits, mode);
-    output.assertEquals(result, `rot(${field}, ${bits}, ${mode})`);
-  });
-}
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.leftShift(x, 12);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.leftShift(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
 
-testRot(Field(0), 0, 'left', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(0), 32, 'right', Field(0));
-testRot(Field(1), 1, 'left', Field(2));
-testRot(Field(1), 63, 'left', Field(9223372036854775808n));
-testRot(Field(256), 4, 'right', Field(16));
-testRot(Field(1234567890), 32, 'right', Field(5302428712241725440));
-testRot(Field(2651214356120862720), 32, 'right', Field(617283945));
-testRot(Field(1153202983878524928), 32, 'right', Field(268500993));
-testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
-testRot(Field(6510615555426900570n), 4, 'right', Field(11936128518282651045n));
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.rightShift(x, 12);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.rightShift(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 7335a2afa8..d38596e609 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * Wrapper file for various gadgets, with a namespace and doccomments.
  */
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
-import { not, rotate, xor, and } from './bitwise.js';
+import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Important:** The gadget assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and does not prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the rotation.
    * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
@@ -157,6 +157,72 @@ const Gadgets = {
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
     return not(a, length, checked);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
+   * This operation is similar to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   *
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
+   * Therefore, to safely use `leftShift()`, you need to make sure that the values passed in are range checked to 64 bits.
+   * For example, this can be done with {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
+   *
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = Gadgets.leftShift(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * ```
+   */
+  leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return leftShift(field, bits);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a right shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
+   * This is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right.
+   * The `rightShift` function utilizes the rotation method internally to implement this operation.
+   *
+   * * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   *
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
+   * To safely use `rightShift()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
+   * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
+   *
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 64 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = Gadgets.rightShift(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 3 in binary
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * rightShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * ```
+   */
+  rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return rightShift(field, bits);
+  },
   /**
    * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
    * The AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
@@ -179,11 +245,12 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** Both {@link Field} elements need to fit into `2^paddedLength - 1`. Otherwise, an error is thrown and no proof can be generated.
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `and()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
+   * @example
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(3);    // ... 000011
    * let b = Field(5);    // ... 000101
    *
-   * let c = and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * let c = Gadgets.and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
    * c.assertEquals(1);
    * ```
    */

From 7dab788ab5926275178b8d2b7955fbfd10d5c608 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 23:51:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0512/1786] ffmul witnesses

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts   | 20 +++-----
 2 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index e2dfd5cd18..0dfe5966c1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
-import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
+import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, L2, l2Mask, L3 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
 
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
     // do the add with carry
     // note: this "just works" with negative r01
     let r01 = collapse2(x_) + sign * collapse2(y_) - overflow * collapse2(f_);
-    let carry = r01 >> twoL;
-    r01 &= twoLMask;
+    let carry = r01 >> L2;
+    r01 &= l2Mask;
     let [r0, r1] = split2(r01);
     let r2 = x_[2] + sign * y_[2] - overflow * f_[2] + carry;
 
@@ -97,6 +97,72 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }
 
+function multiply(aF: Field3, bF: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
+  let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
+  let [f_0, f_1, f_2] = split(f_);
+
+  let witnesses = exists(27, () => {
+    // split inputs into 3 limbs
+    let [a0, a1, a2] = bigint3(aF);
+    let [b0, b1, b2] = bigint3(bF);
+    let a = collapse([a0, a1, a2]);
+    let b = collapse([b0, b1, b2]);
+
+    // compute q and r such that a*b = q*f + r
+    let ab = a * b;
+    let q = ab / f;
+    let r = ab - q * f;
+
+    let [q0, q1, q2] = split(q);
+    let [r0, r1, r2] = split(r);
+    let r01 = collapse2([r0, r1]);
+
+    // compute product terms
+    let p0 = a0 * b0 + q0 * f_0;
+    let p1 = a0 * b1 + a1 * b0 + q0 * f_1 + q1 * f_0;
+    let p2 = a0 * b2 + a1 * b1 + a2 * b0 + q0 * f_2 + q1 * f_1 + q2 * f_0;
+
+    let [p10, p110, p111] = split(p1);
+    let p11 = collapse2([p110, p111]);
+
+    // carry bottom limbs
+    let c0 = (p0 + (p10 << L) - r01) >> L2;
+
+    // carry top limb
+    let c1 = (p2 - r2 + p11 + c0) >> L;
+
+    // split high carry
+    let c1_00 = bitSlice(c1, 0, 12);
+    let c1_12 = bitSlice(c1, 12, 12);
+    let c1_24 = bitSlice(c1, 24, 12);
+    let c1_36 = bitSlice(c1, 36, 12);
+    let c1_48 = bitSlice(c1, 48, 12);
+    let c1_60 = bitSlice(c1, 60, 12);
+    let c1_72 = bitSlice(c1, 72, 12);
+    let c1_84 = bitSlice(c1, 84, 2);
+    let c1_86 = bitSlice(c1, 86, 2);
+    let c1_88 = bitSlice(c1, 88, 2);
+    let c1_90 = bitSlice(c1, 90, 1);
+
+    // quotient high bound
+    let q2Bound = q2 + (1n << L) - (f >> L2) - 1n;
+
+    // prettier-ignore
+    return [
+      a0, a1, a2,
+      b0, b1, b2,
+      r01, r2,
+      q0, q1, q2,
+      q2Bound,
+      p10, p110, p111,
+      c0,
+      c1_00, c1_12, c1_24, c1_36, c1_48, c1_60, c1_72,
+      c1_84, c1_86, c1_88, c1_90,
+    ];
+  });
+}
+
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
 }
@@ -105,10 +171,10 @@ function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
 }
 
 function collapse([x0, x1, x2]: bigint3) {
-  return x0 + (x1 << L) + (x2 << twoL);
+  return x0 + (x1 << L) + (x2 << L2);
 }
 function split(x: bigint): bigint3 {
-  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask, (x >> twoL) & lMask];
+  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask, (x >> L2) & lMask];
 }
 
 function collapse2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 756388d24d..8e57bde4bc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -2,15 +2,8 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 
-export {
-  rangeCheck64,
-  multiRangeCheck,
-  compactMultiRangeCheck,
-  L,
-  twoL,
-  lMask,
-  twoLMask,
-};
+export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
+export { L, L2, L3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
@@ -59,9 +52,10 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
 
 // default bigint limb size
 const L = 88n;
-const twoL = 2n * L;
+const L2 = 2n * L;
+const L3 = 3n * L;
 const lMask = (1n << L) - 1n;
-const twoLMask = (1n << twoL) - 1n;
+const l2Mask = (1n << L2) - 1n;
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)
@@ -89,9 +83,9 @@ function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
 function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
   // constant case
   if (xy.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
-    if (xy.toBigInt() >> twoL || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
+    if (xy.toBigInt() >> L2 || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
       throw Error(
-        `Expected fields to fit in ${twoL} and ${L} bits respectively, got ${xy}, ${z}`
+        `Expected fields to fit in ${L2} and ${L} bits respectively, got ${xy}, ${z}`
       );
     }
     let [x, y] = splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt());

From 99628cb01d0515805943ad71aacfbec4f117bc10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 00:29:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0513/1786] raw gate wrapper

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 12 +++++++++++-
 src/snarky.d.ts  |  1 +
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index e18ad6e2d5..5d620066c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { KimchiGateType, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ const Gates = {
   rotate,
   generic,
   foreignFieldAdd,
+  foreignFieldMul,
+  raw,
 };
 
 function rangeCheck0(
@@ -230,3 +232,11 @@ function foreignFieldMul(inputs: {
     MlTuple.mapTo(negForeignFieldModulus, FieldConst.fromBigint)
   );
 }
+
+function raw(kind: KimchiGateType, values: Field[], coefficients: bigint[]) {
+  Snarky.gates.raw(
+    kind,
+    MlArray.to(values.map((x) => x.value)),
+    MlArray.to(coefficients.map(FieldConst.fromBigint))
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 0408c637d5..69fe3bcb37 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export {
   Snarky,
   Test,
   JsonGate,
+  KimchiGateType,
   MlPublicKey,
   MlPublicKeyVar,
   FeatureFlags,

From 409c73ab64d4f76f9ffca2a23ab5ac20a5471ce8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 00:29:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0514/1786] ffmul constraints

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 0dfe5966c1..00b3cd5940 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
-import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, L2, l2Mask, L3 } from './range-check.js';
+import {
+  L,
+  lMask,
+  multiRangeCheck,
+  L2,
+  l2Mask,
+  L3,
+  compactMultiRangeCheck,
+} from './range-check.js';
 
 export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
 
@@ -21,6 +29,10 @@ const ForeignField = {
   },
   sumChain,
 
+  mul(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return multiply(x, y, f);
+  },
+
   // helper methods
   from(x: bigint): Field3 {
     return Field3(split(x));
@@ -97,20 +109,21 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }
 
-function multiply(aF: Field3, bF: Field3, f: bigint) {
+function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
+  assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
   let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
   let [f_0, f_1, f_2] = split(f_);
+  let f2 = f >> L2;
+  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
 
-  let witnesses = exists(27, () => {
+  let witnesses = exists(21, () => {
     // split inputs into 3 limbs
-    let [a0, a1, a2] = bigint3(aF);
-    let [b0, b1, b2] = bigint3(bF);
-    let a = collapse([a0, a1, a2]);
-    let b = collapse([b0, b1, b2]);
+    let [a0, a1, a2] = bigint3(a);
+    let [b0, b1, b2] = bigint3(b);
 
     // compute q and r such that a*b = q*f + r
-    let ab = a * b;
+    let ab = collapse([a0, a1, a2]) * collapse([b0, b1, b2]);
     let q = ab / f;
     let r = ab - q * f;
 
@@ -146,12 +159,10 @@ function multiply(aF: Field3, bF: Field3, f: bigint) {
     let c1_90 = bitSlice(c1, 90, 1);
 
     // quotient high bound
-    let q2Bound = q2 + (1n << L) - (f >> L2) - 1n;
+    let q2Bound = q2 + f2Bound;
 
     // prettier-ignore
     return [
-      a0, a1, a2,
-      b0, b1, b2,
       r01, r2,
       q0, q1, q2,
       q2Bound,
@@ -161,6 +172,49 @@ function multiply(aF: Field3, bF: Field3, f: bigint) {
       c1_84, c1_86, c1_88, c1_90,
     ];
   });
+
+  // prettier-ignore
+  let [
+    r01, r2,
+    q0, q1, q2,
+    q2Bound,
+    p10, p110, p111,
+    c0,
+    c1_00, c1_12, c1_24, c1_36, c1_48, c1_60, c1_72,
+    c1_84, c1_86, c1_88, c1_90,
+  ] = witnesses;
+
+  let q: Field3 = [q0, q1, q2];
+
+  // ffmul gate. this already adds the following zero row.
+  Gates.foreignFieldMul({
+    left: a,
+    right: b,
+    remainder: [r01, r2],
+    quotient: q,
+    quotientHiBound: q2Bound,
+    product1: [p10, p110, p111],
+    carry0: c0,
+    carry1p: [c1_00, c1_12, c1_24, c1_36, c1_48, c1_60, c1_72],
+    carry1c: [c1_84, c1_86, c1_88, c1_90],
+    foreignFieldModulus2: f2,
+    negForeignFieldModulus: [f_0, f_1, f_2],
+  });
+
+  // limb range checks on quotient and remainder
+  multiRangeCheck(...q);
+  let r = compactMultiRangeCheck(r01, r2);
+
+  // range check on q and r bounds
+  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
+  let [r2Bound, zero] = exists(2, () => [r2.toBigInt() + f2Bound, 0n]);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, r2Bound, zero);
+
+  // constrain r2 bound, zero
+  r2.add(f2Bound).assertEquals(r2Bound);
+  zero.assertEquals(0);
+
+  return [r, q] satisfies [Field3, Field3];
 }
 
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {

From 8f585772c0ee59698698e6368253e7aa8ac2fab4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 00:39:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0515/1786] constant case

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 12 ++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 00b3cd5940..d9052def29 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }
 
-function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
+function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
   let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
@@ -117,6 +117,14 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   let f2 = f >> L2;
   let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
 
+  // constant case
+  if (a.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && b.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+    let ab = ForeignField.toBigint(a) * ForeignField.toBigint(b);
+    let q = ab / f;
+    let r = ab - q * f;
+    return [ForeignField.from(r), ForeignField.from(q)];
+  }
+
   let witnesses = exists(21, () => {
     // split inputs into 3 limbs
     let [a0, a1, a2] = bigint3(a);
@@ -214,7 +222,7 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   r2.add(f2Bound).assertEquals(r2Bound);
   zero.assertEquals(0);
 
-  return [r, q] satisfies [Field3, Field3];
+  return [r, q];
 }
 
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {

From 283fbd6c86178511e99c1c80dd2fc339380b63a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 00:39:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0516/1786] start testing

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 0c173c8352..baac7ca8e0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus), 'add');
   eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus), 'sub');
+  eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus)[0], 'mul');
 
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(

From 9a993525f20390d7c5fa1f4fe46e1610fca5d946 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 00:46:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0517/1786] docs(gadgets.ts): add mina book implementation
 refernence links for rotate and xor gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 1c5c2d5e88..0a82172680 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#rotation)
+   *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.
    * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
    * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
@@ -88,6 +90,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `xor()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#xor-1)
+   *
    * @param a {@link Field} element to compare.
    * @param b {@link Field} element to compare.
    * @param length amount of bits to compare.
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
    *
    * **Note:** The NOT gate only operates over the amount
-   * of bits specified by the 'length' parameter.
+   * of bits specified by the `length` parameter.
    *
    * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
@@ -123,7 +127,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
    *
-   *
    * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
    * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
    * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
@@ -150,8 +153,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
-   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused.
-   * If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
+   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it
+   * is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused. If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented
+   *  as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
    *
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {

From fb28f8801cc080d435c2b077eb02dc63141cd73f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 08:55:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0518/1786] another small witness test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index baac7ca8e0..13b548ad06 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@ for (let F of fields) {
   eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus), 'add');
   eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus), 'sub');
   eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus)[0], 'mul');
+  eq2(
+    (x, y) => (x * y) / F.modulus,
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus)[1],
+    'mul quotient'
+  );
 
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
 
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 0 })(
   (xs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
   async (xs) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs);

From c28cf2eebef24849449baab28ef08a4995f9308b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 01:23:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0519/1786] docs(gadgets): update the documentation to mention
 the operation will fail if the length is larger than 254

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 24e348e4a8..b7332484d0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
     notUnchecked: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, false);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 254, false);
       },
     },
     notChecked: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.not(a, 255, true);
+        return Gadgets.not(a, 254, true);
       },
     },
     and: {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 0a82172680..fab86d5e88 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits to NOT.
    *
-   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints.
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints. The operation will fail if the length is larger than 254.
    *
    * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
    * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an

From ee17ca3acebc0a1cc044afd7cb3e7a741589f8a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 09:58:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0520/1786] add proof mul test which doesn't work

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 13b548ad06..69cce14188 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -99,12 +99,24 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
         return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },
     },
+
+    mul: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
+      method(x, y) {
+        let [r, _q] = ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
+        return r;
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 0 })(
+await equivalentAsync(
+  { from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f },
+  // TODO revert to 3 runs
+  { runs: 0 }
+)(
   (xs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
   async (xs) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs);
@@ -114,6 +126,16 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 0 })(
   'prove chain'
 );
 
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 10 })(
+  F.mul,
+  async (x, y) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.mul(x, y);
+    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  },
+  'prove mul'
+);
+
 // helper
 
 function sumchain(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {

From c98aa3e0e4ca917aa37668b70cd7ee9f5718cdf2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 02:02:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0521/1786] feat(CHANGELOG.md): add entry for new
 `Gadgets.not()` method

The `Gadgets.not()` method was added to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. This change was made in response to the pull request #1198 on the o1js repository.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b64391d853..7f8109d1ff 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
+- `Gadgets.not()`, new provable method to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1198
 - `Gadgets.leftShift() / Gadgets.rightShift()`, new provable method to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1194
 - `Gadgets.and()`, new provable method to support bitwise and for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1193
 

From 8983d3e3ed51638b1720db01230b88a41bd4b84e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: marekyggdrasil <marek.yggdrasil@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 11:25:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0522/1786] Fixed the Escrow smart contract example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/escrow/escrow.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/escrow/escrow.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/escrow/escrow.ts
index a702a5f7a0..1917dca854 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/escrow/escrow.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/escrow/escrow.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export class Escrow extends SmartContract {
     // add your deposit logic circuit here
     // that will adjust the amount
 
-    const payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(user);
+    const payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(user);
     payerUpdate.send({ to: this.address, amount: UInt64.from(1000000) });
   }
 

From f3d189e9a1e6117c1d69f974aa0e48cc51737052 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 11:56:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0523/1786] fixup 'party witness' example

---
 src/examples/party-witness.ts | 73 +++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/party-witness.ts b/src/examples/party-witness.ts
index a33bdac352..f6c15d7956 100644
--- a/src/examples/party-witness.ts
+++ b/src/examples/party-witness.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,5 @@
-import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  PrivateKey,
-  Circuit,
-  provable,
-  isReady,
-  Provable,
-} from 'o1js';
-
-await isReady;
+import assert from 'assert/strict';
+import { AccountUpdate, PrivateKey, Provable, Empty } from 'o1js';
 
 let address = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
 
@@ -24,16 +16,21 @@ let aux = AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(accountUpdate);
 let accountUpdateRaw = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, aux);
 let json = AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdateRaw);
 
-if (address.toBase58() !== json.body.publicKey) throw Error('fail');
-
-let Null = provable(null);
+assert.equal(
+  address.toBase58(),
+  json.body.publicKey,
+  'recover json public key'
+);
 
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let accountUpdateWitness = AccountUpdate.witness(Null, () => ({
-    accountUpdate,
-    result: null,
-  })).accountUpdate;
-  console.assert(accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 5);
+  let accountUpdateWitness = Provable.witness(
+    AccountUpdate,
+    () => accountUpdate
+  );
+  assert(
+    accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 5,
+    'when witness block is executed, witness() recreates auxiliary parts of provable type'
+  );
   Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
   Provable.assertEqual(
     PrivateKey,
@@ -42,12 +39,15 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
   );
 });
 
-let result = Provable.witness(() => {
-  let accountUpdateWitness = AccountUpdate.witness(Null, () => ({
-    accountUpdate,
-    result: null,
-  })).accountUpdate;
-  console.assert(accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 0);
+let result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let accountUpdateWitness = Provable.witness(
+    AccountUpdate,
+    () => accountUpdate
+  );
+  assert(
+    accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 0,
+    'when witness block is not executed, witness() returns dummy data'
+  );
   Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
 });
 
@@ -56,19 +56,26 @@ console.log(
   `witnessing an account update and comparing it to another one creates ${result.rows} rows`
 );
 
-result = Provable.witness(() => {
-  let accountUpdateWitness = AccountUpdate.witness(
-    Null,
-    () => ({
-      accountUpdate,
-      result: null,
-    }),
+result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let { accountUpdate: accountUpdateWitness } = AccountUpdate.witness(
+    Empty,
+    () => ({ accountUpdate, result: undefined }),
     { skipCheck: true }
-  ).accountUpdate;
-  console.assert(accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 0);
+  );
   Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
 });
 
 console.log(
   `without all the checks on subfields, witnessing and comparing only creates ${result.rows} rows`
 );
+
+result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let { accountUpdate: accountUpdateWitness } = AccountUpdate.witness(
+    Empty,
+    () => ({ accountUpdate, result: undefined }),
+    { skipCheck: true }
+  );
+  accountUpdateWitness.hash();
+});
+
+console.log(`hashing a witnessed account update creates ${result.rows} rows`);

From 56e352daed6d5e2f20efc920daaf1bac740ffa72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 13:40:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0524/1786] make party-witness example good

---
 src/examples/party-witness.ts | 114 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 100 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/party-witness.ts b/src/examples/party-witness.ts
index f6c15d7956..6f7af3a68a 100644
--- a/src/examples/party-witness.ts
+++ b/src/examples/party-witness.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * This example explains some inner workings of provable types at the hand of a particularly
+ * complex type: `AccountUpdate`.
+ */
 import assert from 'assert/strict';
-import { AccountUpdate, PrivateKey, Provable, Empty } from 'o1js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  PrivateKey,
+  Provable,
+  Empty,
+  ProvableExtended,
+} from 'o1js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
 
-let address = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
+/**
+ * Example of a complex provable type: `AccountUpdate`
+ */
+AccountUpdate satisfies Provable<AccountUpdate>;
+console.log(`an account update has ${AccountUpdate.sizeInFields()} fields`);
 
+let address = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
 let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(address);
 accountUpdate.body.callDepth = 5;
 accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = {
@@ -10,28 +26,66 @@ accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = {
   privateKey: PrivateKey.random(),
 };
 
+/**
+ * Every provable type can be disassembled into its provable/in-circuit part (fields)
+ * and a non-provable part (auxiliary).
+ *
+ * The parts can be assembled back together to create a new object which is deeply equal to the old one.
+ */
 let fields = AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
 let aux = AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(accountUpdate);
+let accountUpdateRecovered = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, aux);
+expect(accountUpdateRecovered.body).toEqual(accountUpdate.body);
+expect(accountUpdateRecovered.lazyAuthorization).toEqual(
+  accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization
+);
 
-let accountUpdateRaw = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, aux);
-let json = AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdateRaw);
-
-assert.equal(
-  address.toBase58(),
-  json.body.publicKey,
-  'recover json public key'
+/**
+ * Provable types which implement `ProvableExtended` can also be serialized to/from JSON.
+ *
+ * However, `AccountUpdate` specifically is a wrapper around an actual, core provable extended type.
+ * It has additional properties, like lazySignature, which are not part of the JSON representation
+ * and therefore aren't recovered.
+ */
+AccountUpdate satisfies ProvableExtended<AccountUpdate>;
+let json = AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
+accountUpdateRecovered = AccountUpdate.fromJSON(json);
+expect(accountUpdateRecovered.body).toEqual(accountUpdate.body);
+expect(accountUpdateRecovered.lazyAuthorization).not.toEqual(
+  accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization
 );
 
+/**
+ * Provable.runAndCheck() can be used to run a circuit in "prover mode".
+ * That means
+ * -) witness() and asProver() blocks are excuted
+ * -) constraints are checked; failing assertions throw an error
+ */
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  /**
+   * Provable.witness() is used to introduce all values to the circuit which are not hard-coded constants.
+   *
+   * Under the hood, it disassembles and reassembles the provable type with toFields(), toAuxiliary() and fromFields().
+   */
   let accountUpdateWitness = Provable.witness(
     AccountUpdate,
     () => accountUpdate
   );
+
+  /**
+   * The witness is "provably equal" to the original.
+   * (this, under hood, calls assertEqual on all fields returned by .toFields()).
+   */
+  Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
+
+  /**
+   * Auxiliary parts are also recovered in the witness.
+   * Note, though, that this can't be enforced as part of a proof!
+   */
   assert(
     accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 5,
     'when witness block is executed, witness() recreates auxiliary parts of provable type'
   );
-  Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
   Provable.assertEqual(
     PrivateKey,
     (accountUpdateWitness.lazyAuthorization as any).privateKey,
@@ -39,11 +93,29 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
   );
 });
 
+/**
+ * Provable.constraintSystem() runs the circuit in "compile mode".
+ * -) witness() and asProver() blocks are not executed
+ * -) fields don't have actual values attached to them; they're purely abstract variables
+ * -) constraints are not checked
+ */
 let result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  /**
+   * In compile mode, witness() returns
+   * - abstract variables without values for fields
+   * - dummy data for auxiliary
+   */
   let accountUpdateWitness = Provable.witness(
     AccountUpdate,
-    () => accountUpdate
+    (): AccountUpdate => {
+      throw 'not executed anyway';
+    }
   );
+
+  /**
+   * Dummy data can take a different form depending on the provable type,
+   * but in most cases it's "all-zeroes"
+   */
   assert(
     accountUpdateWitness.body.callDepth === 0,
     'when witness block is not executed, witness() returns dummy data'
@@ -51,11 +123,23 @@ let result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
 });
 
-console.log(`an account update has ${AccountUpdate.sizeInFields()} fields`);
+/**
+ * Provable.constraintSystem() is a great way to investigate how many constraints operations take.
+ *
+ * Note that even just witnessing stuff takes constraints, for provable types which define a check() method.
+ * Bools are proved to be 0 or 1, UInt64 is proved to be within [0, 2^64), etc.
+ */
 console.log(
   `witnessing an account update and comparing it to another one creates ${result.rows} rows`
 );
 
+/**
+ * For account updates specifically, we typically don't want all the subfield checks. That's because
+ * account updates are usually tied the _public input_. The public input is checked on the verifier side
+ * already, including the well-formedness of its parts, so there's no need to include that in the proof.
+ *
+ * This is why we have this custom way of witnessing account updates, with the `skipCheck` option.
+ */
 result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let { accountUpdate: accountUpdateWitness } = AccountUpdate.witness(
     Empty,
@@ -64,11 +148,14 @@ result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   );
   Provable.assertEqual(AccountUpdate, accountUpdateWitness, accountUpdate);
 });
-
 console.log(
   `without all the checks on subfields, witnessing and comparing only creates ${result.rows} rows`
 );
 
+/**
+ * To relate an account update to the hash which is the public input, we need to perform the hash in-circuit.
+ * This is takes several 100 constraints, and is basically the minimal size of a zkApp method.
+ */
 result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let { accountUpdate: accountUpdateWitness } = AccountUpdate.witness(
     Empty,
@@ -77,5 +164,4 @@ result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   );
   accountUpdateWitness.hash();
 });
-
 console.log(`hashing a witnessed account update creates ${result.rows} rows`);

From a1dfdfdacc841cc73a1ff68cb570b7bdca8ee78f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 13:41:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0525/1786] move example to new folder and better name

---
 .../{party-witness.ts => internals/advanced-provable-types.ts}    | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/{party-witness.ts => internals/advanced-provable-types.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/party-witness.ts b/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/party-witness.ts
rename to src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts

From 052ccbb94f47b1fa1817b16fe81a9c293f4a7696 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 13:43:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0526/1786] add subfolder readme

---
 src/examples/internals/README.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/internals/README.md

diff --git a/src/examples/internals/README.md b/src/examples/internals/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddc6d96fe6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/internals/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Examples: Internals
+
+This folder contains examples which highlight inner workings and less-documented behaviours of o1js.
+
+These examples might be useful for advanced users and contributors.

From 7c05679897a4164a22341d908c141ed031f0e151 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 5 Oct 2023 08:12:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0527/1786] use module: nodenext to satisfy tsc

---
 src/build/buildExample.js | 8 +++++++-
 tsconfig.json             | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/buildExample.js b/src/build/buildExample.js
index b58cda4e2c..2f3a37e374 100644
--- a/src/build/buildExample.js
+++ b/src/build/buildExample.js
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ async function buildAndImport(srcPath, { keepFile = false }) {
 
 async function build(srcPath, isWeb = false) {
   let tsConfig = findTsConfig() ?? defaultTsConfig;
+  // TODO hack because ts.transpileModule doesn't treat module = 'nodenext' correctly
+  // but `tsc` demands it to be `nodenext`
+  tsConfig.compilerOptions.module = 'esnext';
 
   let outfile = srcPath.replace('.ts', '.tmp.js');
 
@@ -46,6 +49,9 @@ async function build(srcPath, isWeb = false) {
 
 async function buildOne(srcPath) {
   let tsConfig = findTsConfig() ?? defaultTsConfig;
+  // TODO hack because ts.transpileModule doesn't treat module = 'nodenext' correctly
+  // but `tsc` demands it to be `nodenext`
+  tsConfig.compilerOptions.module = 'esnext';
 
   let outfile = path.resolve(
     './dist/node',
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ const defaultTsConfig = {
     target: 'esnext',
     importHelpers: true,
     strict: true,
-    moduleResolution: 'node',
+    moduleResolution: 'nodenext',
     esModuleInterop: true,
     skipLibCheck: true,
     forceConsistentCasingInFileNames: true,
diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index 569ef2b1e6..0d67746964 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     "outDir": "dist",
     "baseUrl": ".", // affects where output files end up
     "target": "es2021", // goal: ship *the most modern syntax* that is supported by *all* browsers that support our Wasm
-    "module": "es2022", // allow top-level await
+    "module": "nodenext", // allow top-level await
     "moduleResolution": "nodenext", // comply with node + "type": "module"
     "esModuleInterop": true, // to silence jest
 

From 3b1116d63b201eb04cdb6e67124d3db0b6de08c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 13:58:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0528/1786] create folder for utils used in examples

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/hash-witness.ts                |  2 +-
 src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts                     |  2 +-
 src/examples/benchmarks/mul-witness.ts                 |  2 +-
 src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts                         |  2 +-
 src/examples/utils/README.md                           |  1 +
 .../{zkapps/tictoc.ts => utils/tic-toc.node.ts}        | 10 +++++++---
 src/examples/{benchmarks => utils}/tic-toc.ts          | 10 ++++++++--
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts     |  2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts      |  2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts                |  2 +-
 src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts                    |  2 +-
 src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts                          |  2 +-
 12 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/utils/README.md
 rename src/examples/{zkapps/tictoc.ts => utils/tic-toc.node.ts} (52%)
 rename src/examples/{benchmarks => utils}/tic-toc.ts (61%)

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/hash-witness.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/hash-witness.ts
index 7e87e96917..08adaf87f7 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/hash-witness.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/hash-witness.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * benchmark witness generation for an all-mul circuit
  */
 import { Field, Provable, Poseidon } from 'o1js';
-import { tic, toc } from './tic-toc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../utils/tic-toc.js';
 
 // parameters
 let nPermutations = 1 << 12; // 2^12 x 11 rows < 2^16 rows, should just fit in a circuit
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts
index e2b39ff9c8..43c977ff74 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-web.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * benchmark a circuit filled with generic gates
  */
 import { Circuit, Field, Provable, circuitMain, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
-import { tic, toc } from './tic-toc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../utils/tic-toc.js';
 
 // parameters
 let nMuls = (1 << 16) + (1 << 15); // not quite 2^17 generic gates = not quite 2^16 rows
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-witness.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-witness.ts
index dd4b164929..17e2165fbd 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-witness.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul-witness.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * benchmark witness generation for an all-mul circuit
  */
 import { Field, Provable } from 'o1js';
-import { tic, toc } from './tic-toc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../utils/tic-toc.js';
 
 // parameters
 let nMuls = (1 << 16) + (1 << 15); // not quite 2^17 generic gates = not quite 2^16 rows
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts
index deb9aabe43..3f92f8c27c 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/mul.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * benchmark a circuit filled with generic gates
  */
 import { Circuit, Field, Provable, circuitMain, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
-import { tic, toc } from '../zkapps/tictoc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
 // parameters
 let nMuls = (1 << 16) + (1 << 15); // not quite 2^17 generic gates = not quite 2^16 rows
diff --git a/src/examples/utils/README.md b/src/examples/utils/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a990bb239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/utils/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This folder doesn't contain stand-alone examples, but utilities used in our examples.
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/tictoc.ts b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts
similarity index 52%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/tictoc.ts
rename to src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts
index 35bd2de501..9e8d50634a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/tictoc.ts
+++ b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-// helper for printing timings
+/**
+ * Helper for printing timings, in the spirit of Python's `tic` and `toc`.
+ *
+ * This is a slightly nicer version of './tic-tic.ts' which only works in Node.
+ */
 
 export { tic, toc };
 
@@ -7,11 +11,11 @@ let i = 0;
 
 function tic(label = `Run command ${i++}`) {
   process.stdout.write(`${label}... `);
-  timingStack.push([label, Date.now()]);
+  timingStack.push([label, performance.now()]);
 }
 
 function toc() {
   let [label, start] = timingStack.pop()!;
-  let time = (Date.now() - start) / 1000;
+  let time = (performance.now() - start) / 1000;
   process.stdout.write(`\r${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec\n`);
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/tic-toc.ts b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
similarity index 61%
rename from src/examples/benchmarks/tic-toc.ts
rename to src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
index 9c037770cd..4b66514d8d 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/tic-toc.ts
+++ b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
+/**
+ * Helper for printing timings, in the spirit of Python's `tic` and `toc`.
+ */
+
 export { tic, toc };
 
 let timingStack: [string, number][] = [];
 let i = 0;
+
 function tic(label = `Run command ${i++}`) {
   console.log(`${label}... `);
-  timingStack.push([label, Date.now()]);
+  timingStack.push([label, performance.now()]);
 }
+
 function toc() {
   let [label, start] = timingStack.pop()!;
-  let time = (Date.now() - start) / 1000;
+  let time = (performance.now() - start) / 1000;
   console.log(`\r${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec\n`);
   return time;
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index e3d4ce5be1..52eab4f2a0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 } from './dex-with-actions.js';
 import { TokenContract } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { tic, toc } from '../tictoc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 7e81df9c44..9e78f3b7e8 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { isReady, Mina, AccountUpdate, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { tic, toc } from '../tictoc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
 
 await isReady;
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts
index 1a15eaaaba..540382bd67 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 } from './dex-with-actions.js';
 import { TokenContract } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { tic, toc } from '../tictoc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
index d24f741302..2441c0030d 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   shutdown,
   Proof,
 } from '../index.js';
-import { tic, toc } from '../examples/zkapps/tictoc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../examples/utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
index 7fa724d162..e60eee018a 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   shutdown,
   Proof,
 } from '../index.js';
-import { tic, toc } from '../examples/zkapps/tictoc.js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../examples/utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
 await isReady;
 

From cff7732ff93d72ac05fa7926274ae4959b546d98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 15:40:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0529/1786] revert test to normal

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 8 ++------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 69cce14188..d62235d411 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -112,11 +112,7 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
 
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
-await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f },
-  // TODO revert to 3 runs
-  { runs: 0 }
-)(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
   (xs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
   async (xs) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs);
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   'prove chain'
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 10 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
   F.mul,
   async (x, y) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.mul(x, y);

From 1a666e86155275d731d59afd464164e351fc91b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 15:50:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0530/1786] match doc style of other gadgets and tweak function
 signature

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     | 22 ++++++++++++++++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts |  8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 570cd7b211..ab010921b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -221,9 +221,16 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * In particular, the 3x88-bit range check supports bigints up to 264 bits, which in turn is enough
    * to support foreign field multiplication with moduli up to 2^259.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if one of the input values exceeds 88 bits.
    */
-  multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
-    multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
+  multiRangeCheck(limbs: [Field, Field, Field]) {
+    multiRangeCheck(limbs);
   },
 
   /**
@@ -238,8 +245,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * - proves that x, y, z are all in the range [0, 2^88).
    *
    * The split form [x, y, z] is returned.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let [x, y] = Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck([xy, z]);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if `xy` exceeds 2*88 = 176 bits, or if z exceeds 88 bits.
    */
-  compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field) {
-    return compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
+  compactMultiRangeCheck(limbs: [Field, Field]) {
+    return compactMultiRangeCheck(limbs);
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index d48356d480..bc806f430e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const lMask = (1n << L) - 1n;
 /**
  * Asserts that x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)
  */
-function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
+function multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]: [Field, Field, Field]) {
   if (x.isConstant() && y.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
     if (x.toBigInt() >> L || y.toBigInt() >> L || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
       throw Error(`Expected fields to fit in ${L} bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`);
@@ -77,7 +77,11 @@ function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
  *
  * Returns the full limbs x, y, z
  */
-function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
+function compactMultiRangeCheck([xy, z]: [Field, Field]): [
+  Field,
+  Field,
+  Field
+] {
   // constant case
   if (xy.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
     if (xy.toBigInt() >> twoL || z.toBigInt() >> L) {

From 9a594c902d40d221f2349ac6831b5e5a935fc529 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 15:54:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0531/1786] revert compact rc signature tweak, and fixup test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts               | 4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts           | 6 +-----
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index ab010921b0..00e11a7a72 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if `xy` exceeds 2*88 = 176 bits, or if z exceeds 88 bits.
    */
-  compactMultiRangeCheck(limbs: [Field, Field]) {
-    return compactMultiRangeCheck(limbs);
+  compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field) {
+    return compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index bc806f430e..1f4f369157 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -77,11 +77,7 @@ function multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]: [Field, Field, Field]) {
  *
  * Returns the full limbs x, y, z
  */
-function compactMultiRangeCheck([xy, z]: [Field, Field]): [
-  Field,
-  Field,
-  Field
-] {
+function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
   // constant case
   if (xy.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
     if (xy.toBigInt() >> twoL || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 0796183871..c66c6a806d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ let check64 = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
 });
 let multi = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let [x, y, z] = exists(3, () => [0n, 0n, 0n]);
-  Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
+  let x = exists(3, () => [0n, 0n, 0n]);
+  Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
 });
 let compact = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let [xy, z] = exists(2, () => [0n, 0n]);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
     checkMulti: {
       privateInputs: [Field, Field, Field],
       method(x, y, z) {
-        Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x, y, z);
+        Gadgets.multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]);
       },
     },
     checkCompact: {

From b02fac085546b4a44f37fa8dc3d398718678d33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:09:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0532/1786] examples readme

---
 src/examples/README.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/README.md

diff --git a/src/examples/README.md b/src/examples/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24add4d6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# o1js Examples
+
+This folder contains many examples for using o1js. Take a look around!
+
+## Running examples
+
+You can run most examples using Node.js from the root directory, using the `./run` script:
+
+```
+./run src/examples/some-example.ts
+```
+
+Some examples depend on other files in addition to `"o1js"`. For those examples, you need to add the `--bundle` option to bundle them before running:
+
+```
+./run src/examples/multi-file-example.ts --bundle
+```
+
+Most of the examples do not depend on Node.js specific APIs, and can also be run in a browser. To do so, use:
+
+```
+./run-in-browser.js src/examples/web-compatible-example.ts
+```
+
+After running the above, navigate to http://localhost:8000 and open your browser's developer console to see the example executing.

From 0cb398d4104589111b507b40657e412e639af281 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:14:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0533/1786] move sudoku, delete deploy

---
 src/examples/deploy/.gitignore                |  1 -
 src/examples/deploy/compile.ts                | 26 --------------
 src/examples/deploy/deploy.ts                 | 36 -------------------
 src/examples/deploy/simple_zkapp.ts           | 19 ----------
 src/examples/{ => zkapps}/sudoku/index.ts     |  0
 .../{ => zkapps}/sudoku/sudoku-lib.js         |  0
 src/examples/{ => zkapps}/sudoku/sudoku.ts    |  0
 7 files changed, 82 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/deploy/.gitignore
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/deploy/compile.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/deploy/deploy.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/deploy/simple_zkapp.ts
 rename src/examples/{ => zkapps}/sudoku/index.ts (100%)
 rename src/examples/{ => zkapps}/sudoku/sudoku-lib.js (100%)
 rename src/examples/{ => zkapps}/sudoku/sudoku.ts (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/deploy/.gitignore b/src/examples/deploy/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 378eac25d3..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/deploy/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-build
diff --git a/src/examples/deploy/compile.ts b/src/examples/deploy/compile.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cf9dd9025..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/deploy/compile.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import { isReady, PrivateKey, shutdown } from 'o1js';
-import SimpleZkapp from './simple_zkapp.js';
-import { writeFileSync, mkdirSync, existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-import { dirname } from 'node:path';
-
-await isReady;
-
-let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
-let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
-
-let { verificationKey } = await SimpleZkapp.compile();
-storeArtifact(SimpleZkapp, { verificationKey });
-
-shutdown();
-
-function storeArtifact(SmartContract: Function, json: unknown) {
-  let thisFolder = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
-  if (!existsSync(`${thisFolder}/build`)) {
-    mkdirSync(`${thisFolder}/build`);
-  }
-  writeFileSync(
-    `${thisFolder}/build/${SmartContract.name}.json`,
-    JSON.stringify(json)
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/examples/deploy/deploy.ts b/src/examples/deploy/deploy.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index e820d4a020..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/deploy/deploy.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-import { isReady, PrivateKey, shutdown, Mina } from 'o1js';
-import SimpleZkapp from './simple_zkapp.js';
-import { readFileSync, existsSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
-import { dirname } from 'node:path';
-
-await isReady;
-
-// TODO: get keys from somewhere else; for now we assume the account is already funded
-let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
-let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
-
-// read verification key from disk
-let artifact = readArtifact(SimpleZkapp);
-if (artifact === undefined)
-  throw Error('No verification key found! Use compile.ts first');
-let { verificationKey } = artifact;
-
-// produce and log the transaction json; the fee payer is a dummy which has to be added later, by the signing logic
-let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => {
-  new SimpleZkapp(zkappAddress).deploy({ verificationKey });
-});
-let transactionJson = tx.sign([zkappKey]).toJSON();
-
-console.log(transactionJson);
-
-shutdown();
-
-function readArtifact(SmartContract: Function) {
-  let thisFolder = dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
-  let jsonFile = `${thisFolder}/build/${SmartContract.name}.json`;
-  if (!existsSync(`${thisFolder}/build`) || !existsSync(jsonFile)) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-  return JSON.parse(readFileSync(jsonFile, 'utf-8'));
-}
diff --git a/src/examples/deploy/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/deploy/simple_zkapp.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 496a47cc9d..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/deploy/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import { Field, state, State, method, SmartContract } from 'o1js';
-
-export { SimpleZkapp as default };
-
-const initialState = 10;
-
-class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
-  @state(Field) x = State<Field>();
-
-  init() {
-    super.init();
-    this.x.set(Field(initialState));
-  }
-
-  @method update(y: Field) {
-    let x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.set(x.add(y));
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/examples/sudoku/index.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/index.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/sudoku/index.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/index.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/sudoku/sudoku-lib.js b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku-lib.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/sudoku/sudoku-lib.js
rename to src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku-lib.js
diff --git a/src/examples/sudoku/sudoku.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/sudoku/sudoku.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts

From 1152d7c600b056b1a338755291152438e07a5b76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:15:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0534/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index e17660291a..49c3f0f309 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit e17660291a884877639fdbdd66c6537b75855661
+Subproject commit 49c3f0f309c748f137a2c77d279a3a5e2b1918d6

From 5945f45382321026064a6f1d87d5b38dc090723a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:28:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0535/1786] move vk-regression to /tests

---
 package.json                                       |  2 +-
 .../vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts       |  0
 tests/vk-regression/tsconfig.json                  | 12 ++++++++++++
 .../vk-regression/vk-regression.json               |  0
 .../vk-regression/vk-regression.ts                 | 14 +++++++-------
 5 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts => tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/vk-regression/tsconfig.json
 rename src/examples/regression_test.json => tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json (100%)
 rename src/examples/vk_regression.ts => tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts (86%)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 7fadc8b5f5..2587cce31a 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
     "prepublishOnly": "npm run prepublish:web && npm run prepublish:node",
-    "dump-vks": "./run src/examples/vk_regression.ts --bundle --dump ./src/examples/regression_test.json",
+    "dump-vks": "./run tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump",
     "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown **/*",
     "clean": "rimraf ./dist && rimraf ./src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings",
     "clean-all": "npm run clean && rimraf ./tests/report && rimraf ./tests/test-artifacts",
diff --git a/src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/primitive_constraint_system.ts
rename to tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/tsconfig.json b/tests/vk-regression/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..702d13e4a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "extends": "../../tsconfig.json",
+  "include": ["."],
+  "exclude": [],
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "rootDir": "../..",
+    "baseUrl": "../..",
+    "paths": {
+      "o1js": ["."]
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/regression_test.json
rename to tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
diff --git a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
similarity index 86%
rename from src/examples/vk_regression.ts
rename to tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index a76b41aef4..26602d5f2e 100644
--- a/src/examples/vk_regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 import fs from 'fs';
-import { Voting_ } from './zkapps/voting/voting.js';
-import { Membership_ } from './zkapps/voting/membership.js';
-import { HelloWorld } from './zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
-import { TokenContract, createDex } from './zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './primitive_constraint_system.js';
+import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
+import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
+import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
+import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
+import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
 const skipVerificationKeys = false;
 
-// usage ./run ./src/examples/vk_regression.ts --bundle --dump ./src/examples/regression_test.json
+// usage ./run ./tests/regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump ./tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
 let dump = process.argv[4] === '--dump';
 let jsonPath = process.argv[dump ? 5 : 4];
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   BitwiseCS,
 ];
 
-let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './src/examples/regression_test.json';
+let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';
 let RegressionJson: {
   [contractName: string]: {
     digest: string;

From 0849ea98971339843569d9e743bdcf2f98a506a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:31:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0536/1786] tweak plain constraint system

---
 .../vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts  | 77 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index dd88343ad9..b4314f8a65 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -1,38 +1,8 @@
 import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
 
-function mock(obj: { [K: string]: (...args: any) => void }, name: string) {
-  let methodKeys = Object.keys(obj);
-
-  return {
-    analyzeMethods() {
-      let cs: Record<
-        string,
-        {
-          rows: number;
-          digest: string;
-        }
-      > = {};
-      for (let key of methodKeys) {
-        let { rows, digest } = Provable.constraintSystem(obj[key]);
-        cs[key] = {
-          digest,
-          rows,
-        };
-      }
-
-      return cs;
-    },
-    async compile() {
-      return {
-        verificationKey: { data: '', hash: '' },
-      };
-    },
-    name,
-    digest: () => name,
-  };
-}
+export { GroupCS, BitwiseCS };
 
-const GroupMock = {
+const GroupCS = constraintSystem('Group Primitive', {
   add() {
     let g1 = Provable.witness(Group, () => Group.generator);
     let g2 = Provable.witness(Group, () => Group.generator);
@@ -61,9 +31,9 @@ const GroupMock = {
     let g2 = Provable.witness(Group, () => Group.generator);
     g1.assertEquals(g2);
   },
-};
+});
 
-const BitwiseMock = {
+const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
   rot() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
     Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'left');
@@ -97,7 +67,40 @@ const BitwiseMock = {
     Gadgets.and(a, b, 48);
     Gadgets.and(a, b, 64);
   },
-};
+});
 
-export const GroupCS = mock(GroupMock, 'Group Primitive');
-export const BitwiseCS = mock(BitwiseMock, 'Bitwise Primitive');
+// mock ZkProgram API for testing
+
+function constraintSystem(
+  name: string,
+  obj: { [K: string]: (...args: any) => void }
+) {
+  let methodKeys = Object.keys(obj);
+
+  return {
+    analyzeMethods() {
+      let cs: Record<
+        string,
+        {
+          rows: number;
+          digest: string;
+        }
+      > = {};
+      for (let key of methodKeys) {
+        let { rows, digest } = Provable.constraintSystem(obj[key]);
+        cs[key] = {
+          digest,
+          rows,
+        };
+      }
+      return cs;
+    },
+    async compile() {
+      return {
+        verificationKey: { data: '', hash: '' },
+      };
+    },
+    name,
+    digest: () => name,
+  };
+}

From 4c7f97e09e52a0dca4ea5c60da7946d849074066 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:34:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0537/1786] move profiler

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts                      | 2 +-
 src/examples/{ => utils}/profiler.ts              | 1 -
 src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts              | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                    | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts          | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts            | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts  | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts                 | 2 +-
 9 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/{ => utils}/profiler.ts (97%)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index d1bae21804..a58b2238cc 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   Bool,
   PublicKey,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { getProfiler } from './profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from './utils/profiler.js';
 
 const doProofs = true;
 
diff --git a/src/examples/profiler.ts b/src/examples/utils/profiler.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from src/examples/profiler.ts
rename to src/examples/utils/profiler.ts
index 9a93e417ee..c7f1e6c5a5 100644
--- a/src/examples/profiler.ts
+++ b/src/examples/utils/profiler.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { time } from 'console';
 import fs from 'fs';
 
 export { getProfiler };
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts
index 54870bc2d1..253a992224 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   state,
   State,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { getProfiler } from '../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../utils/profiler.js';
 
 const doProofs = true;
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 9e78f3b7e8..f58f478fcf 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { isReady, Mina, AccountUpdate, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index 5fe5471d37..4899e3fdb2 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
 
 await isReady;
 let proofsEnabled = false;
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index af1eeeca22..02f4f2e78d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from 'o1js';
 import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts
index 7371795ead..41a73dbb4d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { AccountUpdate, Field, Mina, PrivateKey } from 'o1js';
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
 import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello_world.js';
 
 const HelloWorldProfier = getProfiler('Hello World');
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
index b9df1b0728..ce20fff86c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
 
 await isReady;
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts
index e0e2c9836a..b2a3a9ec65 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 import { OffchainStorage } from './off_chain_storage.js';
 import { Member } from './member.js';
 import { testSet } from './test.js';
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
+import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
 
 console.log('Running Voting script...');
 

From fcab512ffe3d01162938ad3ec2cde09d9e9cf3ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:38:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0538/1786] delete a few low value examples

---
 src/examples/ex01_small_preimage.ts     | 32 -----------
 src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts       | 35 ------------
 src/examples/print_constraint_system.ts | 23 --------
 src/examples/schnorr_sign.ts            | 72 -------------------------
 4 files changed, 162 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/ex01_small_preimage.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/print_constraint_system.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/schnorr_sign.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/ex01_small_preimage.ts b/src/examples/ex01_small_preimage.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cfdbd18ce4..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/ex01_small_preimage.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  Poseidon,
-  Field,
-  Circuit,
-  circuitMain,
-  public_,
-  isReady,
-} from 'o1js';
-
-await isReady;
-
-/* Exercise 1:
-
-Public input: a hash value h
-Prove:
-  I know a value x < 2^32 such that hash(x) = h 
-*/
-
-class Main extends Circuit {
-  @circuitMain
-  static main(preimage: Field, @public_ hash: Field) {
-    preimage.toBits(32);
-    Poseidon.hash([preimage]).assertEquals(hash);
-  }
-}
-
-const kp = await Main.generateKeypair();
-
-const preimage = Field.fromBits(Field.random().toBits().slice(0, 32));
-const hash = Poseidon.hash([preimage]);
-const pi = await Main.prove([preimage], [hash], kp);
-console.log('proof', pi);
diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts b/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1127c1d81f..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/ex02_root_program.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-import { Field, UInt64, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
-
-const Main = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'example-with-custom-gates',
-  publicInput: Field,
-  methods: {
-    main: {
-      privateInputs: [UInt64],
-      method(y: Field, x: UInt64) {
-        Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x.value);
-        let y3 = y.square().mul(y);
-        y3.assertEquals(x.value);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-console.log('generating keypair...');
-console.time('generating keypair...');
-const kp = await Main.compile();
-console.timeEnd('generating keypair...');
-
-console.log('prove...');
-console.time('prove...');
-const x = UInt64.from(8);
-const y = new Field(2);
-const proof = await Main.main(y, x);
-console.timeEnd('prove...');
-
-console.log('verify...');
-console.time('verify...');
-let ok = await Main.verify(proof);
-console.timeEnd('verify...');
-
-console.log('ok?', ok);
diff --git a/src/examples/print_constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/print_constraint_system.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a6064a4b2..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/print_constraint_system.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  Poseidon,
-  Field,
-  Circuit,
-  circuitMain,
-  public_,
-  isReady,
-} from 'o1js';
-
-class Main extends Circuit {
-  @circuitMain
-  static main(preimage: Field, @public_ hash: Field) {
-    Poseidon.hash([preimage]).assertEquals(hash);
-  }
-}
-
-await isReady;
-
-console.log('generating keypair...');
-let kp = await Main.generateKeypair();
-
-let cs = kp.constraintSystem();
-console.dir(cs, { depth: Infinity });
diff --git a/src/examples/schnorr_sign.ts b/src/examples/schnorr_sign.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5739108f10..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/schnorr_sign.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-import {
-  Field,
-  Scalar,
-  Group,
-  Circuit,
-  public_,
-  circuitMain,
-  prop,
-  CircuitValue,
-  Signature,
-  isReady,
-} from 'o1js';
-
-await isReady;
-
-class Witness extends CircuitValue {
-  @prop signature: Signature;
-  @prop acc: Group;
-  @prop r: Scalar;
-}
-
-// Public input:
-//  [newAcc: curve_point]
-// Prove:
-// I know [prevAcc: curve_point] and [signature : Signature] such that
-// the signature verifies against Brave's public key and [newAcc] is
-// a re-randomization of [prevAcc]
-
-export class Main extends Circuit {
-  @circuitMain
-  static main(w: Witness, @public_ newAcc: Group) {
-    let H = new Group({ x: -1, y: 2 });
-    let r: Scalar = Provable.witness(Scalar, () => w.r);
-    let mask = H.scale(r);
-    let prevAcc: Group = Provable.witness(Group, () => w.acc);
-    let pubKey = Group.generator; // TODO: some literal group element
-    let signature = Provable.witness<Signature>(Signature, () => w.signature);
-    //signature.verify(pubKey, [prevAcc.x, prevAcc.y, signature.r]).assertEquals(true);
-    prevAcc.add(mask).assertEquals(newAcc);
-  }
-}
-
-class Circ extends Circuit {
-  @circuitMain
-  static main(@public_ x: Field) {
-    let acc = x;
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
-      acc = acc.mul(acc);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function testSigning() {
-  const _msg = [Field.random()];
-  const privKey = Scalar.random();
-  const _pubKey = Group.generator.scale(privKey);
-  //const s = Signature.create(privKey, msg);
-  //console.log('signing worked', s.verify(pubKey, msg).toBoolean());
-}
-
-export function main() {
-  const before = new Date();
-  const kp = Circ.generateKeypair();
-  const after = new Date();
-  testSigning();
-  console.log('keypairgen', after.getTime() - before.getTime());
-  console.log('random', Field.random());
-  const proof = Circ.prove([], [new Field(2)], kp);
-  console.log(proof, kp);
-  let ok = Circ.verify([Field(2)], kp.verificationKey(), proof);
-  console.log('verified', ok);
-}

From 294725764b643c735b55b579d90b7ce483c122bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:43:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0539/1786] folder for circuit examples

---
 src/examples/circuit/README.md              | 7 +++++++
 src/examples/{ => circuit}/ex00_preimage.ts | 0
 src/examples/{ => circuit}/ex02_root.ts     | 0
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/circuit/README.md
 rename src/examples/{ => circuit}/ex00_preimage.ts (100%)
 rename src/examples/{ => circuit}/ex02_root.ts (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/circuit/README.md b/src/examples/circuit/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1eecf13b11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/circuit/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# `Circuit` examples
+
+These examples show how to use `Circuit`, which is a simple API to write a single circuit and create proofs for it.
+
+In contrast to `ZkProgram`, `Circuit` does not pass through Pickles, but creates a proof with Kimchi directly. Therefore, it does not support recursion, but is also much faster.
+
+Note that `Circuit` proofs are not compatible with Mina zkApps.
diff --git a/src/examples/ex00_preimage.ts b/src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/ex00_preimage.ts
rename to src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/ex02_root.ts b/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/ex02_root.ts
rename to src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts

From 9ca01c11c75aaa20375caf553f9f5006259fad8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:54:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0540/1786] clean up circuit examples

---
 src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts | 26 ++++++++------------------
 src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts     | 27 +++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts b/src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts
index 8f225429a8..22b3099225 100644
--- a/src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts
+++ b/src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,11 @@
-import {
-  Poseidon,
-  Field,
-  Circuit,
-  circuitMain,
-  public_,
-  isReady,
-} from 'o1js';
-
-/* Exercise 0:
-
-Public input: a hash value h
-Prove:
-  I know a value x such that hash(x) = h 
-*/
-
+import { Poseidon, Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_ } from 'o1js';
+
+/**
+ * Public input: a hash value h
+ *
+ * Prove:
+ *   I know a value x such that hash(x) = h
+ */
 class Main extends Circuit {
   @circuitMain
   static main(preimage: Field, @public_ hash: Field) {
@@ -21,8 +13,6 @@ class Main extends Circuit {
   }
 }
 
-await isReady;
-
 console.log('generating keypair...');
 const kp = await Main.generateKeypair();
 
diff --git a/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts b/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts
index 54e5f0841b..838863e1ec 100644
--- a/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts
+++ b/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, UInt64, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
-/* Exercise 2:
-
-Public input: a field element x
-Prove:
-  I know a value y that is a cube root of x.
-*/
-
+/**
+ * Public input: a field element x
+ *
+ * Prove:
+ *   I know a value y < 2^64 that is a cube root of x.
+ */
 class Main extends Circuit {
   @circuitMain
-  static main(@public_ y: Field, x: UInt64) {
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x.value);
+  static main(@public_ x: Field, y: Field) {
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck64(y);
     let y3 = y.square().mul(y);
-    y3.assertEquals(x.value);
+    y3.assertEquals(x);
   }
 }
 
@@ -23,15 +22,15 @@ console.timeEnd('generating keypair...');
 
 console.log('prove...');
 console.time('prove...');
-const x = UInt64.from(8);
-const y = new Field(2);
-const proof = await Main.prove([x], [y], kp);
+const x = Field(8);
+const y = Field(2);
+const proof = await Main.prove([y], [x], kp);
 console.timeEnd('prove...');
 
 console.log('verify...');
 console.time('verify...');
 let vk = kp.verificationKey();
-let ok = await Main.verify([y], vk, proof);
+let ok = await Main.verify([x], vk, proof);
 console.timeEnd('verify...');
 
 console.log('ok?', ok);

From 68aab748138941f929e582455cd2bd63c9542488 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:54:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0541/1786] rename circuit examples

---
 src/examples/circuit/{ex00_preimage.ts => preimage.ts} | 0
 src/examples/circuit/{ex02_root.ts => root.ts}         | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
 rename src/examples/circuit/{ex00_preimage.ts => preimage.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/circuit/{ex02_root.ts => root.ts} (91%)

diff --git a/src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts b/src/examples/circuit/preimage.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/circuit/ex00_preimage.ts
rename to src/examples/circuit/preimage.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts b/src/examples/circuit/root.ts
similarity index 91%
rename from src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts
rename to src/examples/circuit/root.ts
index 838863e1ec..15ab297ee4 100644
--- a/src/examples/circuit/ex02_root.ts
+++ b/src/examples/circuit/root.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, UInt64, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Circuit, circuitMain, public_, Gadgets } from 'o1js';
 
 /**
  * Public input: a field element x

From 0a09800ec4767f8e3cb375fed19cd2ad77ded9b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 16:57:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0542/1786] fixup ci

---
 run-ci-tests.sh                      | 2 +-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index 246b93f769..cfcdf2e4c0 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
 
 "Verification Key Regression Check")
   echo "Running Regression checks"
-  ./run ./src/examples/vk_regression.ts --bundle
+  ./run ./tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle
   ;;
 
 "CommonJS test")
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index 26602d5f2e..28a95542bd 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ try {
 } catch (error) {
   if (!dump) {
     throw Error(
-      `The requested file ${filePath} does not yet exist, try dumping the verification keys first. ./run ./src/examples/vk_regression.ts [--bundle] --dump `
+      `The requested file ${filePath} does not yet exist, try dumping the verification keys first. npm run dump-vks`
     );
   }
 }

From 1a7c7105b4316be50fea69baeb80ff83e987e22a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 17:11:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0543/1786] add cache type

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 377daf1a82..3cd395d76d 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
   }
 ): {
   name: string;
-  compile: () => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
+  compile: (options?: { cache: Cache }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
   verify: (
     proof: Proof<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,

From d30e778906c6bf472159cab00d2decf92cb02e08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 17:13:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0544/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 49c3f0f309..af48d4e80f 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 49c3f0f309c748f137a2c77d279a3a5e2b1918d6
+Subproject commit af48d4e80f51c2dff284bb7da23d91fb3f8fd3e9

From 0efb0f7ffb566cfb321a761e7e74c8b047c85987 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 17:26:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0545/1786] move zkprogram examples

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/README.md                   | 3 +++
 src/examples/{ => zkprogram}/gadgets.ts            | 0
 src/examples/{ => zkprogram}/program-with-input.ts | 0
 src/examples/{ => zkprogram}/program.ts            | 0
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/README.md
 rename src/examples/{ => zkprogram}/gadgets.ts (100%)
 rename src/examples/{ => zkprogram}/program-with-input.ts (100%)
 rename src/examples/{ => zkprogram}/program.ts (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/README.md b/src/examples/zkprogram/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5386fe855f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# ZkProgram
+
+These examples focus on how to use `ZkProgram`, our main API for creating proofs outside of smart contract.
diff --git a/src/examples/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/gadgets.ts
rename to src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/program-with-input.ts
rename to src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/program.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/program.ts
rename to src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts

From e45c853a9bf7c8c209a5a5b37a260104aacabe9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 11:06:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0546/1786] fix(bitwise.unit-test.ts): update the condition to
 check if x or y is greater than or equal to 2^254 instead of 2^255 to ensure
 it fits into 255 bits

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index b7332484d0..face64fe2a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 255n || y >= 2n ** 255n)
+    if (x >= 2n ** 254n || y >= 2n ** 254n)
       throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
     return x ^ y;
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index fab86d5e88..662c93e9ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -250,12 +250,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * For example, with `length = 2` (`paddedLength = 16`), `and()` will fail for any input that is larger than `2**16`.
    *
    * @example
-   * @example
    * ```typescript
    * let a = Field(3);    // ... 000011
    * let b = Field(5);    // ... 000101
    *
-   * let c = Gadgets.Gadgets.and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * let c = Gadgets.and(a, b, 2);    // ... 000001
    * c.assertEquals(1);
    * ```
    */

From 8c63420418188cd1c0ebee9b3d59899c14afeb43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 11:10:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0547/1786] chore(regression_test.json): dump vks

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 10 +---------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index c623b703ab..d20625d730 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -182,15 +182,7 @@
       },
       "notChecked": {
         "rows": 17,
-        "digest": "5e01b2cad70489c7bec1546b84ac868d"
-      },
-      "leftShift": {
-        "rows": 7,
-        "digest": "66de39ad3dd5807f760341ec85a6cc41"
-      },
-      "rightShift": {
-        "rows": 7,
-        "digest": "a32264f2d4c3092f30d600fa9506385b"
+        "digest": "db50dc3bd32f466adc1f4ae6de37a4d7"
       },
       "leftShift": {
         "rows": 7,

From b9f4b25ebcee788e99dc961615637bf40c800121 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 11:19:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0548/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash from
 22af158a9bd66b1b74376b1a36517722e931fcf6 to
 1e7512296a2cf1653277cc9b11482975156fb5c9

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 22af158a9b..1e7512296a 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 22af158a9bd66b1b74376b1a36517722e931fcf6
+Subproject commit 1e7512296a2cf1653277cc9b11482975156fb5c9

From 38d6d458d1c6dce35a50da0fedc767786bc3e682 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 11:40:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0549/1786] fix(regression_test.json): update digest value for
 "notChecked" test case to reflect the correct value after regression testing

---
 src/examples/regression_test.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/regression_test.json b/src/examples/regression_test.json
index d20625d730..b702555394 100644
--- a/src/examples/regression_test.json
+++ b/src/examples/regression_test.json
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
       },
       "notChecked": {
         "rows": 17,
-        "digest": "db50dc3bd32f466adc1f4ae6de37a4d7"
+        "digest": "5e01b2cad70489c7bec1546b84ac868d"
       },
       "leftShift": {
         "rows": 7,

From a29a68023abe9fdd7099a3c1a9dd8bf676489713 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 12:47:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0550/1786] feat(bitwise.unit-test.ts): add equivalent async
 tests for notChecked and notUnchecked functions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index face64fe2a..d83cc5d563 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -112,8 +112,9 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 254n || y >= 2n ** 254n)
+    if (x >= Fp.modulus || y >= Fp.modulus) {
       throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
+    }
     return x ^ y;
   },
   async (x, y) => {
@@ -122,6 +123,30 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
+// notChecked
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
+    return Fp.not(x, 254);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.notChecked(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+// notUnchecked
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
+    return Fp.not(x, 254);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.notUnchecked(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
   { runs: 3 }

From 0524ebdfd5e769e3843533b5a59b062bc35de4d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 13:00:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0551/1786] fix(bitwise.unit-test.ts): update error message to
 include the value of Fp.modulus for better error reporting and debugging

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index d83cc5d563..ea159f93fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 )(
   (x, y) => {
     if (x >= Fp.modulus || y >= Fp.modulus) {
-      throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
+      throw Error(`Does not fit into ${Fp.modulus}`);
     }
     return x ^ y;
   },
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 // notChecked
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
+    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into ${Fp.modulus}`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
 // notUnchecked
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error('Does not fit into 255 bits');
+    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into ${Fp.modulus}`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {

From aaa5af0aff2fc26645850833fde6de3d4fc7e680 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 17:35:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0552/1786] fix(gadgets.ts): update documentation to clarify
 that the operation will fail if the input value is larger than 254 bits

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index f92e01e25e..5a1f00d52d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * The `length` parameter lets you define how many bits to NOT.
    *
-   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints. The operation will fail if the length is larger than 254.
+   * **Note:** Specifying a larger `length` parameter adds additional constraints. The operation will fail if the length or the input value is larger than 254.
    *
    * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
    * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
@@ -155,12 +155,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    * ```
    *
-   * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
+   * @param a - The value to apply NOT to. The operation will fail if the value is larger than 254.
    * @param length - The number of bits to be considered for the NOT operation.
    * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it
    * is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused. If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented
    *  as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
    *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 254 bits.
    */
   not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
     return not(a, length, checked);

From e1d3a7cc75c19bbe292a2e9eb077f8dec870405e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ymekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 20:37:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 0553/1786] fix(bitwise.unit-test.ts): update tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index ea159f93fa..e07bcd4b81 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 
 let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
+let notTestInput: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) => {
+    if (mod(x, Field.ORDER).toString() > '254') {
+      return mod(randomBigInt(254), Field.ORDER);
+    }
+    return mod(x, Field.ORDER);
+  }),
+};
+
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   name: 'bitwise',
   publicOutput: Field,
@@ -123,26 +133,25 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
-// notChecked
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [notTestInput], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into ${Fp.modulus}`);
+    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.notChecked(x);
+    console.log('x notUnChecked async', x);
+    let proof = await Bitwise.notUnchecked(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-
-// notUnchecked
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [notTestInput], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into ${Fp.modulus}`);
+    console.log('x notChecked bigint');
+    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.notUnchecked(x);
+    let proof = await Bitwise.notChecked(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
@@ -194,3 +203,11 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
+
+function randomBigInt(bits: number) {
+  let randomString = '1';
+  for (let i = 1; i < bits; i++) {
+    randomString += Math.floor(Math.random() * 2).toString();
+  }
+  return BigInt('0b' + randomString);
+}

From e960b3ab79aa14a44eaa7ff2de5b43916770f3fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 16:15:05 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0554/1786] fix xor length and fix tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts           | 7 ++-----
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 0943eec543..c2082b7172 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -56,11 +56,8 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   // check that both input lengths are positive
   assert(length > 0, `Input lengths need to be positive values.`);
 
-  // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
-  assert(
-    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
-    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
-  );
+  // check that length does not exceed maximum 254 size in bits
+  assert(length <= 254, `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of 254 bits.`);
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
   let padLength = Math.ceil(length / 16) * 16;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index e07bcd4b81..90053d3137 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
     xor: {
       privateInputs: [Field, Field],
       method(a: Field, b: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 255);
+        return Gadgets.xor(a, b, 254);
       },
     },
     notUnchecked: {

From 702b30935e6251720bb7f8c6a04366f098720036 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 18:58:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0555/1786] cleanup tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 24 ++----------------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 90053d3137..4b3e3c74f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,16 +20,6 @@ let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
 
 let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
-let notTestInput: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) => {
-    if (mod(x, Field.ORDER).toString() > '254') {
-      return mod(randomBigInt(254), Field.ORDER);
-    }
-    return mod(x, Field.ORDER);
-  }),
-};
-
 let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
   name: 'bitwise',
   publicOutput: Field,
@@ -133,20 +123,18 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [notTestInput], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    console.log('x notUnChecked async', x);
     let proof = await Bitwise.notUnchecked(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [notTestInput], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    console.log('x notChecked bigint');
     if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
@@ -203,11 +191,3 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-
-function randomBigInt(bits: number) {
-  let randomString = '1';
-  for (let i = 1; i < bits; i++) {
-    randomString += Math.floor(Math.random() * 2).toString();
-  }
-  return BigInt('0b' + randomString);
-}

From 4e7968ca91fc625251cd4a2c3c74ee838ab469b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 19:19:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0556/1786] cleanup tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 21 ++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 4b3e3c74f0..18dd6bdca5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import {
-  Spec,
   equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
@@ -11,9 +10,9 @@ import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 
-let maybeUint64: Spec<bigint, Field> = {
+const maybeField = {
   ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.uint64, Random.uint64.invalid), (x) =>
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.field, Random.field.invalid), (x) =>
     mod(x, Field.ORDER)
   ),
 };
@@ -108,12 +107,12 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
 });
 
 await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
+  { from: [maybeField, maybeField], to: field },
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x >= Fp.modulus || y >= Fp.modulus) {
-      throw Error(`Does not fit into ${Fp.modulus}`);
+    if (x > 2n ** 254n || y > 2n ** 254n) {
+      throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
     }
     return x ^ y;
   },
@@ -123,9 +122,9 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254`);
+    if (x > 2n ** 254n) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
@@ -133,9 +132,9 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > Fp.modulus) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254`);
+    if (x > 2n ** 254n) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint64], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
 );
 
 await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeUint64, maybeUint64], to: field },
+  { from: [maybeField, maybeField], to: field },
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y) => {

From 9a4094552428824159e53c5309cde7bc87873eec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 22:40:03 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0557/1786] fix tests, bump submodule

---
 src/bindings                         | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1e7512296a..c5aa5f163b 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1e7512296a2cf1653277cc9b11482975156fb5c9
+Subproject commit c5aa5f163bf9e86adea3b85cdb75d84e56b9d461
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 18dd6bdca5..b8a0533b42 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x > 2n ** 254n || y > 2n ** 254n) {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 254n || y >= 2n ** 254n) {
       throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
     }
     return x ^ y;
@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > 2n ** 254n) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
 );
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x > 2n ** 254n) throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
+    if (x > 2n ** 254n) throw Error('Does not fit into 254 bit');
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
   async (x) => {

From 68085dece655ec886bc9b610775cdb2dd49bc1a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Nov 2023 22:59:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0558/1786] fix xor

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 8 +-------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index b8a0533b42..277fc17efc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -106,14 +106,8 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
   );
 });
 
-await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeField, maybeField], to: field },
-  { runs: 3 }
-)(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(64), uint(64)], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x, y) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 254n || y >= 2n ** 254n) {
-      throw Error(`Does not fit into 254 bits`);
-    }
     return x ^ y;
   },
   async (x, y) => {

From 85cb85e710bd01137ece0567c98488c0788c4e49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Nov 2023 18:11:23 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0559/1786] release o1js with new bitwise gadgets, v0.14.1

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 package.json | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 296677caa1..0931d3239d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...HEAD)
+
+## [0.14.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...26363465d)
 
 ### Added
 
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 2587cce31a..8e748d808f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.14.0",
+  "version": "0.14.1",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From cbf013b471c7e555398fb225c38642c2d9733692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Nov 2023 18:17:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0560/1786] regenerate package-lock

---
 package-lock.json | 6104 +--------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6101 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 640490462f..93ea97ca43 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.14.0",
-  "lockfileVersion": 2,
+  "version": "0.14.1",
+  "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.14.0",
+      "version": "0.14.1",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
@@ -539,54 +539,6 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-0hYQ8SB4Db5zvZB4axdMHGwEaQjkZzFjQiN9LVYvIFB2nSUHW9tYpxWriPrWDASIxiaXax83REcLxuSdnGPZtw==",
       "dev": true
     },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm/-/android-arm-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-tM8yLeYVe7pRyAu9VMi/Q7aunpLwD139EY1S99xbQkT4/q2qa6eA4ige/WJQYdJ8GBL1K33pPFhPfPdJ/WzT8Q==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "arm"
-      ],
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "android"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-arm64/-/android-arm64-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-lsB65vAbe90I/Qe10OjkmrdxSX4UJDjosDgb8sZUKcg3oefEuW2OT2Vozz8ef7wrJbMcmhvCC+hciF8jY/uAkw==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "arm64"
-      ],
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "android"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/android-x64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/android-x64/-/android-x64-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qK/TpmHt2M/Hg82WXHRc/W/2SGo/l1thtDHZWqFq7oi24AjZ4O/CpPSu6ZuYKFkEgmZlFoa7CooAyYmuvnaG8w==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "x64"
-      ],
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "android"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-arm64": {
       "version": "0.19.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-arm64/-/darwin-arm64-0.19.2.tgz",
@@ -603,294 +555,6 @@
         "node": ">=12"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/darwin-x64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/darwin-x64/-/darwin-x64-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-tP+B5UuIbbFMj2hQaUr6EALlHOIOmlLM2FK7jeFBobPy2ERdohI4Ka6ZFjZ1ZYsrHE/hZimGuU90jusRE0pwDw==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "x64"
-      ],
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "darwin"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-arm64/-/freebsd-arm64-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-YbPY2kc0acfzL1VPVK6EnAlig4f+l8xmq36OZkU0jzBVHcOTyQDhnKQaLzZudNJQyymd9OqQezeaBgkTGdTGeQ==",
-      "cpu": [
-        "arm64"
-      ],
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "freebsd"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/freebsd-x64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/freebsd-x64/-/freebsd-x64-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-nSO5uZT2clM6hosjWHAsS15hLrwCvIWx+b2e3lZ3MwbYSaXwvfO528OF+dLjas1g3bZonciivI8qKR/Hm7IWGw==",
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-        "x64"
-      ],
-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "freebsd"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
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-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm/-/linux-arm-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Odalh8hICg7SOD7XCj0YLpYCEc+6mkoq63UnExDCiRA2wXEmGlK5JVrW50vZR9Qz4qkvqnHcpH+OFEggO3PgTg==",
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-        "arm"
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-      "dev": true,
-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "linux"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-arm64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-arm64/-/linux-arm64-0.19.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ig2P7GeG//zWlU0AggA3pV1h5gdix0MA3wgB+NsnBXViwiGgY77fuN9Wr5uoCrs2YzaYfogXgsWZbm+HGr09xg==",
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-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
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-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ia32": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ia32/-/linux-ia32-0.19.2.tgz",
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-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "linux"
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-      "engines": {
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-    },
-    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-loong64": {
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-loong64/-/linux-loong64-0.19.2.tgz",
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-    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-mips64el": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-mips64el/-/linux-mips64el-0.19.2.tgz",
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-    "node_modules/@esbuild/linux-ppc64": {
-      "version": "0.19.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@esbuild/linux-ppc64/-/linux-ppc64-0.19.2.tgz",
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-      "optional": true,
-      "os": [
-        "linux"
-      ],
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
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-      "integrity": "sha512-t6YAJcxDkNX7NFYiVtKvWUz8l+PaKTLiL63mJYWR2GnHq2gjEWISzsLp9wg3aY36dY1j+gfIEL3pIF+XlJJfbA==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "cliui": "^7.0.2",
-        "escalade": "^3.1.1",
-        "get-caller-file": "^2.0.5",
-        "require-directory": "^2.1.1",
-        "string-width": "^4.2.3",
-        "y18n": "^5.0.5",
-        "yargs-parser": "^21.0.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "yargs-parser": {
-      "version": "21.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs-parser/-/yargs-parser-21.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-tVpsJW7DdjecAiFpbIB1e3qxIQsE6NoPc5/eTdrbbIC4h0LVsWhnoa3g+m2HclBIujHzsxZ4VJVA+GUuc2/LBw==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "yocto-queue": {
-      "version": "0.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yocto-queue/-/yocto-queue-0.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q==",
-      "dev": true
-    }
   }
 }

From ec42a36a3a54951df96058d463a05b1cc59a6284 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Nov 2023 18:18:23 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0561/1786] add no unreleased changes yet

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0931d3239d..e9ff71d070 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...HEAD)
 
+> No unreleased changes yet
+
 ## [0.14.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...26363465d)
 
 ### Added

From b6bdf13b6df93c89d5d7cadd1623a191bb95d9a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 01:34:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0562/1786] refactor  common mul logic into function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index d9052def29..e3b15a6bc7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
+export { ForeignField, Field3, bigint3, Sign };
 
 type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
@@ -110,12 +110,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
 }
 
 function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
-  // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
-  let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
-  let [f_0, f_1, f_2] = split(f_);
-  let f2 = f >> L2;
-  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
 
   // constant case
   if (a.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && b.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
@@ -125,6 +120,38 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
     return [ForeignField.from(r), ForeignField.from(q)];
   }
 
+  // provable case
+  let {
+    r: [r01, r2],
+    q,
+    q2Bound,
+  } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(a, b, f);
+
+  // limb range checks on quotient and remainder
+  multiRangeCheck(...q);
+  let r = compactMultiRangeCheck(r01, r2);
+
+  // range check on q and r bounds
+  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
+  let f2 = f >> L2;
+  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
+  let [r2Bound, zero] = exists(2, () => [r2.toBigInt() + f2Bound, 0n]);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, r2Bound, zero);
+
+  // constrain r2 bound, zero
+  r2.add(f2Bound).assertEquals(r2Bound);
+  zero.assertEquals(0);
+
+  return [r, q];
+}
+
+function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
+  let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
+  let [f_0, f_1, f_2] = split(f_);
+  let f2 = f >> L2;
+  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
+
   let witnesses = exists(21, () => {
     // split inputs into 3 limbs
     let [a0, a1, a2] = bigint3(a);
@@ -193,12 +220,13 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
   ] = witnesses;
 
   let q: Field3 = [q0, q1, q2];
+  let r: [Field, Field] = [r01, r2];
 
   // ffmul gate. this already adds the following zero row.
   Gates.foreignFieldMul({
     left: a,
     right: b,
-    remainder: [r01, r2],
+    remainder: r,
     quotient: q,
     quotientHiBound: q2Bound,
     product1: [p10, p110, p111],
@@ -209,20 +237,7 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
     negForeignFieldModulus: [f_0, f_1, f_2],
   });
 
-  // limb range checks on quotient and remainder
-  multiRangeCheck(...q);
-  let r = compactMultiRangeCheck(r01, r2);
-
-  // range check on q and r bounds
-  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  let [r2Bound, zero] = exists(2, () => [r2.toBigInt() + f2Bound, 0n]);
-  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, r2Bound, zero);
-
-  // constrain r2 bound, zero
-  r2.add(f2Bound).assertEquals(r2Bound);
-  zero.assertEquals(0);
-
-  return [r, q];
+  return { r, q, q2Bound };
 }
 
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {

From d0f592d863c29c4f566a164758c7c768fe13ca07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 13:04:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0563/1786] ff inverse

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts        |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 6b97c6016b..680d87b19b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
 }
 
-function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
+function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string): asserts stmt {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index e3b15a6bc7..a2b297268b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import {
+  inverse as modInverse,
+  mod,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
@@ -32,6 +35,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   mul(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return multiply(x, y, f);
   },
+  inv(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return inverse(x, f);
+  },
 
   // helper methods
   from(x: bigint): Field3 {
@@ -121,11 +127,7 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
   }
 
   // provable case
-  let {
-    r: [r01, r2],
-    q,
-    q2Bound,
-  } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(a, b, f);
+  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(a, b, f);
 
   // limb range checks on quotient and remainder
   multiRangeCheck(...q);
@@ -140,11 +142,40 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
 
   // constrain r2 bound, zero
   r2.add(f2Bound).assertEquals(r2Bound);
-  zero.assertEquals(0);
+  zero.assertEquals(0n);
 
   return [r, q];
 }
 
+function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
+  // constant case
+  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+    let xInv = modInverse(ForeignField.toBigint(x), f);
+    assert(xInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
+    return ForeignField.from(xInv);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  let xInv = exists(3, () => {
+    let xInv = modInverse(ForeignField.toBigint(x), f);
+    return xInv === undefined ? [0n, 0n, 0n] : split(xInv);
+  });
+  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, xInv, f);
+
+  // range checks on quotient
+  multiRangeCheck(...q);
+  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
+  let [zero] = exists(1, () => [0n]);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, zero, zero);
+  zero.assertEquals(0n);
+
+  // assert r === 1
+  r01.assertEquals(1n);
+  r2.assertEquals(0n);
+
+  return xInv;
+}
+
 function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
   let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
@@ -220,13 +251,12 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   ] = witnesses;
 
   let q: Field3 = [q0, q1, q2];
-  let r: [Field, Field] = [r01, r2];
 
   // ffmul gate. this already adds the following zero row.
   Gates.foreignFieldMul({
     left: a,
     right: b,
-    remainder: r,
+    remainder: [r01, r2],
     quotient: q,
     quotientHiBound: q2Bound,
     product1: [p10, p110, p111],
@@ -237,7 +267,7 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
     negForeignFieldModulus: [f_0, f_1, f_2],
   });
 
-  return { r, q, q2Bound };
+  return { r01, r2, q, q2Bound };
 }
 
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {

From b403745b6381f0a772bb3711627527d484c2b23d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 14:13:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0564/1786] fix inverse

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index a2b297268b..a85df1a330 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -162,11 +162,15 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   });
   let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, xInv, f);
 
-  // range checks on quotient
+  // limb range checks on quotient and inverse
   multiRangeCheck(...q);
+  multiRangeCheck(...xInv);
+  // range check on q and xInv bounds
   // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  let [zero] = exists(1, () => [0n]);
-  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, zero, zero);
+  let f2 = f >> L2;
+  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
+  let [xInv2Bound, zero] = exists(2, () => [xInv[2].toBigInt() + f2Bound, 0n]);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, xInv2Bound, zero);
   zero.assertEquals(0n);
 
   // assert r === 1

From f7e2fe404272ddd547d45bfcb5f4ab6633c4ee9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 15:32:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0565/1786] division

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts        | 26 +++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts   |  6 ++-
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 680d87b19b..b497ef88d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
-import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldType } from '../field.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
 
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 export {
   MAX_BITS,
   exists,
+  toVars,
+  existsOne,
+  toVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   witnessSlice,
@@ -27,6 +30,25 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
 }
 
+function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
+  fields: T
+): { [k in keyof T]: Field } {
+  return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
+}
+
+function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
+  let varMl = Snarky.existsVar(() => FieldConst.fromBigint(compute()));
+  return new Field(varMl);
+}
+
+function toVar(x: Field | bigint) {
+  // don't change existing vars
+  if (x instanceof Field && x.value[1] === FieldType.Var) return x;
+  let xVar = existsOne(() => Field.from(x).toBigInt());
+  xVar.assertEquals(x);
+  return xVar;
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string): asserts stmt {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index a85df1a330..bc9212c0c2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import {
   L,
   lMask,
@@ -38,6 +39,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   inv(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return inverse(x, f);
   },
+  div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, { allowZeroOverZero = false } = {}) {
+    return divide(x, y, f, allowZeroOverZero);
+  },
 
   // helper methods
   from(x: bigint): Field3 {
@@ -115,15 +119,13 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }
 
-function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
+function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
   if (a.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && b.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
     let ab = ForeignField.toBigint(a) * ForeignField.toBigint(b);
-    let q = ab / f;
-    let r = ab - q * f;
-    return [ForeignField.from(r), ForeignField.from(q)];
+    return ForeignField.from(mod(ab, f));
   }
 
   // provable case
@@ -135,19 +137,15 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): [Field3, Field3] {
 
   // range check on q and r bounds
   // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  let f2 = f >> L2;
-  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
-  let [r2Bound, zero] = exists(2, () => [r2.toBigInt() + f2Bound, 0n]);
-  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, r2Bound, zero);
-
-  // constrain r2 bound, zero
-  r2.add(f2Bound).assertEquals(r2Bound);
-  zero.assertEquals(0n);
+  let r2Bound = weakBound(r2, f);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, r2Bound, toVar(0n));
 
-  return [r, q];
+  return r;
 }
 
 function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
+  assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
+
   // constant case
   if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
     let xInv = modInverse(ForeignField.toBigint(x), f);
@@ -167,11 +165,9 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   multiRangeCheck(...xInv);
   // range check on q and xInv bounds
   // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  let f2 = f >> L2;
-  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
-  let [xInv2Bound, zero] = exists(2, () => [xInv[2].toBigInt() + f2Bound, 0n]);
-  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, xInv2Bound, zero);
-  zero.assertEquals(0n);
+  // TODO: make sure that we can just pass non-vars to multiRangeCheck() to get rid of this
+  let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, xInv2Bound, new Field(0n));
 
   // assert r === 1
   r01.assertEquals(1n);
@@ -180,6 +176,51 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   return xInv;
 }
 
+function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
+  assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
+
+  // constant case
+  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && y.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+    let yInv = modInverse(ForeignField.toBigint(y), f);
+    assert(yInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
+    return ForeignField.from(mod(ForeignField.toBigint(x) * yInv, f));
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  // to show that z = x/y, we prove that z*y = x and y != 0 (the latter avoids the unconstrained 0/0 case)
+  let z = exists(3, () => {
+    let yInv = modInverse(ForeignField.toBigint(y), f);
+    if (yInv === undefined) return [0n, 0n, 0n];
+    return split(mod(ForeignField.toBigint(x) * yInv, f));
+  });
+  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(z, y, f);
+
+  // limb range checks on quotient and result
+  multiRangeCheck(...q);
+  multiRangeCheck(...z);
+  // range check on q and result bounds
+  let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
+  multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, z2Bound, new Field(0n));
+
+  // check that r === y
+  // this means we don't have to range check r
+  let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L));
+  r01.assertEquals(y01);
+  r2.assertEquals(y[2]);
+
+  if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
+    // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
+    // this works because we assume y[2] <= f2
+    // TODO is this the most efficient way?
+    y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
+    let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
+    let f01 = collapse2([f0, f1]);
+    y01.equals(f01).and(y[2].equals(f2)).assertFalse();
+  }
+
+  return z;
+}
+
 function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
   let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
@@ -274,6 +315,12 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   return { r01, r2, q, q2Bound };
 }
 
+function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
+  let f2 = f >> L2;
+  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
+  return x.add(f2Bound);
+}
+
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 8e57bde4bc..bdb485afd4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
+import { bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 
 export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
 export { L, L2, L3, lMask, l2Mask };
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ function multiRangeCheck(x: Field, y: Field, z: Field) {
     }
     return;
   }
+  // ensure we are using pure variables
+  [x, y, z] = toVars([x, y, z]);
 
   let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x);
   let [y64, y76] = rangeCheck0Helper(y);
@@ -91,6 +93,8 @@ function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
     let [x, y] = splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt());
     return [new Field(x), new Field(y), z];
   }
+  // ensure we are using pure variables
+  [xy, z] = toVars([xy, z]);
 
   let [x, y] = exists(2, () => splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt()));
 

From 4d8c4e10e5545dd94358ad630bbd43e72441450e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 16:41:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0566/1786] improve zkprogram analyzemethods return

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts           | 19 ++++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 16 +++++++---------
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 377daf1a82..390f07337c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -268,7 +268,9 @@ function ZkProgram<
     >
   ) => Promise<boolean>;
   digest: () => string;
-  analyzeMethods: () => ReturnType<typeof analyzeMethod>[];
+  analyzeMethods: () => {
+    [I in keyof Types]: ReturnType<typeof analyzeMethod>;
+  };
   publicInputType: ProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>;
   publicOutputType: ProvableOrVoid<Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>>;
 } & {
@@ -302,9 +304,14 @@ function ZkProgram<
   let maxProofsVerified = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
 
   function analyzeMethods() {
-    return methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
-      analyzeMethod(publicInputType, methodEntry, methodFunctions[i])
-    );
+    return Object.fromEntries(
+      methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) => [
+        methodEntry.methodName,
+        analyzeMethod(publicInputType, methodEntry, methodFunctions[i]),
+      ])
+    ) as any as {
+      [I in keyof Types]: ReturnType<typeof analyzeMethod>;
+    };
   }
 
   let compileOutput:
@@ -318,7 +325,9 @@ function ZkProgram<
     | undefined;
 
   async function compile({ cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
-    let methodsMeta = analyzeMethods();
+    let methodsMeta = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
+      analyzeMethod(publicInputType, methodEntry, methodFunctions[i])
+    );
     let gates = methodsMeta.map((m) => m.gates);
     let { provers, verify, verificationKey } = await compileProgram({
       publicInputType,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 477d354114..b89f1f3dd3 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,14 +16,12 @@ const EmptyProgram = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 const emptyMethodsMetadata = EmptyProgram.analyzeMethods();
-emptyMethodsMetadata.forEach((methodMetadata) => {
-  expect(methodMetadata).toEqual({
-    rows: 0,
-    digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
-    result: undefined,
-    gates: [],
-    publicInputSize: 0,
-  });
+expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual({
+  rows: 0,
+  digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
+  result: undefined,
+  gates: [],
+  publicInputSize: 0,
 });
 
 class CounterPublicInput extends Struct({
@@ -47,5 +45,5 @@ const CounterProgram = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-const incrementMethodMetadata = CounterProgram.analyzeMethods()[0];
+const incrementMethodMetadata = CounterProgram.analyzeMethods().increment;
 expect(incrementMethodMetadata).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ rows: 18 }));

From ca0f39aa4fe027bd78b763b663512eb6b42d7514 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 16:58:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0567/1786] fix division

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index bc9212c0c2..8eb5ff4375 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -202,16 +202,17 @@ function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
   multiRangeCheck(q2Bound, z2Bound, new Field(0n));
 
-  // check that r === y
+  // check that r === x
   // this means we don't have to range check r
-  let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L));
-  r01.assertEquals(y01);
-  r2.assertEquals(y[2]);
+  let x01 = x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << L));
+  r01.assertEquals(x01);
+  r2.assertEquals(x[2]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
     // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
     // this works because we assume y[2] <= f2
     // TODO is this the most efficient way?
+    let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L));
     y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
     let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
     let f01 = collapse2([f0, f1]);

From 16d8dc4b71ef85c511cbbec169fc26800b3458e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 16:59:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0568/1786] test inv and div

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 45 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index d62235d411..627c7deecb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -50,11 +50,15 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus), 'add');
   eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus), 'sub');
-  eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus)[0], 'mul');
+  eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus), 'mul');
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [f], to: f })(
+    (x) => F.inverse(x) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
+    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus)
+  );
   eq2(
-    (x, y) => (x * y) / F.modulus,
-    (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus)[1],
-    'mul quotient'
+    (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.div(x, y, F.modulus),
+    'div'
   );
 
   // sumchain of 5
@@ -103,13 +107,28 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
     mul: {
       privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
       method(x, y) {
-        let [r, _q] = ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
-        return r;
+        return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
+
+    inv: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3_],
+      method(x) {
+        return ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
+
+    div: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3_, Field3_],
+      method(x, y) {
+        return ForeignField.div(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
   },
 });
 
+// console.log(ffProgram.analyzeMethods());
+
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
@@ -132,6 +151,16 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
   'prove mul'
 );
 
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
+  async (x, y) => {
+    let proof = await ffProgram.div(x, y);
+    assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  },
+  'prove div'
+);
+
 // helper
 
 function sumchain(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
@@ -141,3 +170,7 @@ function sumchain(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   }
   return sum;
 }
+
+function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
+  throw Error(message);
+}

From dfed7016acb91ae1bdf08fb81b88b1dea53c516c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 10 Nov 2023 17:13:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0569/1786] start ec add

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f2a3f1246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
+import { provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Field3, ForeignField, bigint3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+
+type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
+type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
+
+function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
+  // m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)
+  let m = ForeignField.div(
+    // TODO bounds checks
+    ForeignField.sub(y2, y1, f),
+    ForeignField.sub(x2, x1, f),
+    f
+  );
+  // x3 = m^2 - x1 - x2
+  let m2 = ForeignField.mul(m, m, f);
+  let x3 = ForeignField.sumChain([m2, x1, x2], [-1n, -1n], f);
+  // y3 = m*(x1 - x3) - y1
+  let y3 = ForeignField.sub(
+    ForeignField.mul(m, ForeignField.sub(x1, x3, f), f),
+    y1,
+    f
+  );
+}
+
+const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
+
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
+  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
+  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
+  multiRangeCheck(...x1);
+  multiRangeCheck(...x2);
+  multiRangeCheck(...y1);
+  multiRangeCheck(...y2);
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
+
+  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+console.log(cs);

From d50cd017c2170253198394406f32bd2f5ec1b561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2023 22:02:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0570/1786] much more efficient ecadd

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 54 +++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9f2a3f1246..9048f99ae7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,31 +1,67 @@
+import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { Field3, ForeignField, bigint3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { exists } from './common.js';
+import {
+  Field3,
+  ForeignField,
+  assertMul,
+  bigint3,
+  split,
+  weakBound,
+} from './foreign-field.js';
 import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
 
+let { sumChain } = ForeignField;
+
 function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  // m = (y2 - y1)/(x2 - x1)
-  let m = ForeignField.div(
-    // TODO bounds checks
-    ForeignField.sub(y2, y1, f),
-    ForeignField.sub(x2, x1, f),
-    f
-  );
-  // x3 = m^2 - x1 - x2
-  let m2 = ForeignField.mul(m, m, f);
-  let x3 = ForeignField.sumChain([m2, x1, x2], [-1n, -1n], f);
-  // y3 = m*(x1 - x3) - y1
-  let y3 = ForeignField.sub(
-    ForeignField.mul(m, ForeignField.sub(x1, x3, f), f),
-    y1,
-    f
-  );
+  // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
+  let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
+    let [x1_, x2_, y1_, y2_] = ForeignField.toBigints(x1, x2, y1, y2);
+    let denom = inverse(mod(x1_ - x2_, f), f);
+
+    let m = denom !== undefined ? mod((y1_ - y2_) * denom, f) : 0n;
+    let m2 = mod(m * m, f);
+    let x3 = mod(m2 - x1_ - x2_, f);
+    let y3 = mod(m * (x1_ - x3) - y1_, f);
+
+    return [...split(m), ...split(x3), ...split(y3)];
+  });
+  let [m0, m1, m2, x30, x31, x32, y30, y31, y32] = witnesses;
+  let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
+  let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
+  let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
+
+  multiRangeCheck(...m);
+  multiRangeCheck(...x3);
+  multiRangeCheck(...y3);
+  let m2Bound = weakBound(m[2], f);
+  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
+  // we dont need to bounds check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+
+  // m*(x1 - x2) = y1 - y2
+  let deltaX = sumChain([x1, x2], [-1n], f);
+  let deltaY = sumChain([y1, y2], [-1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
+  let qBound1 = assertMul(m, deltaX, deltaY, f);
+
+  // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
+  let xSum = sumChain([x1, x2, x3], [1n, 1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
+  let qBound2 = assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
+
+  // m*(x1 - x3) = y1 + y3
+  let deltaX1X3 = sumChain([x1, x3], [-1n], f);
+  let ySum = sumChain([y1, y3], [1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
+  let qBound3 = assertMul(m, deltaX1X3, ySum, f);
+
+  // bounds checks
+  multiRangeCheck(m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1);
+  multiRangeCheck(qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n));
 }
 
 const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
@@ -35,10 +71,6 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
   let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
   let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
-  multiRangeCheck(...x1);
-  multiRangeCheck(...x2);
-  multiRangeCheck(...y1);
-  multiRangeCheck(...y2);
 
   let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
   let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 8eb5ff4375..2cb718ee3b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists, existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar } from './common.js';
 import {
   L,
   lMask,
@@ -17,7 +16,16 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { ForeignField, Field3, bigint3, Sign };
+export {
+  ForeignField,
+  Field3,
+  bigint3,
+  Sign,
+  split,
+  collapse,
+  weakBound,
+  assertMul,
+};
 
 type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
@@ -50,6 +58,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
     return collapse(bigint3(x));
   },
+  toBigints<T extends Tuple<Field3>>(...xs: T) {
+    return Tuple.map(xs, ForeignField.toBigint);
+  },
 };
 
 /**
@@ -57,7 +68,12 @@ const ForeignField = {
  *
  * assumes that inputs are range checked, does range check on the result.
  */
-function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
+function sumChain(
+  x: Field3[],
+  sign: Sign[],
+  f: bigint,
+  { skipRangeCheck = false } = {}
+) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
   // constant case
@@ -76,7 +92,9 @@ function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   Gates.zero(...result);
 
   // range check result
-  multiRangeCheck(...result);
+  if (!skipRangeCheck) {
+    multiRangeCheck(...result);
+  }
 
   return result;
 }
@@ -143,6 +161,32 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   return r;
 }
 
+function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
+
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) &&
+    y.every((x) => x.isConstant()) &&
+    xy.every((x) => x.isConstant())
+  ) {
+    let xy_ = mod(ForeignField.toBigint(x) * ForeignField.toBigint(y), f);
+    assert(xy_ === ForeignField.toBigint(xy), 'Expected xy to be x*y mod f');
+    return Field.from(0n);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
+  let xy01 = xy[0].add(xy[1].mul(1n << L));
+  r01.assertEquals(xy01);
+  r2.assertEquals(xy[2]);
+
+  // range check on quotient
+  multiRangeCheck(...q);
+
+  return q2Bound;
+}
+
 function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 

From b7fccabdec07e025864d63933f8c479349f0f3fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2023 22:11:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0571/1786] chain add into mul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  |  8 +++-----
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9048f99ae7..2fa86d30d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -45,19 +45,27 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
   // we dont need to bounds check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
 
-  // m*(x1 - x2) = y1 - y2
-  let deltaX = sumChain([x1, x2], [-1n], f);
+  // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaY = sumChain([y1, y2], [-1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let qBound1 = assertMul(m, deltaX, deltaY, f);
+  let deltaX = sumChain([x1, x2], [-1n], f, {
+    skipRangeCheck: true,
+    skipZeroRow: true,
+  });
+  let qBound1 = assertMul(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
+  multiRangeCheck(...deltaX);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
   let xSum = sumChain([x1, x2, x3], [1n, 1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
   let qBound2 = assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
 
-  // m*(x1 - x3) = y1 + y3
-  let deltaX1X3 = sumChain([x1, x3], [-1n], f);
+  // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
   let ySum = sumChain([y1, y3], [1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let qBound3 = assertMul(m, deltaX1X3, ySum, f);
+  let deltaX1X3 = sumChain([x1, x3], [-1n], f, {
+    skipRangeCheck: true,
+    skipZeroRow: true,
+  });
+  let qBound3 = assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  multiRangeCheck(...deltaX1X3);
 
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck(m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 2cb718ee3b..652659b894 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ function sumChain(
   x: Field3[],
   sign: Sign[],
   f: bigint,
-  { skipRangeCheck = false } = {}
+  { skipRangeCheck = false, skipZeroRow = false } = {}
 ) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
@@ -89,12 +89,10 @@ function sumChain(
     ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], sign[i], f));
   }
   // final zero row to hold result
-  Gates.zero(...result);
+  if (!skipZeroRow) Gates.zero(...result);
 
   // range check result
-  if (!skipRangeCheck) {
-    multiRangeCheck(...result);
-  }
+  if (!skipRangeCheck) multiRangeCheck(...result);
 
   return result;
 }

From 721456831888dff813b16be642fa8d18dcfc22ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2023 19:37:24 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0572/1786] fix(fetch.tx): increase returned blocks from
 bestChain gql request

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 8723d5ba1e..7907858f76 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse = {
 };
 
 const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = `{
-  bestChain(maxLength: 1) {
+  bestChain(maxLength: 20) {
     transactions {
       zkappCommands {
         hash

From 57b688e10b01b53bdb9721700383f0d7369fd7ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2023 20:29:58 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0573/1786] feat(fetch.ts): add length parameter to
 fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus query

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 7907858f76..48e081662d 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse = {
   }[];
 };
 
-const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = `{
-  bestChain(maxLength: 20) {
+const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = (length: number) => `{
+  bestChain(maxLength: ${length}) {
     transactions {
       zkappCommands {
         hash
@@ -496,10 +496,11 @@ const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = `{
 }`;
 
 async function fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(
+  blockLength: number,
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
 ) {
   let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
-    lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
+    lastBlockQueryFailureCheck(blockLength),
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
   );
@@ -513,9 +514,8 @@ async function fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(
   return bestChain;
 }
 
-async function checkZkappTransaction(txnId: string) {
-  let bestChainBlocks = await fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus();
-
+async function checkZkappTransaction(txnId: string, blockLength = 20) {
+  let bestChainBlocks = await fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(blockLength);
   for (let block of bestChainBlocks.bestChain) {
     for (let zkappCommand of block.transactions.zkappCommands) {
       if (zkappCommand.hash === txnId) {
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ async function checkZkappTransaction(txnId: string) {
   }
   return {
     success: false,
-    failureReason: null,
+    failureReason: `Transaction ${txnId} not found in the latest ${blockLength} blocks.`,
   };
 }
 

From ec4ff81733454bdcbf7a6c2395b31b9a8cd3f1b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2023 20:46:14 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0574/1786] feat(CHANGELOG): add entry for
 checkZkappTransaction fix

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e9ff71d070..f6d00daa08 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+### Fixed
+
+- Add a parameter to `checkZkappTransaction` for block length to check for transaction inclusion. This fixes a case where `Transaction.wait()` only checked the latest block, which led to an error once the transaction was included in a block that was not the latest. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1239
 
 ## [0.14.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...26363465d)
 

From e830e098da57775fdef67b4e1b0e6b1cb246a1ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2023 22:07:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0575/1786] fix(fetch.ts): revert failureReason message on
 transaction not found

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 48e081662d..768410c1b5 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ async function checkZkappTransaction(txnId: string, blockLength = 20) {
   }
   return {
     success: false,
-    failureReason: `Transaction ${txnId} not found in the latest ${blockLength} blocks.`,
+    failureReason: null,
   };
 }
 

From b53c875921beed4785158c778127659cd49dfc39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 08:18:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0576/1786] bindings with not operation

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f9f54a0a22..e6bd4ddfc2 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f9f54a0a229fae3c25ba4d44de08d465a18d7f03
+Subproject commit e6bd4ddfc2c1319428ac7c2fb4fd3e7f4862a81d

From 7df0a789998599cd7087bc3050d78a77959b3dd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 08:25:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0577/1786] fixup type

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index e2dfd5cd18..1d596d248b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   Gates.zero(...result);
 
   // range check result
-  multiRangeCheck(...result);
+  multiRangeCheck(result);
 
   return result;
 }

From 9a83e3cde72505202dcd54a83c52ca7f9ff8991b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 08:57:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0578/1786] cleanup test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 0c173c8352..cb198dc87e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,11 @@ import { ForeignField, Field3, Sign } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { ProvableExtended, provable, provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
 const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
-const Sign = provable(BigInt) as ProvableExtended<Sign, string>;
 
 function foreignField(F: FiniteField): Spec<bigint, Field3> {
   let rng = Random.otherField(F);

From d98e3a284231172eacd05be317888415043b511b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 11:24:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0579/1786] first version of constraint system test dsl

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 206 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 206 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85773bf1f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+/**
+ * DSL for testing that a gadget generates the expected constraint system.
+ *
+ * An essential feature is that `constraintSystem()` automatically generates a
+ * variety of fieldvar types for the inputs: constants, variables, and combinators.
+ */
+import { Gate, GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
+import { Field, FieldType, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Random } from './random.js';
+import { test } from './property.js';
+
+export { constraintSystem, contains, log };
+
+type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
+type InferCsVar<T> = T extends { provable: Provable<infer U> }
+  ? U
+  : T extends Provable<infer U>
+  ? U
+  : never;
+type CsParams<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>> = {
+  [k in keyof In]: InferCsVar<In[k]>;
+};
+
+type CsTest = { run: (cs: Gate[]) => boolean; label: string };
+
+// main DSL
+
+function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
+  inputs: { from: In },
+  main: (...args: CsParams<In>) => void,
+  tests: CsTest[]
+) {
+  // create random generators
+  let types = inputs.from.map(provable);
+  let rngs = types.map(layout);
+
+  test(...rngs, (...args) => {
+    let layouts = args.slice(0, -1);
+
+    // compute the constraint system
+    let result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+      // each random input "layout" has to be instantiated into vars in this circuit
+      let values = types.map((type, i) =>
+        instantiate(type, layouts[i])
+      ) as CsParams<In>;
+      main(...values);
+    });
+
+    // run tests
+    let failures = tests
+      .map((test) => [test.run(result.gates), test.label] as const)
+      .filter(([ok]) => !ok)
+      .map(([, label]) => label);
+
+    if (failures.length > 0) {
+      console.log('Constraint system:');
+      console.log(result.gates);
+
+      let s = failures.length === 1 ? '' : 's';
+      throw Error(
+        `Failed constraint system test${s}:\n${failures.join('\n')}\n`
+      );
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// DSL for writing tests
+
+/**
+ * Test that constraint system contains each of a list of gates consecutively.
+ *
+ * You can also pass a list of lists. In that case, the constraint system has to contain
+ * each of the lists of gates in the given order, but not necessarily consecutively.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * // constraint system contains a Rot64 gate
+ * contains('Rot64')
+ *
+ * // constraint system contains a Rot64 gate, followed directly by a RangeCheck0 gate
+ * contains(['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0'])
+ *
+ * // constraint system contains two instances of the combination [Rot64, RangeCheck0]
+ * contains([['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0'], ['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0']]])
+ * ```
+ */
+function contains(gates: GateType | GateType[] | GateType[][]): CsTest {
+  let expectedGatess = toGatess(gates);
+  return {
+    run(cs) {
+      let gates = cs.map((g) => g.type);
+      let i = 0;
+      let j = 0;
+      for (let gate of gates) {
+        if (gate === expectedGatess[i][j]) {
+          j++;
+          if (j === expectedGatess[i].length) {
+            i++;
+            j = 0;
+            if (i === expectedGatess.length) return true;
+          }
+        } else if (gate === expectedGatess[i][0]) {
+          j = 1;
+        } else {
+          j = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    },
+    label: `contains ${JSON.stringify(expectedGatess)}`,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * "Test" that just logs the constraint system.
+ */
+const log: CsTest = {
+  run(cs) {
+    console.log('Constraint system:');
+    console.log(cs);
+    return true;
+  },
+  label: '',
+};
+
+function toGatess(
+  gateTypes: GateType | GateType[] | GateType[][]
+): GateType[][] {
+  if (typeof gateTypes === 'string') return [[gateTypes]];
+  if (Array.isArray(gateTypes[0])) return gateTypes as GateType[][];
+  return [gateTypes as GateType[]];
+}
+
+// Random generator for arbitrary provable types
+
+function provable<T>(spec: CsVarSpec<T>): Provable<T> {
+  return 'provable' in spec ? spec.provable : spec;
+}
+
+function layout<T>(type: Provable<T>): Random<T> {
+  let length = type.sizeInFields();
+
+  return Random(() => {
+    let fields = Array.from({ length }, () => new Field(drawFieldVar()));
+    return type.fromFields(fields, type.toAuxiliary());
+  });
+}
+
+function instantiate<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T) {
+  let fields = type.toFields(value).map((x) => instantiateFieldVar(x.value));
+  return type.fromFields(fields, type.toAuxiliary());
+}
+
+// Random generator for fieldvars that exercises constants, variables and combinators
+
+function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
+  let fieldType = drawFieldType();
+  switch (fieldType) {
+    case FieldType.Constant: {
+      return [FieldType.Constant, [0, 17n]];
+    }
+    case FieldType.Var: {
+      return [FieldType.Var, 0];
+    }
+    case FieldType.Add: {
+      let x = drawFieldVar();
+      let y = drawFieldVar();
+      return [FieldType.Add, x, y];
+    }
+    case FieldType.Scale: {
+      let x = drawFieldVar();
+      return [FieldType.Scale, [0, 3n], x];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function instantiateFieldVar(x: FieldVar): Field {
+  switch (x[0]) {
+    case FieldType.Constant: {
+      return new Field(x);
+    }
+    case FieldType.Var: {
+      return Provable.witness(Field, () => Field.from(0n));
+    }
+    case FieldType.Add: {
+      let a = instantiateFieldVar(x[1]);
+      let b = instantiateFieldVar(x[2]);
+      return a.add(b);
+    }
+    case FieldType.Scale: {
+      let a = instantiateFieldVar(x[2]);
+      return a.mul(x[1][1]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function drawFieldType(): FieldType {
+  let oneOf8 = randomBytes(1)[0] & 0b111;
+  if (oneOf8 < 4) return FieldType.Var;
+  if (oneOf8 < 6) return FieldType.Constant;
+  if (oneOf8 === 6) return FieldType.Scale;
+  return FieldType.Add;
+}

From 1e5919b616ab737012bdb0fc095281b1b8b67c25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 12:05:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0580/1786] properly implement fieldvar combinators

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 17 +++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 5d810ef20f..640bed46b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -78,13 +78,22 @@ const FieldVar = {
   isConstant(x: FieldVar): x is ConstantFieldVar {
     return x[0] === FieldType.Constant;
   },
-  // TODO: handle (special) constants
   add(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): FieldVar {
+    if (FieldVar.isConstant(x) && x[1][1] === 0n) return y;
+    if (FieldVar.isConstant(y) && y[1][1] === 0n) return x;
+    if (FieldVar.isConstant(x) && FieldVar.isConstant(y)) {
+      return FieldVar.constant(Fp.add(x[1][1], y[1][1]));
+    }
     return [FieldType.Add, x, y];
   },
-  // TODO: handle (special) constants
-  scale(c: FieldConst, x: FieldVar): FieldVar {
-    return [FieldType.Scale, c, x];
+  scale(c: bigint | FieldConst, x: FieldVar): FieldVar {
+    let c0 = typeof c === 'bigint' ? FieldConst.fromBigint(c) : c;
+    if (c0[1] === 0n) return FieldVar.constant(0n);
+    if (c0[1] === 1n) return x;
+    if (FieldVar.isConstant(x)) {
+      return FieldVar.constant(Fp.mul(c0[1], x[1][1]));
+    }
+    return [FieldType.Scale, c0, x];
   },
   [0]: [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst[0]] satisfies ConstantFieldVar,
   [1]: [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst[1]] satisfies ConstantFieldVar,

From 4605ad276d6f8179fbd0c6693cb507760cf1fb9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 12:08:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0581/1786] pass inputs to cs tests, and make them combinable

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 85773bf1f0..205d013e94 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Random } from './random.js';
 import { test } from './property.js';
 
-export { constraintSystem, contains, log };
+export { constraintSystem, not, and, or, contains, allConstant, log };
 
 type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
 type InferCsVar<T> = T extends { provable: Provable<infer U> }
@@ -23,15 +23,14 @@ type InferCsVar<T> = T extends { provable: Provable<infer U> }
 type CsParams<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>> = {
   [k in keyof In]: InferCsVar<In[k]>;
 };
-
-type CsTest = { run: (cs: Gate[]) => boolean; label: string };
+type TypeAndValue<T> = { type: Provable<T>; value: T };
 
 // main DSL
 
 function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
   inputs: { from: In },
   main: (...args: CsParams<In>) => void,
-  tests: CsTest[]
+  csTest: CsTest
 ) {
   // create random generators
   let types = inputs.from.map(provable);
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
     let layouts = args.slice(0, -1);
 
     // compute the constraint system
-    let result = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+    let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
       // each random input "layout" has to be instantiated into vars in this circuit
       let values = types.map((type, i) =>
         instantiate(type, layouts[i])
@@ -50,14 +49,13 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
     });
 
     // run tests
-    let failures = tests
-      .map((test) => [test.run(result.gates), test.label] as const)
-      .filter(([ok]) => !ok)
-      .map(([, label]) => label);
+    let typesAndValues = types.map((type, i) => ({ type, value: layouts[i] }));
+
+    let { ok, failures } = run(csTest, gates, typesAndValues);
 
-    if (failures.length > 0) {
+    if (!ok) {
       console.log('Constraint system:');
-      console.log(result.gates);
+      console.log(gates);
 
       let s = failures.length === 1 ? '' : 's';
       throw Error(
@@ -69,6 +67,64 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
 
 // DSL for writing tests
 
+type CsTestBase = {
+  run: (cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]) => boolean;
+  label: string;
+};
+type Base = { kind?: undefined } & CsTestBase;
+type Not = { kind: 'not' } & CsTestBase;
+type And = { kind: 'and'; tests: CsTest[] };
+type Or = { kind: 'or'; tests: CsTest[] };
+type CsTest = Base | Not | And | Or;
+
+type Result = { ok: boolean; failures: string[] };
+
+function run(test: CsTest, cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]): Result {
+  switch (test.kind) {
+    case undefined: {
+      let ok = test.run(cs, inputs);
+      let failures = ok ? [] : [test.label];
+      return { ok, failures };
+    }
+    case 'not': {
+      let ok = test.run(cs, inputs);
+      let failures = ok ? [`not(${test.label})`] : [];
+      return { ok: !ok, failures };
+    }
+    case 'and': {
+      let results = test.tests.map((t) => run(t, cs, inputs));
+      let ok = results.every((r) => r.ok);
+      let failures = results.flatMap((r) => r.failures);
+      return { ok, failures };
+    }
+    case 'or': {
+      let results = test.tests.map((t) => run(t, cs, inputs));
+      let ok = results.some((r) => r.ok);
+      let failures = results.flatMap((r) => r.failures);
+      return { ok, failures };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Negate a test.
+ */
+function not(test: CsTest): CsTest {
+  return { kind: 'not', ...test };
+}
+/**
+ * Check that all input tests pass.
+ */
+function and(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
+  return { kind: 'and', tests };
+}
+/**
+ * Check that at least one input test passes.
+ */
+function or(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
+  return { kind: 'or', tests };
+}
+
 /**
  * Test that constraint system contains each of a list of gates consecutively.
  *
@@ -114,6 +170,18 @@ function contains(gates: GateType | GateType[] | GateType[][]): CsTest {
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Test whether all inputs are constant.
+ */
+const allConstant: CsTest = {
+  run(cs, inputs) {
+    return inputs.every(({ type, value }) =>
+      type.toFields(value).every((x) => x.isConstant())
+    );
+  },
+  label: 'all inputs constant',
+};
+
 /**
  * "Test" that just logs the constraint system.
  */
@@ -160,7 +228,7 @@ function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
   let fieldType = drawFieldType();
   switch (fieldType) {
     case FieldType.Constant: {
-      return [FieldType.Constant, [0, 17n]];
+      return FieldVar.constant(17n);
     }
     case FieldType.Var: {
       return [FieldType.Var, 0];
@@ -168,11 +236,11 @@ function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
     case FieldType.Add: {
       let x = drawFieldVar();
       let y = drawFieldVar();
-      return [FieldType.Add, x, y];
+      return FieldVar.add(x, y);
     }
     case FieldType.Scale: {
       let x = drawFieldVar();
-      return [FieldType.Scale, [0, 3n], x];
+      return FieldVar.scale(3n, x);
     }
   }
 }

From 4f682509e74e9dc88e5af2c2f87dc71027192a16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 12:25:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0582/1786] more cs tests and combinators

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 205d013e94..6060ff00f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,19 @@ import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Random } from './random.js';
 import { test } from './property.js';
 
-export { constraintSystem, not, and, or, contains, allConstant, log };
+export {
+  constraintSystem,
+  not,
+  and,
+  or,
+  equals,
+  contains,
+  allConstant,
+  ifNotAllConstant,
+  isEmpty,
+  withoutGenerics,
+  log,
+};
 
 type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
 type InferCsVar<T> = T extends { provable: Provable<infer U> }
@@ -73,8 +85,8 @@ type CsTestBase = {
 };
 type Base = { kind?: undefined } & CsTestBase;
 type Not = { kind: 'not' } & CsTestBase;
-type And = { kind: 'and'; tests: CsTest[] };
-type Or = { kind: 'or'; tests: CsTest[] };
+type And = { kind: 'and'; tests: CsTest[]; label: string };
+type Or = { kind: 'or'; tests: CsTest[]; label: string };
 type CsTest = Base | Not | And | Or;
 
 type Result = { ok: boolean; failures: string[] };
@@ -116,13 +128,25 @@ function not(test: CsTest): CsTest {
  * Check that all input tests pass.
  */
 function and(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
-  return { kind: 'and', tests };
+  return { kind: 'and', tests, label: `and(${tests.map((t) => t.label)})` };
 }
 /**
  * Check that at least one input test passes.
  */
 function or(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
-  return { kind: 'or', tests };
+  return { kind: 'or', tests, label: `or(${tests.map((t) => t.label)})` };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test for precise equality of the constraint system with a given list of gates.
+ */
+function equals(gates: GateType[]): CsTest {
+  return {
+    run(cs) {
+      return cs.every((g, i) => g.type === gates[i]);
+    },
+    label: `equals ${JSON.stringify(gates)}`,
+  };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -182,6 +206,40 @@ const allConstant: CsTest = {
   label: 'all inputs constant',
 };
 
+/**
+ * Modifies a test so that it doesn't fail if all inputs are constant, and instead
+ * checks that the constraint system is empty in that case.
+ */
+function ifNotAllConstant(test: CsTest): CsTest {
+  return or(test, and(allConstant, isEmpty));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test whether all inputs are constant.
+ */
+const isEmpty: CsTest = {
+  run(cs) {
+    return cs.length === 0;
+  },
+  label: 'cs is empty',
+};
+
+/**
+ * Modifies a test so that it runs on the constraint system with generic gates filtered out.
+ */
+function withoutGenerics(test: CsTest): CsTest {
+  return {
+    run(cs, inputs) {
+      return run(
+        test,
+        cs.filter((g) => g.type !== 'Generic'),
+        inputs
+      ).ok;
+    },
+    label: `withoutGenerics(${test.label})`,
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * "Test" that just logs the constraint system.
  */

From c6c4f97ed8185e933e4642cf3d0b4c45423791bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 12:27:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0583/1786] replace existing test with new dsl test, which
 passes

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 18 ++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index c66c6a806d..f526197c71 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { L } from './range-check.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
+import {
+  constraintSystem,
+  equals,
+  ifNotAllConstant,
+  withoutGenerics,
+} from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 
 let uint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
   let uint = Random.bignat((1n << BigInt(n)) - 1n);
@@ -29,14 +35,16 @@ let maybeUint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
 
 // constraint system sanity check
 
+constraintSystem(
+  { from: [Field] },
+  (x) => Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x),
+  ifNotAllConstant(withoutGenerics(equals(['RangeCheck0'])))
+);
+
 function csWithoutGenerics(gates: Gate[]) {
   return gates.map((g) => g.type).filter((type) => type !== 'Generic');
 }
 
-let check64 = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let [x] = exists(1, () => [0n]);
-  Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
-});
 let multi = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x = exists(3, () => [0n, 0n, 0n]);
   Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
@@ -46,10 +54,8 @@ let compact = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
 });
 
-let expectedLayout64 = ['RangeCheck0'];
 let expectedLayoutMulti = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
 
-expect(csWithoutGenerics(check64.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayout64);
 expect(csWithoutGenerics(multi.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayoutMulti);
 expect(csWithoutGenerics(compact.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayoutMulti);
 

From d17d47f20b288edffcc3309f0e00f4ba361a7b18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 12:35:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0584/1786] usability tweaks

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 6060ff00f0..bb46406d28 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
 
     if (!ok) {
       console.log('Constraint system:');
+      // TODO nice printed representation of cs
       console.log(gates);
 
       let s = failures.length === 1 ? '' : 's';
@@ -167,7 +168,9 @@ function equals(gates: GateType[]): CsTest {
  * contains([['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0'], ['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0']]])
  * ```
  */
-function contains(gates: GateType | GateType[] | GateType[][]): CsTest {
+function contains(
+  gates: GateType | readonly GateType[] | readonly GateType[][]
+): CsTest {
   let expectedGatess = toGatess(gates);
   return {
     run(cs) {
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ const log: CsTest = {
 };
 
 function toGatess(
-  gateTypes: GateType | GateType[] | GateType[][]
+  gateTypes: GateType | readonly GateType[] | readonly GateType[][]
 ): GateType[][] {
   if (typeof gateTypes === 'string') return [[gateTypes]];
   if (Array.isArray(gateTypes[0])) return gateTypes as GateType[][];

From ff73b233a0288f5097e3e62e4858cc666aca2620 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 12:58:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0585/1786] tweak error output

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index bb46406d28..f145ac477f 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ type TypeAndValue<T> = { type: Provable<T>; value: T };
 // main DSL
 
 function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
+  label: string,
   inputs: { from: In },
   main: (...args: CsParams<In>) => void,
   csTest: CsTest
@@ -70,9 +71,10 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
       // TODO nice printed representation of cs
       console.log(gates);
 
-      let s = failures.length === 1 ? '' : 's';
       throw Error(
-        `Failed constraint system test${s}:\n${failures.join('\n')}\n`
+        `Constraint system test: ${label}\n\n${failures
+          .map((f) => `FAIL: ${f}`)
+          .join('\n')}\n`
       );
     }
   });
@@ -107,13 +109,13 @@ function run(test: CsTest, cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]): Result {
     case 'and': {
       let results = test.tests.map((t) => run(t, cs, inputs));
       let ok = results.every((r) => r.ok);
-      let failures = results.flatMap((r) => r.failures);
+      let failures = ok ? [] : results.flatMap((r) => r.failures);
       return { ok, failures };
     }
     case 'or': {
       let results = test.tests.map((t) => run(t, cs, inputs));
       let ok = results.some((r) => r.ok);
-      let failures = results.flatMap((r) => r.failures);
+      let failures = ok ? [] : results.flatMap((r) => r.failures);
       return { ok, failures };
     }
   }

From 657d28fbe26716613d3e27f2d56c69204197f1a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 13:02:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0586/1786] replace other test and expose bug where generic
 gate disrupts mrc chain

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 41 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index f526197c71..b5d5110807 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-import type { Gate } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import {
   Spec,
   boolean,
@@ -10,12 +8,12 @@ import {
   fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
-import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { L } from './range-check.js';
-import { expect } from 'expect';
 import {
   constraintSystem,
+  contains,
   equals,
   ifNotAllConstant,
   withoutGenerics,
@@ -36,28 +34,29 @@ let maybeUint = (n: number | bigint): Spec<bigint, Field> => {
 // constraint system sanity check
 
 constraintSystem(
+  'range check 64',
   { from: [Field] },
-  (x) => Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x),
+  Gadgets.rangeCheck64,
   ifNotAllConstant(withoutGenerics(equals(['RangeCheck0'])))
 );
 
-function csWithoutGenerics(gates: Gate[]) {
-  return gates.map((g) => g.type).filter((type) => type !== 'Generic');
-}
-
-let multi = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x = exists(3, () => [0n, 0n, 0n]);
-  Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
-});
-let compact = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let [xy, z] = exists(2, () => [0n, 0n]);
-  Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
-});
-
-let expectedLayoutMulti = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
+constraintSystem(
+  'multi-range check',
+  { from: [Field, Field, Field] },
+  (x, y, z) => Gadgets.multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]),
+  ifNotAllConstant(
+    contains(['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'])
+  )
+);
 
-expect(csWithoutGenerics(multi.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayoutMulti);
-expect(csWithoutGenerics(compact.gates)).toEqual(expectedLayoutMulti);
+constraintSystem(
+  'compact multi-range check',
+  { from: [Field, Field] },
+  Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck,
+  ifNotAllConstant(
+    contains(['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'])
+  )
+);
 
 // TODO: make a ZkFunction or something that doesn't go through Pickles
 // --------------------------

From 1e4a1a017b042e254e49888e100d30b5dc85723d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 14:59:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0587/1786] print constraint system

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 59 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index f145ac477f..6b7962534f 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -68,8 +68,7 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
 
     if (!ok) {
       console.log('Constraint system:');
-      // TODO nice printed representation of cs
-      console.log(gates);
+      printGates(gates);
 
       throw Error(
         `Constraint system test: ${label}\n\n${failures
@@ -335,3 +334,59 @@ function drawFieldType(): FieldType {
   if (oneOf8 === 6) return FieldType.Scale;
   return FieldType.Add;
 }
+
+// print a constraint system
+
+function printGates(gates: Gate[]) {
+  for (let i = 0, n = gates.length; i < n; i++) {
+    let { type, wires, coeffs } = gates[i];
+    console.log(
+      i.toString().padEnd(4, ' '),
+      type.padEnd(15, ' '),
+      coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs).padEnd(30, ' '),
+      wiresToPretty(wires, i)
+    );
+  }
+  console.log();
+}
+
+let minusRange = Field.ORDER - (1n << 64n);
+
+function coeffsToPretty(type: Gate['type'], coeffs: Gate['coeffs']): string {
+  if (coeffs.length === 0) return '';
+  if (type === 'Generic' && coeffs.length > 5) {
+    let first = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 5));
+    let second = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(5));
+    return `${first} ${second}`;
+  }
+  if (type === 'Poseidon' && coeffs.length > 3) {
+    return `${coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 3)).slice(0, -1)} ...]`;
+  }
+  let str = coeffs
+    .map((c) => {
+      let c0 = BigInt(c);
+      if (c0 > minusRange) c0 -= Field.ORDER;
+      let cStr = c0.toString();
+      if (cStr.length > 4) return `${cStr.slice(0, 4)}..`;
+      return cStr;
+    })
+    .join(' ');
+  return `[${str}]`;
+}
+
+function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
+  let strWires: string[] = [];
+  let n = wires.length;
+  for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
+    let wire = wires[col];
+    if (wire.row === row && wire.col === col) continue;
+    if (wire.row === row) {
+      strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
+    } else {
+      let rowDelta = wire.row - row;
+      let rowStr = rowDelta > 0 ? `+${rowDelta}` : `${rowDelta}`;
+      strWires.push(`${col}->(${rowStr},${wire.col})`);
+    }
+  }
+  return strWires.join(', ');
+}

From dfffeda1d6a14c25aca9ab951678df880c8b5770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:31:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0588/1786] add utils to flush generic gates early

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 6b97c6016b..acffca9349 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field, FieldConst } from '../field.js';
-import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, FieldType } from '../field.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
 
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 export {
   MAX_BITS,
   exists,
+  existsOne,
+  toVars,
+  toVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   witnessSlice,
@@ -16,6 +19,11 @@ export {
   divideWithRemainder,
 };
 
+function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
+  let varMl = Snarky.existsVar(() => FieldConst.fromBigint(compute()));
+  return new Field(varMl);
+}
+
 function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   n: N,
   compute: C
@@ -27,6 +35,31 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Given a Field, collapse its AST to a pure Var. See {@link FieldVar}.
+ *
+ * This is useful to prevent rogue Generic gates added in the middle of gate chains,
+ * which are caused by snarky auto-resolving constants, adds and scales to vars.
+ *
+ * Same as `Field.seal()` with the difference that `seal()` leaves constants as is.
+ */
+function toVar(x: Field | bigint) {
+  // don't change existing vars
+  if (x instanceof Field && x.value[1] === FieldType.Var) return x;
+  let xVar = existsOne(() => Field.from(x).toBigInt());
+  xVar.assertEquals(x);
+  return xVar;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply {@link toVar} to each element of a tuple.
+ */
+function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
+  fields: T
+): { [k in keyof T]: Field } {
+  return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string) {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');

From 2604f54e375fe551565ec38ce9a0a260c3d0f2bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:32:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0589/1786] fix range check gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 9 +++++++--
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 1f4f369157..004a6cf438 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import * as Gates from '../gates.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
+import { bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 
 export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck, L };
 
@@ -64,10 +64,13 @@ function multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]: [Field, Field, Field]) {
     }
     return;
   }
+  // ensure we are using pure variables
+  [x, y, z] = toVars([x, y, z]);
+  let zero = toVar(0n);
 
   let [x64, x76] = rangeCheck0Helper(x);
   let [y64, y76] = rangeCheck0Helper(y);
-  rangeCheck1Helper({ x64, x76, y64, y76, z, yz: new Field(0) });
+  rangeCheck1Helper({ x64, x76, y64, y76, z, yz: zero });
 }
 
 /**
@@ -88,6 +91,8 @@ function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
     let [x, y] = splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt());
     return [new Field(x), new Field(y), z];
   }
+  // ensure we are using pure variables
+  [xy, z] = toVars([xy, z]);
 
   let [x, y] = exists(2, () => splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt()));
 

From fb5ad69b6cdf747c9775b116177f898880929ec6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:00:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0590/1786] fix equals, usability tweaks

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 6b7962534f..858fa698f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ export {
   ifNotAllConstant,
   isEmpty,
   withoutGenerics,
-  log,
+  print,
+  repeat,
 };
 
 type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
@@ -142,9 +143,10 @@ function or(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
 /**
  * Test for precise equality of the constraint system with a given list of gates.
  */
-function equals(gates: GateType[]): CsTest {
+function equals(gates: readonly GateType[]): CsTest {
   return {
     run(cs) {
+      if (cs.length !== gates.length) return false;
       return cs.every((g, i) => g.type === gates[i]);
     },
     label: `equals ${JSON.stringify(gates)}`,
@@ -247,15 +249,20 @@ function withoutGenerics(test: CsTest): CsTest {
 /**
  * "Test" that just logs the constraint system.
  */
-const log: CsTest = {
+const print: CsTest = {
   run(cs) {
     console.log('Constraint system:');
-    console.log(cs);
+    printGates(cs);
     return true;
   },
   label: '',
 };
 
+function repeat(n: number, gates: GateType | GateType[]): GateType[] {
+  gates = Array.isArray(gates) ? gates : [gates];
+  return Array<GateType[]>(n).fill(gates).flat();
+}
+
 function toGatess(
   gateTypes: GateType | readonly GateType[] | readonly GateType[][]
 ): GateType[][] {

From ad137ed9817c873b8071394a9c1b6406734752f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:00:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0591/1786] expose raw methods from zkprogram

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 3cd395d76d..829d824f00 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -271,6 +271,13 @@ function ZkProgram<
   analyzeMethods: () => ReturnType<typeof analyzeMethod>[];
   publicInputType: ProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>;
   publicOutputType: ProvableOrVoid<Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>>;
+  rawMethods: {
+    [I in keyof Types]: Method<
+      InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
+      InferProvableOrVoid<Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>>,
+      Types[I]
+    >['method'];
+  };
 } & {
   [I in keyof Types]: Prover<
     InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -427,6 +434,9 @@ function ZkProgram<
         Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>
       >,
       analyzeMethods,
+      rawMethods: Object.fromEntries(
+        Object.entries(methods).map(([k, v]) => [k, v.method])
+      ) as any,
     },
     provers
   );

From f4a0bfe10859959db98de2dcdf01957d933c51dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:04:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0592/1786] test bitwise cs, fix rot, clean up not

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts           | 15 +++---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index c2082b7172..d4fc7ff5f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   witnessSlice,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
+  toVar,
 } from './common.js';
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
@@ -37,18 +38,12 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
   }
 
   // create a bitmask with all ones
-  let allOnesF = new Field(2n ** BigInt(length) - 1n);
-
-  let allOnes = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    return allOnesF;
-  });
-
-  allOnesF.assertEquals(allOnes);
+  let allOnes = new Field(2n ** BigInt(length) - 1n);
 
   if (checked) {
     return xor(a, allOnes, length);
   } else {
-    return allOnes.sub(a);
+    return allOnes.sub(a).seal();
   }
 }
 
@@ -252,6 +247,10 @@ function rot(
     }
   );
 
+  // flush zero var to prevent broken gate chain (zero is used in rangeCheck64)
+  // TODO this is an abstraction leak, but not clear to me how to improve
+  toVar(0n);
+
   // Compute current row
   Gates.rotate(
     field,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 277fc17efc..6fa914a799 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,16 @@ import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import {
+  constraintSystem,
+  contains,
+  equals,
+  ifNotAllConstant,
+  repeat,
+  and,
+  withoutGenerics,
+} from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
+import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 const maybeField = {
   ...field,
@@ -183,3 +193,63 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
+
+// check that gate chains stay intact
+
+function xorChain(bits: number) {
+  return repeat(Math.ceil(bits / 16), 'Xor16').concat('Zero');
+}
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'xor',
+  { from: [Field, Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.xor,
+  ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(254)))
+);
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'not checked',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.notChecked,
+  ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(254)))
+);
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'not unchecked',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.notUnchecked,
+  ifNotAllConstant(contains('Generic'))
+);
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'and',
+  { from: [Field, Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.and,
+  ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(64)))
+);
+
+let rotChain: GateType[] = ['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0'];
+let isJustRotate = ifNotAllConstant(
+  and(contains(rotChain), withoutGenerics(equals(rotChain)))
+);
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'rotate',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.rot,
+  isJustRotate
+);
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'left shift',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.leftShift,
+  isJustRotate
+);
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'right shift',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Bitwise.rawMethods.rightShift,
+  isJustRotate
+);

From 9759938087bde2d5fd7e57454a2bdabb54e9ceef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:05:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0593/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c5aa5f163b..5df84bf1f0 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c5aa5f163bf9e86adea3b85cdb75d84e56b9d461
+Subproject commit 5df84bf1f06c9c1e984e19d067fcf10c8ae53299

From 82e5d28a6b1c94a667de76a29afbc0a147000ee3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:07:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0594/1786] more verbose but clearer type name

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 41 ++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 858fa698f5..aafe87e38d 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ export {
   withoutGenerics,
   print,
   repeat,
+  ConstraintSystemTest,
 };
 
 type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
   label: string,
   inputs: { from: In },
   main: (...args: CsParams<In>) => void,
-  csTest: CsTest
+  csTest: ConstraintSystemTest
 ) {
   // create random generators
   let types = inputs.from.map(provable);
@@ -82,19 +83,23 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
 
 // DSL for writing tests
 
-type CsTestBase = {
+type ConstraintSystemTestBase = {
   run: (cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]) => boolean;
   label: string;
 };
-type Base = { kind?: undefined } & CsTestBase;
-type Not = { kind: 'not' } & CsTestBase;
-type And = { kind: 'and'; tests: CsTest[]; label: string };
-type Or = { kind: 'or'; tests: CsTest[]; label: string };
-type CsTest = Base | Not | And | Or;
+type Base = { kind?: undefined } & ConstraintSystemTestBase;
+type Not = { kind: 'not' } & ConstraintSystemTestBase;
+type And = { kind: 'and'; tests: ConstraintSystemTest[]; label: string };
+type Or = { kind: 'or'; tests: ConstraintSystemTest[]; label: string };
+type ConstraintSystemTest = Base | Not | And | Or;
 
 type Result = { ok: boolean; failures: string[] };
 
-function run(test: CsTest, cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]): Result {
+function run(
+  test: ConstraintSystemTest,
+  cs: Gate[],
+  inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]
+): Result {
   switch (test.kind) {
     case undefined: {
       let ok = test.run(cs, inputs);
@@ -124,26 +129,26 @@ function run(test: CsTest, cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]): Result {
 /**
  * Negate a test.
  */
-function not(test: CsTest): CsTest {
+function not(test: ConstraintSystemTest): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return { kind: 'not', ...test };
 }
 /**
  * Check that all input tests pass.
  */
-function and(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
+function and(...tests: ConstraintSystemTest[]): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return { kind: 'and', tests, label: `and(${tests.map((t) => t.label)})` };
 }
 /**
  * Check that at least one input test passes.
  */
-function or(...tests: CsTest[]): CsTest {
+function or(...tests: ConstraintSystemTest[]): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return { kind: 'or', tests, label: `or(${tests.map((t) => t.label)})` };
 }
 
 /**
  * Test for precise equality of the constraint system with a given list of gates.
  */
-function equals(gates: readonly GateType[]): CsTest {
+function equals(gates: readonly GateType[]): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return {
     run(cs) {
       if (cs.length !== gates.length) return false;
@@ -173,7 +178,7 @@ function equals(gates: readonly GateType[]): CsTest {
  */
 function contains(
   gates: GateType | readonly GateType[] | readonly GateType[][]
-): CsTest {
+): ConstraintSystemTest {
   let expectedGatess = toGatess(gates);
   return {
     run(cs) {
@@ -203,7 +208,7 @@ function contains(
 /**
  * Test whether all inputs are constant.
  */
-const allConstant: CsTest = {
+const allConstant: ConstraintSystemTest = {
   run(cs, inputs) {
     return inputs.every(({ type, value }) =>
       type.toFields(value).every((x) => x.isConstant())
@@ -216,14 +221,14 @@ const allConstant: CsTest = {
  * Modifies a test so that it doesn't fail if all inputs are constant, and instead
  * checks that the constraint system is empty in that case.
  */
-function ifNotAllConstant(test: CsTest): CsTest {
+function ifNotAllConstant(test: ConstraintSystemTest): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return or(test, and(allConstant, isEmpty));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test whether all inputs are constant.
  */
-const isEmpty: CsTest = {
+const isEmpty: ConstraintSystemTest = {
   run(cs) {
     return cs.length === 0;
   },
@@ -233,7 +238,7 @@ const isEmpty: CsTest = {
 /**
  * Modifies a test so that it runs on the constraint system with generic gates filtered out.
  */
-function withoutGenerics(test: CsTest): CsTest {
+function withoutGenerics(test: ConstraintSystemTest): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return {
     run(cs, inputs) {
       return run(
@@ -249,7 +254,7 @@ function withoutGenerics(test: CsTest): CsTest {
 /**
  * "Test" that just logs the constraint system.
  */
-const print: CsTest = {
+const print: ConstraintSystemTest = {
   run(cs) {
     console.log('Constraint system:');
     printGates(cs);

From 3e0fabbe0834436d1ba9c79adde7f72542fd9595 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:20:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0595/1786] document test runner

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 54 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index aafe87e38d..91ff84558b 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -28,24 +28,27 @@ export {
   ConstraintSystemTest,
 };
 
-type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
-type InferCsVar<T> = T extends { provable: Provable<infer U> }
-  ? U
-  : T extends Provable<infer U>
-  ? U
-  : never;
-type CsParams<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>> = {
-  [k in keyof In]: InferCsVar<In[k]>;
-};
-type TypeAndValue<T> = { type: Provable<T>; value: T };
-
-// main DSL
-
-function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
+/**
+ * `constraintSystem()` is a test runner to check properties of constraint systems.
+ * You give it a description of inputs and a circuit, as well as a `ConstraintSystemTest` to assert
+ * properties on the generated constraint system.
+ *
+ * As inputs variables, we generate random combinations of constants, variables, add & scale combinators,
+ * to poke for the common problem of gate chains broken by unexpected Generic gates.
+ *
+ * The `constraintSystemTest` is written using a DSL of property assertions, such as {@link equals} and {@link contains}.
+ * To run multiple assertions, use the {@link and} / {@link or} combinators.
+ *
+ * @param label description of the constraint system
+ * @param inputs input spec in form `{ from: [...provables] }`
+ * @param main circuit to test
+ * @param constraintSystemTest property test to run on the constraint system
+ */
+function constraintSystem<Input extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
   label: string,
-  inputs: { from: In },
-  main: (...args: CsParams<In>) => void,
-  csTest: ConstraintSystemTest
+  inputs: { from: Input },
+  main: (...args: CsParams<Input>) => void,
+  constraintSystemTest: ConstraintSystemTest
 ) {
   // create random generators
   let types = inputs.from.map(provable);
@@ -59,14 +62,14 @@ function constraintSystem<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
       // each random input "layout" has to be instantiated into vars in this circuit
       let values = types.map((type, i) =>
         instantiate(type, layouts[i])
-      ) as CsParams<In>;
+      ) as CsParams<Input>;
       main(...values);
     });
 
     // run tests
     let typesAndValues = types.map((type, i) => ({ type, value: layouts[i] }));
 
-    let { ok, failures } = run(csTest, gates, typesAndValues);
+    let { ok, failures } = run(constraintSystemTest, gates, typesAndValues);
 
     if (!ok) {
       console.log('Constraint system:');
@@ -347,6 +350,19 @@ function drawFieldType(): FieldType {
   return FieldType.Add;
 }
 
+// types
+
+type CsVarSpec<T> = Provable<T> | { provable: Provable<T> };
+type InferCsVar<T> = T extends { provable: Provable<infer U> }
+  ? U
+  : T extends Provable<infer U>
+  ? U
+  : never;
+type CsParams<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>> = {
+  [k in keyof In]: InferCsVar<In[k]>;
+};
+type TypeAndValue<T> = { type: Provable<T>; value: T };
+
 // print a constraint system
 
 function printGates(gates: Gate[]) {

From 015d29f7c682721fd673b95985956e8588a91549 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:24:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0596/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e9ff71d070..c328c4c0ce 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,15 +19,17 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+### Added
+
+- Comprehensive internal testing of constraint system layouts generated by new gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
 
 ## [0.14.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...26363465d)
 
 ### Added
 
-- `Gadgets.not()`, new provable method to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1198
-- `Gadgets.leftShift() / Gadgets.rightShift()`, new provable method to support bitwise shifting for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1194
-- `Gadgets.and()`, new provable method to support bitwise and for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1193
+- `Gadgets.not()`, new provable method to support bitwise not. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1198
+- `Gadgets.leftShift() / Gadgets.rightShift()`, new provable methods to support bitwise shifting. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1194
+- `Gadgets.and()`, new provable method to support bitwise and. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1193
 - `Gadgets.multiRangeCheck()` and `Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck()`, two building blocks for non-native arithmetic with bigints of size up to 264 bits. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1216
 
 ## [0.14.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...e8e7510e1)

From 5883f5e3e89f2f87308ed958c1d0f49ff2864733 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:28:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0597/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index b702555394..03974dc499 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -178,11 +178,11 @@
       },
       "notUnchecked": {
         "rows": 2,
-        "digest": "fa18d403c061ef2be221baeae18ca19d"
+        "digest": "bc6dd8d1aa3f7fe3718289fe4a07f81d"
       },
       "notChecked": {
         "rows": 17,
-        "digest": "5e01b2cad70489c7bec1546b84ac868d"
+        "digest": "b12ad7e8a3fd28b765e059357dbe9e44"
       },
       "leftShift": {
         "rows": 7,

From bd358777499f3764655236b839a6162de7a3496f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:28:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0598/1786] tweak comments

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 91ff84558b..0c19d04215 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ export {
  *
  * The `constraintSystemTest` is written using a DSL of property assertions, such as {@link equals} and {@link contains}.
  * To run multiple assertions, use the {@link and} / {@link or} combinators.
+ * To debug the constraint system, use the {@link print} test or `and(print, ...otherTests)`.
  *
  * @param label description of the constraint system
  * @param inputs input spec in form `{ from: [...provables] }`
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@ function withoutGenerics(test: ConstraintSystemTest): ConstraintSystemTest {
 }
 
 /**
- * "Test" that just logs the constraint system.
+ * "Test" that just pretty-prints the constraint system.
  */
 const print: ConstraintSystemTest = {
   run(cs) {

From 2a95ca8dd2c5c0a155c730240ce109f1b60f309a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 17:52:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0599/1786] more changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c328c4c0ce..18c35fec7d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Comprehensive internal testing of constraint system layouts generated by new gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
 
+### Changed
+
+- Expose raw provable methods of a `ZkProgram` on `zkProgram.rawMethods` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
+
 ## [0.14.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e8e7510e1...26363465d)
 
 ### Added

From a250c1c7ba7993af8deee2aa802b5d02372711c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 23:39:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0600/1786] make array spec support provable

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index a437dc85e9..ab1241b94b 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -252,6 +252,14 @@ function fieldWithRng(rng: Random<bigint>): Spec<bigint, Field> {
 
 // spec combinators
 
+function array<T, S>(
+  spec: ProvableSpec<T, S>,
+  n: number
+): ProvableSpec<T[], S[]>;
+function array<T, S>(
+  spec: Spec<T, S>,
+  n: Random<number> | number
+): Spec<T[], S[]>;
 function array<T, S>(
   spec: Spec<T, S>,
   n: Random<number> | number
@@ -260,6 +268,10 @@ function array<T, S>(
     rng: Random.array(spec.rng, n),
     there: (x) => x.map(spec.there),
     back: (x) => x.map(spec.back),
+    provable:
+      typeof n === 'number' && spec.provable
+        ? Provable.Array(spec.provable, n)
+        : undefined,
   };
 }
 

From bcdbebdf4e5e108febc160fc5a52ea7f0f0fec76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 23:39:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0601/1786] add failing cs test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 36 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index cb198dc87e..f97e976cb6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import {
-  Spec,
+  ProvableSpec,
   array,
   equivalentAsync,
   equivalentProvable,
@@ -16,10 +16,20 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
+import {
+  and,
+  constraintSystem,
+  contains,
+  equals,
+  ifNotAllConstant,
+  repeat,
+  withoutGenerics,
+} from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
+import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
 
-function foreignField(F: FiniteField): Spec<bigint, Field3> {
+function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Field3> {
   let rng = Random.otherField(F);
   return {
     rng,
@@ -74,13 +84,29 @@ for (let F of fields) {
   );
 }
 
-// tests with proving
+// tests for constraint system
 
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
-
 let chainLength = 5;
-let signs = [-1n, 1n, -1n, -1n] satisfies Sign[];
+let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies Sign[];
+
+let addChain = repeat(chainLength - 1, 'ForeignFieldAdd').concat('Zero');
+let mrc: GateType[] = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'foreign field sum chain',
+  { from: [array(f, chainLength)] },
+  (xs) => ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus),
+  ifNotAllConstant(
+    and(
+      contains([addChain, mrc]),
+      withoutGenerics(equals([...addChain, ...mrc]))
+    )
+  )
+);
+
+// tests with proving
 
 let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'foreign-field',

From 64dc87affcfc8bfa8227fc15dd3c3590df110c9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 23:43:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0602/1786] fix test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 1d596d248b..9435114615 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
+import { assert, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
     let sum = sign.reduce((sum, s, i) => sum + s * xBig[i + 1], xBig[0]);
     return ForeignField.from(mod(sum, f));
   }
-
   // provable case - create chain of ffadd rows
+  x = x.map(toVars);
   let result = x[0];
   for (let i = 0; i < sign.length; i++) {
     ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], sign[i], f));

From 3e44714c234d33cfd750386dc49f959196b242d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Nov 2023 15:36:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0603/1786] docs(README-dev.md): clarify bindings

---
 README-dev.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index c92ff4fc5c..0b21c150d6 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The comp
 
 If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
 
-o1js depends on OCaml code that is transplied to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky) and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transplied to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyhttps://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
 
 The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
 
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings
 
 ### OCaml Bindings
 
-The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`, and they specify all of the low-level OCaml code that is exposed to o1js. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
+o1js depends on Pickles, snarky, and parts of the Mina transaction logic, all of which are compiled to JavaScript and stored as artifacts to be used by o1js natively. The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
 
 ### WebAssembly Bindings
 
-The WebAssembly bindings are built using Rust's `wasm-pack`. Ensure you have it installed and configured correctly.
+o1js additionally depends on Kimchi, which is compiled to WebAssembly. Kimchi is located in the Mina repo, under `src/mina`. See the [Kimchi README](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
 
 ## Development
 

From fb543edf3fad7c605e4cddaf6e62354e20bbb51e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 11:24:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0604/1786] feat(int.ts): add support for bitwise XOR, NOT,
 rotate, leftShift, rightShift, and bitwise AND operations on UInt64 values
 using Gadgets module

The Gadgets module provides implementations for bitwise XOR, NOT, rotate, leftShift, rightShift, and bitwise AND operations on UInt64 values. These operations are useful for performing bitwise operations on UInt64 values in a circuit.

The following operations have been added:

- `xor(x: UInt64)`: Performs a bitwise XOR operation between the current UInt64 value and the provided UInt64 value `x`. Returns a new UInt64 value representing the result of the XOR operation.

- `not(checked = true)`: Performs a bitwise NOT operation on the current UInt64 value. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`, the operation is implemented using the `Gadgets.xor` gadget with a second argument as an all one bitmask of the same length. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, the operation is implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. Returns a new UInt64 value representing the result of the NOT operation.

- `rotate(direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left')`: Performs a bitwise rotation operation on the current UInt64 value. The `direction` parameter determines the direction of the rotation, with `'left'` indicating a left rotation and `'right'` indicating a right rotation. Returns a new UInt64 value representing the result of the rotation operation.

- `leftShift()`: Performs a bitwise left shift operation on the current UInt64 value. Returns a new UInt64 value representing the result of the left shift operation.

- `rightShift()`: Performs a bitwise right shift operation on the current UInt64 value. Returns a new UInt64 value representing the result of the right shift operation.

- `and(x: UInt64)`: Performs a bitwise AND operation between the current UInt64 value and the provided UInt64 value `x`. Returns a new UInt64 value representing the result of the AND operation.

These operations provide additional functionality for working with UInt64 values in circuits.
---
 src/lib/int.ts | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a48118fa2c..4d33cf8832 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -204,6 +205,71 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
+  xor(x: UInt64) {
+    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, 64);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise NOT gate on {@link Field} elements. Similar to the [bitwise
+   * NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/
+   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
+   *
+   * **Note:** The NOT gate operates over 64 bit for UInt64 types.
+   *
+   * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
+   * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
+   * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.
+   *
+   *
+   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
+   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
+   * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
+   * for a single negation. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, NOT is
+   * implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
+   * implementation is returned by default if no `checked` parameter is provided.
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // NOTing 4 bits with the unchecked version
+   * let a = UInt64.from(0b0101);
+   * let b = a.not(false);
+   *
+   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   *
+   * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
+   * let a = UInt64(0b0101);
+   * let b = a.not();
+   *
+   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
+   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it
+   * is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused. If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented
+   *  as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
+   *
+   */
+  not(checked = true) {
+    return Gadgets.not(this.value, 64, checked);
+  }
+
+  rotate(direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return Gadgets.rotate(this.value, 64, direction);
+  }
+
+  leftShift() {
+    return Gadgets.leftShift(this.value, 64);
+  }
+
+  rightShift() {
+    return Gadgets.rightShift(this.value, 64);
+  }
+
+  and(x: UInt64) {
+    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, 64);
+  }
   /**
    * @deprecated Use {@link lessThanOrEqual} instead.
    *

From 7f5e54f49908dead0c30454582295491fa06c4a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:39:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0605/1786] expose private input types from zkprogram & fix
 missing Proof

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 829d824f00..a4f24dbb03 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -271,6 +271,13 @@ function ZkProgram<
   analyzeMethods: () => ReturnType<typeof analyzeMethod>[];
   publicInputType: ProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>;
   publicOutputType: ProvableOrVoid<Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>>;
+  privateInputTypes: {
+    [I in keyof Types]: Method<
+      InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
+      InferProvableOrVoid<Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>>,
+      Types[I]
+    >['privateInputs'];
+  };
   rawMethods: {
     [I in keyof Types]: Method<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -286,8 +293,8 @@ function ZkProgram<
   >;
 } {
   let methods = config.methods;
-  let publicInputType: ProvablePure<any> = config.publicInput! ?? Undefined;
-  let publicOutputType: ProvablePure<any> = config.publicOutput! ?? Void;
+  let publicInputType: ProvablePure<any> = config.publicInput ?? Undefined;
+  let publicOutputType: ProvablePure<any> = config.publicOutput ?? Void;
 
   let selfTag = { name: config.name };
   type PublicInput = InferProvableOrUndefined<
@@ -301,11 +308,11 @@ function ZkProgram<
     static tag = () => selfTag;
   }
 
-  let keys: (keyof Types & string)[] = Object.keys(methods).sort(); // need to have methods in (any) fixed order
-  let methodIntfs = keys.map((key) =>
+  let methodKeys: (keyof Types & string)[] = Object.keys(methods).sort(); // need to have methods in (any) fixed order
+  let methodIntfs = methodKeys.map((key) =>
     sortMethodArguments('program', key, methods[key].privateInputs, SelfProof)
   );
-  let methodFunctions = keys.map((key) => methods[key].method);
+  let methodFunctions = methodKeys.map((key) => methods[key].method);
   let maxProofsVerified = getMaxProofsVerified(methodIntfs);
 
   function analyzeMethods() {
@@ -394,7 +401,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
     }
     return [key, prove];
   }
-  let provers = Object.fromEntries(keys.map(toProver)) as {
+  let provers = Object.fromEntries(methodKeys.map(toProver)) as {
     [I in keyof Types]: Prover<PublicInput, PublicOutput, Types[I]>;
   };
 
@@ -427,21 +434,34 @@ function ZkProgram<
       compile,
       verify,
       digest,
+      analyzeMethods,
       publicInputType: publicInputType as ProvableOrUndefined<
         Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>
       >,
       publicOutputType: publicOutputType as ProvableOrVoid<
         Get<StatementType, 'publicOutput'>
       >,
-      analyzeMethods,
+      privateInputTypes: Object.fromEntries(
+        methodKeys.map((key) => [key, methods[key].privateInputs])
+      ) as any,
       rawMethods: Object.fromEntries(
-        Object.entries(methods).map(([k, v]) => [k, v.method])
+        methodKeys.map((key) => [key, methods[key].method])
       ) as any,
     },
     provers
   );
 }
 
+type ZkProgram<
+  S extends {
+    publicInput?: FlexibleProvablePure<any>;
+    publicOutput?: FlexibleProvablePure<any>;
+  },
+  T extends {
+    [I in string]: Tuple<PrivateInput>;
+  }
+> = ReturnType<typeof ZkProgram<S, T>>;
+
 let i = 0;
 
 class SelfProof<PublicInput, PublicOutput> extends Proof<
@@ -925,6 +945,7 @@ ZkProgram.Proof = function <
     static tag = () => program;
   };
 };
+ExperimentalZkProgram.Proof = ZkProgram.Proof;
 
 function dummyProof(maxProofsVerified: 0 | 1 | 2, domainLog2: number) {
   return withThreadPool(

From 4335d9c3f7f3464a74a9e8f08f2f07a721c9cf95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:40:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0606/1786] make it easy to do cs tests on zkprograms

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 37 +++++++++++-----------
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts       | 36 +++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index f97e976cb6..c39a2c457e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -84,30 +84,13 @@ for (let F of fields) {
   );
 }
 
-// tests for constraint system
+// setup zk program tests
 
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
 let chainLength = 5;
 let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies Sign[];
 
-let addChain = repeat(chainLength - 1, 'ForeignFieldAdd').concat('Zero');
-let mrc: GateType[] = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
-
-constraintSystem(
-  'foreign field sum chain',
-  { from: [array(f, chainLength)] },
-  (xs) => ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus),
-  ifNotAllConstant(
-    and(
-      contains([addChain, mrc]),
-      withoutGenerics(equals([...addChain, ...mrc]))
-    )
-  )
-);
-
-// tests with proving
-
 let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'foreign-field',
   publicOutput: Field3_,
@@ -121,6 +104,24 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
+// tests for constraint system
+
+let addChain = repeat(chainLength - 1, 'ForeignFieldAdd').concat('Zero');
+let mrc: GateType[] = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
+
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  ffProgram,
+  'sumchain',
+  ifNotAllConstant(
+    and(
+      contains([addChain, mrc]),
+      withoutGenerics(equals([...addChain, ...mrc]))
+    )
+  )
+);
+
+// tests with proving
+
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 0c19d04215..90f3ec1599 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Random } from './random.js';
 import { test } from './property.js';
+import { Undefined, ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 
 export {
   constraintSystem,
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ export {
  * You give it a description of inputs and a circuit, as well as a `ConstraintSystemTest` to assert
  * properties on the generated constraint system.
  *
- * As inputs variables, we generate random combinations of constants, variables, add & scale combinators,
+ * As input variables, we generate random combinations of constants, variables, add & scale combinators,
  * to poke for the common problem of gate chains broken by unexpected Generic gates.
  *
  * The `constraintSystemTest` is written using a DSL of property assertions, such as {@link equals} and {@link contains}.
@@ -85,6 +86,37 @@ function constraintSystem<Input extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
   });
 }
 
+/**
+ * Convenience function to run {@link constraintSystem} on the method of a {@link ZkProgram}.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const program = ZkProgram({ methods: { myMethod: ... }, ... });
+ *
+ * constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(program, 'myMethod', contains('Rot64'));
+ * ```
+ */
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram = function fromZkProgram<
+  T,
+  K extends keyof T & string
+>(
+  program: { privateInputTypes: T },
+  methodName: K,
+  test: ConstraintSystemTest
+) {
+  let program_: ZkProgram<any, any> = program as any;
+  let from: any = [...program_.privateInputTypes[methodName]];
+  if (program_.publicInputType !== Undefined) {
+    from.unshift(program_.publicInputType);
+  }
+  return constraintSystem(
+    `${program_.name} / ${methodName}()`,
+    { from },
+    program_.rawMethods[methodName],
+    test
+  );
+};
+
 // DSL for writing tests
 
 type ConstraintSystemTestBase = {
@@ -267,7 +299,7 @@ const print: ConstraintSystemTest = {
   label: '',
 };
 
-function repeat(n: number, gates: GateType | GateType[]): GateType[] {
+function repeat(n: number, gates: GateType | GateType[]): readonly GateType[] {
   gates = Array.isArray(gates) ? gates : [gates];
   return Array<GateType[]>(n).fill(gates).flat();
 }

From 840fc7a271a52de8c906cf4d3dde3274e2cf2ba0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 11:42:50 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0607/1786] fix(int.ts): update parameter name in rotate method
 from 'direction' to 'bits' to improve clarity feat(int.ts): add documentation
 for the rotate, leftShift, rightShift, and and methods to improve code
 understanding and usage

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 125 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 116 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 4d33cf8832..b459113321 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -205,8 +205,27 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
+   *
+   * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively.
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#xor-1)
+   *
+   * @param x {@link UInt64} element to compare.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let a = UInt64.from(0b0101);
+   * let b = UInt64.from(0b0011);
+   *
+   * let c = a.xor(b);
+   * c.assertEquals(0b0110);
+   * ```
+   */
   xor(x: UInt64) {
-    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, 64);
+    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -252,24 +271,112 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    *
    */
   not(checked = true) {
-    return Gadgets.not(this.value, 64, checked);
+    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, checked);
   }
 
-  rotate(direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return Gadgets.rotate(this.value, 64, direction);
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
+   * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
+   * For a left rotation, this means that bits shifted off the left end reappear at the right end.
+   * Conversely, for a right rotation, bits shifted off the right end reappear at the left end.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * The `direction` parameter is a string that accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, determining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
+   * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#rotation)
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt64} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt64.from(0b001100);
+   * const y = x.rotate(2, 'left');
+   * const z = x.rotate(2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
+   * z.assertEquals(0b000011);
+   * ```
+   */
+  rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return Gadgets.rotate(this.value, bits, direction);
   }
 
-  leftShift() {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift(this.value, 64);
+  /**
+   * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link UInt64} element.
+   * This operation is similar to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt64} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt64.from(0b001100); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = x.leftShift(2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
+   * ```
+   */
+  leftShift(bits: number) {
+    return Gadgets.leftShift(this.value, bits);
   }
 
-  rightShift() {
-    return Gadgets.rightShift(this.value, 64);
+  /**
+   * Performs a left right operation on the provided {@link UInt64} element.
+   * This operation is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the right, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt64} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt64.from(0b001100); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = x.rightShift(2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 48 in binary
+   * ```
+   */
+  rightShift(bits: number) {
+    return Gadgets.rightShift(this.value, bits);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link UInt64} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
+   * The AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
+   *
+   * It can be checked by a double generic gate that verifies the following relationship between the values below.
+   *
+   * The generic gate verifies:\
+   * `a + b = sum` and the conjunction equation `2 * and = sum - xor`\
+   * Where:\
+   * `a + b = sum`\
+   * `a ^ b = xor`\
+   * `a & b = and`
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
+   *
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = UInt64.from(3);    // ... 000011
+   * let b = UInt64.from(5);    // ... 000101
+   *
+   * let c = a.and(b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * c.assertEquals(1);
+   * ```
+   */
   and(x: UInt64) {
-    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, 64);
+    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS);
   }
+
   /**
    * @deprecated Use {@link lessThanOrEqual} instead.
    *

From f6f9177e5b94ed823adde762571f4f0ff6e89e52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 11:45:32 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 0608/1786] fix(int.ts): fix instantiation of UInt64 in example
 code by using the 'from' method instead of direct instantiation to improve
 clarity and consistency feat(int.ts): add support for bitwise XOR operation
 on UInt32 elements to perform XOR operation between two UInt32 elements
 feat(int.ts): add support for bitwise NOT operation on UInt32 elements to
 perform bitwise negation of a UInt32 element feat(int.ts): add support for
 rotation operation on UInt32 elements to perform left and right rotation of
 bits in a UInt32 element feat(int.ts): add support for left shift operation
 on UInt32 elements to perform left shift of bits in a UInt32 element
 feat(int.ts): add support for right shift operation on UInt32 elements to
 perform right shift of bits in a UInt32 element feat(int.ts): add support for
 bitwise AND operation on UInt32 elements to perform AND operation between two
 UInt32 elements

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 174 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index b459113321..3c3391d99a 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
    *
    * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
-   * let a = UInt64(0b0101);
+   * let a = UInt64.from(0b0101);
    * let b = a.not();
    *
    * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
@@ -715,6 +715,179 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link UInt32} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
+   * A XOR gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if two bits differ, and `0` if two bits are equal.
+   *
+   * This gadget builds a chain of XOR gates recursively.
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#xor-1)
+   *
+   * @param x {@link UInt32} element to compare.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
+   * let b = UInt32.from(0b0011);
+   *
+   * let c = a.xor(b);
+   * c.assertEquals(0b0110);
+   * ```
+   */
+  xor(x: UInt32) {
+    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise NOT gate on {@link UInt32} elements. Similar to the [bitwise
+   * NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/
+   * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
+   *
+   * **Note:** The NOT gate operates over 64 bit for UInt64 types.
+   *
+   * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
+   * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
+   * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.
+   *
+   *
+   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
+   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
+   * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
+   * for a single negation. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, NOT is
+   * implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
+   * implementation is returned by default if no `checked` parameter is provided.
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // NOTing 4 bits with the unchecked version
+   * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
+   * let b = a.not(false);
+   *
+   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   *
+   * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
+   * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
+   * let b = a.not();
+   *
+   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
+   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it
+   * is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused. If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented
+   *  as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
+   *
+   */
+  not(checked = true) {
+    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, checked);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
+   * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
+   * For a left rotation, this means that bits shifted off the left end reappear at the right end.
+   * Conversely, for a right rotation, bits shifted off the right end reappear at the left end.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * The `direction` parameter is a string that accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, determining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
+   * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#rotation)
+   *
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link UInt32} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt32.from(0b001100);
+   * const y = x.rotate(2, 'left');
+   * const z = x.rotate(2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
+   * z.assertEquals(0b000011);
+   * ```
+   */
+  rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return Gadgets.rotate(this.value, bits, direction);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link UInt32} element.
+   * This operation is similar to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt32.from(0b001100); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = x.leftShift(2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
+   * ```
+   */
+  leftShift(bits: number) {
+    return Gadgets.leftShift(this.value, bits);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a left right operation on the provided {@link UInt32} element.
+   * This operation is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the right, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt32.from(0b001100); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = x.rightShift(2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 48 in binary
+   * ```
+   */
+  rightShift(bits: number) {
+    return Gadgets.rightShift(this.value, bits);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link UInt32} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
+   * The AND gate works by comparing two bits and returning `1` if both bits are `1`, and `0` otherwise.
+   *
+   * It can be checked by a double generic gate that verifies the following relationship between the values below.
+   *
+   * The generic gate verifies:\
+   * `a + b = sum` and the conjunction equation `2 * and = sum - xor`\
+   * Where:\
+   * `a + b = sum`\
+   * `a ^ b = xor`\
+   * `a & b = and`
+   *
+   * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#and)
+   *
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```typescript
+   * let a = UInt32.from(3);    // ... 000011
+   * let b = UInt32.from(5);    // ... 000101
+   *
+   * let c = a.and(b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * c.assertEquals(1);
+   * ```
+   */
+  and(x: UInt32) {
+    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS);
+  }
+
   /**
    * @deprecated Use {@link lessThanOrEqual} instead.
    *

From 92d0ba56e58e639a934d28e4e79a2b456b11d281 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:49:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0609/1786] simplify bitwise cs tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 47 ++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 6fa914a799..cfb2eb6f54 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -200,31 +200,27 @@ function xorChain(bits: number) {
   return repeat(Math.ceil(bits / 16), 'Xor16').concat('Zero');
 }
 
-constraintSystem(
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  Bitwise,
   'xor',
-  { from: [Field, Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.xor,
   ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(254)))
 );
 
-constraintSystem(
-  'not checked',
-  { from: [Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.notChecked,
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  Bitwise,
+  'notChecked',
   ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(254)))
 );
 
-constraintSystem(
-  'not unchecked',
-  { from: [Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.notUnchecked,
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  Bitwise,
+  'notUnchecked',
   ifNotAllConstant(contains('Generic'))
 );
 
-constraintSystem(
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  Bitwise,
   'and',
-  { from: [Field, Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.and,
   ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(64)))
 );
 
@@ -233,23 +229,6 @@ let isJustRotate = ifNotAllConstant(
   and(contains(rotChain), withoutGenerics(equals(rotChain)))
 );
 
-constraintSystem(
-  'rotate',
-  { from: [Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.rot,
-  isJustRotate
-);
-
-constraintSystem(
-  'left shift',
-  { from: [Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.leftShift,
-  isJustRotate
-);
-
-constraintSystem(
-  'right shift',
-  { from: [Field] },
-  Bitwise.rawMethods.rightShift,
-  isJustRotate
-);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rot', isJustRotate);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'leftShift', isJustRotate);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rightShift', isJustRotate);

From 54bcbd81dddb4c4d8cffad59396622dc5309462a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 09:49:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0610/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 18c35fec7d..0888d6204b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
-- Comprehensive internal testing of constraint system layouts generated by new gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
+- Provable non-native field arithmetic:
+  - `Gadgets.ForeignField.{add, sub, sumchain}()` for addition and subtraction https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1220
+- Comprehensive internal testing of constraint system layouts generated by new gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1220
 
 ### Changed
 

From 2e5ace33739d3cc051bbbb0f539a9a9b0b25c6d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 11:00:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0611/1786] more docs on foreign field namespace

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 9dc58580b8..65c6f04421 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -316,6 +316,17 @@ const Gadgets = {
 
   /**
    * Gadgets for foreign field operations.
+   *
+   * A _foreign field_ is a finite field different from the native field of the proof system.
+   *
+   * The `ForeignField` namespace exposes operations like modular addition and multiplication,
+   * which work for any finite field of size less than 2^256.
+   *
+   * Foreign field elements are represented as 3 limbs of native field elements.
+   * Each limb holds 88 bits of the total, in little-endian order.
+   *
+   * All `ForeignField` gadgets expect that their input limbs are constrained to the range [0, 2^88).
+   * Range checks on outputs are added by the gadget itself.
    */
   ForeignField,
 };

From 337c6967c8240522c4850b3f1cbbfb6d273a101f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 11:13:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0612/1786] put provable on Field3

---
 src/bindings                               |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                   |  2 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           |  3 +++
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 11 +++--------
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 5df84bf1f0..a5550ba6e6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 5df84bf1f06c9c1e984e19d067fcf10c8ae53299
+Subproject commit a5550ba6e6daaa7a8b61a30880d3ad25082cf786
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 9f83d5fd02..0f4106ebb9 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Field, Bool, Scalar, Group } from './core.js';
 import {
   provable,
   provablePure,
+  provableTuple,
   HashInput,
   NonMethods,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ export {
 
 // internal API
 export {
+  provableTuple,
   AnyConstructor,
   cloneCircuitValue,
   circuitValueEquals,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 9435114615..94c451e817 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
@@ -100,6 +101,8 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
 }
+Field3.provable = provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]);
+
 function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index c39a2c457e..20a5ca9df6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sign } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
-import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import {
   and,
@@ -27,15 +24,13 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 
-const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
-
 function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Field3> {
   let rng = Random.otherField(F);
   return {
     rng,
     there: ForeignField.from,
     back: ForeignField.toBigint,
-    provable: Field3_,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
   };
 }
 let sign = fromRandom(Random.oneOf(1n as const, -1n as const));
@@ -93,10 +88,10 @@ let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies Sign[];
 
 let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'foreign-field',
-  publicOutput: Field3_,
+  publicOutput: Field3.provable,
   methods: {
     sumchain: {
-      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3_, chainLength)],
+      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3.provable, chainLength)],
       method(xs) {
         return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },

From ff98763aa84a3f932ae6c1c6a6daa12cc1d85f5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 11:39:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0613/1786] add doccomments for addition

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 94c451e817..adcc6c88ca 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
@@ -14,6 +15,37 @@ type Sign = -1n | 1n;
 
 const ForeignField = {
   // arithmetic
+
+  /**
+   * Foreign field addition: `x + y mod f`
+   *
+   * The modulus `f` does not need to be prime.
+   *
+   * Inputs and outputs are 3-tuples of native Fields.
+   * Each input limb is assumed to be in the range [0, 2^88), and the gadget is invalid if this is not the case.
+   * The result limbs are guaranteed to be in the same range.
+   *
+   * Note:
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(9n));
+   * let y = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(10n));
+   *
+   * let z = ForeignField.add(x, y, 17n);
+   *
+   * Provable.log(z); // ['2', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 2 = 9 + 10 mod 17
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: The gadget does not assume that inputs are reduced modulo f,
+   * and does not prove that the result is reduced modulo f.
+   * It only guarantees that the result is in the correct residue class.
+   *
+   * @param x left summand
+   * @param y right summand
+   * @param f modulus
+   * @returns x + y mod f
+   */
   add(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sumChain([x, y], [1n], f);
   },
@@ -29,6 +61,10 @@ const ForeignField = {
   toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
     return collapse(bigint3(x));
   },
+  /**
+   * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`
+   */
+  provable: provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]),
 };
 
 /**
@@ -101,7 +137,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
 function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
 }
-Field3.provable = provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]);
+Field3.provable = ForeignField.provable;
 
 function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());

From df5f7dfeb22eef2334cad999a344da372ddaf165 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 12:09:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0614/1786] rename sumchain to sum and add docs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 40 ++--------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index adcc6c88ca..ed3c5b5fea 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -14,45 +14,13 @@ type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
 type Sign = -1n | 1n;
 
 const ForeignField = {
-  // arithmetic
-
-  /**
-   * Foreign field addition: `x + y mod f`
-   *
-   * The modulus `f` does not need to be prime.
-   *
-   * Inputs and outputs are 3-tuples of native Fields.
-   * Each input limb is assumed to be in the range [0, 2^88), and the gadget is invalid if this is not the case.
-   * The result limbs are guaranteed to be in the same range.
-   *
-   * Note:
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(9n));
-   * let y = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(10n));
-   *
-   * let z = ForeignField.add(x, y, 17n);
-   *
-   * Provable.log(z); // ['2', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 2 = 9 + 10 mod 17
-   * ```
-   *
-   * **Warning**: The gadget does not assume that inputs are reduced modulo f,
-   * and does not prove that the result is reduced modulo f.
-   * It only guarantees that the result is in the correct residue class.
-   *
-   * @param x left summand
-   * @param y right summand
-   * @param f modulus
-   * @returns x + y mod f
-   */
   add(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
-    return sumChain([x, y], [1n], f);
+    return sum([x, y], [1n], f);
   },
   sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
-    return sumChain([x, y], [-1n], f);
+    return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
-  sumChain,
+  sum,
 
   // helper methods
   from(x: bigint): Field3 {
@@ -72,7 +40,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
  *
  * assumes that inputs are range checked, does range check on the result.
  */
-function sumChain(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
+function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
   // constant case
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 65c6f04421..8ec6ec663f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
-import { ForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -328,5 +328,81 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * All `ForeignField` gadgets expect that their input limbs are constrained to the range [0, 2^88).
    * Range checks on outputs are added by the gadget itself.
    */
-  ForeignField,
+  ForeignField: {
+    /**
+     * Foreign field addition: `x + y mod f`
+     *
+     * The modulus `f` does not need to be prime.
+     *
+     * Inputs and outputs are 3-tuples of native Fields.
+     * Each input limb is assumed to be in the range [0, 2^88), and the gadget is invalid if this is not the case.
+     * The result limbs are guaranteed to be in the same range.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(9n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(10n));
+     *
+     * let z = ForeignField.add(x, y, 17n);
+     *
+     * Provable.log(z); // ['2', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 2 = 9 + 10 mod 17
+     * ```
+     *
+     * **Warning**: The gadget does not assume that inputs are reduced modulo f,
+     * and does not prove that the result is reduced modulo f.
+     * It only guarantees that the result is in the correct residue class.
+     *
+     * @param x left summand
+     * @param y right summand
+     * @param f modulus
+     * @returns x + y mod f
+     */
+    add(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.add(x, y, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign field subtraction: `x - y mod f`
+     *
+     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     *
+     * @param x left summand
+     * @param y right summand
+     * @param f modulus
+     * @returns x - y mod f
+     */
+    sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.sub(x, y, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign field sum: `x[0] + sign[0] * x[1] + ... + sign[n-1] * x[n] mod f`
+     *
+     * This gadget takes a list of inputs and a list of signs (of size one less than the inputs),
+     * and computes a chain of additions or subtractions, depending on the sign.
+     * A sign is of type `1n | -1n`, where `1n` represents addition and `-1n` represents subtraction.
+     *
+     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(4n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(5n));
+     * let z = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(10n));
+     *
+     * // compute x + y - z mod 17
+     * let sum = ForeignField.sum([x, y, z], [1n, -1n], 17n);
+     *
+     * Provable.log(sum); // ['16', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 16 = 4 + 5 - 10 mod 17
+     * ```
+     *
+     * @param xs summands
+     * @param signs
+     * @param f modulus
+     * @returns the sum modulo f
+     */
+    sum(xs: Field3[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, f);
+    },
+  },
 };

From 255ad10bbe21872a09d92c2c7a77afa2233f74a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 12:33:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0615/1786] move non-provable helpers off of foreignfield
 namespace

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 24 ++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index ed3c5b5fea..00c6556876 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import { L, lMask, multiRangeCheck, twoL, twoLMask } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
 
+/**
+ * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
+ */
 type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
 type bigint3 = [bigint, bigint, bigint];
 type Sign = -1n | 1n;
@@ -21,18 +23,6 @@ const ForeignField = {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
   sum,
-
-  // helper methods
-  from(x: bigint): Field3 {
-    return Field3(split(x));
-  },
-  toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
-    return collapse(bigint3(x));
-  },
-  /**
-   * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`
-   */
-  provable: provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]),
 };
 
 /**
@@ -45,9 +35,9 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
 
   // constant case
   if (x.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()))) {
-    let xBig = x.map(ForeignField.toBigint);
+    let xBig = x.map(Field3.toBigint);
     let sum = sign.reduce((sum, s, i) => sum + s * xBig[i + 1], xBig[0]);
-    return ForeignField.from(mod(sum, f));
+    return Field3.from(mod(sum, f));
   }
   // provable case - create chain of ffadd rows
   x = x.map(toVars);
@@ -102,11 +92,33 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   return { result: [r0, r1, r2] satisfies Field3, overflow };
 }
 
-function Field3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
+const Field3 = {
+  /**
+   * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
+   */
+  from(x: bigint): Field3 {
+    return toField3(split(x));
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Turn a 3-tuple of Fields into a bigint
+   */
+  toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
+    return collapse(bigint3(x));
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
+   *
+   * Note: Witnessing this creates a plain tuple of field elements without any implicit
+   * range checks.
+   */
+  provable: provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]),
+};
+
+function toField3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
 }
-Field3.provable = ForeignField.provable;
-
 function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 8ec6ec663f..355870ea23 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -340,8 +340,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(9n));
-     * let y = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(10n));
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(9n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
      * let z = ForeignField.add(x, y, 17n);
      *
@@ -386,9 +386,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(4n));
-     * let y = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(5n));
-     * let z = Provable.witness(ForeignField.provable, () => ForeignField.from(10n));
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(4n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
+     * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
      * // compute x + y - z mod 17
      * let sum = ForeignField.sum([x, y, z], [1n, -1n], 17n);
@@ -405,4 +405,18 @@ const Gadgets = {
       return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, f);
     },
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Helper methods to interact with 3-limb vectors of Fields.
+   *
+   * **Note:** This interface does not contain any provable methods.
+   */
+  Field3,
 };
+
+export namespace Gadgets {
+  /**
+   * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
+   */
+  export type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
+}

From 6010ff1041a253d492799d124668b5363c7af7ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 12:33:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0616/1786] adapt unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 26 ++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 20a5ca9df6..0ff87927fc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   record,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
-import { ForeignField, Field3, Sign } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 
-function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Field3> {
+const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
+
+function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
   let rng = Random.otherField(F);
   return {
     rng,
-    there: ForeignField.from,
-    back: ForeignField.toBigint,
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
     provable: Field3.provable,
   };
 }
@@ -57,8 +59,8 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
-    (xs, signs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
-    (xs, signs) => ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus)
+    (xs, signs) => sum(xs, signs, F),
+    (xs, signs) => ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus)
   );
 
   // sumchain up to 100
@@ -68,12 +70,12 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     (x0, ts) => {
       let xs = [x0, ...ts.map((t) => t.x)];
       let signs = ts.map((t) => t.sign);
-      return sumchain(xs, signs, F);
+      return sum(xs, signs, F);
     },
     (x0, ts) => {
       let xs = [x0, ...ts.map((t) => t.x)];
       let signs = ts.map((t) => t.sign);
-      return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+      return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus);
     },
     'sumchain'
   );
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
 let chainLength = 5;
-let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies Sign[];
+let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies (-1n | 1n)[];
 
 let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'foreign-field',
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
     sumchain: {
       privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field3.provable, chainLength)],
       method(xs) {
-        return ForeignField.sumChain(xs, signs, F.modulus);
+        return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },
     },
   },
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
-  (xs) => sumchain(xs, signs, F),
+  (xs) => sum(xs, signs, F),
   async (xs) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs);
     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 5 })(
 
 // helper
 
-function sumchain(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
+function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   let sum = xs[0];
   for (let i = 0; i < signs.length; i++) {
     sum = signs[i] === 1n ? F.add(sum, xs[i + 1]) : F.sub(sum, xs[i + 1]);

From fcbeb6086f418928369e29f60fe3213ef6b02b80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 12:41:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0617/1786] refine docs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 22 +++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 355870ea23..c7e1208a7f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if one of the input values exceeds 88 bits.
    */
-  multiRangeCheck(limbs: [Field, Field, Field]) {
+  multiRangeCheck(limbs: Field3) {
     multiRangeCheck(limbs);
   },
 
@@ -343,6 +343,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(9n));
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
+     * // range check x and y
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(y);
+     *
+     * // compute x + y mod 17
      * let z = ForeignField.add(x, y, 17n);
      *
      * Provable.log(z); // ['2', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 2 = 9 + 10 mod 17
@@ -376,12 +381,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * Foreign field sum: `x[0] + sign[0] * x[1] + ... + sign[n-1] * x[n] mod f`
+     * Foreign field sum: `xs[0] + signs[0] * xs[1] + ... + signs[n-1] * xs[n] mod f`
      *
      * This gadget takes a list of inputs and a list of signs (of size one less than the inputs),
      * and computes a chain of additions or subtractions, depending on the sign.
      * A sign is of type `1n | -1n`, where `1n` represents addition and `-1n` represents subtraction.
      *
+     * **Note**: For 3 or more inputs, `sum()` uses fewer constraints than a sequence of `add()` and `sub()` calls,
+     * because we can avoid range checks on intermediate results.
+     *
      * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
      *
      * @example
@@ -390,16 +398,16 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
      * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
+     * // range check x, y, z
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(y);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(z);
+     *
      * // compute x + y - z mod 17
      * let sum = ForeignField.sum([x, y, z], [1n, -1n], 17n);
      *
      * Provable.log(sum); // ['16', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 16 = 4 + 5 - 10 mod 17
      * ```
-     *
-     * @param xs summands
-     * @param signs
-     * @param f modulus
-     * @returns the sum modulo f
      */
     sum(xs: Field3[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, f);

From aa8c8f45342cedbbaa6a54e5d029cabf5e1c98bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 16:09:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0618/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 4a299d3f36..088a38aff8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   let r = compactMultiRangeCheck(r01, r2);
 
   // range check on q and r bounds
-  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
+  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack, or get rid of bounds checks
   let r2Bound = weakBound(r2, f);
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, r2Bound, toVar(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, r2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return r;
 }
@@ -160,9 +160,8 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   multiRangeCheck(xInv);
   // range check on q and xInv bounds
   // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  // TODO: make sure that we can just pass non-vars to multiRangeCheck() to get rid of this
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, xInv2Bound, new Field(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, xInv2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   // assert r === 1
   r01.assertEquals(1n);
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
   multiRangeCheck(z);
   // range check on q and result bounds
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, new Field(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   // check that r === x
   // this means we don't have to range check r

From 96f52da15da59586502ffbb0fba2a0ddbde9dad9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 16:11:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0619/1786] add cs tests for mul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index f38167ddb6..99529cdbfb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -149,6 +149,18 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
   )
 );
 
+let mulChain: GateType[] = ['ForeignFieldMul', 'Zero'];
+let mulLayout = ifNotAllConstant(
+  and(
+    contains([mulChain, mrc, mrc, mrc]),
+    withoutGenerics(equals([...mulChain, ...repeat(3, mrc)]))
+  )
+);
+
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'mul', mulLayout);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'inv', mulLayout);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'div', mulLayout);
+
 // tests with proving
 
 await ffProgram.compile();

From c59e73269dd3cda7bb54062c5f824952642b2ba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 12:53:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0620/1786] chore: update bindings and mina submodules

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3f2ccd8757..6529e3d742 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3f2ccd875744a2be0fe8e99e84a33b16a3ee3198
+Subproject commit 6529e3d742da58f17574db3c267c340bf35e1fb4
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 28aef4fefa..587a888ada 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 28aef4fefa0e23e107471b96053e6364c23f6d4e
+Subproject commit 587a888ada0dadd92092b7f2616cf015a5305e56

From 5c67b05b2921b7e6e18acfd78141faa732fc9b3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 12:55:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0621/1786] refactor(run-jest-tests.sh): remove condition
 excluding 'src/mina' from jest tests This change was made because the
 'snarkyjs' inside the mina repo has been removed, making the condition
 unnecessary.

---
 run-jest-tests.sh | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/run-jest-tests.sh b/run-jest-tests.sh
index f034d80158..b15b30d311 100755
--- a/run-jest-tests.sh
+++ b/run-jest-tests.sh
@@ -3,8 +3,5 @@ set -e
 shopt -s globstar # to expand '**' into nested directories
 
 for f in ./src/**/*.test.ts; do
-  # TODO: Remove this once we remove the `snarkyjs` inside the mina repo
-  if [[ $f != *"src/mina"* ]]; then
-    NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest $f;
-  fi
+  NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest $f;
 done
\ No newline at end of file

From c4b8ab4b771e7844c50d289f58a00d3d1b03f77c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 13:40:34 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0622/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 a702f052 for latest changes in the subproject

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 6529e3d742..a702f05293 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 6529e3d742da58f17574db3c267c340bf35e1fb4
+Subproject commit a702f052937604fc53997b7d4026af800a126bd3

From 879a593aeda741e8341e87145aca40f18482e67d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 13:40:47 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0623/1786] refactor: rename npm script 'make' to
 'build:bindings' in package.json and README-dev.md for better clarity and
 consistency

---
 README-dev.md | 2 +-
 package.json  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 0b21c150d6..a972960fe2 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version
 If you wish to rebuild the OCaml and Rust artifacts, you must be able to build the Mina repo before building the bindings. See the [Mina Dev Readme](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/README-dev.md) for more information. Once you have configured your environment to build Mina, you can build the bindings:
 
 ```sh
-npm run make
+npm run build:bindings
 ```
 
 This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings/compiled` directory.
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 7f557a2d49..bb31bc417d 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
   "scripts": {
     "type-check": "tsc --noEmit",
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
-    "make": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
     "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
     "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
+    "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",

From ee48e01bcb646777e5a702db74e937516ce1b08d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 13:56:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0624/1786] chore(package-lock): update

---
 package-lock.json | 7587 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 3561 insertions(+), 4026 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 93ea97ca43..37beb65ee4 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -47,13 +47,22 @@
         "node": ">=16.4.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
+      "version": "1.2.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap/-/word-wrap-1.2.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-1Yjs2SvM8TflER/OD3cOjhWWOZb58A2t7wpE2S9XfBYTiIl+XFhQG2bjy4Pu1I+EAlCNUzRDYDdFwFYUKvXcIA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@ampproject/remapping": {
-      "version": "2.2.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ampproject/remapping/-/remapping-2.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qRmjj8nj9qmLTQXXmaR1cck3UXSRMPrbsLJAasZpF+t3riI71BXed5ebIOYwQntykeZuhjsdweEc9BxH5Jc26w==",
+      "version": "2.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ampproject/remapping/-/remapping-2.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-lFMjJTrFL3j7L9yBxwYfCq2k6qqwHyzuUl/XBnif78PWTJYyL/dfowQHWE3sp6U6ZzqWiiIZnpTMO96zhkjwtg==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.1.0",
+        "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.0",
         "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.9"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -61,47 +70,119 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/code-frame": {
-      "version": "7.18.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.18.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-TDCmlK5eOvH+eH7cdAFlNXeVJqWIQ7gW9tY1GJIpUtFb6CmjVyq2VM3u71bOyR8CRihcCgMUYoDNyLXao3+70Q==",
+      "version": "7.22.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/code-frame/-/code-frame-7.22.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-XktuhWlJ5g+3TJXc5upd9Ks1HutSArik6jf2eAjYFyIOf4ej3RN+184cZbzDvbPnuTJIUhPKKJE3cIsYTiAT3w==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "@babel/highlight": "^7.18.6"
+        "@babel/highlight": "^7.22.13",
+        "chalk": "^2.4.2"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
+      "version": "3.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-3.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-VT0ZI6kZRdTh8YyJw3SMbYm/u+NqfsAxEpWO0Pf9sq8/e94WxxOpPKx9FR1FlyCtOVDNOQ+8ntlqFxiRc+r5qA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "color-convert": "^1.9.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/chalk": {
+      "version": "2.4.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chalk/-/chalk-2.4.2.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^3.2.1",
+        "escape-string-regexp": "^1.0.5",
+        "supports-color": "^5.3.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/color-convert": {
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-convert/-/color-convert-1.9.3.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "color-name": "1.1.3"
+      }
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+    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/color-name": {
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+    },
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+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.8.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/code-frame/node_modules/has-flag": {
+      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/has-flag/-/has-flag-3.0.0.tgz",
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/compat-data/-/compat-data-7.23.3.tgz",
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-      "dev": true,
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-        "@babel/code-frame": "^7.18.6",
-        "@babel/generator": "^7.18.13",
-        "@babel/helper-compilation-targets": "^7.18.9",
-        "@babel/helper-module-transforms": "^7.18.9",
-        "@babel/helpers": "^7.18.9",
-        "@babel/parser": "^7.18.13",
-        "@babel/template": "^7.18.10",
-        "@babel/traverse": "^7.18.13",
-        "@babel/types": "^7.18.13",
-        "convert-source-map": "^1.7.0",
+      "version": "7.23.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@babel/core/-/core-7.23.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Jg+msLuNuCJDyBvFv5+OKOUjWMZgd85bKjbICd3zWrKAo+bJ49HJufi7CQE0q0uR8NGyO6xkCACScNqyjHSZew==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@ampproject/remapping": "^2.2.0",
+        "@babel/code-frame": "^7.22.13",
+        "@babel/generator": "^7.23.3",
+        "@babel/helper-compilation-targets": "^7.22.15",
+        "@babel/helper-module-transforms": "^7.23.3",
+        "@babel/helpers": "^7.23.2",
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.23.3",
+        "@babel/template": "^7.22.15",
+        "@babel/traverse": "^7.23.3",
+        "@babel/types": "^7.23.3",
+        "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0",
         "debug": "^4.1.0",
         "gensync": "^1.0.0-beta.2",
-        "json5": "^2.2.1",
-        "semver": "^6.3.0"
+        "json5": "^2.2.3",
+        "semver": "^6.3.1"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6.9.0"
@@ -111,209 +192,289 @@
         "url": "https://opencollective.com/babel"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@babel/core/node_modules/convert-source-map": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/convert-source-map/-/convert-source-map-2.0.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/core/node_modules/semver": {
+      "version": "6.3.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/semver/-/semver-6.3.1.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "bin": {
+        "semver": "bin/semver.js"
+      }
+    },
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+        "@babel/types": "^7.23.3",
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     "node_modules/tslib": {
-      "version": "2.3.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-2.3.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-77EbyPPpMz+FRFRuAFlWMtmgUWGe9UOG2Z25NqCwiIjRhOf5iKGuzSe5P2w1laq+FkRy4p+PCuVkJSGkzTEKVw=="
+      "version": "2.6.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-2.6.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-AEYxH93jGFPn/a2iVAwW87VuUIkR1FVUKB77NwMF7nBTDkDrrT/Hpt/IrCJ0QXhW27jTBDcf5ZY7w6RiqTMw2Q=="
+    },
+    "node_modules/tsutils": {
+      "version": "3.21.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tsutils/-/tsutils-3.21.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mHKK3iUXL+3UF6xL5k0PEhKRUBKPBCv/+RkEOpjRWxxx27KKRBmmA60A9pgOUvMi8GKhRMPEmjBRPzs2W7O1OA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tslib": "^1.8.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 6"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "typescript": ">=2.8.0 || >= 3.2.0-dev || >= 3.3.0-dev || >= 3.4.0-dev || >= 3.5.0-dev || >= 3.6.0-dev || >= 3.6.0-beta || >= 3.7.0-dev || >= 3.7.0-beta"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/tsutils/node_modules/tslib": {
+      "version": "1.14.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-1.14.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Xni35NKzjgMrwevysHTCArtLDpPvye8zV/0E4EyYn43P7/7qvQwPh9BGkHewbMulVntbigmcT7rdX3BNo9wRJg==",
+      "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/type-check": {
       "version": "0.4.0",
@@ -7252,9 +6805,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/type-fest": {
-      "version": "0.21.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/type-fest/-/type-fest-0.21.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-t0rzBq87m3fVcduHDUFhKmyyX+9eo6WQjZvf51Ea/M0Q7+T374Jp1aUiyUl0GKxp8M/OETVHSDvmkyPgvX+X2w==",
+      "version": "0.20.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/type-fest/-/type-fest-0.20.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Ne+eE4r0/iWnpAxD852z3A+N0Bt5RN//NjJwRd2VFHEmrywxf5vsZlh4R6lixl6B+wz/8d+maTSAkN1FIkI3LQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
@@ -7285,9 +6838,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/typedoc-plugin-markdown": {
-      "version": "3.15.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typedoc-plugin-markdown/-/typedoc-plugin-markdown-3.15.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-idntFYu3vfaY3eaD+w9DeRd0PmNGqGuNLKihPU9poxFGnATJYGn9dPtEhn2QrTdishFMg7jPXAhos+2T6YCWRQ==",
+      "version": "3.17.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typedoc-plugin-markdown/-/typedoc-plugin-markdown-3.17.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QzdU3fj0Kzw2XSdoL15ExLASt2WPqD7FbLeaqwT70+XjKyTshBnUlQA5nNREO1C2P8Uen0CDjsBLMsCQ+zd0lw==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "handlebars": "^4.7.7"
@@ -7297,12 +6850,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/typedoc-plugin-merge-modules": {
-      "version": "5.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typedoc-plugin-merge-modules/-/typedoc-plugin-merge-modules-5.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7fiMYDUaeslsGSFDevw+azhD0dFJce0h2g5UuQ8zXljoky+YfmzoNkoTCx+KWaNJo6rz2DzaD2feVJyUhvUegg==",
+      "version": "5.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typedoc-plugin-merge-modules/-/typedoc-plugin-merge-modules-5.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jXH27L/wlxFjErgBXleh3opVgjVTXFEuBo68Yfl18S9Oh/IqxK6NV94jlEJ9hl4TXc9Zm2l7Rfk41CEkcCyvFQ==",
       "dev": true,
       "peerDependencies": {
-        "typedoc": "0.24.x"
+        "typedoc": "0.24.x || 0.25.x"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/typedoc/node_modules/brace-expansion": {
@@ -7355,19 +6908,25 @@
         "node": ">=0.8.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/undici-types": {
+      "version": "5.26.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-5.26.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JlCMO+ehdEIKqlFxk6IfVoAUVmgz7cU7zD/h9XZ0qzeosSHmUJVOzSQvvYSYWXkFXC+IfLKSIffhv0sVZup6pA==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "node_modules/universalify": {
-      "version": "2.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/universalify/-/universalify-2.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-hAZsKq7Yy11Zu1DE0OzWjw7nnLZmJZYTDZZyEFHZdUhV8FkH5MCfoU1XMaxXovpyW5nq5scPqq0ZDP9Zyl04oQ==",
+      "version": "2.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/universalify/-/universalify-2.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gptHNQghINnc/vTGIk0SOFGFNXw7JVrlRUtConJRlvaw6DuX0wO5Jeko9sWrMBhh+PsYAZ7oXAiOnf/UKogyiw==",
       "dev": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/update-browserslist-db": {
-      "version": "1.0.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/update-browserslist-db/-/update-browserslist-db-1.0.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-dteFFpCyvuDdr9S/ff1ISkKt/9YZxKjI9WlRR99c180GaztJtRa/fn18FdxGVKVsnPY7/a/FDN68mcvUmP4U7Q==",
+      "version": "1.0.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/update-browserslist-db/-/update-browserslist-db-1.0.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-xebP81SNcPuNpPP3uzeW1NYXxI3rxyJzF3pD6sH4jE7o/IX+WtSpwnVU+qIsDPyk0d3hmFQ7mjqc6AtV604hbg==",
       "dev": true,
       "funding": [
         {
@@ -7377,6 +6936,10 @@
         {
           "type": "tidelift",
           "url": "https://tidelift.com/funding/github/npm/browserslist"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ai"
         }
       ],
       "dependencies": {
@@ -7384,7 +6947,7 @@
         "picocolors": "^1.0.0"
       },
       "bin": {
-        "browserslist-lint": "cli.js"
+        "update-browserslist-db": "cli.js"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {
         "browserslist": ">= 4.21.0"
@@ -7399,26 +6962,26 @@
         "punycode": "^2.1.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/v8-compile-cache": {
-      "version": "2.3.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/v8-compile-cache/-/v8-compile-cache-2.3.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-l8lCEmLcLYZh4nbunNZvQCJc5pv7+RCwa8q/LdUx8u7lsWvPDKmpodJAJNwkAhJC//dFY48KuIEmjtd4RViDrA==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
     "node_modules/v8-to-istanbul": {
-      "version": "9.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/v8-to-istanbul/-/v8-to-istanbul-9.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-74Y4LqY74kLE6IFyIjPtkSTWzUZmj8tdHT9Ii/26dvQ6K9Dl2NbEfj0XgU2sHCtKgt5VupqhlO/5aWuqS+IY1w==",
+      "version": "9.1.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/v8-to-istanbul/-/v8-to-istanbul-9.1.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9lDD+EVI2fjFsMWXc6dy5JJzBsVTcQ2fVkfBvncZ6xJWG9wtBhOldG+mHkSL0+V1K/xgZz0JDO5UT5hFwHUghg==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.12",
         "@types/istanbul-lib-coverage": "^2.0.1",
-        "convert-source-map": "^1.6.0"
+        "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.12.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/v8-to-istanbul/node_modules/convert-source-map": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/convert-source-map/-/convert-source-map-2.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Kvp459HrV2FEJ1CAsi1Ku+MY3kasH19TFykTz2xWmMeq6bk2NU3XXvfJ+Q61m0xktWwt+1HSYf3JZsTms3aRJg==",
+      "dev": true
+    },
     "node_modules/vscode-oniguruma": {
       "version": "1.7.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vscode-oniguruma/-/vscode-oniguruma-1.7.0.tgz",
@@ -7445,10 +7008,24 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webgl-constants/-/webgl-constants-1.1.1.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-LkBXKjU5r9vAW7Gcu3T5u+5cvSvh5WwINdr0C+9jpzVB41cjQAP5ePArDtk/WHYdVj0GefCgM73BA7FlIiNtdg=="
     },
+    "node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
+      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-3.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2JAn3z8AR6rjK8Sm8orRC0h/bcl/DqL7tRPdGZ4I1CjdF+EaMLmYxBHyXuKL849eucPFhvBoxMsflfOb8kxaeQ=="
+    },
     "node_modules/whatwg-fetch": {
-      "version": "3.6.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-fetch/-/whatwg-fetch-3.6.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-bJlen0FcuU/0EMLrdbJ7zOnW6ITZLrZMIarMUVmdKtsGvZna8vxKYaexICWPfZ8qwf9fzNq+UEIZrnSaApt6RA=="
+      "version": "3.6.19",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-fetch/-/whatwg-fetch-3.6.19.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-d67JP4dHSbm2TrpFj8AbO8DnL1JXL5J9u0Kq2xW6d0TFDbCA3Muhdt8orXC22utleTVj7Prqt82baN6RBvnEgw=="
+    },
+    "node_modules/whatwg-url": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-saE57nupxk6v3HY35+jzBwYa0rKSy0XR8JSxZPwgLr7ys0IBzhGviA1/TUGJLmSVqs8pb9AnvICXEuOHLprYTw==",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "tr46": "~0.0.3",
+        "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
+      }
     },
     "node_modules/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
@@ -7465,15 +7042,6 @@
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/word-wrap": {
-      "version": "1.2.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/word-wrap/-/word-wrap-1.2.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Hz/mrNwitNRh/HUAtM/VT/5VH+ygD6DV7mYKZAtHOrbs8U7lvPS6xf7EJKMF0uW1KJCl0H701g3ZGus+muE5vQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=0.10.0"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/wordwrap": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wordwrap/-/wordwrap-1.0.0.tgz",
@@ -7497,43 +7065,10 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/chalk/wrap-ansi?sponsor=1"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/ansi-styles": {
-      "version": "4.3.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ansi-styles/-/ansi-styles-4.3.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zbB9rCJAT1rbjiVDb2hqKFHNYLxgtk8NURxZ3IZwD3F6NtxbXZQCnnSi1Lkx+IDohdPlFp222wVALIheZJQSEg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "color-convert": "^2.0.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=8"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/color-convert": {
-      "version": "2.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-convert/-/color-convert-2.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-RRECPsj7iu/xb5oKYcsFHSppFNnsj/52OVTRKb4zP5onXwVF3zVmmToNcOfGC+CRDpfK/U584fMg38ZHCaElKQ==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "color-name": "~1.1.4"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=7.0.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/wrap-ansi/node_modules/color-name": {
-      "version": "1.1.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-dOy+3AuW3a2wNbZHIuMZpTcgjGuLU/uBL/ubcZF9OXbDo8ff4O8yVp5Bf0efS8uEoYo5q4Fx7dY9OgQGXgAsQA==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
     "node_modules/wrappy": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8=",
+      "integrity": "sha512-l4Sp/DRseor9wL6EvV2+TuQn63dMkPjZ/sp9XkghTEbV9KlPS1xUsZ3u7/IQO4wxtcFB4bgpQPRcR3QCvezPcQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/write-file-atomic": {
@@ -7559,24 +7094,24 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/yallist": {
-      "version": "4.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yallist/-/yallist-4.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-3wdGidZyq5PB084XLES5TpOSRA3wjXAlIWMhum2kRcv/41Sn2emQ0dycQW4uZXLejwKvg6EsvbdlVL+FYEct7A==",
+      "version": "3.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yallist/-/yallist-3.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-a4UGQaWPH59mOXUYnAG2ewncQS4i4F43Tv3JoAM+s2VDAmS9NsK8GpDMLrCHPksFT7h3K6TOoUNn2pb7RoXx4g==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/yargs": {
-      "version": "17.5.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs/-/yargs-17.5.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-t6YAJcxDkNX7NFYiVtKvWUz8l+PaKTLiL63mJYWR2GnHq2gjEWISzsLp9wg3aY36dY1j+gfIEL3pIF+XlJJfbA==",
+      "version": "17.7.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yargs/-/yargs-17.7.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-7dSzzRQ++CKnNI/krKnYRV7JKKPUXMEh61soaHKg9mrWEhzFWhFnxPxGl+69cD1Ou63C13NUPCnmIcrvqCuM6w==",
       "dev": true,
       "dependencies": {
-        "cliui": "^7.0.2",
+        "cliui": "^8.0.1",
         "escalade": "^3.1.1",
         "get-caller-file": "^2.0.5",
         "require-directory": "^2.1.1",
         "string-width": "^4.2.3",
         "y18n": "^5.0.5",
-        "yargs-parser": "^21.0.0"
+        "yargs-parser": "^21.1.1"
       },
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"

From 488ecb4d3843689804faab77e018c58d7a1b28b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 13:58:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0625/1786] fix(.prettierignore): update path for kimchi js
 files to reflect new directory structure, ensuring correct files are ignored
 by Prettier

---
 .prettierignore | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore
index 099c3fecca..fe67df0c2c 100644
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/**/plonk_wasm*
 src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/**/*.bc.js
 src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/*
 dist/**/*
-src/bindings/kimchi/js/**/*.js
+src/mina/src/lib/crypto/kimchi/js/**/*.js

From 52d91eb437003a5f027f49530d278da9a9d504a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 13:59:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0626/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 98eb83e34f2a7f99c3b5983b458dacf89211c93e

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a702f05293..98eb83e34f 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a702f052937604fc53997b7d4026af800a126bd3
+Subproject commit 98eb83e34f2a7f99c3b5983b458dacf89211c93e

From 3bfdc09880d4917b5cbde90a8c3602b4f619909c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 06:26:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0627/1786] fix: add missing mrc

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 4a299d3f36..d8e6fb7703 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -308,6 +308,9 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
     negForeignFieldModulus: [f_0, f_1, f_2],
   });
 
+  // multi-range check on intermediate values
+  multiRangeCheck([c0, p10, p110]);
+
   return { r01, r2, q, q2Bound };
 }
 

From 67d706e16a7095d25e78b5eda17519a8a5040591 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 09:34:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0628/1786] introduce assertmul and use it for inv and div

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index d8e6fb7703..72b5b724e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -153,20 +153,15 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
     let xInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(x), f);
     return xInv === undefined ? [0n, 0n, 0n] : split(xInv);
   });
-  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, xInv, f);
-
-  // limb range checks on quotient and inverse
-  multiRangeCheck(q);
   multiRangeCheck(xInv);
-  // range check on q and xInv bounds
-  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  // TODO: make sure that we can just pass non-vars to multiRangeCheck() to get rid of this
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, xInv2Bound, new Field(0n)]);
 
-  // assert r === 1
-  r01.assertEquals(1n);
-  r2.assertEquals(0n);
+  let one: [Field, Field] = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
+  let q2Bound = assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
+
+  // range check on q and result bounds
+  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
+  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, xInv2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return xInv;
 }
@@ -188,20 +183,12 @@ function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
     if (yInv === undefined) return [0n, 0n, 0n];
     return split(mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * yInv, f));
   });
-  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(z, y, f);
-
-  // limb range checks on quotient and result
-  multiRangeCheck(q);
   multiRangeCheck(z);
-  // range check on q and result bounds
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, new Field(0n)]);
+  let q2Bound = assertMul(z, y, x, f);
 
-  // check that r === x
-  // this means we don't have to range check r
-  let x01 = x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << L));
-  r01.assertEquals(x01);
-  r2.assertEquals(x[2]);
+  // range check on q and result bounds
+  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, new Field(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
     // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
@@ -217,6 +204,48 @@ function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
   return z;
 }
 
+function assertMul(
+  x: Field3,
+  y: Field3,
+  xy: Field3 | [Field, Field],
+  f: bigint
+) {
+  assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
+
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) &&
+    y.every((x) => x.isConstant()) &&
+    xy.every((x) => x.isConstant())
+  ) {
+    let xyExpected = mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * Field3.toBigint(y), f);
+    let xyActual =
+      xy.length === 2
+        ? collapse2(Tuple.map(xy, (x) => x.toBigInt()))
+        : Field3.toBigint(xy);
+    assert(xyExpected === xyActual, 'Expected xy to be x*y mod f');
+    return Field.from(0n);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
+
+  // range check on quotient
+  multiRangeCheck(q);
+
+  // bind remainder to input xy
+  if (xy.length === 2) {
+    let [xy01, xy2] = xy;
+    r01.assertEquals(xy01);
+    r2.assertEquals(xy2);
+  } else {
+    let xy01 = xy[0].add(xy[1].mul(1n << L));
+    r01.assertEquals(xy01);
+    r2.assertEquals(xy[2]);
+  }
+  return q2Bound;
+}
+
 function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
   let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
@@ -316,7 +345,7 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
 
 function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
   let f2 = f >> L2;
-  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
+  let f2Bound = lMask - f2;
   return x.add(f2Bound);
 }
 

From e1009230315e462bcf4ade2cff72e988a555338d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 10:21:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0629/1786] add ff tests with unreduced inputs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 99529cdbfb..298e0b4ff7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -28,14 +28,32 @@ import { ForeignField as ForeignField_ } from './foreign-field.js';
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
 function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
-  let rng = Random.otherField(F);
   return {
-    rng,
+    rng: Random.otherField(F),
     there: Field3.from,
     back: Field3.toBigint,
     provable: Field3.provable,
   };
 }
+
+// for testing with inputs > f
+function unreducedForeignField(
+  maxBits: number,
+  F: FiniteField
+): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.bignat(1n << BigInt(maxBits)),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+    assertEqual(x, y, message) {
+      // need weak equality here because, while ffadd works on bigints larger than the modulus,
+      // it can't fully reduce them
+      assert(F.equal(x, y), message);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
 let sign = fromRandom(Random.oneOf(1n as const, -1n as const));
 
 let fields = [
@@ -68,6 +86,38 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     'div'
   );
 
+  // tests with inputs that aren't reduced mod f
+  let big264 = unreducedForeignField(264, F); // this is the max size supported by our range checks / ffadd
+  let big258 = unreducedForeignField(258, F); // rough max size supported by ffmul
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [big264, big264], to: big264 })(
+    F.add,
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus),
+    'add'
+  );
+  // subtraction doesn't work with unreduced y because the range check on the result prevents x-y < -f
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [big264, f], to: big264 })(
+    F.sub,
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus),
+    'sub'
+  );
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [big258, big258], to: f })(
+    F.mul,
+    (x, y) => ForeignField_.mul(x, y, F.modulus),
+    'mul'
+  );
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [big258], to: f })(
+    (x) => F.inverse(x) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
+    (x) => ForeignField_.inv(x, F.modulus)
+  );
+  // the div() gadget doesn't work with unreduced x because the backwards check (x/y)*y === x fails
+  // and it's not valid with unreduced y because we only assert y != 0, y != f but it can be 2f, 3f, etc.
+  // the combination of inv() and mul() is more flexible (but much more expensive, ~40 vs ~30 constraints)
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [big258, big258], to: f })(
+    (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
+    (x, y) => ForeignField_.mul(x, ForeignField_.inv(y, F.modulus), F.modulus)
+  );
+
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
     (xs, signs) => sum(xs, signs, F),

From f40104c8abd478964ac9fe837bc5674ab6350c67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 10:36:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0630/1786] a bit of clean up

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 29 ++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index a12b6ef461..26f6ee8687 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ import {
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars, toVar } from './common.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
   L,
   lMask,
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   multiRangeCheck(xInv);
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
 
-  let one: [Field, Field] = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
+  let one: Field2 = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
   let q2Bound = assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
 
   // range check on q and result bounds
@@ -204,12 +203,7 @@ function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
   return z;
 }
 
-function assertMul(
-  x: Field3,
-  y: Field3,
-  xy: Field3 | [Field, Field],
-  f: bigint
-) {
+function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
@@ -219,10 +213,7 @@ function assertMul(
     xy.every((x) => x.isConstant())
   ) {
     let xyExpected = mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * Field3.toBigint(y), f);
-    let xyActual =
-      xy.length === 2
-        ? collapse2(Tuple.map(xy, (x) => x.toBigInt()))
-        : Field3.toBigint(xy);
+    let xyActual = xy.length === 2 ? Field2.toBigint(xy) : Field3.toBigint(xy);
     assert(xyExpected === xyActual, 'Expected xy to be x*y mod f');
     return Field.from(0n);
   }
@@ -354,7 +345,7 @@ const Field3 = {
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
    */
   from(x: bigint): Field3 {
-    return toField3(split(x));
+    return Tuple.map(split(x), Field.from);
   },
 
   /**
@@ -373,9 +364,13 @@ const Field3 = {
   provable: provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]),
 };
 
-function toField3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
-  return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
-}
+type Field2 = [Field, Field];
+const Field2 = {
+  toBigint(x: Field2): bigint {
+    return collapse2(Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt()));
+  },
+};
+
 function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());
 }

From 4f1b21fc01abbfa65f10e212e6f406ec72442436 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 10:58:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0631/1786] remove unused logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 15 ---------------
 1 file changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 26f6ee8687..5fbade75e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -204,21 +204,6 @@ function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
 }
 
 function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
-  assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
-
-  // constant case
-  if (
-    x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) &&
-    y.every((x) => x.isConstant()) &&
-    xy.every((x) => x.isConstant())
-  ) {
-    let xyExpected = mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * Field3.toBigint(y), f);
-    let xyActual = xy.length === 2 ? Field2.toBigint(xy) : Field3.toBigint(xy);
-    assert(xyExpected === xyActual, 'Expected xy to be x*y mod f');
-    return Field.from(0n);
-  }
-
-  // provable case
   let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
   // range check on quotient

From 4532a2175814941c5c14ca25f7eef4b210c1410a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 11:46:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0632/1786] add to gadgets namespace, mul doccomment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index c7e1208a7f..79b1e39e06 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * A _foreign field_ is a finite field different from the native field of the proof system.
    *
    * The `ForeignField` namespace exposes operations like modular addition and multiplication,
-   * which work for any finite field of size less than 2^256.
+   * which work for any finite field of size less than 2^259.
    *
    * Foreign field elements are represented as 3 limbs of native field elements.
    * Each limb holds 88 bits of the total, in little-endian order.
@@ -412,6 +412,58 @@ const Gadgets = {
     sum(xs: Field3[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, f);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * Foreign field multiplication: `x * y mod f`
+     *
+     * The modulus `f` does not need to be prime, but has to be smaller than 2^259.
+     *
+     * **Assumptions**: In addition to the assumption that inputs are in the range [0, 2^88), as in all foreign field gadgets,
+     * this assumes an additional bound on the inputs: `x * y < 2^264 * p`, where p is the native modulus.
+     * We usually assert this bound by proving that `x[2] < f[2] + 1`, where `x[2]` is the most significant limb of x.
+     * To do this, use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
+     * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * // example modulus: secp256k1 prime
+     * let f = (1n << 256n) - (1n << 32n) - 0b1111010001n;
+     *
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 1n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 2n));
+     *
+     * // range check x, y
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(y);
+     *
+     * // prove additional bounds
+     * let x2Bound = x[2].add((1n << 88n) - 1n - (f >> 176n));
+     * let y2Bound = y[2].add((1n << 88n) - 1n - (f >> 176n));
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck([x2Bound, y2Bound, Field(0n)]);
+     *
+     * // compute x * y mod f
+     * let z = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
+     *
+     * Provable.log(z); // ['2', '0', '0'] = limb representation of 2 = (-1)*(-2) mod f
+     * ```
+     */
+    mul(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    inv(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.inv(x, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From 8358f5713db78bdfa4a0f0f6a9d5dfdb4fda04d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 11:51:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0633/1786] fix unit tests and code tweak

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           | 19 ++++++-------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 33 +++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 5fbade75e8..30e02e5e0b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -35,15 +35,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   },
   sum,
 
-  mul(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
-    return multiply(x, y, f);
-  },
-  inv(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
-    return inverse(x, f);
-  },
-  div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, { allowZeroOverZero = false } = {}) {
-    return divide(x, y, f, allowZeroOverZero);
-  },
+  mul: multiply,
+  inv: inverse,
+  div: divide,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -165,7 +159,12 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   return xInv;
 }
 
-function divide(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint, allowZeroOverZero = false) {
+function divide(
+  x: Field3,
+  y: Field3,
+  f: bigint,
+  { allowZeroOverZero = false } = {}
+) {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 298e0b4ff7..459ee7cdee 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import {
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
-import { ForeignField as ForeignField_ } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -75,14 +74,14 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   eq2(F.add, (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus), 'add');
   eq2(F.sub, (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus), 'sub');
-  eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField_.mul(x, y, F.modulus), 'mul');
+  eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus), 'mul');
   equivalentProvable({ from: [f], to: f })(
     (x) => F.inverse(x) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x) => ForeignField_.inv(x, F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus)
   );
   eq2(
     (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x, y) => ForeignField_.div(x, y, F.modulus),
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.div(x, y, F.modulus),
     'div'
   );
 
@@ -103,19 +102,19 @@ for (let F of fields) {
   );
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big258, big258], to: f })(
     F.mul,
-    (x, y) => ForeignField_.mul(x, y, F.modulus),
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus),
     'mul'
   );
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big258], to: f })(
     (x) => F.inverse(x) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x) => ForeignField_.inv(x, F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus)
   );
   // the div() gadget doesn't work with unreduced x because the backwards check (x/y)*y === x fails
   // and it's not valid with unreduced y because we only assert y != 0, y != f but it can be 2f, 3f, etc.
   // the combination of inv() and mul() is more flexible (but much more expensive, ~40 vs ~30 constraints)
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big258, big258], to: f })(
     (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x, y) => ForeignField_.mul(x, ForeignField_.inv(y, F.modulus), F.modulus)
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, ForeignField.inv(y, F.modulus), F.modulus)
   );
 
   // sumchain of 5
@@ -163,21 +162,21 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
     mul: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
-        return ForeignField_.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
+        return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
 
     inv: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable],
       method(x) {
-        return ForeignField_.inv(x, F.modulus);
+        return ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus);
       },
     },
 
     div: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
-        return ForeignField_.div(x, y, F.modulus);
+        return ForeignField.div(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
   },
@@ -202,14 +201,20 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
 let mulChain: GateType[] = ['ForeignFieldMul', 'Zero'];
 let mulLayout = ifNotAllConstant(
   and(
-    contains([mulChain, mrc, mrc, mrc]),
-    withoutGenerics(equals([...mulChain, ...repeat(3, mrc)]))
+    contains([mulChain, mrc, mrc, mrc, mrc]),
+    withoutGenerics(equals([...mulChain, ...repeat(4, mrc)]))
+  )
+);
+let invLayout = ifNotAllConstant(
+  and(
+    contains([mrc, mulChain, mrc, mrc, mrc]),
+    withoutGenerics(equals([...mrc, ...mulChain, ...repeat(3, mrc)]))
   )
 );
 
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'mul', mulLayout);
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'inv', mulLayout);
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'div', mulLayout);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'inv', invLayout);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'div', invLayout);
 
 // tests with proving
 

From 21b9e8b82834d61290aa112e8cc0f23f223e81b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 11:54:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0634/1786] document inv and div

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 13 ++++++-------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 79b1e39e06..50ac237eac 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -370,11 +370,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Foreign field subtraction: `x - y mod f`
      *
      * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
-     *
-     * @param x left summand
-     * @param y right summand
-     * @param f modulus
-     * @returns x - y mod f
      */
     sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.sub(x, y, f);
@@ -452,14 +447,18 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Foreign field inverse: `x^(-1) mod f`
+     *
+     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      */
     inv(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.inv(x, f);
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Foreign field division: `x * y^(-1) mod f`
+     *
+     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      */
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);

From e46432d2c7b317d5b69e6fa49def6d21a701dfb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 12:01:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0635/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index cea062267c..c8f8c631f2 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cea062267c2cf81edf50fee8ca9578824c056731
+Subproject commit c8f8c631f28b84c3d3859378a2fe857091207755

From df2ea58bdbcea31171e348f28cb7242d4e33a5c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 12:13:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0636/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 30e02e5e0b..ddac02dc42 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ function divide(
   let q2Bound = assertMul(z, y, x, f);
 
   // range check on q and result bounds
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, new Field(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
     // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
@@ -319,9 +319,7 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
 }
 
 function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
-  let f2 = f >> L2;
-  let f2Bound = lMask - f2;
-  return x.add(f2Bound);
+  return x.add(lMask - (f >> L2));
 }
 
 const Field3 = {

From 9d6bb6d1069a9a0ce353d8e96b8363569e810fee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 12:33:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0637/1786] minor tweaks + changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md                               |  5 +++++
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           |  5 ++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 23 +++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0888d6204b..9440ac0ac0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,10 +19,15 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Change return signature of `ZkProgram.analyzeMethods()` to be a keyed object https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1223
+
 ### Added
 
 - Provable non-native field arithmetic:
   - `Gadgets.ForeignField.{add, sub, sumchain}()` for addition and subtraction https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1220
+  - `Gadgets.ForeignField.{mul, inv, div}()` for multiplication and division https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1223
 - Comprehensive internal testing of constraint system layouts generated by new gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1220
 
 ### Changed
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index ddac02dc42..c8415be2dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { ForeignField, Field3, bigint3, Sign };
+export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign };
 
 /**
  * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
@@ -202,6 +202,9 @@ function divide(
   return z;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Common logic for gadgets that expect a certain multiplication result instead of just using the remainder.
+ */
 function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
   let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 459ee7cdee..eca513d844 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,8 @@ for (let F of fields) {
   eq2(F.mul, (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus), 'mul');
   equivalentProvable({ from: [f], to: f })(
     (x) => F.inverse(x) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus),
+    'inv'
   );
   eq2(
     (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
@@ -92,35 +93,38 @@ for (let F of fields) {
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big264, big264], to: big264 })(
     F.add,
     (x, y) => ForeignField.add(x, y, F.modulus),
-    'add'
+    'add unreduced'
   );
   // subtraction doesn't work with unreduced y because the range check on the result prevents x-y < -f
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big264, f], to: big264 })(
     F.sub,
     (x, y) => ForeignField.sub(x, y, F.modulus),
-    'sub'
+    'sub unreduced'
   );
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big258, big258], to: f })(
     F.mul,
     (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus),
-    'mul'
+    'mul unreduced'
   );
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big258], to: f })(
     (x) => F.inverse(x) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus),
+    'inv unreduced'
   );
   // the div() gadget doesn't work with unreduced x because the backwards check (x/y)*y === x fails
   // and it's not valid with unreduced y because we only assert y != 0, y != f but it can be 2f, 3f, etc.
   // the combination of inv() and mul() is more flexible (but much more expensive, ~40 vs ~30 constraints)
   equivalentProvable({ from: [big258, big258], to: f })(
     (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
-    (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, ForeignField.inv(y, F.modulus), F.modulus)
+    (x, y) => ForeignField.mul(x, ForeignField.inv(y, F.modulus), F.modulus),
+    'div unreduced'
   );
 
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
     (xs, signs) => sum(xs, signs, F),
-    (xs, signs) => ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus)
+    (xs, signs) => ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus),
+    'sumchain 5'
   );
 
   // sumchain up to 100
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
       let signs = ts.map((t) => t.sign);
       return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus);
     },
-    'sumchain'
+    'sumchain long'
   );
 }
 
@@ -158,21 +162,18 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
         return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },
     },
-
     mul: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
         return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
-
     inv: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable],
       method(x) {
         return ForeignField.inv(x, F.modulus);
       },
     },
-
     div: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {

From d27cc073bbc0bd039898d1d7ec7d128b7aa12657 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 13:17:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0638/1786] adapt to ffmul updates

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts    | 41 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts     | 22 +++++++++++----
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts |  1 +
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 2fa86d30d8..7952b8603b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -14,16 +14,17 @@ import {
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
 
-let { sumChain } = ForeignField;
+let { sum } = ForeignField;
 
 function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
   let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
-    let [x1_, x2_, y1_, y2_] = ForeignField.toBigints(x1, x2, y1, y2);
+    let [x1_, x2_, y1_, y2_] = Field3.toBigints(x1, x2, y1, y2);
     let denom = inverse(mod(x1_ - x2_, f), f);
 
     let m = denom !== undefined ? mod((y1_ - y2_) * denom, f) : 0n;
@@ -38,47 +39,45 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
 
-  multiRangeCheck(...m);
-  multiRangeCheck(...x3);
-  multiRangeCheck(...y3);
+  multiRangeCheck(m);
+  multiRangeCheck(x3);
+  multiRangeCheck(y3);
   let m2Bound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
   // we dont need to bounds check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
-  let deltaY = sumChain([y1, y2], [-1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let deltaX = sumChain([x1, x2], [-1n], f, {
+  let deltaY = sum([y1, y2], [-1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
+  let deltaX = sum([x1, x2], [-1n], f, {
     skipRangeCheck: true,
     skipZeroRow: true,
   });
   let qBound1 = assertMul(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
-  multiRangeCheck(...deltaX);
+  multiRangeCheck(deltaX);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
-  let xSum = sumChain([x1, x2, x3], [1n, 1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
+  let xSum = sum([x1, x2, x3], [1n, 1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
   let qBound2 = assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let ySum = sumChain([y1, y3], [1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let deltaX1X3 = sumChain([x1, x3], [-1n], f, {
+  let ySum = sum([y1, y3], [1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
+  let deltaX1X3 = sum([x1, x3], [-1n], f, {
     skipRangeCheck: true,
     skipZeroRow: true,
   });
   let qBound3 = assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
-  multiRangeCheck(...deltaX1X3);
+  multiRangeCheck(deltaX1X3);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck(m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1);
-  multiRangeCheck(qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n));
+  multiRangeCheck([m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
+  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
-const Field3_ = provablePure([Field, Field, Field] as TupleN<typeof Field, 3>);
-
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
-  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
-  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3_, () => ForeignField.from(0n));
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
 
   let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
   let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
@@ -86,4 +85,4 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
-console.log(cs);
+printGates(cs.gates);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 6bec2da7a9..9965aa44ba 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,16 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { ForeignField, Field3, Sign, split, collapse, weakBound, assertMul };
+export {
+  ForeignField,
+  Field3,
+  bigint3,
+  Sign,
+  split,
+  collapse,
+  weakBound,
+  assertMul,
+};
 
 /**
  * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
@@ -38,10 +47,6 @@ const ForeignField = {
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
-
-  toBigints<T extends Tuple<Field3>>(...xs: T) {
-    return Tuple.map(xs, Field3.toBigint);
-  },
 };
 
 /**
@@ -349,6 +354,13 @@ const Field3 = {
     return collapse(bigint3(x));
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Turn several 3-tuples of Fields into bigints
+   */
+  toBigints<T extends Tuple<Field3>>(...xs: T) {
+    return Tuple.map(xs, Field3.toBigint);
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 90f3ec1599..55c0cabae0 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ export {
   withoutGenerics,
   print,
   repeat,
+  printGates,
   ConstraintSystemTest,
 };
 

From b19a3f6a1daabf27c8baaad46817ca332380d255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 14:50:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0639/1786] replace custom logic in ec add with easy to use
 assertRank1 method

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  37 ++++------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 115 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 7952b8603b..b52eda448f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
-import { provablePure } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { exists } from './common.js';
 import {
   Field3,
-  ForeignField,
-  assertMul,
+  Sum,
+  assertRank1,
   bigint3,
   split,
   weakBound,
@@ -19,9 +17,9 @@ import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
 
-let { sum } = ForeignField;
-
 function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
+  // TODO constant case
+
   // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
   let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
     let [x1_, x2_, y1_, y2_] = Field3.toBigints(x1, x2, y1, y2);
@@ -44,29 +42,21 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
   let m2Bound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bounds check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  // we dont need to bounds-check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
-  let deltaY = sum([y1, y2], [-1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let deltaX = sum([x1, x2], [-1n], f, {
-    skipRangeCheck: true,
-    skipZeroRow: true,
-  });
-  let qBound1 = assertMul(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
-  multiRangeCheck(deltaX);
+  let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
+  let deltaY = new Sum(y1).sub(y2);
+  let qBound1 = assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
-  let xSum = sum([x1, x2, x3], [1n, 1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let qBound2 = assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
+  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
+  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let ySum = sum([y1, y3], [1n], f, { skipRangeCheck: true });
-  let deltaX1X3 = sum([x1, x3], [-1n], f, {
-    skipRangeCheck: true,
-    skipZeroRow: true,
-  });
-  let qBound3 = assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
-  multiRangeCheck(deltaX1X3);
+  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
@@ -86,3 +76,4 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
 });
 
 printGates(cs.gates);
+console.log({ digest: cs.digest, rows: cs.rows });
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 9965aa44ba..f460bea0a2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ export {
   collapse,
   weakBound,
   assertMul,
+  Sum,
+  assertRank1,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -54,12 +56,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
  *
  * assumes that inputs are range checked, does range check on the result.
  */
-function sum(
-  x: Field3[],
-  sign: Sign[],
-  f: bigint,
-  { skipRangeCheck = false, skipZeroRow = false } = {}
-) {
+function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
   // constant case
@@ -75,10 +72,10 @@ function sum(
     ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], sign[i], f));
   }
   // final zero row to hold result
-  if (!skipZeroRow) Gates.zero(...result);
+  Gates.zero(...result);
 
   // range check result
-  if (!skipRangeCheck) multiRangeCheck(result);
+  multiRangeCheck(result);
 
   return result;
 }
@@ -394,3 +391,105 @@ function collapse2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
 function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
   return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask];
 }
+
+/**
+ * Optimized multiplication of sums, like (x + y)*z = a + b + c
+ *
+ * We use two optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
+ *
+ * - we skip the range check on the remainder sum, because ffmul is sound with r being a sum of range-checked values
+ * - we chain the first input's sum into the ffmul gate
+ *
+ * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
+ * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
+ * However, all extra checks that are needed on the sums are handled here.
+ *
+ * TODO example
+ */
+function assertRank1(
+  x: Field3 | Sum,
+  y: Field3 | Sum,
+  xy: Field3 | Sum,
+  f: bigint
+) {
+  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x, f);
+  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y, f);
+  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy, f);
+
+  // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
+  let y0 = y.finish(f);
+  let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
+
+  // x is chained into the ffmul gate
+  let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
+  let q2Bound = assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+
+  // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
+  x.rangeCheck();
+  y.rangeCheck();
+
+  return q2Bound;
+}
+
+class Sum {
+  #result?: Field3;
+  #summands: Field3[];
+  #ops: Sign[] = [];
+
+  constructor(x: Field3) {
+    this.#summands = [x];
+  }
+
+  get result() {
+    assert(this.#result !== undefined, 'sum not finished');
+    return this.#result;
+  }
+
+  add(y: Field3) {
+    assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+    this.#ops.push(1n);
+    this.#summands.push(y);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  sub(y: Field3) {
+    assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+    this.#ops.push(-1n);
+    this.#summands.push(y);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  finish(f: bigint, forChaining = false) {
+    assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+    let signs = this.#ops;
+    let n = signs.length;
+
+    let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
+    let result = x[0];
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f));
+    }
+    if (n > 0 && !forChaining) Gates.zero(...result);
+
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  finishForChaining(f: bigint) {
+    return this.finish(f, true);
+  }
+
+  rangeCheck() {
+    assert(this.#result !== undefined, 'sum not finished');
+    if (this.#ops.length > 0) multiRangeCheck(this.#result);
+  }
+
+  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+    if (x instanceof Sum) {
+      assert(x.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+      return x;
+    }
+    return new Sum(x);
+  }
+}

From 6c34c9f4074da828003e2595c778def85c7a320e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 16:37:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0640/1786] double

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b52eda448f..4539b8ed33 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { exists } from './common.js';
 import {
   Field3,
+  ForeignField,
   Sum,
   assertRank1,
   bigint3,
@@ -40,9 +41,9 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(m);
   multiRangeCheck(x3);
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let m2Bound = weakBound(m[2], f);
+  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bounds-check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -59,11 +60,61 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
+  // TODO constant case
+
+  // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
+  let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
+    let [x1_, y1_] = Field3.toBigints(x1, y1);
+    let denom = inverse(mod(2n * y1_, f), f);
+
+    let m = denom !== undefined ? mod(3n * mod(x1_ ** 2n, f) * denom, f) : 0n;
+    let m2 = mod(m * m, f);
+    let x3 = mod(m2 - 2n * x1_, f);
+    let y3 = mod(m * (x1_ - x3) - y1_, f);
+
+    return [...split(m), ...split(x3), ...split(y3)];
+  });
+  let [m0, m1, m2, x30, x31, x32, y30, y31, y32] = witnesses;
+  let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
+  let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
+  let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
+
+  multiRangeCheck(m);
+  multiRangeCheck(x3);
+  multiRangeCheck(y3);
+  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
+  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
+  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+
+  // x1^2 = x1x1
+  let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
+
+  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
+  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+  let y1Times2 = new Sum(y1).add(y1);
+  let x1x1Times3 = new Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  let qBound1 = assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+
+  // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
+  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
+  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+
+  // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
+  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+
+  // bounds checks
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
+  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+}
+
+let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
@@ -75,5 +126,17 @@ let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
-printGates(cs.gates);
-console.log({ digest: cs.digest, rows: cs.rows });
+let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+
+  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+printGates(csAdd.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
+
+printGates(csDouble.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });

From d41f30f2a9dfbd7cfb0a27c5f6a583d986cdfd6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 17:24:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0641/1786] tweak cs printing

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 55c0cabae0..048cddeec7 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -445,9 +445,7 @@ function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
     if (wire.row === row) {
       strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
     } else {
-      let rowDelta = wire.row - row;
-      let rowStr = rowDelta > 0 ? `+${rowDelta}` : `${rowDelta}`;
-      strWires.push(`${col}->(${rowStr},${wire.col})`);
+      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
     }
   }
   return strWires.join(', ');

From 4c3f6a5fa5ac733bf7eff1c35fae08afae131c58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 17:24:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0642/1786] initial aggregator for scaling

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 4539b8ed33..5f1c9989ee 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import {
+  FiniteField,
+  inverse,
+  mod,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { exists } from './common.js';
+import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import {
   Field3,
   ForeignField,
@@ -14,6 +18,9 @@ import {
 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
+import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
+import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
+import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
@@ -114,6 +121,34 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
+/**
+ * For EC scalar multiplication we use an initial point which is subtracted
+ * at the end, to avoid encountering the point at infinity.
+ *
+ * This is a simple hash-to-group algorithm which finds that initial point.
+ * It's important that this point has no known discrete logarithm so that nobody
+ * can create an invalid proof of EC scaling.
+ */
+function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
+  let h = sha256.create();
+  h.update('o1js:ecdsa');
+  let bytes = h.array();
+
+  // bytes represent a 256-bit number
+  // use that as x coordinate
+  let x = F.mod(bytesToBigInt(bytes));
+  let y: bigint | undefined = undefined;
+
+  // increment x until we find a y coordinate
+  while (y === undefined) {
+    // solve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+    let x3 = F.mul(F.square(x), x);
+    let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(a, x) + b);
+    y = F.sqrt(y2);
+  }
+  return { x: F.mod(x), y, infinity: false };
+}
+
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
@@ -140,3 +175,7 @@ console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 
 printGates(csDouble.gates);
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
+
+let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
+console.log({ point });
+assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));

From c99cee26509c7a992b72e1f76db5c08b3be66100 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:10:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0643/1786] another helper method on Field3

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index f460bea0a2..bc59eeff09 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()))) {
+  if (x.every(Field3.isConstant)) {
     let xBig = x.map(Field3.toBigint);
     let sum = sign.reduce((sum, s, i) => sum + s * xBig[i + 1], xBig[0]);
     return Field3.from(mod(sum, f));
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (a.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && b.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(a) && Field3.isConstant(b)) {
     let ab = Field3.toBigint(a) * Field3.toBigint(b);
     return Field3.from(mod(ab, f));
   }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
     let xInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(x), f);
     assert(xInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
     return Field3.from(xInv);
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ function divide(
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && y.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y)) {
     let yInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(y), f);
     assert(yInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
     return Field3.from(mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * yInv, f));
@@ -358,6 +358,13 @@ const Field3 = {
     return Tuple.map(xs, Field3.toBigint);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether a 3-tuple of Fields is constant
+   */
+  isConstant(x: Field3) {
+    return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 95017b30f9202963e89645e440437e080a501d77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:11:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0644/1786] add constant ecdsa implementation and helper types

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 5f1c9989ee..b14384480c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -20,10 +20,14 @@ import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { CurveAffine, Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
-type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
+type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint; infinity: boolean };
+
+type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
+type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 
 function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // TODO constant case
@@ -121,6 +125,59 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
 }
 
+function verifyEcdsa(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  signature: Signature,
+  msgHash: Field3,
+  publicKey: Point
+) {
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    Signature.isConstant(signature) &&
+    Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
+    Point.isConstant(publicKey)
+  ) {
+    let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
+      Curve,
+      Signature.toBigint(signature),
+      Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
+      Point.toBigint(publicKey)
+    );
+    assert(isValid, 'invalid signature');
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  // TODO
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bigint implementation of ECDSA verify
+ */
+function verifyEcdsaConstant(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+  msgHash: bigint,
+  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
+) {
+  let q = Curve.order;
+  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
+  if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
+  if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
+
+  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
+  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
+  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
+  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+
+  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
+  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+
+  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+}
+
 /**
  * For EC scalar multiplication we use an initial point which is subtracted
  * at the end, to avoid encountering the point at infinity.
@@ -149,6 +206,24 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
   return { x: F.mod(x), y, infinity: false };
 }
 
+const Point = {
+  toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
+    return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
+  },
+  isConstant({ x, y }: Point) {
+    return Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y);
+  },
+};
+
+const Signature = {
+  toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
+    return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
+  },
+  isConstant({ s, r }: Signature) {
+    return Field3.isConstant(s) && Field3.isConstant(r);
+  },
+};
+
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));

From dd2ebd391414edb71175bde1801d0a91e6809c38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:11:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0645/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c8f8c631f2..9b2f1abfeb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c8f8c631f28b84c3d3859378a2fe857091207755
+Subproject commit 9b2f1abfeb891e95ccb88e536275eb6733e67f30

From fc6f1f83db74646c47ce2780a89786663138a02e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:47:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0646/1786] helper

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index bc59eeff09..bb948c1757 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -365,6 +365,15 @@ const Field3 = {
     return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Assert that two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
+   */
+  assertEqual(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
+    x[0].assertEquals(y[0]);
+    x[1].assertEquals(y[1]);
+    x[2].assertEquals(y[2]);
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 00a11f7403aeefd75add0e83ea40a1fed9366efc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:53:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0647/1786] stub out provable ecdsa, skipping the hard part

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  |  8 ++++
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b14384480c..03d93d3972 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+
+  return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
 function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
@@ -123,13 +125,20 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
   multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+
+  return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
+  IA: point,
   signature: Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
-  publicKey: Point
+  publicKey: Point,
+  table?: {
+    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
+    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+  }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
@@ -148,7 +157,45 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   }
 
   // provable case
-  // TODO
+  // TODO should check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
+
+  let { r, s } = signature;
+  let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
+  let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
+  let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
+
+  let X = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
+
+  // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
+  Point.equal(X, Point.from(IA)).assertFalse();
+  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(IA)), Curve.order);
+
+  // TODO reduce X.x mod the scalar order
+  Field3.assertEqual(X.x, r);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scalar mul that we need for ECDSA:
+ *
+ * IA + s*P + t*G,
+ *
+ * where IA is the initial aggregator, P is any point and G is the generator.
+ *
+ * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
+ * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for t*G.
+ */
+function varPlusFixedScalarMul(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  IA: point,
+  s: Field3,
+  P: Point,
+  t: Field3,
+  table?: {
+    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
+    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+  }
+): Point {
+  throw Error('TODO');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -207,12 +254,22 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
 }
 
 const Point = {
+  from({ x, y }: point): Point {
+    return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
+  },
   toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
   isConstant({ x, y }: Point) {
     return Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y);
   },
+  assertEqual({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
+    Field3.assertEqual(x1, x2);
+    Field3.assertEqual(y1, y2);
+  },
+  equal({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
+    return Field3.equal(x1, x2).and(Field3.equal(y1, y2));
+  },
 };
 
 const Signature = {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index bb948c1757..265859dcb9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -374,6 +374,14 @@ const Field3 = {
     x[2].assertEquals(y[2]);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
+   */
+  equal(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
+    let eq01 = x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << L)).equals(y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L)));
+    return eq01.and(x[2].equals(y[2]));
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 1cde96368a89c3cb6e26704a88cc63828c6f2e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 11:20:47 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0648/1786] docs(README-dev.md): update build instructions and
 add details about build scripts

- Replace opam with Dune in the list of required tools to reflect changes in the build process
- Add a new section about build scripts, explaining the role of update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh
- Expand on the OCaml bindings section, detailing the use of Dune and Js_of_ocaml in the build process
- Add information about the WebAssembly bindings build process, including the output files
- Introduce a section about generated constant types, explaining how they are created and their role in ensuring protocol consistency
---
 README-dev.md | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 248aafa463..35f0bd2d88 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Before starting, ensure you have the following tools installed:
 
 - [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
 - [Node.js and npm](https://nodejs.org/)
-- [opam](https://opam.ocaml.org/)
+- [Dune](https://github.com/ocaml/dune)
 - [Cargo](https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started)
 
 After cloning the repository, you need to fetch the submodules:
@@ -49,14 +49,35 @@ npm run build:bindings
 
 This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings/compiled` directory.
 
+### Build Scripts
+
+The root build script which kicks off the build process is under `src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh`. This script is responsible for building the Node.js and web artifacts for o1js, and places them under `src/bindings/compiled`, to be used by o1js.
+
 ### OCaml Bindings
 
 o1js depends on Pickles, snarky, and parts of the Mina transaction logic, all of which are compiled to JavaScript and stored as artifacts to be used by o1js natively. The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
 
+To compile the OCaml code, a build tool called Dune is used. Dune is a build system for OCaml projects, and is used in addition with Js_of_ocaml to compile the OCaml code to JavaScript. The dune file that is responsible for compiling the OCaml code is located under `src/bindings/ocaml/dune`. There are two build targets: `snarky_js_node` and `snarky_js_web`, which compile the Mina dependencies as well as link the wasm artifacts to build the Node.js and web artifacts, respectively. The output file is `snark_js_node.bc.js`, which is used by o1js.
+
 ### WebAssembly Bindings
 
 o1js additionally depends on Kimchi, which is compiled to WebAssembly. Kimchi is located in the Mina repo, under `src/mina`. See the [Kimchi README](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
 
+To compile the wasm code, a combination of Cargo and Dune is used. Both build files are located under `src/mina/src/lib/crypto/kimchi`, where the `wasm` folder contains the Rust code which is compiled to wasm, and the `js` folder which contains a wrapper around the wasm code which allows Js_of_ocaml to compile against the wasm backend.
+
+For the wasm build, the output files are:
+
+- `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition files describing the types of .wasm or .js files.
+- `plonk_wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition file for plonk_wasm.js.
+- `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm`: The compiled WebAssembly binary.
+- `plonk_wasm.js`: JavaScript file that wraps the WASM code for use in Node.js.
+
+### Generated Constant Types
+
+In addition to building the OCaml and Rust code, the build script also generates TypeScript types for constants used in the Mina protocol. These types are generated from the OCaml source files, and are located under `src/bindings/crypto/constants.ts` and `src/bindings/mina-transaction/gen`. When building the bindings, these constants are auto-generated by Dune. If you wish to add a new constant, you can edit the `src/bindings/ocaml/snarky_js_constants` file, and then run `npm run build:bindings` to regenerate the TypeScript files.
+
+These types are used by o1js to ensure that the constants used in the protocol are consistent with the OCaml source files.
+
 ## Development
 
 ### Branch Compatibility

From ce389efcbfa58a7a9dfae1bcb6eb6577463388c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:02:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0649/1786] revert explosion of helper methods in favor of
 general interface

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 31 +++++++++++--------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 17 -----------------
 src/lib/provable.ts               | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 03d93d3972..707fd2f423 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { CurveAffine, Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint; infinity: boolean };
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  IA: point,
+  ia: point,
   signature: Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
@@ -142,9 +143,9 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
-    Signature.isConstant(signature) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(Signature, signature) &&
     Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
-    Point.isConstant(publicKey)
+    Provable.isConstant(Point, publicKey)
   ) {
     let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
       Curve,
@@ -164,14 +165,15 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
+  let IA = Point.from(ia);
   let X = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
 
   // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
-  Point.equal(X, Point.from(IA)).assertFalse();
-  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(IA)), Curve.order);
+  Provable.equal(Point, X, IA).assertFalse();
+  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(ia)), Curve.order);
 
   // TODO reduce X.x mod the scalar order
-  Field3.assertEqual(X.x, r);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, X.x, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  */
 function varPlusFixedScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  IA: point,
+  IA: Point,
   s: Field3,
   P: Point,
   t: Field3,
@@ -254,31 +256,20 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
 }
 
 const Point = {
+  ...provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
   },
   toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
-  isConstant({ x, y }: Point) {
-    return Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y);
-  },
-  assertEqual({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
-    Field3.assertEqual(x1, x2);
-    Field3.assertEqual(y1, y2);
-  },
-  equal({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point) {
-    return Field3.equal(x1, x2).and(Field3.equal(y1, y2));
-  },
 };
 
 const Signature = {
+  ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
   toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
-  isConstant({ s, r }: Signature) {
-    return Field3.isConstant(s) && Field3.isConstant(r);
-  },
 };
 
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 265859dcb9..bc59eeff09 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -365,23 +365,6 @@ const Field3 = {
     return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
   },
 
-  /**
-   * Assert that two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
-   */
-  assertEqual(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
-    x[0].assertEquals(y[0]);
-    x[1].assertEquals(y[1]);
-    x[2].assertEquals(y[2]);
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * Check whether two 3-tuples of Fields are equal
-   */
-  equal(x: Field3, y: Field3) {
-    let eq01 = x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << L)).equals(y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L)));
-    return eq01.and(x[2].equals(y[2]));
-  },
-
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 0b1a5e00aa..bd90d66455 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  * - a namespace with tools for writing provable code
  * - the main interface for types that can be used in provable code
  */
+import { FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -119,6 +120,16 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   Array: provableArray,
+  /**
+   * Check whether a value is constant.
+   * See {@link FieldVar} for more information about constants and variables.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = Field(42);
+   * Provable.isConstant(x); // true
+   */
+  isConstant,
   /**
    * Interface to log elements within a circuit. Similar to `console.log()`.
    * @example
@@ -392,6 +403,10 @@ function switch_<T, A extends FlexibleProvable<T>>(
   return (type as Provable<T>).fromFields(fields, aux);
 }
 
+function isConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, x: T): boolean {
+  return type.toFields(x).every((x) => x.isConstant());
+}
+
 // logging in provable code
 
 function log(...args: any) {

From e4589070d6c4bcca951d69124b5f0f0f0aa29ff1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:14:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0650/1786] add constant cases and a bit more ecdsa logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 52 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 707fd2f423..4f01e3c243 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import {
   ForeignField,
   Sum,
   assertRank1,
-  bigint3,
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
@@ -20,18 +19,36 @@ import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
-import { CurveAffine, Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import {
+  CurveAffine,
+  Pallas,
+  affineAdd,
+  affineDouble,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
+/**
+ * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
+ */
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
-type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint; infinity: boolean };
+type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 
+/**
+ * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
+ */
 type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
 type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 
-function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  // TODO constant case
+function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
+  let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
+  let { x: x2, y: y2 } = p2;
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1) && Provable.isConstant(Point, p2)) {
+    let p3 = affineAdd(Point.toBigint(p1), Point.toBigint(p2), f);
+    return Point.from(p3);
+  }
 
   // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
   let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
@@ -78,8 +95,14 @@ function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function double({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  // TODO constant case
+function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
+  let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1)) {
+    let p3 = affineDouble(Point.toBigint(p1), f);
+    return Point.from(p3);
+  }
 
   // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
   let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
@@ -158,7 +181,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   }
 
   // provable case
-  // TODO should check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
+  // TODO should we check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
 
   let { r, s } = signature;
   let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
@@ -166,14 +189,15 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
   let IA = Point.from(ia);
-  let X = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
+  let R = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
 
   // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
-  Provable.equal(Point, X, IA).assertFalse();
-  X = add(X, Point.from(Curve.negate(ia)), Curve.order);
+  Provable.equal(Point, R, IA).assertFalse();
+  R = add(R, Point.from(Curve.negate(Curve.fromNonzero(ia))), Curve.order);
 
-  // TODO reduce X.x mod the scalar order
-  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, X.x, r);
+  // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
+  let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -260,7 +284,7 @@ const Point = {
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
   },
-  toBigint({ x, y }: Point): point {
+  toBigint({ x, y }: Point) {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
 };

From 8db8d06546e7184548bb0e8a5bd95936771a7837 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 21:14:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0651/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9b2f1abfeb..0c9a907ca5 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9b2f1abfeb891e95ccb88e536275eb6733e67f30
+Subproject commit 0c9a907ca5dad975b6677e3f7d5d3f86bb9e6fdc

From ab9584fe7e11fb17e4c6284110c97ac991497bef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 13:18:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0652/1786] implement ecdsa

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 221 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 198 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 4f01e3c243..3f24a8a346 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -15,10 +15,13 @@ import {
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { L, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
-import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
+import {
+  bigIntToBits,
+  bytesToBigInt,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import {
   CurveAffine,
   Pallas,
@@ -27,6 +30,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 
 /**
  * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
@@ -159,9 +163,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   signature: Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
-  table?: {
-    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
-    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+  tables?: {
+    windowSizeG?: number;
+    multiplesG?: Point[];
+    windowSizeP?: number;
+    multiplesP?: Point[];
   }
 ) {
   // constant case
@@ -182,18 +188,14 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // provable case
   // TODO should we check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
-
   let { r, s } = signature;
   let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
-  let IA = Point.from(ia);
-  let R = varPlusFixedScalarMul(Curve, IA, u1, publicKey, u2, table);
-
-  // assert that X != IA, and add -IA
-  Provable.equal(Point, R, IA).assertFalse();
-  R = add(R, Point.from(Curve.negate(Curve.fromNonzero(ia))), Curve.order);
+  let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
+  let R = doubleScalarMul(Curve, ia, u1, G, u2, publicKey, tables);
+  // this ^ already proves that R != 0
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
@@ -203,25 +205,75 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 /**
  * Scalar mul that we need for ECDSA:
  *
- * IA + s*P + t*G,
+ * s*G + t*P,
  *
- * where IA is the initial aggregator, P is any point and G is the generator.
+ * where G, P are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
  *
  * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
  * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for t*G.
+ *
+ * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
+ * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
+ * TODO: glv trick which cuts down ec doubles by half by splitting s*P = s0*P + s1*endo(P) with s0, s1 in [0, 2^128)
  */
-function varPlusFixedScalarMul(
+function doubleScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  IA: Point,
+  ia: point,
   s: Field3,
-  P: Point,
+  G: Point,
   t: Field3,
-  table?: {
-    windowSize: number; // what we called c before
-    multiples?: point[]; // 0, G, 2*G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
-  }
+  P: Point,
+  {
+    // what we called c before
+    windowSizeG = 1,
+    // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+    multiplesG = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
+    windowSizeP = 1,
+    multiplesP = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
+  } = {}
 ): Point {
-  throw Error('TODO');
+  // parse or build point tables
+  let Gs = getPointTable(Curve, G, windowSizeG, multiplesG);
+  let Ps = getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizeP, multiplesP);
+
+  // slice scalars
+  let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
+  let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
+  let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
+
+  let sum = Point.from(ia);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < b; i++) {
+    if (i % windowSizeG === 0) {
+      // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
+      let sj = ss[i / windowSizeG];
+      let Gj = windowSizeG === 1 ? G : arrayGet(Point, Gs, sj, { offset: 1 });
+
+      // ec addition
+      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.p);
+
+      // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
+      sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+    }
+
+    if (i % windowSizeP === 0) {
+      let tj = ts[i / windowSizeP];
+      let Pj = windowSizeP === 1 ? P : arrayGet(Point, Ps, tj, { offset: 1 });
+      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.p);
+      sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+    }
+
+    // jointly double both points
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.p);
+  }
+
+  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^b*IA
+  // we assert that sum != 2^b*IA, and add -2^b*IA to get our result
+  let iaTimes2ToB = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b));
+  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaTimes2ToB)).assertFalse();
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.p);
+
+  return sum;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -251,6 +303,30 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;
 }
 
+function getPointTable(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  P: Point,
+  windowSize: number,
+  table?: Point[]
+): Point[] {
+  assertPositiveInteger(windowSize, 'invalid window size');
+  let n = (1 << windowSize) - 1; // n >= 1
+
+  assert(table === undefined || table.length === n, 'invalid table');
+  if (table !== undefined) return table;
+
+  table = [P];
+  if (n === 1) return table;
+
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve.p);
+  table.push(Pi);
+  for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
+    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.p);
+    table.push(Pi);
+  }
+  return table;
+}
+
 /**
  * For EC scalar multiplication we use an initial point which is subtracted
  * at the end, to avoid encountering the point at infinity.
@@ -271,12 +347,101 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
 
   // increment x until we find a y coordinate
   while (y === undefined) {
+    x = F.add(x, 1n);
     // solve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
     let x3 = F.mul(F.square(x), x);
     let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(a, x) + b);
     y = F.sqrt(y2);
   }
-  return { x: F.mod(x), y, infinity: false };
+  return { x, y, infinity: false };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ *
+ * Note: This serves as a range check for the input limbs
+ */
+function slice(
+  [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
+  { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
+) {
+  let l = Number(L);
+
+  // first limb
+  let chunks0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0;
+  maxBits -= l;
+
+  // second limb
+  let chunks1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0.concat(chunks1);
+  maxBits -= l;
+
+  // third limb
+  let chunks2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize);
+  return chunks0.concat(chunks1).concat(chunks2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ *
+ * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^k) where `k = ceil(maxBits / windowSize) * windowSize`
+ */
+function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
+  let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
+    let bits = bigIntToBits(x.toBigInt());
+    // normalize length
+    if (bits.length > maxBits) bits = bits.slice(0, maxBits);
+    if (bits.length < maxBits)
+      bits = bits.concat(Array(maxBits - bits.length).fill(false));
+    return bits.map(BigInt);
+  });
+
+  let chunks = [];
+  let sum = Field.from(0n);
+  for (let i = 0; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
+    // prove that chunk has `windowSize` bits
+    // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
+    let chunk = Field.from(0n);
+    for (let j = 0; j < chunkSize; j++) {
+      let bit = bits[i + j];
+      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
+      chunk = chunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(j)));
+    }
+    chunk = chunk.seal();
+    // prove that chunks add up to x
+    sum = sum.add(chunk.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+  sum.assertEquals(x);
+
+  return chunks;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get value from array in O(n) constraints.
+ *
+ * If the index is out of bounds, returns all-zeros version of T
+ */
+function arrayGet<T>(
+  type: Provable<T>,
+  array: T[],
+  index: Field,
+  { offset = 0 } = {}
+) {
+  let n = array.length;
+  let oneHot = Array(n);
+  // TODO can we share computation between all those equals()?
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    oneHot[i] = index.equals(i + offset);
+  }
+  return Provable.switch(oneHot, type, array);
 }
 
 const Point = {
@@ -296,6 +461,16 @@ const Signature = {
   },
 };
 
+function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
+  if (b > a) [a, b] = [b, a];
+  while (true) {
+    if (b === 0) return a;
+    [a, b] = [b, a % b];
+  }
+}
+
+console.log(gcd(2, 4));
+
 let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
   let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));

From c39e0f8b442883831e9769af85daeb5bd6ad978e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:05:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0653/1786] signature from hex

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 3f24a8a346..5179dcf1a8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
       let Gj = windowSizeG === 1 ? G : arrayGet(Point, Gs, sj, { offset: 1 });
 
       // ec addition
-      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.p);
+      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.modulus);
 
       // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
       sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
@@ -259,19 +259,19 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
     if (i % windowSizeP === 0) {
       let tj = ts[i / windowSizeP];
       let Pj = windowSizeP === 1 ? P : arrayGet(Point, Ps, tj, { offset: 1 });
-      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.p);
+      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.modulus);
       sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
     }
 
     // jointly double both points
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.p);
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 
   // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^b*IA
   // we assert that sum != 2^b*IA, and add -2^b*IA to get our result
   let iaTimes2ToB = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b));
   Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaTimes2ToB)).assertFalse();
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.p);
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;
 }
@@ -318,10 +318,10 @@ function getPointTable(
   table = [P];
   if (n === 1) return table;
 
-  let Pi = double(P, Curve.p);
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
   table.push(Pi);
   for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
-    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.p);
+    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);
     table.push(Pi);
   }
   return table;
@@ -456,9 +456,28 @@ const Point = {
 
 const Signature = {
   ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
+  from({ r, s }: signature): Signature {
+    return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
+  },
   toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
+  /**
+   * Create a {@link Signature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+   * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
+   */
+  fromHex(rawSignature: string): Signature {
+    let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
+    let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
+    if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
+      throw Error(
+        `Signature.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
+      );
+    }
+    let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
+    let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
+    return Signature.from({ r, s });
+  },
 };
 
 function gcd(a: number, b: number) {

From b924cad9d7525bced296161d6d9f5f6447bac931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:22:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0654/1786] add ecdsa test script

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 54 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 35 +++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80c657bcdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
+const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
+
+let publicKey = Point.from({
+  x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
+  y: 44999051047832679156664607491606359183507784636787036192076848057884504239143n,
+});
+
+let signature = Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(
+  '0x82de9950cc5aac0dca7210cb4b77320ac9e844717d39b1781e9d941d920a12061da497b3c134f50b2fce514d66e20c5e43f9615f097395a5527041d14860a52f1b'
+);
+
+let msgHash =
+  Field3.from(
+    0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
+  );
+
+const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
+
+function main() {
+  let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
+  Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, ia, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, {
+    windowSizeG: 3,
+    windowSizeP: 3,
+  });
+}
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
+for (let gate of cs.gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+
+console.log(gateTypes);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 5179dcf1a8..a2911386e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,14 @@ import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 
+export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
+
+const EllipticCurve = {
+  add,
+  double,
+  initialAggregator,
+};
+
 /**
  * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
  */
@@ -41,8 +49,8 @@ type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 /**
  * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
  */
-type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
-type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+type EcdsaSignature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
+type ecdsaSignature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 
 function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
@@ -160,7 +168,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   ia: point,
-  signature: Signature,
+  signature: EcdsaSignature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
   tables?: {
@@ -172,13 +180,13 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
-    Provable.isConstant(Signature, signature) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature, signature) &&
     Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
     Provable.isConstant(Point, publicKey)
   ) {
     let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
       Curve,
-      Signature.toBigint(signature),
+      EcdsaSignature.toBigint(signature),
       Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
       Point.toBigint(publicKey)
     );
@@ -454,19 +462,19 @@ const Point = {
   },
 };
 
-const Signature = {
+const EcdsaSignature = {
   ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
-  from({ r, s }: signature): Signature {
+  from({ r, s }: ecdsaSignature): EcdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
   },
-  toBigint({ r, s }: Signature): signature {
+  toBigint({ r, s }: EcdsaSignature): ecdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
   /**
-   * Create a {@link Signature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
    */
-  fromHex(rawSignature: string): Signature {
+  fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
     let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
     let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
     if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
@@ -476,10 +484,15 @@ const Signature = {
     }
     let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
     let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
-    return Signature.from({ r, s });
+    return EcdsaSignature.from({ r, s });
   },
 };
 
+const Ecdsa = {
+  verify: verifyEcdsa,
+  Signature: EcdsaSignature,
+};
+
 function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
   if (b > a) [a, b] = [b, a];
   while (true) {

From 9a2629f576e2b69ee2ee18d78c65484eecad1f15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:22:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0655/1786] move  initial ec testing code

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 33 -----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index a2911386e1..001137f974 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -500,36 +500,3 @@ function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
     [a, b] = [b, a % b];
   }
 }
-
-console.log(gcd(2, 4));
-
-let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
-
-  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-
-  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-printGates(csAdd.gates);
-console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
-
-printGates(csDouble.gates);
-console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
-
-let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
-console.log({ point });
-assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c595011a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { exampleFields } from 'src/bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+
+let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
+
+let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
+
+  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
+
+  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
+
+  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+});
+
+printGates(csAdd.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
+
+printGates(csDouble.gates);
+console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
+
+let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
+console.log({ point });
+assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));

From a1370e8c7cd5175e2d652b6072bd84bc6d1f4dd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:31:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0656/1786] fix bit slicing logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 001137f974..7f5da5ad17 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ function slice(
  * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
  * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
  *
- * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^k) where `k = ceil(maxBits / windowSize) * windowSize`
+ * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  */
 function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
   let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
@@ -413,11 +413,13 @@ function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
 
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
+
   for (let i = 0; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
-    // prove that chunk has `windowSize` bits
+    // prove that chunk has `chunkSize` bits
     // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
     let chunk = Field.from(0n);
-    for (let j = 0; j < chunkSize; j++) {
+    let size = Math.min(maxBits - i, chunkSize); // last chunk might be smaller
+    for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
       let bit = bits[i + j];
       Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
       chunk = chunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(j)));

From 92318feea8d1b2234cbebe135aa6d23e365da912 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 14:39:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0657/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 0c9a907ca5..8f0e0d0f87 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 0c9a907ca5dad975b6677e3f7d5d3f86bb9e6fdc
+Subproject commit 8f0e0d0f874dc3952bb01791c4b31394d7e5298f

From 92a627ed49827256d88bba1dd024589f7bafca76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 17:47:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0658/1786] several fixes to the scaling algorithm, debugging

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 40 ++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 80c657bcdf..6707b84c80 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
 const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
@@ -23,14 +24,48 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
+// TODO doesn't work with windowSize = 3
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 2, windowSizeP: 2 };
 
-function main() {
-  let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
-  Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, ia, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, {
-    windowSizeG: 3,
-    windowSizeP: 3,
-  });
-}
+let program = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa',
+  methods: {
+    scale: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method() {
+        let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
+        let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
+        let R = EllipticCurve.doubleScalarMul(
+          Secp256k1,
+          ia,
+          signature.s,
+          G,
+          signature.r,
+          P,
+          tableConfig
+        );
+        Provable.asProver(() => {
+          console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
+        });
+      },
+    },
+    ecdsa: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method() {
+        let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
+        Ecdsa.verify(
+          Secp256k1,
+          ia,
+          signature0,
+          msgHash,
+          publicKey,
+          tableConfig
+        );
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+let main = program.rawMethods.ecdsa;
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
 main();
@@ -52,3 +87,11 @@ for (let gate of cs.gates) {
 }
 
 console.log(gateTypes);
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+await program.compile();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+let proof = await program.ecdsa();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 7f5da5ad17..1294ef9bb2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import {
   inverse,
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ import {
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { L, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
-import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
@@ -24,7 +22,6 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import {
   CurveAffine,
-  Pallas,
   affineAdd,
   affineDouble,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
@@ -37,6 +34,7 @@ export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
+  doubleScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
 
@@ -207,6 +205,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    let [u1_, u2_, Rx_, r_] = Field3.toBigints(u1, u2, Rx, r);
+    let R_ = Point.toBigint(R);
+    console.log({ u1_, u2_, R_, Rx_, r_ });
+  });
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
@@ -240,6 +243,21 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
     multiplesP = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
   } = {}
 ): Point {
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    Field3.isConstant(s) &&
+    Field3.isConstant(t) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(Point, G) &&
+    Provable.isConstant(Point, P)
+  ) {
+    let s_ = Field3.toBigint(s);
+    let t_ = Field3.toBigint(t);
+    let G_ = Point.toBigint(G);
+    let P_ = Point.toBigint(P);
+    let R = Curve.add(Curve.scale(G_, s_), Curve.scale(P_, t_));
+    return Point.from(R);
+  }
+
   // parse or build point tables
   let Gs = getPointTable(Curve, G, windowSizeG, multiplesG);
   let Ps = getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizeP, multiplesP);
@@ -249,9 +267,11 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
   let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
   let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
 
+  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, windowSizeP, ss: ss.length, ts: ts.length });
+
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < b; i++) {
+  for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
     if (i % windowSizeG === 0) {
       // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
       let sj = ss[i / windowSizeG];
@@ -270,16 +290,17 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
       let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.modulus);
       sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
     }
+    if (i === 0) break;
 
     // jointly double both points
     sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 
-  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^b*IA
-  // we assert that sum != 2^b*IA, and add -2^b*IA to get our result
-  let iaTimes2ToB = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b));
-  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaTimes2ToB)).assertFalse();
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaTimes2ToB)), Curve.modulus);
+  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^(b-1)*IA
+  // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
+  let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
+  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;
 }
@@ -306,6 +327,7 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
 
   let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
+  console.log({ u1, u2, R: X, Rx: mod(X.x, q), r });
   if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
 
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;

From cc4f9b12a96a2c067ec56b21f314395d008e6931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 21:46:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0659/1786] fix uneven window sizes by glueing together
 overlapping chunk between limbs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  5 +++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 46 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 6707b84c80..5eeab04be2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.j
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
 
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
 const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ let msgHash =
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
 // TODO doesn't work with windowSize = 3
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 2, windowSizeP: 2 };
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -95,3 +96,5 @@ console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
 let proof = await program.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+
+assert(await program.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 1294ef9bb2..c8f205dc99 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  * where G, P are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
  *
  * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
- * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for t*G.
+ * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for both s*G and t*P.
  *
  * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
  * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
   let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
   let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
 
-  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, windowSizeP, ss: ss.length, ts: ts.length });
+  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, ss: ss.length });
 
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
@@ -399,20 +399,21 @@ function slice(
   { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
 ) {
   let l = Number(L);
+  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l, `expected max bits <= 3*${l}, got ${maxBits}`);
 
   // first limb
-  let chunks0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0;
+  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks;
   maxBits -= l;
 
   // second limb
-  let chunks1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return chunks0.concat(chunks1);
+  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
+  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
   maxBits -= l;
 
   // third limb
-  let chunks2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize);
-  return chunks0.concat(chunks1).concat(chunks2);
+  let result2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize, result1);
+  return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks, result2.chunks);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -423,7 +424,12 @@ function slice(
  *
  * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  */
-function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
+function sliceField(
+  x: Field,
+  maxBits: number,
+  chunkSize: number,
+  leftover?: { chunks: Field[]; leftoverSize: number }
+) {
   let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
     let bits = bigIntToBits(x.toBigInt());
     // normalize length
@@ -436,7 +442,24 @@ function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
+  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous slizeField() call, we complete it
+  if (leftover !== undefined) {
+    let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
+    let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);
+    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      let bit = bits[i];
+      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
+      remainingChunk = remainingChunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
+    }
+    sum = remainingChunk = remainingChunk.seal();
+    let chunk = previous[previous.length - 1];
+    previous[previous.length - 1] = chunk.add(
+      remainingChunk.mul(1n << BigInt(chunkSize - size))
+    );
+  }
+
+  let i = leftover?.leftoverSize ?? 0;
+  for (; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
     // prove that chunk has `chunkSize` bits
     // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
     let chunk = Field.from(0n);
@@ -453,7 +476,8 @@ function sliceField(x: Field, maxBits: number, chunkSize: number) {
   }
   sum.assertEquals(x);
 
-  return chunks;
+  let leftoverSize = i - maxBits;
+  return { chunks, leftoverSize } as const;
 }
 
 /**

From 90d341fca76224e9fc12b38412ba57152216f648 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 21:53:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0660/1786] remove debug logs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 3 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 8 --------
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 5eeab04be2..ea25a1e5ee 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
-// TODO doesn't work with windowSize = 3
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 5, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c8f205dc99..97addcc3ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -205,11 +205,6 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    let [u1_, u2_, Rx_, r_] = Field3.toBigints(u1, u2, Rx, r);
-    let R_ = Point.toBigint(R);
-    console.log({ u1_, u2_, R_, Rx_, r_ });
-  });
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
@@ -267,8 +262,6 @@ function doubleScalarMul(
   let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
   let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
 
-  console.log({ b, windowSizeG, ss: ss.length });
-
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -327,7 +320,6 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
 
   let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
-  console.log({ u1, u2, R: X, Rx: mod(X.x, q), r });
   if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
 
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;

From e7b8d235fbb9296e82261712fb2871ba285f2610 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 16 Nov 2023 21:56:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0661/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ea25a1e5ee..429d4c1248 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 5, windowSizeP: 3 };
+const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',

From f7c5176eb0230a09ed188b750bacdd343ae30f6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 09:06:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0662/1786] fix

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index c595011a2e..b851590e14 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { exampleFields } from 'src/bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
+import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';

From 0ccea11d1bbc83f138a661d828b07572befa5b33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 10:25:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0663/1786] fix: don't range-check 2-bit carry

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 40 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index c8415be2dc..8d5d2edbe1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -117,16 +117,16 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   }
 
   // provable case
-  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(a, b, f);
+  let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(a, b, f);
 
   // limb range checks on quotient and remainder
   multiRangeCheck(q);
   let r = compactMultiRangeCheck(r01, r2);
 
-  // range check on q and r bounds
-  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack, or get rid of bounds checks
+  // range check on r bound
+  // TODO: this uses two RCs too many.. need global RC stack, or get rid of bounds checks
   let r2Bound = weakBound(r2, f);
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, r2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([r2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return r;
 }
@@ -150,11 +150,11 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
 
   let one: Field2 = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
-  let q2Bound = assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
+  assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
 
-  // range check on q and result bounds
-  // TODO: this uses one RC too many.. need global RC stack
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, xInv2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  // range check on result bound
+  // TODO: this uses two RCs too many.. need global RC stack
+  multiRangeCheck([xInv2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return xInv;
 }
@@ -183,10 +183,10 @@ function divide(
   });
   multiRangeCheck(z);
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
-  let q2Bound = assertMul(z, y, x, f);
+  assertMul(z, y, x, f);
 
-  // range check on q and result bounds
-  multiRangeCheck([q2Bound, z2Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  // range check on result bound
+  multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
     // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ function divide(
 }
 
 /**
- * Common logic for gadgets that expect a certain multiplication result instead of just using the remainder.
+ * Common logic for gadgets that expect a certain multiplication result a priori, instead of just using the remainder.
  */
 function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
-  let { r01, r2, q, q2Bound } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
+  let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
   // range check on quotient
   multiRangeCheck(q);
@@ -221,9 +221,11 @@ function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
     r01.assertEquals(xy01);
     r2.assertEquals(xy[2]);
   }
-  return q2Bound;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Core building block for all gadgets using foreign field multiplication.
+ */
 function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
   let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
@@ -315,10 +317,14 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
     negForeignFieldModulus: [f_0, f_1, f_2],
   });
 
-  // multi-range check on intermediate values
-  multiRangeCheck([c0, p10, p110]);
+  // multi-range check on internal values
+  multiRangeCheck([p10, p110, q2Bound]);
 
-  return { r01, r2, q, q2Bound };
+  // note: this function is supposed to be the most flexible interface to the ffmul gate.
+  // that's why we don't add range checks on q and r here, because there are valid use cases
+  // for not range-checking either of them -- for example, they could be wired to other
+  // variables that are already range-checked, or to constants / public inputs.
+  return { r01, r2, q };
 }
 
 function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {

From 571866b35488fd0fc85077bd7f986556e7761a11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 10:29:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0664/1786] consistent lower-casing of limb size constant

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts         | 32 ++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts           | 22 ++++++++--------
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 12 ++++-----
 3 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 8d5d2edbe1..177b16c5cd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
-  L,
+  l,
   lMask,
   multiRangeCheck,
-  L2,
+  l2,
   l2Mask,
-  L3,
+  l3,
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
     // do the add with carry
     // note: this "just works" with negative r01
     let r01 = collapse2(x_) + sign * collapse2(y_) - overflow * collapse2(f_);
-    let carry = r01 >> L2;
+    let carry = r01 >> l2;
     r01 &= l2Mask;
     let [r0, r1] = split2(r01);
     let r2 = x_[2] + sign * y_[2] - overflow * f_[2] + carry;
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ function divide(
     // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
     // this works because we assume y[2] <= f2
     // TODO is this the most efficient way?
-    let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << L));
+    let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << l));
     y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
     let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
     let f01 = collapse2([f0, f1]);
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
     r01.assertEquals(xy01);
     r2.assertEquals(xy2);
   } else {
-    let xy01 = xy[0].add(xy[1].mul(1n << L));
+    let xy01 = xy[0].add(xy[1].mul(1n << l));
     r01.assertEquals(xy01);
     r2.assertEquals(xy[2]);
   }
@@ -228,10 +228,10 @@ function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
  */
 function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
   // notation follows https://github.com/o1-labs/rfcs/blob/main/0006-ffmul-revised.md
-  let f_ = (1n << L3) - f;
+  let f_ = (1n << l3) - f;
   let [f_0, f_1, f_2] = split(f_);
-  let f2 = f >> L2;
-  let f2Bound = (1n << L) - f2 - 1n;
+  let f2 = f >> l2;
+  let f2Bound = (1n << l) - f2 - 1n;
 
   let witnesses = exists(21, () => {
     // split inputs into 3 limbs
@@ -256,10 +256,10 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
     let p11 = collapse2([p110, p111]);
 
     // carry bottom limbs
-    let c0 = (p0 + (p10 << L) - r01) >> L2;
+    let c0 = (p0 + (p10 << l) - r01) >> l2;
 
     // carry top limb
-    let c1 = (p2 - r2 + p11 + c0) >> L;
+    let c1 = (p2 - r2 + p11 + c0) >> l;
 
     // split high carry
     let c1_00 = bitSlice(c1, 0, 12);
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
 }
 
 function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
-  return x.add(lMask - (f >> L2));
+  return x.add(lMask - (f >> l2));
 }
 
 const Field3 = {
@@ -367,15 +367,15 @@ function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
 }
 
 function collapse([x0, x1, x2]: bigint3) {
-  return x0 + (x1 << L) + (x2 << L2);
+  return x0 + (x1 << l) + (x2 << l2);
 }
 function split(x: bigint): bigint3 {
-  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask, (x >> L2) & lMask];
+  return [x & lMask, (x >> l) & lMask, (x >> l2) & lMask];
 }
 
 function collapse2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
-  return x0 + (x1 << L);
+  return x0 + (x1 << l);
 }
 function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
-  return [x & lMask, (x >> L) & lMask];
+  return [x & lMask, (x >> l) & lMask];
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 7abfe07394..1e44afdaf9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 
 export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
-export { L, L2, L3, lMask, l2Mask };
+export { l, l2, l3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
@@ -51,19 +51,19 @@ function rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
 }
 
 // default bigint limb size
-const L = 88n;
-const L2 = 2n * L;
-const L3 = 3n * L;
-const lMask = (1n << L) - 1n;
-const l2Mask = (1n << L2) - 1n;
+const l = 88n;
+const l2 = 2n * l;
+const l3 = 3n * l;
+const lMask = (1n << l) - 1n;
+const l2Mask = (1n << l2) - 1n;
 
 /**
  * Asserts that x, y, z \in [0, 2^88)
  */
 function multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]: [Field, Field, Field]) {
   if (x.isConstant() && y.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
-    if (x.toBigInt() >> L || y.toBigInt() >> L || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
-      throw Error(`Expected fields to fit in ${L} bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`);
+    if (x.toBigInt() >> l || y.toBigInt() >> l || z.toBigInt() >> l) {
+      throw Error(`Expected fields to fit in ${l} bits, got ${x}, ${y}, ${z}`);
     }
     return;
   }
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ function multiRangeCheck([x, y, z]: [Field, Field, Field]) {
 function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
   // constant case
   if (xy.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
-    if (xy.toBigInt() >> L2 || z.toBigInt() >> L) {
+    if (xy.toBigInt() >> l2 || z.toBigInt() >> l) {
       throw Error(
-        `Expected fields to fit in ${L2} and ${L} bits respectively, got ${xy}, ${z}`
+        `Expected fields to fit in ${l2} and ${l} bits respectively, got ${xy}, ${z}`
       );
     }
     let [x, y] = splitCompactLimb(xy.toBigInt());
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ function compactMultiRangeCheck(xy: Field, z: Field): [Field, Field, Field] {
 }
 
 function splitCompactLimb(x01: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
-  return [x01 & lMask, x01 >> L];
+  return [x01 & lMask, x01 >> l];
 }
 
 function rangeCheck0Helper(x: Field, isCompact = false): [Field, Field] {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index b5d5110807..47aafbf592 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { L } from './range-check.js';
+import { l } from './range-check.js';
 import {
   constraintSystem,
   contains,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [Field, Field],
       method(xy, z) {
         let [x, y] = Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck(xy, z);
-        x.add(y.mul(1n << L)).assertEquals(xy);
+        x.add(y.mul(1n << l)).assertEquals(xy);
       },
     },
   },
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
 );
 
 await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeUint(L), uint(L), uint(L)], to: boolean },
+  { from: [maybeUint(l), uint(l), uint(l)], to: boolean },
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (x, y, z) => {
-    assert(!(x >> L) && !(y >> L) && !(z >> L), 'multi: not out of range');
+    assert(!(x >> l) && !(y >> l) && !(z >> l), 'multi: not out of range');
     return true;
   },
   async (x, y, z) => {
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 );
 
 await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeUint(2n * L), uint(L)], to: boolean },
+  { from: [maybeUint(2n * l), uint(l)], to: boolean },
   { runs: 3 }
 )(
   (xy, z) => {
-    assert(!(xy >> (2n * L)) && !(z >> L), 'compact: not out of range');
+    assert(!(xy >> (2n * l)) && !(z >> l), 'compact: not out of range');
     return true;
   },
   async (xy, z) => {

From 968a5aec86b70426f960f787a332097f11a8999c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 10:47:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0665/1786] adapt to ffmul changes

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 35 +++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  |  4 +---
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 97addcc3ae..89494d47e2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { L, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
@@ -87,20 +87,19 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
   let deltaY = new Sum(y1).sub(y2);
-  let qBound1 = assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
+  assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
   let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
-  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
   let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
   let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
-  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -145,20 +144,20 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
   let y1Times2 = new Sum(y1).add(y1);
   let x1x1Times3 = new Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  let qBound1 = assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
   let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
-  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
   let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
   let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
-  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
+  // TODO: there is a secret free spot for two bounds in ForeignField.mul; use it
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -390,18 +389,18 @@ function slice(
   [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
   { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
 ) {
-  let l = Number(L);
-  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l, `expected max bits <= 3*${l}, got ${maxBits}`);
+  let l_ = Number(l);
+  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l_, `expected max bits <= 3*${l_}, got ${maxBits}`);
 
   // first limb
-  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize);
   if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks;
-  maxBits -= l;
+  maxBits -= l_;
 
   // second limb
-  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
-  maxBits -= l;
+  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
+  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
+  maxBits -= l_;
 
   // third limb
   let result2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize, result1);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 9f6f096e98..c8892a725f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -435,13 +435,11 @@ function assertRank1(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
-  let q2Bound = assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 
   // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
   x.rangeCheck();
   y.rangeCheck();
-
-  return q2Bound;
 }
 
 class Sum {

From 91fef7697d668854551f9ade4731ddb2a3c8e246 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 10:57:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0666/1786] remove remainder bounds check in mul() gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 6 ------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 9 ++++++++-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 177b16c5cd..ca99fcc2be 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -122,12 +122,6 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   // limb range checks on quotient and remainder
   multiRangeCheck(q);
   let r = compactMultiRangeCheck(r01, r2);
-
-  // range check on r bound
-  // TODO: this uses two RCs too many.. need global RC stack, or get rid of bounds checks
-  let r2Bound = weakBound(r2, f);
-  multiRangeCheck([r2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
-
   return r;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 50ac237eac..dc45693690 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -413,12 +413,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *
      * The modulus `f` does not need to be prime, but has to be smaller than 2^259.
      *
-     * **Assumptions**: In addition to the assumption that inputs are in the range [0, 2^88), as in all foreign field gadgets,
+     * **Assumptions**: In addition to the assumption that input limbs are in the range [0, 2^88), as in all foreign field gadgets,
      * this assumes an additional bound on the inputs: `x * y < 2^264 * p`, where p is the native modulus.
      * We usually assert this bound by proving that `x[2] < f[2] + 1`, where `x[2]` is the most significant limb of x.
      * To do this, use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
      * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
      *
+     * **Warning**: This gadget does not add the extra bound check on the result.
+     * So, to use the result in another foreign field multiplication, you have to add the bound check on it yourself, again.
+     *
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * // example modulus: secp256k1 prime
@@ -450,6 +453,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Foreign field inverse: `x^(-1) mod f`
      *
      * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     *
+     * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      */
     inv(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.inv(x, f);
@@ -459,6 +464,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Foreign field division: `x * y^(-1) mod f`
      *
      * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     *
+     * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      */
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);

From 9b29f407559f1f166cbcafd6d863407e259ae82a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:24:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0667/1786] bound y (needed for doubling)

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 89494d47e2..d38cfd25c0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck(y3);
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bound y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
+  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
@@ -156,8 +156,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
-  // TODO: there is a secret free spot for two bounds in ForeignField.mul; use it
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, Field.from(0n)]);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }

From 38b9b7fbb4e0faafe42d55ec1cd2ecceccd65c93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:49:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0668/1786] tweak initial aggregator

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts          |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 12 +++++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 19 +++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 429d4c1248..4c2bfead1a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(BaseField, Secp256k1);
+const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
 const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index d38cfd25c0..5a00485c9b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
+  bigIntToBytes,
   bytesToBigInt,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import {
@@ -355,9 +356,14 @@ function getPointTable(
  * It's important that this point has no known discrete logarithm so that nobody
  * can create an invalid proof of EC scaling.
  */
-function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
+function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
+  // hash that identifies the curve
   let h = sha256.create();
-  h.update('o1js:ecdsa');
+  h.update('ecdsa');
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.modulus));
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.order));
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.a));
+  h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.b));
   let bytes = h.array();
 
   // bytes represent a 256-bit number
@@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ function initialAggregator(F: FiniteField, { a, b }: { a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
     x = F.add(x, 1n);
     // solve y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
     let x3 = F.mul(F.square(x), x);
-    let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(a, x) + b);
+    let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(Curve.a, x) + Curve.b);
     y = F.sqrt(y2);
   }
   return { x, y, infinity: false };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index b851590e14..5569f4dbc4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
-import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import {
+  pallasParams,
+  secp256k1Params,
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(pallasParams);
 
 let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
 
@@ -17,7 +24,7 @@ let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
   let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
 
-  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+  add(g, h, Secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
 let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
@@ -26,7 +33,7 @@ let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
 
   let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
 
-  double(g, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
+  double(g, Secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
 printGates(csAdd.gates);
@@ -35,6 +42,6 @@ console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 printGates(csDouble.gates);
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
 
-let point = initialAggregator(exampleFields.Fp, { a: 0n, b: 5n });
+let point = initialAggregator(Pallas, Fp);
 console.log({ point });
-assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(Pallas.fromAffine(point)));
+assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(point));

From 69a814d898669e2c531ad8316c2f4deff553a7dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:49:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0669/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8f0e0d0f87..68df53a111 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8f0e0d0f874dc3952bb01791c4b31394d7e5298f
+Subproject commit 68df53a111e6717c594a8173f60a5c59b09aa3b2

From d0bf46d3be00ae1f97da6b8916a38fcda103d451 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:04:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0670/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 5df84bf1f0..cea062267c 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 5df84bf1f06c9c1e984e19d067fcf10c8ae53299
+Subproject commit cea062267c2cf81edf50fee8ca9578824c056731

From aaf14c2e5f6589054555f15f41cd67f9f4c96c8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:05:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0671/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 6658537bf1..f60540c9f8 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -185,12 +185,12 @@
         "digest": "b12ad7e8a3fd28b765e059357dbe9e44"
       },
       "leftShift": {
-        "rows": 7,
-        "digest": "66de39ad3dd5807f760341ec85a6cc41"
+        "rows": 5,
+        "digest": "451f550bf73fecf53c9be82367572cb8"
       },
       "rightShift": {
-        "rows": 7,
-        "digest": "a32264f2d4c3092f30d600fa9506385b"
+        "rows": 5,
+        "digest": "d0793d4a326d480eaa015902dc34bc39"
       },
       "and": {
         "rows": 19,

From 0bf7ecaa868431e8002fd690d04caee486f6fefd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:07:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0672/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 15a80a25b2..80b986901a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Changed
 
 - Expose raw provable methods of a `ZkProgram` on `zkProgram.rawMethods` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
+- Reduce number of constraints needed by `rotate()`, `leftShift()` and, `rightShift()` gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1201
 
 ### Fixed
 

From be15bf118c7c8e820f1b55d531c34aa3b07dbcbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:15:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0673/1786] remove unused function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 8 --------
 1 file changed, 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 5a00485c9b..e7f945e570 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -536,11 +536,3 @@ const Ecdsa = {
   verify: verifyEcdsa,
   Signature: EcdsaSignature,
 };
-
-function gcd(a: number, b: number) {
-  if (b > a) [a, b] = [b, a];
-  while (true) {
-    if (b === 0) return a;
-    [a, b] = [b, a % b];
-  }
-}

From ccb55c77f80ed8c2fb8563ef699cc48884e10b74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:23:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0674/1786] fixup unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index eca513d844..4cb0d2d975 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
 let mulChain: GateType[] = ['ForeignFieldMul', 'Zero'];
 let mulLayout = ifNotAllConstant(
   and(
-    contains([mulChain, mrc, mrc, mrc, mrc]),
-    withoutGenerics(equals([...mulChain, ...repeat(4, mrc)]))
+    contains([mulChain, mrc, mrc, mrc]),
+    withoutGenerics(equals([...mulChain, ...repeat(3, mrc)]))
   )
 );
 let invLayout = ifNotAllConstant(

From 245f84722d45a731a66863cc2c531e9c8b29d79c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 12:37:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0675/1786] adapt test for rot chain layout

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 61fdac25e5..73d908af18 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ constraintSystem(
   ifNotAllConstant(contains(xorChain(64)))
 );
 
-let rotChain: GateType[] = ['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0'];
+let rotChain: GateType[] = ['Rot64', 'RangeCheck0'];
 let isJustRotate = ifNotAllConstant(
   and(contains(rotChain), withoutGenerics(equals(rotChain)))
 );

From ee766ad9df62fd3e8261b3d6615a23cf73bd02fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 17 Nov 2023 17:04:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0676/1786] better function name

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 00c6556876..189ffcc3f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
   let f_ = split(f);
 
   let [r0, r1, r2, overflow, carry] = exists(5, () => {
-    let x_ = bigint3(x);
-    let y_ = bigint3(y);
+    let x_ = toBigint3(x);
+    let y_ = toBigint3(y);
 
     // figure out if there's overflow
     let r = collapse(x_) + sign * collapse(y_);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ const Field3 = {
    * Turn a 3-tuple of Fields into a bigint
    */
   toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
-    return collapse(bigint3(x));
+    return collapse(toBigint3(x));
   },
 
   /**
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ const Field3 = {
 function toField3(x: bigint3): Field3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => new Field(x));
 }
-function bigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
+function toBigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());
 }
 

From c0f297d2b3747784faf1090e1db71cf5f556a3b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 13:31:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0677/1786] generalize doubleScalarMul to multiScalarMul to
 deduplicate logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  12 ++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 124 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 4c2bfead1a..cf1e12a872 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { windowSizeG: 3, windowSizeP: 3 };
+const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 3 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -35,14 +35,12 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
       method() {
         let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
         let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
-        let R = EllipticCurve.doubleScalarMul(
+        let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
           Secp256k1,
           ia,
-          signature.s,
-          G,
-          signature.r,
-          P,
-          tableConfig
+          [signature.s, signature.r],
+          [G, P],
+          [tableConfig.G, tableConfig.P]
         );
         Provable.asProver(() => {
           console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index e7f945e570..76f44813ce 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
-  doubleScalarMul,
+  multiScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
 
@@ -169,10 +169,8 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
   tables?: {
-    windowSizeG?: number;
-    multiplesG?: Point[];
-    windowSizeP?: number;
-    multiplesP?: Point[];
+    G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
+    P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
   }
 ) {
   // constant case
@@ -199,7 +197,13 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
-  let R = doubleScalarMul(Curve, ia, u1, G, u2, publicKey, tables);
+  let R = multiScalarMul(
+    Curve,
+    ia,
+    [u1, u2],
+    [G, publicKey],
+    tables && [tables.G, tables.P]
+  );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
@@ -208,87 +212,95 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 }
 
 /**
- * Scalar mul that we need for ECDSA:
+ * Multi-scalar multiplication:
  *
- * s*G + t*P,
+ * s_0 * P_0 + ... + s_(n-1) * P_(n-1)
  *
- * where G, P are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
+ * where P_i are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
  *
- * We double both points together and leverage a precomputed table
- * of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition for both s*G and t*P.
+ * We double all points together and leverage a precomputed table of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition.
+ *
+ * Note: this algorithm targets a small number of points, like 2 needed for ECDSA verification.
  *
  * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
  * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
  * TODO: glv trick which cuts down ec doubles by half by splitting s*P = s0*P + s1*endo(P) with s0, s1 in [0, 2^128)
  */
-function doubleScalarMul(
+function multiScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   ia: point,
-  s: Field3,
-  G: Point,
-  t: Field3,
-  P: Point,
-  {
-    // what we called c before
-    windowSizeG = 1,
-    // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
-    multiplesG = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
-    windowSizeP = 1,
-    multiplesP = undefined as Point[] | undefined,
-  } = {}
+  scalars: Field3[],
+  points: Point[],
+  tableConfigs: (
+    | {
+        // what we called c before
+        windowSize?: number;
+        // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+        multiples?: Point[];
+      }
+    | undefined
+  )[] = []
 ): Point {
+  let n = points.length;
+  assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
+  assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
+
   // constant case
   if (
-    Field3.isConstant(s) &&
-    Field3.isConstant(t) &&
-    Provable.isConstant(Point, G) &&
-    Provable.isConstant(Point, P)
+    scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) &&
+    points.every((P) => Provable.isConstant(Point, P))
   ) {
-    let s_ = Field3.toBigint(s);
-    let t_ = Field3.toBigint(t);
-    let G_ = Point.toBigint(G);
-    let P_ = Point.toBigint(P);
-    let R = Curve.add(Curve.scale(G_, s_), Curve.scale(P_, t_));
-    return Point.from(R);
+    // TODO dedicated MSM
+    let s = scalars.map(Field3.toBigint);
+    let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
+    let sum = Curve.zero;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.scale(P[i], s[i]));
+    }
+    return Point.from(sum);
   }
 
   // parse or build point tables
-  let Gs = getPointTable(Curve, G, windowSizeG, multiplesG);
-  let Ps = getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizeP, multiplesP);
+  let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
+    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
+  );
 
   // slice scalars
   let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
-  let ss = slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeG });
-  let ts = slice(t, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizeP });
+  let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>
+    slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
+  );
 
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (i % windowSizeG === 0) {
-      // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
-      let sj = ss[i / windowSizeG];
-      let Gj = windowSizeG === 1 ? G : arrayGet(Point, Gs, sj, { offset: 1 });
-
-      // ec addition
-      let added = add(sum, Gj, Curve.modulus);
-
-      // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
-      sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+    // add in multiple of each point
+    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+      let windowSize = windowSizes[j];
+      if (i % windowSize === 0) {
+        // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
+        let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
+        let sjP =
+          windowSize === 1
+            ? points[j]
+            : arrayGet(Point, tables[j], sj, { offset: 1 });
+
+        // ec addition
+        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
+
+        // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
+        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+      }
     }
 
-    if (i % windowSizeP === 0) {
-      let tj = ts[i / windowSizeP];
-      let Pj = windowSizeP === 1 ? P : arrayGet(Point, Ps, tj, { offset: 1 });
-      let added = add(sum, Pj, Curve.modulus);
-      sum = Provable.if(tj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
-    }
     if (i === 0) break;
 
-    // jointly double both points
+    // jointly double all points
     sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 
-  // the sum is now s*G + t*P + 2^(b-1)*IA
+  // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
   Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();

From e24124b14ddbf58e7b84440849b77e808bf2bc62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 15:39:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0678/1786] Lightnet namespace API updates.

---
 CHANGELOG.md     |  3 +-
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 86 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dcfed40645..e0c3dc67a3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Changed
 
+- `Lightnet` namespace API updates https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/XXX
 - Expose raw provable methods of a `ZkProgram` on `zkProgram.rawMethods` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
 - Reduce number of constraints needed by `rotate()`, `leftShift()` and, `rightShift()` gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1201
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
-- `Lightnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network). https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
+- `Lightnet` namespace to interact with the account manager provided by the [lightnet Mina network](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1167
 - Internal support for several custom gates (range check, bitwise operations, foreign field operations) and lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1176
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck64()`, new provable method to do efficient 64-bit range checks using lookup tables https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1181
 - `Gadgets.rotate()`, new provable method to support bitwise rotation for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1182
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 768410c1b5..2f47ad0fe9 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -1019,13 +1019,15 @@ namespace Lightnet {
    * If an error is returned by the specified endpoint, an error is thrown. Otherwise,
    * the data is returned.
    *
-   * @param options.isRegularAccount Whether to acquire regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
+   * @param options.isRegularAccount Whether to acquire key pair of regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
+   * @param options.unlockAccount Whether to unlock the account by its public key after acquiring the key pair
    * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
    * @returns Key pair
    */
   export async function acquireKeyPair(
     options: {
       isRegularAccount?: boolean;
+      unlockAccount?: boolean;
       lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
     } = {}
   ): Promise<{
@@ -1034,10 +1036,11 @@ namespace Lightnet {
   }> {
     const {
       isRegularAccount = true,
+      unlockAccount = false,
       lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
     } = options;
     const response = await fetch(
-      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
+      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}&unlockAccount=${unlockAccount}`,
       {
         method: 'GET',
         headers: {
@@ -1096,6 +1099,85 @@ namespace Lightnet {
 
     return null;
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets previously acquired key pairs list.
+   *
+   * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
+   * @returns Key pairs list or null if the request failed
+   */
+  export async function listAcquiredKeyPairs(options: {
+    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
+  }): Promise<Array<{
+    publicKey: PublicKey;
+    privateKey: PrivateKey;
+  }> | null> {
+    const {
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
+    } = options;
+    const response = await fetch(
+      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/list-acquired-accounts`,
+      {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+      }
+    );
+
+    if (response.ok) {
+      const data = await response.json();
+      if (data) {
+        return data.map((account: any) => ({
+          publicKey: PublicKey.fromBase58(account.pk),
+          privateKey: PrivateKey.fromBase58(account.sk),
+        }));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Changes account lock status by its public key.
+   *
+   * @param options.isLocked Whether to lock or unlock the account
+   * @param options.publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to change the the account lock status for
+   * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
+   * @returns Response message from the account manager as string or null if the request failed
+   */
+  export async function changeAccountLockStatus(options: {
+    isLocked: boolean;
+    publicKey: string;
+    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
+  }): Promise<string | null> {
+    const {
+      publicKey,
+      isLocked,
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
+    } = options;
+    const response = await fetch(
+      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/${isLocked ? '' : 'un'}lock-account`,
+      {
+        method: 'PUT',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+        },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          pk: publicKey,
+        }),
+      }
+    );
+
+    if (response.ok) {
+      const data = await response.json();
+      if (data) {
+        return data.message as string;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
 }
 
 function updateActionState(actions: string[][], actionState: Field) {

From 1bc621ea12c86d2c58ddcb6bfb1ab77cd3fb9d11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 15:43:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0679/1786] CHANGELOG updates.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e0c3dc67a3..d01c6fde96 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Changed
 
-- `Lightnet` namespace API updates https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/XXX
+- `Lightnet` namespace API updates https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1256
 - Expose raw provable methods of a `ZkProgram` on `zkProgram.rawMethods` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
 - Reduce number of constraints needed by `rotate()`, `leftShift()` and, `rightShift()` gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1201
 

From 241aae193d5b207753b0c9e60334c3ceecb5b651 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 14:52:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0680/1786] save >3k constraints by optimizing array get gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts          | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 47 ++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79209efef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
+import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
+
+export { arrayGet };
+
+// TODO: create constant versions of these and expose on Gadgets
+
+/**
+ * Get value from array in O(n) rows.
+ *
+ * Assumes that index is in [0, n), returns an unconstrained result otherwise.
+ *
+ * Note: This saves 0.5*n constraints compared to equals() + switch()
+ */
+function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
+  index = toVar(index);
+
+  // witness result
+  let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(index.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
+
+  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(index - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // setting j = index, this implies a === array[index]
+  // thanks to our assumption that the index is within bounds, we know that j = index for some j
+  let n = array.length;
+  for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+    let zj = existsOne(() => {
+      let zj = Fp.div(
+        Fp.sub(a.toBigInt(), array[j].toBigInt()),
+        Fp.sub(index.toBigInt(), Fp.fromNumber(j))
+      );
+      return zj ?? 0n;
+    });
+    // prove that zj*(index - j) === a - array[j]
+    // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
+    // which is able to use the constant coefficient
+    // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
+    if (array[j].isConstant()) {
+      // -j*zj + zj*index - a + array[j] === 0
+      Gates.generic(
+        {
+          left: -BigInt(j),
+          right: 0n,
+          out: -1n,
+          mul: 1n,
+          const: array[j].toBigInt(),
+        },
+        { left: zj, right: index, out: a }
+      );
+    } else {
+      let aMinusAj = toVar(a.sub(array[j]));
+      // -j*zj + zj*index - (a - array[j]) === 0
+      Gates.generic(
+        {
+          left: -BigInt(j),
+          right: 0n,
+          out: -1n,
+          mul: 1n,
+          const: 0n,
+        },
+        { left: zj, right: index, out: aMinusAj }
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return a;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 76f44813ce..414d39490d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ import {
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 
@@ -262,9 +264,17 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   // parse or build point tables
   let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
-  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
-    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
-  );
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) => {
+    let table = getPointTable(
+      Curve,
+      P,
+      windowSizes[i],
+      tableConfigs[i]?.multiples
+    );
+    // add zero point in the beginning
+    table.unshift(Point.from(Curve.zero));
+    return table;
+  });
 
   // slice scalars
   let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
@@ -282,9 +292,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
         // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
         let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
         let sjP =
-          windowSize === 1
-            ? points[j]
-            : arrayGet(Point, tables[j], sj, { offset: 1 });
+          windowSize === 1 ? points[j] : arrayGetGeneric(Point, tables[j], sj);
 
         // ec addition
         let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
@@ -491,21 +499,22 @@ function sliceField(
 /**
  * Get value from array in O(n) constraints.
  *
- * If the index is out of bounds, returns all-zeros version of T
+ * Assumes that index is in [0, n), returns an unconstrained result otherwise.
  */
-function arrayGet<T>(
-  type: Provable<T>,
-  array: T[],
-  index: Field,
-  { offset = 0 } = {}
-) {
-  let n = array.length;
-  let oneHot = Array(n);
-  // TODO can we share computation between all those equals()?
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    oneHot[i] = index.equals(i + offset);
+function arrayGetGeneric<T>(type: Provable<T>, array: T[], index: Field) {
+  // witness result
+  let a = Provable.witness(type, () => array[Number(index)]);
+  let aFields = type.toFields(a);
+
+  // constrain each field of the result
+  let size = type.sizeInFields();
+  let arrays = array.map(type.toFields);
+
+  for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
+    let arrayFieldsJ = arrays.map((x) => x[j]);
+    arrayGet(arrayFieldsJ, index).assertEquals(aFields[j]);
   }
-  return Provable.switch(oneHot, type, array);
+  return a;
 }
 
 const Point = {

From f4801d0f97ae08c32eebe268d017727a4308c787 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 14:57:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0681/1786] clean up table logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 22 +++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 414d39490d..4e4fb65fae 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -264,17 +264,9 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   // parse or build point tables
   let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
-  let tables = points.map((P, i) => {
-    let table = getPointTable(
-      Curve,
-      P,
-      windowSizes[i],
-      tableConfigs[i]?.multiples
-    );
-    // add zero point in the beginning
-    table.unshift(Point.from(Curve.zero));
-    return table;
-  });
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
+    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
+  );
 
   // slice scalars
   let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
@@ -351,17 +343,17 @@ function getPointTable(
   table?: Point[]
 ): Point[] {
   assertPositiveInteger(windowSize, 'invalid window size');
-  let n = (1 << windowSize) - 1; // n >= 1
+  let n = 1 << windowSize; // n >= 2
 
   assert(table === undefined || table.length === n, 'invalid table');
   if (table !== undefined) return table;
 
-  table = [P];
-  if (n === 1) return table;
+  table = [Point.from(Curve.zero), P];
+  if (n === 2) return table;
 
   let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
   table.push(Pi);
-  for (let i = 2; i < n; i++) {
+  for (let i = 3; i < n; i++) {
     Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);
     table.push(Pi);
   }

From 80dbef6cd64f32cc50f0305b2f7828613cbd4f09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 15:18:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0682/1786] optimal window size changed

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index cf1e12a872..ff303b3cc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 3 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } };
+const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 4e4fb65fae..9127cd7898 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     if (i === 0) break;
 
     // jointly double all points
+    // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
     sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
   }
 

From 1f44c58866341d8e6b32ffbcb62fca3a96cb945f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 17:48:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0683/1786] implement glv

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts           |  10 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |   2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 210 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 79209efef3..95ecf2a06b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,16 @@ import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import type { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 
-export { arrayGet };
+export { assertBoolean, arrayGet };
+
+/**
+ * Assert that x is either 0 or 1.
+ */
+function assertBoolean(x: Field) {
+  Snarky.field.assertBoolean(x.value);
+}
 
 // TODO: create constant versions of these and expose on Gadgets
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ff303b3cc8..cf1e12a872 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } };
+const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 3 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9127cd7898..89c033d0be 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ import {
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
-import { ProvablePure } from '../../snarky.js';
-import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
+import { arrayGet, assertBoolean } from './basic.js';
 
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
-  let R = multiScalarMul(
+  let R = multiScalarMulGlv(
     Curve,
     ia,
     [u1, u2],
@@ -213,6 +212,33 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Bigint implementation of ECDSA verify
+ */
+function verifyEcdsaConstant(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+  msgHash: bigint,
+  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
+) {
+  let q = Curve.order;
+  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
+  if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
+  if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
+
+  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
+  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
+  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
+  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+
+  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
+  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+
+  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+}
+
 /**
  * Multi-scalar multiplication:
  *
@@ -310,31 +336,167 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   return sum;
 }
 
-/**
- * Bigint implementation of ECDSA verify
- */
-function verifyEcdsaConstant(
+function multiScalarMulGlv(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
-  msgHash: bigint,
-  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
-) {
-  let q = Curve.order;
-  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
-  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
-  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
-  if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
-  if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
+  ia: point,
+  scalars: Field3[],
+  points: Point[],
+  tableConfigs: (
+    | {
+        // what we called c before
+        windowSize?: number;
+        // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
+        multiples?: Point[];
+      }
+    | undefined
+  )[] = []
+): Point {
+  let n = points.length;
+  assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
+  assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
 
-  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
-  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
-  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
-  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) &&
+    points.every((P) => Provable.isConstant(Point, P))
+  ) {
+    // TODO dedicated MSM
+    let s = scalars.map(Field3.toBigint);
+    let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
+    let sum = Curve.zero;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.Endo.scale(P[i], s[i]));
+    }
+    return Point.from(sum);
+  }
 
-  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
-  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+  let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
+  let maxBits = Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits;
 
-  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+  // decompose scalars and handle signs
+  let n2 = 2 * n;
+  let scalars2: Field3[] = Array(n2);
+  let points2: Point[] = Array(n2);
+  let windowSizes2: number[] = Array(n2);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    let [s0, s1] = decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve, scalars[i]);
+    scalars2[2 * i] = s0.abs;
+    scalars2[2 * i + 1] = s1.abs;
+
+    let endoP = endomorphism(Curve, points[i]);
+    points2[2 * i] = negateIf(s0.isNegative, points[i], Curve.modulus);
+    points2[2 * i + 1] = negateIf(s1.isNegative, endoP, Curve.modulus);
+
+    windowSizes2[2 * i] = windowSizes2[2 * i + 1] = windowSizes[i];
+  }
+  // from now on everything is the same as if these were the original points and scalars
+  points = points2;
+  scalars = scalars2;
+  windowSizes = windowSizes2;
+  n = n2;
+
+  // parse or build point tables
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
+    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], undefined)
+  );
+
+  // slice scalars
+  let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>
+    slice(s, { maxBits, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
+  );
+
+  let sum = Point.from(ia);
+
+  for (let i = maxBits - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    // add in multiple of each point
+    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
+      let windowSize = windowSizes[j];
+      if (i % windowSize === 0) {
+        // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
+        let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
+        let sjP =
+          windowSize === 1 ? points[j] : arrayGetGeneric(Point, tables[j], sj);
+
+        // ec addition
+        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
+
+        // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
+        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (i === 0) break;
+
+    // jointly double all points
+    // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
+  }
+
+  // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
+  // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
+  let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(maxBits - 1));
+  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
+
+  return sum;
+}
+
+function negateIf(condition: Field, P: Point, f: bigint) {
+  let y = Provable.if(
+    Bool.Unsafe.ofField(condition),
+    Field3.provable,
+    P.y,
+    // TODO: do we need an extra bounds check here?
+    ForeignField.sub(Field3.from(0n), P.y, f)
+  );
+  return { x: P.x, y };
+}
+
+function endomorphism(Curve: CurveAffine, P: Point) {
+  let beta = Field3.from(Curve.Endo.base);
+  let betaX = ForeignField.mul(beta, P.x, Curve.modulus);
+  // TODO: do we need an extra bounds check here?
+  return { x: betaX, y: P.y };
+}
+
+function decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve: CurveAffine, s: Field3) {
+  // witness s0, s1
+  let witnesses = exists(8, () => {
+    let [s0, s1] = Curve.Endo.decompose(Field3.toBigint(s));
+    return [
+      s0.isNegative ? 1n : 0n,
+      ...split(s0.abs),
+      s1.isNegative ? 1n : 0n,
+      ...split(s1.abs),
+    ];
+  });
+  let [s0Negative, s00, s01, s02, s1Negative, s10, s11, s12] = witnesses;
+  let s0: Field3 = [s00, s01, s02];
+  let s1: Field3 = [s10, s11, s12];
+  assertBoolean(s0Negative);
+  assertBoolean(s1Negative);
+  // NOTE: we do NOT range check s0, s1, because they will be split into chunks which also acts as a range check
+
+  // prove that s1*lambda = s - s0
+  let lambda = Provable.if(
+    Bool.Unsafe.ofField(s1Negative),
+    Field3.provable,
+    Field3.from(Curve.Scalar.negate(Curve.Endo.scalar)),
+    Field3.from(Curve.Endo.scalar)
+  );
+  let rhs = Provable.if(
+    Bool.Unsafe.ofField(s0Negative),
+    Field3.provable,
+    new Sum(s).add(s0).finish(Curve.order),
+    new Sum(s).sub(s0).finish(Curve.order)
+  );
+  assertRank1(s1, lambda, rhs, Curve.order);
+
+  return [
+    { isNegative: s0Negative, abs: s0 },
+    { isNegative: s1Negative, abs: s1 },
+  ] as const;
 }
 
 function getPointTable(

From 9fceedd0d55c8deafb96c381890edc8449823b70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 21:12:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0684/1786] Remove account locking status change capabilities.

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 46 +---------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 2f47ad0fe9..6872b1156e 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -1020,14 +1020,12 @@ namespace Lightnet {
    * the data is returned.
    *
    * @param options.isRegularAccount Whether to acquire key pair of regular or zkApp account (one with already configured verification key)
-   * @param options.unlockAccount Whether to unlock the account by its public key after acquiring the key pair
    * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
    * @returns Key pair
    */
   export async function acquireKeyPair(
     options: {
       isRegularAccount?: boolean;
-      unlockAccount?: boolean;
       lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
     } = {}
   ): Promise<{
@@ -1036,11 +1034,10 @@ namespace Lightnet {
   }> {
     const {
       isRegularAccount = true,
-      unlockAccount = false,
       lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
     } = options;
     const response = await fetch(
-      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}&unlockAccount=${unlockAccount}`,
+      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/acquire-account?isRegularAccount=${isRegularAccount}`,
       {
         method: 'GET',
         headers: {
@@ -1137,47 +1134,6 @@ namespace Lightnet {
 
     return null;
   }
-
-  /**
-   * Changes account lock status by its public key.
-   *
-   * @param options.isLocked Whether to lock or unlock the account
-   * @param options.publicKey Public key of previously acquired key pair to change the the account lock status for
-   * @param options.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint Account manager endpoint to fetch from
-   * @returns Response message from the account manager as string or null if the request failed
-   */
-  export async function changeAccountLockStatus(options: {
-    isLocked: boolean;
-    publicKey: string;
-    lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint?: string;
-  }): Promise<string | null> {
-    const {
-      publicKey,
-      isLocked,
-      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = networkConfig.lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
-    } = options;
-    const response = await fetch(
-      `${lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint}/${isLocked ? '' : 'un'}lock-account`,
-      {
-        method: 'PUT',
-        headers: {
-          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-        },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          pk: publicKey,
-        }),
-      }
-    );
-
-    if (response.ok) {
-      const data = await response.json();
-      if (data) {
-        return data.message as string;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return null;
-  }
 }
 
 function updateActionState(actions: string[][], actionState: Field) {

From 4c6e0806b1b9d9659281009a2738b743f628c8ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 20:24:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0685/1786] negate gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  5 ++---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 89c033d0be..668fba4d97 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -447,8 +447,7 @@ function negateIf(condition: Field, P: Point, f: bigint) {
     Bool.Unsafe.ofField(condition),
     Field3.provable,
     P.y,
-    // TODO: do we need an extra bounds check here?
-    ForeignField.sub(Field3.from(0n), P.y, f)
+    ForeignField.negate(P.y, f)
   );
   return { x: P.x, y };
 }
@@ -456,7 +455,7 @@ function negateIf(condition: Field, P: Point, f: bigint) {
 function endomorphism(Curve: CurveAffine, P: Point) {
   let beta = Field3.from(Curve.Endo.base);
   let betaX = ForeignField.mul(beta, P.x, Curve.modulus);
-  // TODO: do we need an extra bounds check here?
+  // TODO: we need an extra bounds check here?
   return { x: betaX, y: P.y };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 49dcdceb30..078f6f40e2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
   sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
+  negate,
   sum,
 
   mul: multiply,
@@ -80,6 +81,25 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   return result;
 }
 
+/**
+ * negate() deserves a special case because we can fix the overflow to -1
+ * and know that a result in range is mapped to a result in range again.
+ */
+function negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
+  }
+  // provable case
+  x = toVars(x);
+  let { result, overflow } = singleAdd(Field3.from(0n), x, -1n, f);
+  Gates.zero(...result);
+  multiRangeCheck(result);
+
+  // fix the overflow to -1
+  overflow.assertEquals(-1n);
+  return result;
+}
+
 /**
  * core building block for non-native addition
  *

From 19b8d2dd94451fcdc76408c1b0659fe976643f19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 20:48:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0686/1786] compute point multiples more cheaply

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index cf1e12a872..ff303b3cc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 3 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } };
+const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 668fba4d97..6c3ab54176 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -370,7 +370,12 @@ function multiScalarMulGlv(
     return Point.from(sum);
   }
 
+  // parse or build point tables
   let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
+  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
+    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], undefined)
+  );
+
   let maxBits = Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits;
 
   // decompose scalars and handle signs
@@ -378,29 +383,40 @@ function multiScalarMulGlv(
   let scalars2: Field3[] = Array(n2);
   let points2: Point[] = Array(n2);
   let windowSizes2: number[] = Array(n2);
+  let tables2: Point[][] = Array(n2);
+  let mrcStack: Field[] = [];
 
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     let [s0, s1] = decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve, scalars[i]);
     scalars2[2 * i] = s0.abs;
     scalars2[2 * i + 1] = s1.abs;
 
-    let endoP = endomorphism(Curve, points[i]);
-    points2[2 * i] = negateIf(s0.isNegative, points[i], Curve.modulus);
-    points2[2 * i + 1] = negateIf(s1.isNegative, endoP, Curve.modulus);
+    let table = tables[i];
+    let endoTable = table.map((P, i) => {
+      if (i === 0) return P;
+      let [phiP, betaXBound] = endomorphism(Curve, P);
+      mrcStack.push(betaXBound);
+      return phiP;
+    });
+    tables2[2 * i] = table.map((P) =>
+      negateIf(s0.isNegative, P, Curve.modulus)
+    );
+    tables2[2 * i + 1] = endoTable.map((P) =>
+      negateIf(s1.isNegative, P, Curve.modulus)
+    );
+    points2[2 * i] = tables2[2 * i][1];
+    points2[2 * i + 1] = tables2[2 * i + 1][1];
 
     windowSizes2[2 * i] = windowSizes2[2 * i + 1] = windowSizes[i];
   }
+  reduceMrcStack(mrcStack);
   // from now on everything is the same as if these were the original points and scalars
   points = points2;
+  tables = tables2;
   scalars = scalars2;
   windowSizes = windowSizes2;
   n = n2;
 
-  // parse or build point tables
-  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
-    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], undefined)
-  );
-
   // slice scalars
   let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>
     slice(s, { maxBits, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
@@ -455,8 +471,7 @@ function negateIf(condition: Field, P: Point, f: bigint) {
 function endomorphism(Curve: CurveAffine, P: Point) {
   let beta = Field3.from(Curve.Endo.base);
   let betaX = ForeignField.mul(beta, P.x, Curve.modulus);
-  // TODO: we need an extra bounds check here?
-  return { x: betaX, y: P.y };
+  return [{ x: betaX, y: P.y }, weakBound(betaX[2], Curve.modulus)] as const;
 }
 
 function decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve: CurveAffine, s: Field3) {
@@ -711,3 +726,19 @@ const Ecdsa = {
   verify: verifyEcdsa,
   Signature: EcdsaSignature,
 };
+
+// MRC stack
+
+function reduceMrcStack(xs: Field[]) {
+  let n = xs.length;
+  let nRemaining = n % 3;
+  let nFull = (n - nRemaining) / 3;
+  for (let i = 0; i < nFull; i++) {
+    multiRangeCheck([xs[3 * i], xs[3 * i + 1], xs[3 * i + 2]]);
+  }
+  let remaining: Field3 = [Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)];
+  for (let i = 0; i < nRemaining; i++) {
+    remaining[i] = xs[3 * nFull + i];
+  }
+  multiRangeCheck(remaining);
+}

From 3105fbc9f00586d4b18001b08674a303cd4dc4be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 20:48:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0687/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 68df53a111..bf1c0747bb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 68df53a111e6717c594a8173f60a5c59b09aa3b2
+Subproject commit bf1c0747bbd154098faaca17ca0b4c135f75f805

From b592ecf846014e781f22c259cb7e4c87d6331d4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 12:38:49 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0688/1786] fix(fetch.ts): remove reversing actions, as they
 are in correct order already

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 8723d5ba1e..503babbec4 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -951,10 +951,8 @@ async function fetchActions(
       break;
     }
   }
-  // Archive Node API returns actions in the latest order, so we reverse the array to get the actions in chronological order.
-  fetchedActions.reverse();
-  let actionsList: { actions: string[][]; hash: string }[] = [];
 
+  let actionsList: { actions: string[][]; hash: string }[] = [];
   // correct for archive node sending one block too many
   if (
     fetchedActions.length !== 0 &&

From b91b0336513096cd52f9f6dfb48229459356a0a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 12:40:47 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0689/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): update changelog with recent
 bug fix

Add details about the bug fix where array reversal of fetched actions was removed as they are returned in the correct order. This provides users with accurate information about the changes in the latest version.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e9ff71d070..254e3dea9a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - `Gadgets.and()`, new provable method to support bitwise and for native field elements. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1193
 - `Gadgets.multiRangeCheck()` and `Gadgets.compactMultiRangeCheck()`, two building blocks for non-native arithmetic with bigints of size up to 264 bits. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1216
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Removed array reversal of fetched actions, since they are returned in the correct order. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1258
+
 ## [0.14.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/045faa7...e8e7510e1)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 73d2b2dee9228006d0ce77733d1c2a3e43a0a6a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 22:02:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0690/1786] replace mul input rcs with generic gates

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |   1 -
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 106 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9127cd7898..a2a180adb2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import {
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
-import { ProvablePure } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 49dcdceb30..374a26a0d5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
@@ -402,14 +403,15 @@ function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
 /**
  * Optimized multiplication of sums, like (x + y)*z = a + b + c
  *
- * We use two optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
+ * We use several optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
  *
  * - we skip the range check on the remainder sum, because ffmul is sound with r being a sum of range-checked values
+ * - we replace the range check on the input sums with an extra low limb sum using generic gates
  * - we chain the first input's sum into the ffmul gate
  *
  * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
  * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
- * However, all extra checks that are needed on the sums are handled here.
+ * However, all extra checks that are needed on the _sums_ are handled here.
  *
  * TODO example
  */
@@ -419,19 +421,19 @@ function assertRank1(
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
   f: bigint
 ) {
-  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x, f);
-  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y, f);
-  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy, f);
+  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x);
+  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
+  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
   let y0 = y.finish(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
-  let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
+  let x0 = x.finish(f, true);
   assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 
-  // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
+  // we need and extra range check on x and y
   x.rangeCheck();
   y.rangeCheck();
 }
@@ -464,10 +466,17 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  finish(f: bigint, forChaining = false) {
+  finishOne() {
+    let result = this.#summands[0];
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  finish(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
+    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
@@ -475,14 +484,87 @@ class Sum {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f));
     }
-    if (n > 0 && !forChaining) Gates.zero(...result);
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
 
     this.#result = result;
     return result;
   }
 
-  finishForChaining(f: bigint) {
-    return this.finish(f, true);
+  finishForMulInput(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
+    assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+    let signs = this.#ops;
+    let n = signs.length;
+    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+
+    let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
+
+    // since the sum becomes a multiplication input, we need to constrain all limbs _individually_.
+    // sadly, ffadd only constrains the low and middle limb together.
+    // we could fix it with a RC just for the lower two limbs
+    // but it's cheaper to add generic gates which handle the lowest limb separately, and avoids the unfilled MRC slot
+    let f_ = split(f);
+
+    // compute witnesses for generic gates -- overflows and carries
+    let nFields = Provable.Array(Field, n);
+    let [overflows, carries] = Provable.witness(
+      provableTuple([nFields, nFields]),
+      () => {
+        let overflows: bigint[] = [];
+        let carries: bigint[] = [];
+
+        let r = Field3.toBigint(x[0]);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          // this duplicates some of the logic in singleAdd
+          let x_ = split(r);
+          let y_ = bigint3(x[i + 1]);
+          let sign = signs[i];
+
+          // figure out if there's overflow
+          r = r + sign * collapse(y_);
+          let overflow = 0n;
+          if (sign === 1n && r >= f) overflow = 1n;
+          if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+          if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n;
+          overflows.push(overflow);
+
+          // add with carry, only on the lowest limb
+          let r0 = x_[0] + sign * y_[0] - overflow * f_[0];
+          carries.push(r0 >> l);
+        }
+        return [overflows.map(Field.from), carries.map(Field.from)];
+      }
+    );
+
+    // generic gates for low limbs
+    let result0 = x[0][0];
+    let r0s: Field[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
+      let c = carries[i];
+      c.mul(c.sub(1n)).mul(c.add(1n)).assertEquals(0n);
+
+      result0 = result0
+        .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+        .add(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
+        .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+        .seal();
+      r0s.push(result0);
+    }
+
+    // ffadd chain
+    let result = x[0];
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
+      // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
+      r.result[0].assertEquals(r0s[i]);
+      r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
+      result = r.result;
+    }
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
+
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
   }
 
   rangeCheck() {
@@ -490,7 +572,7 @@ class Sum {
     if (this.#ops.length > 0) multiRangeCheck(this.#result);
   }
 
-  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum) {
     if (x instanceof Sum) {
       assert(x.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
       return x;

From 2c3abba6ad665f27106b72a567becaae2797a8a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 09:52:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0691/1786] Update CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d01c6fde96..3dd5d76775 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Changed
 
-- `Lightnet` namespace API updates https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1256
+- `Lightnet` namespace API updates with added `listAcquiredKeyPairs()` method https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1256
 - Expose raw provable methods of a `ZkProgram` on `zkProgram.rawMethods` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1241
 - Reduce number of constraints needed by `rotate()`, `leftShift()` and, `rightShift()` gadgets https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1201
 

From 5020ce320dc43a4fb34f1a1c460e2aeb0aad7189 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 10:00:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0692/1786] simplify doc comments, avoid confusion

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 3c3391d99a..a463b24998 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    *
    * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#xor-1)
    *
-   * @param x {@link UInt64} element to compare.
+   * @param x {@link UInt64} element to XOR.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
@@ -255,13 +255,16 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * let a = UInt64.from(0b0101);
    * let b = a.not(false);
    *
-   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
+   * // 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111010
    *
    * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
    * let a = UInt64.from(0b0101);
    * let b = a.not();
    *
-   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
+   * // 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111010
+   *
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
@@ -369,7 +372,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * let a = UInt64.from(3);    // ... 000011
    * let b = UInt64.from(5);    // ... 000101
    *
-   * let c = a.and(b, 2);    // ... 000001
+   * let c = a.and(b);    // ... 000001
    * c.assertEquals(1);
    * ```
    */

From 63fa85fd708e5182b86e5cf7e5000059fec4128a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 10:01:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0693/1786] same for uint32

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a463b24998..186a8d381b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * NOT `~` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/
    * Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_NOT).
    *
-   * **Note:** The NOT gate operates over 64 bit for UInt64 types.
+   * **Note:** The NOT gate operates over 32 bit for UInt32 types.
    *
    * A NOT gate works by returning `1` in each bit position if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
@@ -769,13 +769,16 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
    * let b = a.not(false);
    *
-   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
+   * // 11111111111111111111111111111010
    *
    * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
    * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
    * let b = a.not();
    *
-   * b.assertEquals(0b1010);
+   * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
+   * // 11111111111111111111111111111010
+   *
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.

From 21050b6391942cabaa5edaf4f9518fb0f6b4d040 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:03:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0694/1786] enable strict typing of variable fields

---
 src/lib/field.ts          | 15 +++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 16 ++++++++++------
 src/snarky.d.ts           |  8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index de52ecf621..9e2497e231 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ export { Field };
 
 // internal API
 export {
-  ConstantField,
   FieldType,
   FieldVar,
   FieldConst,
+  ConstantField,
+  VarField,
+  VarFieldVar,
   isField,
   withMessage,
   readVarMessage,
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ type FieldVar =
   | [FieldType.Scale, FieldConst, FieldVar];
 
 type ConstantFieldVar = [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst];
+type VarFieldVar = [FieldType.Var, number];
 
 const FieldVar = {
   constant(x: bigint | FieldConst): ConstantFieldVar {
@@ -78,6 +81,9 @@ const FieldVar = {
   isConstant(x: FieldVar): x is ConstantFieldVar {
     return x[0] === FieldType.Constant;
   },
+  isVar(x: FieldVar): x is VarFieldVar {
+    return x[0] === FieldType.Var;
+  },
   add(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): FieldVar {
     if (FieldVar.isConstant(x) && x[1][1] === 0n) return y;
     if (FieldVar.isConstant(y) && y[1][1] === 0n) return x;
@@ -101,6 +107,7 @@ const FieldVar = {
 };
 
 type ConstantField = Field & { value: ConstantFieldVar };
+type VarField = Field & { value: VarFieldVar };
 
 /**
  * A {@link Field} is an element of a prime order [finite field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field).
@@ -1039,7 +1046,7 @@ class Field {
   seal() {
     if (this.isConstant()) return this;
     let x = Snarky.field.seal(this.value);
-    return new Field(x);
+    return VarField(x);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1360,3 +1367,7 @@ there is \`Provable.asProver(() => { ... })\` which allows you to use ${varName}
 Warning: whatever happens inside asProver() will not be part of the zk proof.
 `;
 }
+
+function VarField(x: VarFieldVar): VarField {
+  return new Field(x) as VarField;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 196ca64e73..1b52023ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, FieldType } from '../field.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export {
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
   let varMl = Snarky.existsVar(() => FieldConst.fromBigint(compute()));
-  return new Field(varMl);
+  return VarField(varMl);
 }
 
 function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   let varsMl = Snarky.exists(n, () =>
     MlArray.mapTo(compute(), FieldConst.fromBigint)
   );
-  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, (v) => new Field(v));
+  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, VarField);
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
 }
 
@@ -43,20 +43,24 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
  *
  * Same as `Field.seal()` with the difference that `seal()` leaves constants as is.
  */
-function toVar(x: Field | bigint) {
+function toVar(x: Field | bigint): VarField {
   // don't change existing vars
-  if (x instanceof Field && x.value[1] === FieldType.Var) return x;
+  if (isVar(x)) return x;
   let xVar = existsOne(() => Field.from(x).toBigInt());
   xVar.assertEquals(x);
   return xVar;
 }
 
+function isVar(x: Field | bigint): x is VarField {
+  return x instanceof Field && FieldVar.isVar(x.value);
+}
+
 /**
  * Apply {@link toVar} to each element of a tuple.
  */
 function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
   fields: T
-): { [k in keyof T]: Field } {
+): { [k in keyof T]: VarField } {
   return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 69fe3bcb37..343d714c46 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { Account as JsonAccount } from './bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-json.js';
-import type { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from './lib/field.js';
+import type { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarFieldVar } from './lib/field.js';
 import type { BoolVar, Bool } from './lib/bool.js';
 import type { ScalarConst } from './lib/scalar.js';
 import type {
@@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   exists(
     sizeInFields: number,
     compute: () => MlArray<FieldConst>
-  ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
+  ): MlArray<VarFieldVar>;
   /**
    * witness a single field element variable
    */
-  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): FieldVar;
+  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): VarFieldVar;
 
   /**
    * APIs that have to do with running provable code
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
      * returns a new witness from an AST
      * (implemented with toConstantAndTerms)
      */
-    seal(x: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    seal(x: FieldVar): VarFieldVar;
     /**
      * Unfolds AST to get `x = c + c0*Var(i0) + ... + cn*Var(in)`,
      * returns `(c, [(c0, i0), ..., (cn, in)])`;

From 89e0cddf05d357d9994bf6f5680c7ba163173e64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:07:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0695/1786] optimized assertOneOf gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 79209efef3..c48b84e3e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 
-export { arrayGet };
+export { arrayGet, assertOneOf };
 
 // TODO: create constant versions of these and expose on Gadgets
 
@@ -66,3 +67,68 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
 
   return a;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Assert that a value equals one of a finite list of constants:
+ * `(x - c1)*(x - c2)*...*(x - cn) === 0`
+ *
+ * TODO: what prevents us from getting the same efficiency with snarky DSL code?
+ */
+function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
+  let xv = toVar(x);
+  let [c1, c2, ...c] = allowed;
+  let n = c.length;
+  if (n === 0) {
+    // (x - c1)*(x - c2) === 0
+    assertBilinearZero(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+    return;
+  }
+  // z = (x - c1)*(x - c2)
+  let z = bilinear(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (i < n - 1) {
+      // z = z*(x - c)
+      z = bilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+    } else {
+      // z*(x - c) === 0
+      assertBilinearZero(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// low-level helpers to create generic gates
+
+/**
+ * Compute bilinear function of x and y:
+ * z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d
+ */
+function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
+  let z = existsOne(() => {
+    let x0 = x.toBigInt();
+    let y0 = y.toBigInt();
+    return a * x0 * y0 + b * x0 + c * y0 + d;
+  });
+  // b*x + c*y - z + a*x*y + d === 0
+  Gates.generic(
+    { left: b, right: c, out: -1n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z }
+  );
+  return z;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Assert bilinear equation on x and y:
+ * a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === 0
+ */
+function assertBilinearZero(
+  x: VarField,
+  y: VarField,
+  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>
+) {
+  // b*x + c*y + a*x*y + d === 0
+  Gates.generic(
+    { left: b, right: c, out: 0n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: x }
+  );
+}

From d0a315910a18cddebcf5f624b8f6ccc81f4cb767 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:29:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0696/1786] simplify low-level gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts  | 63 +++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts |  1 +
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index c48b84e3e8..b7cd69e446 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -16,52 +16,34 @@ export { arrayGet, assertOneOf };
  * Note: This saves 0.5*n constraints compared to equals() + switch()
  */
 function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
-  index = toVar(index);
+  let i = toVar(index);
 
   // witness result
-  let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(index.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
+  let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(i.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
 
-  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(index - j) for some zj, for all j.
-  // setting j = index, this implies a === array[index]
-  // thanks to our assumption that the index is within bounds, we know that j = index for some j
+  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(i - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // setting j = i, this implies a === array[i]
+  // thanks to our assumption that the index i is within bounds, we know that j = i for some j
   let n = array.length;
   for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
     let zj = existsOne(() => {
       let zj = Fp.div(
         Fp.sub(a.toBigInt(), array[j].toBigInt()),
-        Fp.sub(index.toBigInt(), Fp.fromNumber(j))
+        Fp.sub(i.toBigInt(), Fp.fromNumber(j))
       );
       return zj ?? 0n;
     });
-    // prove that zj*(index - j) === a - array[j]
+    // prove that zj*(i - j) === a - array[j]
     // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
     // which is able to use the constant coefficient
     // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
     if (array[j].isConstant()) {
-      // -j*zj + zj*index - a + array[j] === 0
-      Gates.generic(
-        {
-          left: -BigInt(j),
-          right: 0n,
-          out: -1n,
-          mul: 1n,
-          const: array[j].toBigInt(),
-        },
-        { left: zj, right: index, out: a }
-      );
+      // zj*i + (-j)*zj + 0*i + array[j] === a
+      assertBilinear(zj, i, [1n, -BigInt(j), 0n, array[j].toBigInt()], a);
     } else {
       let aMinusAj = toVar(a.sub(array[j]));
-      // -j*zj + zj*index - (a - array[j]) === 0
-      Gates.generic(
-        {
-          left: -BigInt(j),
-          right: 0n,
-          out: -1n,
-          mul: 1n,
-          const: 0n,
-        },
-        { left: zj, right: index, out: aMinusAj }
-      );
+      // zj*i + (-j)*zj + 0*i + 0 === (a - array[j])
+      assertBilinear(zj, i, [1n, -BigInt(j), 0n, 0n], aMinusAj);
     }
   }
 
@@ -80,7 +62,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
   let n = c.length;
   if (n === 0) {
     // (x - c1)*(x - c2) === 0
-    assertBilinearZero(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+    assertBilinear(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
     return;
   }
   // z = (x - c1)*(x - c2)
@@ -92,7 +74,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
       z = bilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
     } else {
       // z*(x - c) === 0
-      assertBilinearZero(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+      assertBilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -101,7 +83,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
 
 /**
  * Compute bilinear function of x and y:
- * z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d
+ * `z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d`
  */
 function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
   let z = existsOne(() => {
@@ -118,17 +100,20 @@ function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Assert bilinear equation on x and y:
- * a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === 0
+ * Assert bilinear equation on x, y and z:
+ * `a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === z`
+ *
+ * The default for z is 0.
  */
-function assertBilinearZero(
+function assertBilinear(
   x: VarField,
   y: VarField,
-  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>
+  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>,
+  z?: VarField
 ) {
-  // b*x + c*y + a*x*y + d === 0
+  // b*x + c*y - z + a*x*y + d === z
   Gates.generic(
-    { left: b, right: c, out: 0n, mul: a, const: d },
-    { left: x, right: y, out: x }
+    { left: b, right: c, out: z === undefined ? 0n : -1n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? x : z }
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 1b52023ab1..e6e6c873cc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export {
   existsOne,
   toVars,
   toVar,
+  isVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   witnessSlice,

From 64610e7d13e5135ca74f4838adad2ad91abbd2b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:30:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0697/1786] make new assertRank1 more efficient and enable it

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  4 +---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts  | 36 +++++++++++++++----------------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index a2a180adb2..60d9646d5c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
   let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -100,9 +101,6 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
   assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
-  // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
-
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 374a26a0d5..b0abeff8c1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
+import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
   l,
   lMask,
@@ -426,16 +427,12 @@ function assertRank1(
   xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
-  let y0 = y.finish(f);
+  let y0 = y.finishForMulInput(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
-  let x0 = x.finish(f, true);
+  let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
   assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
-
-  // we need and extra range check on x and y
-  x.rangeCheck();
-  y.rangeCheck();
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -490,6 +487,7 @@ class Sum {
     return result;
   }
 
+  // TODO this is complex and should be removed once we fix the ffadd gate to constrain all limbs individually
   finishForMulInput(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
@@ -537,19 +535,21 @@ class Sum {
     );
 
     // generic gates for low limbs
-    let result0 = x[0][0];
-    let r0s: Field[] = [];
+    let x0 = x[0][0];
+    let x0s: Field[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
       let c = carries[i];
-      c.mul(c.sub(1n)).mul(c.add(1n)).assertEquals(0n);
-
-      result0 = result0
-        .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
-        .add(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
-        .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
-        .seal();
-      r0s.push(result0);
+      assertOneOf(c, [0n, 1n, -1n]);
+
+      // x0 <- x0 + s*y0 - o*f0 - c*2^l
+      x0 = toVar(
+        x0
+          .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+          .sub(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
+          .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+      );
+      x0s.push(x0);
     }
 
     // ffadd chain
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ class Sum {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
       // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
-      r.result[0].assertEquals(r0s[i]);
+      r.result[0].assertEquals(x0s[i]);
       r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
       result = r.result;
     }

From 6968c257cbe494eb3f1d049956b51c9a607451e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:51:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0698/1786] tweak

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 82ede36b5f..91c643b6b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ export { assertBoolean, arrayGet, assertOneOf };
 /**
  * Assert that x is either 0 or 1.
  */
-function assertBoolean(x: Field) {
+function assertBoolean(x: VarField) {
   Snarky.field.assertBoolean(x.value);
 }
 

From 3932338630ce11a02fc0f28fa873104c0afc263c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:51:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0699/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index cea062267c..2d87533018 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cea062267c2cf81edf50fee8ca9578824c056731
+Subproject commit 2d875330187b95eb36f4602006e46ab2dcfe4cdd

From acffbcea6cf050e624bf42a797100784dd3a3e64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:12:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0700/1786] tweak decompose gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index bf64cceb72..028c6a77cc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   split,
   weakBound,
 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { l, l2, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
@@ -375,6 +375,7 @@ function multiScalarMulGlv(
   );
 
   let maxBits = Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits;
+  assert(maxBits < l2, 'decomposed scalars assumed to be < 2*88 bits');
 
   // decompose scalars and handle signs
   let n2 = 2 * n;
@@ -472,23 +473,34 @@ function endomorphism(Curve: CurveAffine, P: Point) {
   return [{ x: betaX, y: P.y }, weakBound(betaX[2], Curve.modulus)] as const;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Decompose s = s0 + s1*lambda where s0, s1 are guaranteed to be small
+ *
+ * Note: This assumes that s0 and s1 are range-checked externally; in scalar multiplication this happens because they are split into chunks.
+ */
 function decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve: CurveAffine, s: Field3) {
+  assert(
+    Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits < l2,
+    'decomposed scalars assumed to be < 2*88 bits'
+  );
   // witness s0, s1
-  let witnesses = exists(8, () => {
+  let witnesses = exists(6, () => {
     let [s0, s1] = Curve.Endo.decompose(Field3.toBigint(s));
+    let [s00, s01] = split(s0.abs);
+    let [s10, s11] = split(s1.abs);
+    // prettier-ignore
     return [
-      s0.isNegative ? 1n : 0n,
-      ...split(s0.abs),
-      s1.isNegative ? 1n : 0n,
-      ...split(s1.abs),
+      s0.isNegative ? 1n : 0n, s00, s01,
+      s1.isNegative ? 1n : 0n, s10, s11,
     ];
   });
-  let [s0Negative, s00, s01, s02, s1Negative, s10, s11, s12] = witnesses;
-  let s0: Field3 = [s00, s01, s02];
-  let s1: Field3 = [s10, s11, s12];
+  let [s0Negative, s00, s01, s1Negative, s10, s11] = witnesses;
+  // we can hard-code highest limb to zero
+  // (in theory this would allow us to hard-code the high quotient limb to zero in the ffmul below, and save 2 RCs.. but not worth it)
+  let s0: Field3 = [s00, s01, Field.from(0n)];
+  let s1: Field3 = [s10, s11, Field.from(0n)];
   assertBoolean(s0Negative);
   assertBoolean(s1Negative);
-  // NOTE: we do NOT range check s0, s1, because they will be split into chunks which also acts as a range check
 
   // prove that s1*lambda = s - s0
   let lambda = Provable.if(

From 8c524b678b1cc3eccd3c4dde0b17a0d5d81c8949 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:49:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0701/1786] add divMod32, addMod32

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e70d5a580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { rangeCheck32 } from './range-check.js';
+
+export { divMod32, addMod32 };
+
+function divMod32(n: Field) {
+  if (n.isConstant()) {
+    let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
+    let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
+    let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
+    return {
+      remainder: new Field(r),
+      quotient: new Field(q),
+    };
+  }
+
+  let qr = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 2), () => {
+    let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
+    let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
+    let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
+    return [new Field(q), new Field(r)];
+  });
+  let [q, r] = qr;
+
+  // I think we can "skip" this here and do it in the caller - see rotate32
+  // rangeCheck32(q);
+  // rangeCheck32(r);
+
+  n.assertEquals(q.mul(1n << 32n).add(r));
+
+  return {
+    remainder: r,
+    quotient: q,
+  };
+}
+
+function addMod32(x: Field, y: Field) {
+  return divMod32(x.add(y)).remainder;
+}

From 7d8ff8e20d5f575bffb19b1fd982676d4da2094f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:49:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0702/1786] rotate32, rename rotate to rotate64

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 7d112664e7..dc893b408b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ import {
   divideWithRemainder,
   toVar,
 } from './common.js';
-import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import { rangeCheck32, rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
+import { divMod32 } from './arithmetic.js';
 
-export { xor, not, rotate, and, rightShift, leftShift };
+export { xor, not, rotate64, rotate32, and, rightShift, leftShift };
 
 function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
   // check that input length is positive
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   return outputAnd;
 }
 
-function rotate(
+function rotate64(
   field: Field,
   bits: number,
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
@@ -214,11 +215,29 @@ function rotate(
     );
     return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
   }
-  const [rotated] = rot(field, bits, direction);
+  const [rotated] = rot64(field, bits, direction);
   return rotated;
 }
 
-function rot(
+function rotate32(
+  field: Field,
+  bits: number,
+  direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
+) {
+  assert(bits <= 32 && bits > 0, 'bits must be between 0 and 32');
+
+  let { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divMod32(
+    field.mul(1n << BigInt(direction === 'left' ? bits : 32 - bits))
+  );
+
+  let rotated = shifted.add(excess);
+
+  rangeCheck32(rotated);
+
+  return rotated;
+}
+
+function rot64(
   field: Field,
   bits: number,
   direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left'
@@ -296,7 +315,7 @@ function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
     );
     return new Field(Fp.rightShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
   }
-  const [, excess] = rot(field, bits, 'right');
+  const [, excess] = rot64(field, bits, 'right');
   return excess;
 }
 
@@ -313,6 +332,6 @@ function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
     );
     return new Field(Fp.leftShift(field.toBigInt(), bits));
   }
-  const [, , shifted] = rot(field, bits, 'left');
+  const [, , shifted] = rot64(field, bits, 'left');
   return shifted;
 }

From 27d6f8abb6eef353d7691eb63dc24bc606217abd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:49:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0703/1786] add rotate32 tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 559cea7e2a..980610e92c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -57,10 +57,16 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.and(a, b, 64);
       },
     },
-    rot: {
+    rot32: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.rotate(a, 12, 'left');
+        return Gadgets.rotate32(a, 12, 'left');
+      },
+    },
+    rot64: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.rotate64(a, 12, 'left');
       },
     },
     leftShift: {
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left'),
-    (x) => Gadgets.rotate(x, 12, 'left')
+    (x) => Gadgets.rotate64(x, 12, 'left')
   );
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.leftShift(x, 12),
@@ -116,6 +122,13 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
   );
 });
 
+[2, 4, 8, 16, 32].forEach((length) => {
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left', 32),
+    (x) => Gadgets.rotate32(x, 12, 'left')
+  );
+});
+
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(64), uint(64)], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x, y) => {
     return x ^ y;
@@ -229,6 +242,21 @@ let isJustRotate = ifNotAllConstant(
   and(contains(rotChain), withoutGenerics(equals(rotChain)))
 );
 
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rot', isJustRotate);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rot64', isJustRotate);
+
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  Bitwise,
+  'rot32',
+  ifNotAllConstant(
+    contains([
+      'Generic',
+      'Generic',
+      'EndoMulScalar',
+      'EndoMulScalar',
+      'Generic',
+    ])
+  )
+);
+
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'leftShift', isJustRotate);
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rightShift', isJustRotate);

From 0d5e09b7e9e88b8700508a66232f3d0d585ac53f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:49:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0704/1786] epose rot32

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 91 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index c7e1208a7f..c332efdb64 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -5,10 +5,20 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
   multiRangeCheck,
   rangeCheck64,
+  rangeCheck32,
 } from './range-check.js';
-import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
+import {
+  not,
+  rotate32,
+  rotate64,
+  xor,
+  and,
+  leftShift,
+  rightShift,
+} from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { divMod32, addMod32 } from './arithmetic.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -39,6 +49,33 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^32).
+   *
+   * This function proves that the provided field element can be represented with 32 bits.
+   * If the field element exceeds 32 bits, an error is thrown.
+   *
+   * @param x - The value to be range-checked.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 32 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678n));
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheck32(x); // successfully proves 32-bit range
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheck32(xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Note**: Small "negative" field element inputs are interpreted as large integers close to the field size,
+   * and don't pass the 32-bit check. If you want to prove that a value lies in the int64 range [-2^31, 2^31),
+   * you could use `rangeCheck32(x.add(1n << 31n))`.
+   */
+  rangeCheck32(x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheck32(x);
+  },
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
    * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
@@ -52,7 +89,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Important:** The gadget assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
    * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the rotation.
-   * To safely use `rotate()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
+   * To safely use `rotate64()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#rotation)
@@ -66,17 +103,55 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100));
-   * const y = Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
-   * const z = Gadgets.rotate(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
+   * const y = Gadgets.rotate64(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
+   * const z = Gadgets.rotate64(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
+   * z.assertEquals(0b000011);
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * Gadgets.rotate64(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * ```
+   */
+  rotate64(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return rotate64(field, bits, direction);
+  },
+  /**
+   * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
+   * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 32-bit representation rather than being discarded.
+   * For a left rotation, this means that bits shifted off the left end reappear at the right end.
+   * Conversely, for a right rotation, bits shifted off the right end reappear at the left end.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 32-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (32th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * The `direction` parameter is a string that accepts either `'left'` or `'right'`, determining the direction of the rotation.
+   *
+   * **Important:** The gadget assumes that its input is at most 32 bits in size.
+   *
+   * If the input exceeds 32 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the rotation.
+   * To safely use `rotate32()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 32 bits;
+   * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck32}.
+   *
+   *
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to rotate.
+   * @param bits amount of bits to rotate this {@link Field} element with.
+   * @param direction left or right rotation direction.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 32 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100));
+   * const y = Gadgets.rotate32(x, 2, 'left'); // left rotation by 2 bits
+   * const z = Gadgets.rotate32(x, 2, 'right'); // right rotation by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000);
    * z.assertEquals(0b000011);
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * Gadgets.rotate(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * Gadgets.rotate32(xLarge, 32, "left"); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
    * ```
    */
-  rotate(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return rotate(field, bits, direction);
+  rotate32(field: Field, bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
+    return rotate32(field, bits, direction);
   },
   /**
    * Bitwise XOR gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise XOR `^` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_XOR).
@@ -420,6 +495,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** This interface does not contain any provable methods.
    */
   Field3,
+  divMod32,
+  addMod32,
 };
 
 export namespace Gadgets {

From 81c90c4df844bf8a690b2e97443b0c426c3b3e0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:50:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0705/1786] rangeCheck32

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 5b2be2c8ee..ec971d8c04 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 
 export {
+  rangeCheck32,
   rangeCheck64,
   multiRangeCheck,
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
@@ -12,6 +13,22 @@ export {
   twoLMask,
 };
 
+/**
+ * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^32)
+ */
+function rangeCheck32(x: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    if (x.toBigInt() >= 1n << 32n) {
+      throw Error(`rangeCheck32: expected field to fit in 32 bits, got ${x}`);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // can we make this more efficient? its 3 gates :/
+  let actual = x.rangeCheckHelper(32);
+  actual.assertEquals(x);
+}
+
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
  */

From aafd4b89ced69008539140c1e86858e45005ba8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:50:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0706/1786] add rotate32 to UInt32

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 186a8d381b..f9025437ee 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return Gadgets.rotate(this.value, bits, direction);
+    return Gadgets.rotate64(this.value, bits, direction);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -589,8 +589,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt32) {
-    let actual = x.value.rangeCheckHelper(32);
-    actual.assertEquals(x.value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(x.value);
   }
   static toInput(x: UInt32): HashInput {
     return { packed: [[x.value, 32]] };
@@ -820,7 +819,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return Gadgets.rotate(this.value, bits, direction);
+    return Gadgets.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction);
   }
 
   /**

From eacc1e606f06f6bdf217918d46c4c88d63cd093b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:57:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0707/1786] expose assertMul and Sum

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 44 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 16 +++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index b0abeff8c1..f60663e988 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -19,18 +19,11 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export {
-  ForeignField,
-  Field3,
-  bigint3,
-  Sign,
-  split,
-  collapse,
-  weakBound,
-  assertMul,
-  Sum,
-  assertRank1,
-};
+// external API
+export { ForeignField, Field3 };
+
+// internal API
+export { bigint3, Sign, split, collapse, weakBound, Sum, assertMul };
 
 /**
  * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
@@ -47,10 +40,14 @@ const ForeignField = {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
   sum,
+  Sum(x: Field3) {
+    return new Sum(x);
+  },
 
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
+  assertMul,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -157,7 +154,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
 
   let one: Field2 = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
-  assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x, xInv, one, f);
 
   // range check on result bound
   // TODO: this uses two RCs too many.. need global RC stack
@@ -190,7 +187,7 @@ function divide(
   });
   multiRangeCheck(z);
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
-  assertMul(z, y, x, f);
+  assertMulInternal(z, y, x, f);
 
   // range check on result bound
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
@@ -212,7 +209,12 @@ function divide(
 /**
  * Common logic for gadgets that expect a certain multiplication result a priori, instead of just using the remainder.
  */
-function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
+function assertMulInternal(
+  x: Field3,
+  y: Field3,
+  xy: Field3 | Field2,
+  f: bigint
+) {
   let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
   // range check on quotient
@@ -413,10 +415,8 @@ function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
  * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
  * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
  * However, all extra checks that are needed on the _sums_ are handled here.
- *
- * TODO example
  */
-function assertRank1(
+function assertMul(
   x: Field3 | Sum,
   y: Field3 | Sum,
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ function assertRank1(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
-  assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  finishOne() {
+  #finishOne() {
     let result = this.#summands[0];
     this.#result = result;
     return result;
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index dc45693690..e5c267653b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
-import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -470,6 +470,20 @@ const Gadgets = {
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    assertMul(x: Field3 | Sum, y: Field3 | Sum, z: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.assertMul(x, y, z, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    Sum(x: Field3) {
+      return ForeignField.Sum(x);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From 003f29d8a48b0e8f3141102dd31f7b7b7aae2d15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 13:00:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0708/1786] adapt elliptic curve gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 41 +++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 60d9646d5c..9b9b7417ad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,7 @@ import {
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
-import {
-  Field3,
-  ForeignField,
-  Sum,
-  assertRank1,
-  split,
-  weakBound,
-} from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Field3, ForeignField, split, weakBound } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
@@ -88,18 +81,18 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
-  let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
-  let deltaY = new Sum(y1).sub(y2);
-  assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
+  let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
+  let deltaY = ForeignField.Sum(y1).sub(y2);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
 
   // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
-  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
-  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
-  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  let deltaX1X3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
@@ -142,18 +135,18 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
 
   // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
   // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
-  let y1Times2 = new Sum(y1).add(y1);
-  let x1x1Times3 = new Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  assertRank1(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  let y1Times2 = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y1);
+  let x1x1Times3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
-  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
-  assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
+  let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(m, m, xSum, f);
 
   // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
-  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
+  let deltaX1X3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x3);
+  let ySum = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y3);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
   // bounds checks
   multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);

From 641917678aa8b84d4ca1a1d4f7fa3c150fbf2132 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 13:13:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0709/1786] fix tests

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts    |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 13 ++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts
index 0a87b61dce..1e2508c804 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/gadgets.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import { Field, Provable, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let f = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12));
 
-  let res1 = Gadgets.rotate(f, 2, 'left');
-  let res2 = Gadgets.rotate(f, 2, 'right');
+  let res1 = Gadgets.rotate64(f, 2, 'left');
+  let res2 = Gadgets.rotate64(f, 2, 'right');
 
   res1.assertEquals(Field(48));
   res2.assertEquals(Field(3));
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ const BitwiseProver = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [],
       method: () => {
         let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(48));
-        let actualLeft = Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'left');
-        let actualRight = Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'right');
+        let actualLeft = Gadgets.rotate64(a, 2, 'left');
+        let actualRight = Gadgets.rotate64(a, 2, 'right');
 
         let expectedLeft = Field(192);
         actualLeft.assertEquals(expectedLeft);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 980610e92c..b019975909 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -180,7 +180,18 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left');
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.rot(x);
+    let proof = await Bitwise.rot64(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    if (x >= 2n ** 32n) throw Error('Does not fit into 32 bits');
+    return Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left', 32);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.rot32(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );

From e8cac1acaa6638533f11ddd3322756b6a4267a88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 13:18:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0710/1786] fix vk regression test

---
 tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index b5d0c1f447..9ee0e2737d 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
   rot() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
     Gadgets.rangeCheck64(a); // `rotate()` doesn't do this
-    Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'left');
-    Gadgets.rotate(a, 2, 'right');
-    Gadgets.rotate(a, 4, 'left');
-    Gadgets.rotate(a, 4, 'right');
+    Gadgets.rotate64(a, 2, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rotate64(a, 2, 'right');
+    Gadgets.rotate64(a, 4, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rotate64(a, 4, 'right');
   },
   xor() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));

From 347524a4aa3fce103b0b98adb98cb7955a243729 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 14:30:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0711/1786] add assertion to prevent invalid multiplication

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index f60663e988..dd89d04e4c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -426,6 +426,15 @@ function assertMul(
   y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
   xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
+  // conservative estimate to ensure that multiplication bound is satisfied
+  // we assume that all summands si are bounded with si[2] <= f[2] checks, which implies si < 2^k where k := ceil(log(f))
+  // our assertion below gives us
+  // |x|*|y| + q*f + |r| < (x.length * y.length) 2^2k + 2^2k + 2^2k < 3 * 2^(2*258) < 2^264 * (native modulus)
+  assert(
+    BigInt(Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(x.length * y.length))) * f < 1n << 258n,
+    `Foreign modulus is too large for multiplication of sums of lengths ${x.length} and ${y.length}`
+  );
+
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
   let y0 = y.finishForMulInput(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
@@ -449,6 +458,10 @@ class Sum {
     return this.#result;
   }
 
+  get length() {
+    return this.#summands.length;
+  }
+
   add(y: Field3) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     this.#ops.push(1n);

From 24a0bf6b9b0e5db0500970184ed6d7b3b39f31a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 14:33:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0712/1786] document assertMul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e5c267653b..ec389e92ee 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -472,14 +472,39 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Optimized multiplication of sums in a foreign field, for example: `(x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f`
+     *
+     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
+     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
+     *
+     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
+     *
+     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:
+     * - each summand's limbs are in the range [0, 2^88)
+     * - summands that are part of a multiplication input satisfy `x[2] <= f[2]`
+     *
+     * @throws if the modulus is so large that the second assumption no longer suffices for validity of the multiplication.
+     * For small sums and moduli < 2^256, this will not fail.
+     *
+     * @throws if the provided multiplication result is not correct modulo f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * // we assume that x, y, z, a, b, c are range-checked, analogous to `ForeignField.mul()`
+     * let xMinusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y);
+     * let aPlusBPlusC = ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b).add(c);
+     *
+     * // assert that (x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f
+     * ForeignField.assertMul(xMinusY, z, aPlusBPlusC, f);
+     * ```
      */
     assertMul(x: Field3 | Sum, y: Field3 | Sum, z: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.assertMul(x, y, z, f);
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
@@ -499,4 +524,12 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
    * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
    */
   export type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
+
+  export namespace ForeignField {
+    /**
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     */
+    export type Sum = Sum_;
+  }
 }
+type Sum_ = Sum;

From 021b00144ccd80a353227d4763399920e20d00a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 16:47:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0713/1786] address feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 21 +++++++++++----------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       |  4 ++++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index fc30ef0a4e..75f41a7f82 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
     let y_ = toBigint3(y);
 
     // figure out if there's overflow
-    let r = collapse(x_) + sign * collapse(y_);
+    let r = combine(x_) + sign * combine(y_);
     let overflow = 0n;
     if (sign === 1n && r >= f) overflow = 1n;
     if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ function singleAdd(x: Field3, y: Field3, sign: Sign, f: bigint) {
 
     // do the add with carry
     // note: this "just works" with negative r01
-    let r01 = collapse2(x_) + sign * collapse2(y_) - overflow * collapse2(f_);
+    let r01 = combine2(x_) + sign * combine2(y_) - overflow * combine2(f_);
     let carry = r01 >> l2;
     r01 &= l2Mask;
     let [r0, r1] = split2(r01);
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
     return xInv === undefined ? [0n, 0n, 0n] : split(xInv);
   });
   multiRangeCheck(xInv);
+  // we need to bound xInv because it's a multiplication input
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
 
   let one: Field2 = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ function divide(
     let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << l));
     y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
     let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
-    let f01 = collapse2([f0, f1]);
+    let f01 = combine2([f0, f1]);
     y01.equals(f01).and(y[2].equals(f2)).assertFalse();
   }
 
@@ -233,13 +234,13 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
     let [b0, b1, b2] = toBigint3(b);
 
     // compute q and r such that a*b = q*f + r
-    let ab = collapse([a0, a1, a2]) * collapse([b0, b1, b2]);
+    let ab = combine([a0, a1, a2]) * combine([b0, b1, b2]);
     let q = ab / f;
     let r = ab - q * f;
 
     let [q0, q1, q2] = split(q);
     let [r0, r1, r2] = split(r);
-    let r01 = collapse2([r0, r1]);
+    let r01 = combine2([r0, r1]);
 
     // compute product terms
     let p0 = a0 * b0 + q0 * f_0;
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
     let p2 = a0 * b2 + a1 * b1 + a2 * b0 + q0 * f_2 + q1 * f_1 + q2 * f_0;
 
     let [p10, p110, p111] = split(p1);
-    let p11 = collapse2([p110, p111]);
+    let p11 = combine2([p110, p111]);
 
     // carry bottom limbs
     let c0 = (p0 + (p10 << l) - r01) >> l2;
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ const Field3 = {
    * Turn a 3-tuple of Fields into a bigint
    */
   toBigint(x: Field3): bigint {
-    return collapse(toBigint3(x));
+    return combine(toBigint3(x));
   },
 
   /**
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ const Field3 = {
 type Field2 = [Field, Field];
 const Field2 = {
   toBigint(x: Field2): bigint {
-    return collapse2(Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt()));
+    return combine2(Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt()));
   },
 };
 
@@ -360,14 +361,14 @@ function toBigint3(x: Field3): bigint3 {
   return Tuple.map(x, (x) => x.toBigInt());
 }
 
-function collapse([x0, x1, x2]: bigint3) {
+function combine([x0, x1, x2]: bigint3) {
   return x0 + (x1 << l) + (x2 << l2);
 }
 function split(x: bigint): bigint3 {
   return [x & lMask, (x >> l) & lMask, (x >> l2) & lMask];
 }
 
-function collapse2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
+function combine2([x0, x1]: bigint3 | [bigint, bigint]) {
   return x0 + (x1 << l);
 }
 function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index dc45693690..b67ef58fd9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -370,6 +370,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Foreign field subtraction: `x - y mod f`
      *
      * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     *
+     * @throws fails if `x - y < -f`, where the result cannot be brought back to a positive number by adding `f` once.
      */
     sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.sub(x, y, f);
@@ -466,6 +468,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
+     *
+     * @throws Different than {@link ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
      */
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);

From bdd3efee0353011f5244aa33cd1e3434a67a98da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 18:55:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0714/1786] fix ts build

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 7d112664e7..4a8a66f041 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ function rotate(
       field.toBigInt() < 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS),
       `rotation: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
     );
-    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), BigInt(bits), direction));
   }
   const [rotated] = rot(field, bits, direction);
   return rotated;

From f5719d9a599986a171ea3c90eaa731c3497760ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 18:55:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0715/1786] fix mina tests

---
 src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts | 13 +------------
 src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts       | 13 +------------
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
index 2441c0030d..acde6a86f6 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,6 @@
-import {
-  SelfProof,
-  Field,
-  ZkProgram,
-  isReady,
-  shutdown,
-  Proof,
-} from '../index.js';
+import { SelfProof, Field, ZkProgram, Proof } from 'o1js';
 import { tic, toc } from '../examples/utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
-await isReady;
-
 let MaxProofsVerifiedOne = ZkProgram({
   name: 'recursive-1',
   publicInput: Field,
@@ -85,5 +76,3 @@ function testJsonRoundtrip(ProofClass: any, proof: Proof<Field, void>) {
   );
   return ProofClass.fromJSON(jsonProof);
 }
-
-shutdown();
diff --git a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
index e60eee018a..101487dae5 100644
--- a/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/tests/inductive-proofs.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,6 @@
-import {
-  SelfProof,
-  Field,
-  ZkProgram,
-  isReady,
-  shutdown,
-  Proof,
-} from '../index.js';
+import { SelfProof, Field, ZkProgram, Proof } from 'o1js';
 import { tic, toc } from '../examples/utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 
-await isReady;
-
 let MaxProofsVerifiedZero = ZkProgram({
   name: 'no-recursion',
   publicInput: Field,
@@ -155,5 +146,3 @@ function testJsonRoundtrip(ProofClass: any, proof: Proof<Field, void>) {
   );
   return ProofClass.fromJSON(jsonProof);
 }
-
-shutdown();

From 005ae5dbce07f3e2dcae337386b26986439c83db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 18:55:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0716/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c8f8c631f2..87996f7d27 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c8f8c631f28b84c3d3859378a2fe857091207755
+Subproject commit 87996f7d27b37208d536349ab9449047964736f2

From f9429cb76671812c83295a4cb8d624ce8046130f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 19:03:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0717/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 559cea7e2a..91b9d138f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
 
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
-    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left'),
+    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left'),
     (x) => Gadgets.rotate(x, 12, 'left')
   );
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
-    return Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left');
+    return Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left');
   },
   async (x) => {
     let proof = await Bitwise.rot(x);

From 1ad7333e9e35ba455c3be8696544f1909cb7b685 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 10:19:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0718/1786] chore(package.json): bump version from 0.14.1 to
 0.14.2 for new release

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 93ea97ca43..eff466f3fb 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.14.1",
+  "version": "0.14.2",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.14.1",
+      "version": "0.14.2",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 8e748d808f..6d880daea0 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.14.1",
+  "version": "0.14.2",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From 2fefe982a5e22f537b278eaca550d5032cdad607 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 19:25:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0719/1786] fixup mina test

---
 run-minimal-mina-tests.sh | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/run-minimal-mina-tests.sh b/run-minimal-mina-tests.sh
index 3aae238cce..d6380585f2 100755
--- a/run-minimal-mina-tests.sh
+++ b/run-minimal-mina-tests.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 set -e
 
+npm run dev
+
 ./run src/tests/inductive-proofs-small.ts --bundle

From e54ec52b9721704204721ea17953ba478717167a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 10:24:18 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0720/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): update unreleased section link
 and add version 0.14.2 section to reflect recent changes in the project

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 533c57bbcf..7a02ed147d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
+
+> No unreleased changes yet
+
+## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 

From a88276c2267626ce9e550ba25d8bdc357e199143 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 21:26:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0721/1786] delete ec gadget from this branch

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 79 -------------------------------
 1 file changed, 79 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b52eda448f..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { exists } from './common.js';
-import {
-  Field3,
-  Sum,
-  assertRank1,
-  bigint3,
-  split,
-  weakBound,
-} from './foreign-field.js';
-import { multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
-import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
-
-type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
-type point = { x: bigint3; y: bigint3; infinity: boolean };
-
-function add({ x: x1, y: y1 }: Point, { x: x2, y: y2 }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  // TODO constant case
-
-  // witness and range-check slope, x3, y3
-  let witnesses = exists(9, () => {
-    let [x1_, x2_, y1_, y2_] = Field3.toBigints(x1, x2, y1, y2);
-    let denom = inverse(mod(x1_ - x2_, f), f);
-
-    let m = denom !== undefined ? mod((y1_ - y2_) * denom, f) : 0n;
-    let m2 = mod(m * m, f);
-    let x3 = mod(m2 - x1_ - x2_, f);
-    let y3 = mod(m * (x1_ - x3) - y1_, f);
-
-    return [...split(m), ...split(x3), ...split(y3)];
-  });
-  let [m0, m1, m2, x30, x31, x32, y30, y31, y32] = witnesses;
-  let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
-  let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
-  let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-
-  multiRangeCheck(m);
-  multiRangeCheck(x3);
-  multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let m2Bound = weakBound(m[2], f);
-  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  // we dont need to bounds-check y3[2] because it's never one of the inputs to a multiplication
-
-  // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
-  let deltaX = new Sum(x1).sub(x2);
-  let deltaY = new Sum(y1).sub(y2);
-  let qBound1 = assertRank1(deltaX, m, deltaY, f);
-
-  // m^2 = x1 + x2 + x3
-  let xSum = new Sum(x1).add(x2).add(x3);
-  let qBound2 = assertRank1(m, m, xSum, f);
-
-  // (x1 - x3)*m = y1 + y3
-  let deltaX1X3 = new Sum(x1).sub(x3);
-  let ySum = new Sum(y1).add(y3);
-  let qBound3 = assertRank1(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
-
-  // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([m2Bound, x3Bound, qBound1]);
-  multiRangeCheck([qBound2, qBound3, Field.from(0n)]);
-}
-
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
-
-  add(g, h, exampleFields.secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-printGates(cs.gates);
-console.log({ digest: cs.digest, rows: cs.rows });

From b2cada899fa96eeed5147d587f19ac732c039a8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 21:27:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0722/1786] adapt to main

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index c02a3796dc..0d55a9b956 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export {
   bigint3,
   Sign,
   split,
-  collapse,
+  combine,
   weakBound,
   assertMul,
   Sum,
@@ -423,13 +423,11 @@ function assertRank1(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
-  let q2Bound = assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 
   // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
   x.rangeCheck();
   y.rangeCheck();
-
-  return q2Bound;
 }
 
 class Sum {

From ccb92466a209ece14c6893fabec741006e6885b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 20 Nov 2023 22:02:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0723/1786] replace mul input rcs with generic gates

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 0d55a9b956..7bd6ae6d77 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
@@ -396,14 +397,15 @@ function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
 /**
  * Optimized multiplication of sums, like (x + y)*z = a + b + c
  *
- * We use two optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
+ * We use several optimizations over naive summing and then multiplying:
  *
  * - we skip the range check on the remainder sum, because ffmul is sound with r being a sum of range-checked values
+ * - we replace the range check on the input sums with an extra low limb sum using generic gates
  * - we chain the first input's sum into the ffmul gate
  *
  * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
  * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
- * However, all extra checks that are needed on the sums are handled here.
+ * However, all extra checks that are needed on the _sums_ are handled here.
  *
  * TODO example
  */
@@ -413,19 +415,19 @@ function assertRank1(
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
   f: bigint
 ) {
-  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x, f);
-  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y, f);
-  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy, f);
+  x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x);
+  y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
+  xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
   let y0 = y.finish(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
-  let x0 = x.finishForChaining(f);
+  let x0 = x.finish(f, true);
   assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 
-  // we need an extra range check on x and y, but not xy
+  // we need and extra range check on x and y
   x.rangeCheck();
   y.rangeCheck();
 }
@@ -458,10 +460,17 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  finish(f: bigint, forChaining = false) {
+  finishOne() {
+    let result = this.#summands[0];
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  finish(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
+    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
@@ -469,14 +478,87 @@ class Sum {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       ({ result } = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f));
     }
-    if (n > 0 && !forChaining) Gates.zero(...result);
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
 
     this.#result = result;
     return result;
   }
 
-  finishForChaining(f: bigint) {
-    return this.finish(f, true);
+  finishForMulInput(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
+    assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
+    let signs = this.#ops;
+    let n = signs.length;
+    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+
+    let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
+
+    // since the sum becomes a multiplication input, we need to constrain all limbs _individually_.
+    // sadly, ffadd only constrains the low and middle limb together.
+    // we could fix it with a RC just for the lower two limbs
+    // but it's cheaper to add generic gates which handle the lowest limb separately, and avoids the unfilled MRC slot
+    let f_ = split(f);
+
+    // compute witnesses for generic gates -- overflows and carries
+    let nFields = Provable.Array(Field, n);
+    let [overflows, carries] = Provable.witness(
+      provableTuple([nFields, nFields]),
+      () => {
+        let overflows: bigint[] = [];
+        let carries: bigint[] = [];
+
+        let r = Field3.toBigint(x[0]);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+          // this duplicates some of the logic in singleAdd
+          let x_ = split(r);
+          let y_ = toBigint3(x[i + 1]);
+          let sign = signs[i];
+
+          // figure out if there's overflow
+          r = r + sign * combine(y_);
+          let overflow = 0n;
+          if (sign === 1n && r >= f) overflow = 1n;
+          if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+          if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n;
+          overflows.push(overflow);
+
+          // add with carry, only on the lowest limb
+          let r0 = x_[0] + sign * y_[0] - overflow * f_[0];
+          carries.push(r0 >> l);
+        }
+        return [overflows.map(Field.from), carries.map(Field.from)];
+      }
+    );
+
+    // generic gates for low limbs
+    let result0 = x[0][0];
+    let r0s: Field[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
+      let c = carries[i];
+      c.mul(c.sub(1n)).mul(c.add(1n)).assertEquals(0n);
+
+      result0 = result0
+        .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+        .add(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
+        .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+        .seal();
+      r0s.push(result0);
+    }
+
+    // ffadd chain
+    let result = x[0];
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
+      // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
+      r.result[0].assertEquals(r0s[i]);
+      r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
+      result = r.result;
+    }
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
+
+    this.#result = result;
+    return result;
   }
 
   rangeCheck() {
@@ -484,7 +566,7 @@ class Sum {
     if (this.#ops.length > 0) multiRangeCheck(this.#result);
   }
 
-  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+  static fromUnfinished(x: Field3 | Sum) {
     if (x instanceof Sum) {
       assert(x.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
       return x;

From 554f37a5c94e174e81b992b9fd7d4ce9afff8398 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:03:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0724/1786] enable strict typing of variable fields

---
 src/lib/field.ts          | 15 +++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 16 ++++++++++------
 src/snarky.d.ts           |  8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index de52ecf621..9e2497e231 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ export { Field };
 
 // internal API
 export {
-  ConstantField,
   FieldType,
   FieldVar,
   FieldConst,
+  ConstantField,
+  VarField,
+  VarFieldVar,
   isField,
   withMessage,
   readVarMessage,
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ type FieldVar =
   | [FieldType.Scale, FieldConst, FieldVar];
 
 type ConstantFieldVar = [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst];
+type VarFieldVar = [FieldType.Var, number];
 
 const FieldVar = {
   constant(x: bigint | FieldConst): ConstantFieldVar {
@@ -78,6 +81,9 @@ const FieldVar = {
   isConstant(x: FieldVar): x is ConstantFieldVar {
     return x[0] === FieldType.Constant;
   },
+  isVar(x: FieldVar): x is VarFieldVar {
+    return x[0] === FieldType.Var;
+  },
   add(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): FieldVar {
     if (FieldVar.isConstant(x) && x[1][1] === 0n) return y;
     if (FieldVar.isConstant(y) && y[1][1] === 0n) return x;
@@ -101,6 +107,7 @@ const FieldVar = {
 };
 
 type ConstantField = Field & { value: ConstantFieldVar };
+type VarField = Field & { value: VarFieldVar };
 
 /**
  * A {@link Field} is an element of a prime order [finite field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field).
@@ -1039,7 +1046,7 @@ class Field {
   seal() {
     if (this.isConstant()) return this;
     let x = Snarky.field.seal(this.value);
-    return new Field(x);
+    return VarField(x);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1360,3 +1367,7 @@ there is \`Provable.asProver(() => { ... })\` which allows you to use ${varName}
 Warning: whatever happens inside asProver() will not be part of the zk proof.
 `;
 }
+
+function VarField(x: VarFieldVar): VarField {
+  return new Field(x) as VarField;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 196ca64e73..1b52023ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, FieldType } from '../field.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export {
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
   let varMl = Snarky.existsVar(() => FieldConst.fromBigint(compute()));
-  return new Field(varMl);
+  return VarField(varMl);
 }
 
 function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
   let varsMl = Snarky.exists(n, () =>
     MlArray.mapTo(compute(), FieldConst.fromBigint)
   );
-  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, (v) => new Field(v));
+  let vars = MlArray.mapFrom(varsMl, VarField);
   return TupleN.fromArray(n, vars);
 }
 
@@ -43,20 +43,24 @@ function exists<N extends number, C extends () => TupleN<bigint, N>>(
  *
  * Same as `Field.seal()` with the difference that `seal()` leaves constants as is.
  */
-function toVar(x: Field | bigint) {
+function toVar(x: Field | bigint): VarField {
   // don't change existing vars
-  if (x instanceof Field && x.value[1] === FieldType.Var) return x;
+  if (isVar(x)) return x;
   let xVar = existsOne(() => Field.from(x).toBigInt());
   xVar.assertEquals(x);
   return xVar;
 }
 
+function isVar(x: Field | bigint): x is VarField {
+  return x instanceof Field && FieldVar.isVar(x.value);
+}
+
 /**
  * Apply {@link toVar} to each element of a tuple.
  */
 function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
   fields: T
-): { [k in keyof T]: Field } {
+): { [k in keyof T]: VarField } {
   return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 69fe3bcb37..343d714c46 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { Account as JsonAccount } from './bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-json.js';
-import type { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from './lib/field.js';
+import type { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarFieldVar } from './lib/field.js';
 import type { BoolVar, Bool } from './lib/bool.js';
 import type { ScalarConst } from './lib/scalar.js';
 import type {
@@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   exists(
     sizeInFields: number,
     compute: () => MlArray<FieldConst>
-  ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
+  ): MlArray<VarFieldVar>;
   /**
    * witness a single field element variable
    */
-  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): FieldVar;
+  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): VarFieldVar;
 
   /**
    * APIs that have to do with running provable code
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
      * returns a new witness from an AST
      * (implemented with toConstantAndTerms)
      */
-    seal(x: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    seal(x: FieldVar): VarFieldVar;
     /**
      * Unfolds AST to get `x = c + c0*Var(i0) + ... + cn*Var(in)`,
      * returns `(c, [(c0, i0), ..., (cn, in)])`;

From e7c1791ad23b9785b36218a82b4ab0b3fd24ebde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 21:32:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0725/1786] optimized assertOneOf gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d16d0896e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
+import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
+import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+
+export { assertOneOf };
+
+// TODO: create constant versions of these and expose on Gadgets
+
+/**
+ * Assert that a value equals one of a finite list of constants:
+ * `(x - c1)*(x - c2)*...*(x - cn) === 0`
+ *
+ * TODO: what prevents us from getting the same efficiency with snarky DSL code?
+ */
+function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
+  let xv = toVar(x);
+  let [c1, c2, ...c] = allowed;
+  let n = c.length;
+  if (n === 0) {
+    // (x - c1)*(x - c2) === 0
+    assertBilinearZero(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+    return;
+  }
+  // z = (x - c1)*(x - c2)
+  let z = bilinear(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (i < n - 1) {
+      // z = z*(x - c)
+      z = bilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+    } else {
+      // z*(x - c) === 0
+      assertBilinearZero(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// low-level helpers to create generic gates
+
+/**
+ * Compute bilinear function of x and y:
+ * z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d
+ */
+function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
+  let z = existsOne(() => {
+    let x0 = x.toBigInt();
+    let y0 = y.toBigInt();
+    return a * x0 * y0 + b * x0 + c * y0 + d;
+  });
+  // b*x + c*y - z + a*x*y + d === 0
+  Gates.generic(
+    { left: b, right: c, out: -1n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z }
+  );
+  return z;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Assert bilinear equation on x and y:
+ * a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === 0
+ */
+function assertBilinearZero(
+  x: VarField,
+  y: VarField,
+  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>
+) {
+  // b*x + c*y + a*x*y + d === 0
+  Gates.generic(
+    { left: b, right: c, out: 0n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: x }
+  );
+}

From 1a72bfc5832bf019bf0e13316b2cb131e88bf0e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:30:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0726/1786] make new assertRank1 more efficient and enable it

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 36 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 7bd6ae6d77..07e6a7b657 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
+import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
   l,
   lMask,
@@ -420,16 +421,12 @@ function assertRank1(
   xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
-  let y0 = y.finish(f);
+  let y0 = y.finishForMulInput(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
-  let x0 = x.finish(f, true);
+  let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
   assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
-
-  // we need and extra range check on x and y
-  x.rangeCheck();
-  y.rangeCheck();
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -484,6 +481,7 @@ class Sum {
     return result;
   }
 
+  // TODO this is complex and should be removed once we fix the ffadd gate to constrain all limbs individually
   finishForMulInput(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
@@ -531,19 +529,21 @@ class Sum {
     );
 
     // generic gates for low limbs
-    let result0 = x[0][0];
-    let r0s: Field[] = [];
+    let x0 = x[0][0];
+    let x0s: Field[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
       let c = carries[i];
-      c.mul(c.sub(1n)).mul(c.add(1n)).assertEquals(0n);
-
-      result0 = result0
-        .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
-        .add(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
-        .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
-        .seal();
-      r0s.push(result0);
+      assertOneOf(c, [0n, 1n, -1n]);
+
+      // x0 <- x0 + s*y0 - o*f0 - c*2^l
+      x0 = toVar(
+        x0
+          .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+          .sub(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
+          .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+      );
+      x0s.push(x0);
     }
 
     // ffadd chain
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ class Sum {
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
       // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
-      r.result[0].assertEquals(r0s[i]);
+      r.result[0].assertEquals(x0s[i]);
       r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
       result = r.result;
     }

From 0ed257af20edb9d62dfa021620fcfb3b798ff354 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 12:57:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0727/1786] expose assertMul and Sum

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 44 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 16 +++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 07e6a7b657..59d38297e3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -19,18 +19,11 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
 } from './range-check.js';
 
-export {
-  ForeignField,
-  Field3,
-  bigint3,
-  Sign,
-  split,
-  combine,
-  weakBound,
-  assertMul,
-  Sum,
-  assertRank1,
-};
+// external API
+export { ForeignField, Field3 };
+
+// internal API
+export { bigint3, Sign, split, combine, weakBound, Sum, assertMul };
 
 /**
  * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
@@ -47,10 +40,14 @@ const ForeignField = {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
   sum,
+  Sum(x: Field3) {
+    return new Sum(x);
+  },
 
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
+  assertMul,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -158,7 +155,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   let xInv2Bound = weakBound(xInv[2], f);
 
   let one: Field2 = [Field.from(1n), Field.from(0n)];
-  assertMul(x, xInv, one, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x, xInv, one, f);
 
   // range check on result bound
   // TODO: this uses two RCs too many.. need global RC stack
@@ -191,7 +188,7 @@ function divide(
   });
   multiRangeCheck(z);
   let z2Bound = weakBound(z[2], f);
-  assertMul(z, y, x, f);
+  assertMulInternal(z, y, x, f);
 
   // range check on result bound
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
@@ -213,7 +210,12 @@ function divide(
 /**
  * Common logic for gadgets that expect a certain multiplication result a priori, instead of just using the remainder.
  */
-function assertMul(x: Field3, y: Field3, xy: Field3 | Field2, f: bigint) {
+function assertMulInternal(
+  x: Field3,
+  y: Field3,
+  xy: Field3 | Field2,
+  f: bigint
+) {
   let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
   // range check on quotient
@@ -407,10 +409,8 @@ function split2(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint] {
  * As usual, all values are assumed to be range checked, and the left and right multiplication inputs
  * are assumed to be bounded such that `l * r < 2^264 * (native modulus)`.
  * However, all extra checks that are needed on the _sums_ are handled here.
- *
- * TODO example
  */
-function assertRank1(
+function assertMul(
   x: Field3 | Sum,
   y: Field3 | Sum,
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ function assertRank1(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
-  assertMul(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  finishOne() {
+  #finishOne() {
     let result = this.#summands[0];
     this.#result = result;
     return result;
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
 
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b67ef58fd9..b24f560af9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
-import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -474,6 +474,20 @@ const Gadgets = {
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    assertMul(x: Field3 | Sum, y: Field3 | Sum, z: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.assertMul(x, y, z, f);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     */
+    Sum(x: Field3) {
+      return ForeignField.Sum(x);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From 9647ac84b31d0e422453d34b301801950bf49468 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 14:30:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0728/1786] add assertion to prevent invalid multiplication

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 59d38297e3..23835e7727 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -420,6 +420,15 @@ function assertMul(
   y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
   xy = Sum.fromUnfinished(xy);
 
+  // conservative estimate to ensure that multiplication bound is satisfied
+  // we assume that all summands si are bounded with si[2] <= f[2] checks, which implies si < 2^k where k := ceil(log(f))
+  // our assertion below gives us
+  // |x|*|y| + q*f + |r| < (x.length * y.length) 2^2k + 2^2k + 2^2k < 3 * 2^(2*258) < 2^264 * (native modulus)
+  assert(
+    BigInt(Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(x.length * y.length))) * f < 1n << 258n,
+    `Foreign modulus is too large for multiplication of sums of lengths ${x.length} and ${y.length}`
+  );
+
   // finish the y and xy sums with a zero gate
   let y0 = y.finishForMulInput(f);
   let xy0 = xy.finish(f);
@@ -443,6 +452,10 @@ class Sum {
     return this.#result;
   }
 
+  get length() {
+    return this.#summands.length;
+  }
+
   add(y: Field3) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     this.#ops.push(1n);

From fe166c011ee076e2adfdea19be73d4f40684bce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 14:33:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0729/1786] document assertMul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b24f560af9..a35e94e566 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -476,14 +476,39 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Optimized multiplication of sums in a foreign field, for example: `(x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f`
+     *
+     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
+     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
+     *
+     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
+     *
+     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:
+     * - each summand's limbs are in the range [0, 2^88)
+     * - summands that are part of a multiplication input satisfy `x[2] <= f[2]`
+     *
+     * @throws if the modulus is so large that the second assumption no longer suffices for validity of the multiplication.
+     * For small sums and moduli < 2^256, this will not fail.
+     *
+     * @throws if the provided multiplication result is not correct modulo f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * // we assume that x, y, z, a, b, c are range-checked, analogous to `ForeignField.mul()`
+     * let xMinusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y);
+     * let aPlusBPlusC = ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b).add(c);
+     *
+     * // assert that (x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f
+     * ForeignField.assertMul(xMinusY, z, aPlusBPlusC, f);
+     * ```
      */
     assertMul(x: Field3 | Sum, y: Field3 | Sum, z: Field3 | Sum, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.assertMul(x, y, z, f);
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
@@ -503,4 +528,12 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
    * A 3-tuple of Fields, representing a 3-limb bigint.
    */
   export type Field3 = [Field, Field, Field];
+
+  export namespace ForeignField {
+    /**
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     */
+    export type Sum = Sum_;
+  }
 }
+type Sum_ = Sum;

From e647ae46607de380b99048dc74f13e715e3d3f2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 21:54:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0730/1786] start writing unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 50 ++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 4cb0d2d975..88753cdb6a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   equivalentProvable,
   fromRandom,
   record,
+  unit,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
@@ -86,6 +87,13 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     'div'
   );
 
+  // assert mul
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f], to: unit })(
+    (x, y) => assertMulExampleNaive(Field3.from(x), Field3.from(y), F.modulus),
+    (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
+    'assertMul'
+  );
+
   // tests with inputs that aren't reduced mod f
   let big264 = unreducedForeignField(264, F); // this is the max size supported by our range checks / ffadd
   let big258 = unreducedForeignField(258, F); // rough max size supported by ffmul
@@ -219,9 +227,11 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'div', invLayout);
 
 // tests with proving
 
+const runs = 3;
+
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs })(
   (xs) => sum(xs, signs, F),
   async (xs) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.sumchain(xs);
@@ -231,7 +241,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
   'prove chain'
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs })(
   F.mul,
   async (x, y) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.mul(x, y);
@@ -241,7 +251,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
   'prove mul'
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs })(
   (x, y) => F.div(x, y) ?? throwError('no inverse'),
   async (x, y) => {
     let proof = await ffProgram.div(x, y);
@@ -261,6 +271,40 @@ function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   return sum;
 }
 
+// assert mul example
+// (x - y) * (x + y) = x^2 - y^2
+
+function assertMulExample(x: Gadgets.Field3, y: Gadgets.Field3, f: bigint) {
+  // witness x^2, y^2
+  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => ForeignField.mul(x, x, f));
+  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => ForeignField.mul(y, y, f));
+
+  // assert (x - y) * (x + y) = x^2 - y^2
+  let xMinusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y);
+  let xPlusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).add(y);
+  let x2MinusY2 = ForeignField.Sum(x2).sub(y2);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(xMinusY, xPlusY, x2MinusY2, f);
+}
+
+function assertMulExampleNaive(
+  x: Gadgets.Field3,
+  y: Gadgets.Field3,
+  f: bigint
+) {
+  // witness x^2, y^2
+  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => ForeignField.mul(x, x, f));
+  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => ForeignField.mul(y, y, f));
+
+  // assert (x - y) * (x + y) = x^2 - y^2
+  let lhs = ForeignField.mul(
+    ForeignField.sub(x, y, f),
+    ForeignField.add(x, y, f),
+    f
+  );
+  let rhs = ForeignField.sub(x2, y2, f);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, lhs, rhs);
+}
+
 function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
   throw Error(message);
 }

From ab198f564739924f733eb9cad701468b35e4703f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 23:32:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0731/1786] handle constant case in Sum

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 23835e7727..7242a60c1b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -470,18 +470,27 @@ class Sum {
     return this;
   }
 
-  #finishOne() {
-    let result = this.#summands[0];
-    this.#result = result;
-    return result;
+  #return(x: Field3) {
+    this.#result = x;
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  isConstant() {
+    return this.#summands.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()));
   }
 
   finish(f: bigint, isChained = false) {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#return(this.#summands[0]);
 
+    // constant case
+    if (this.isConstant()) {
+      return this.#return(sum(this.#summands, signs, f));
+    }
+
+    // provable case
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
     let result = x[0];
 
@@ -499,8 +508,14 @@ class Sum {
     assert(this.#result === undefined, 'sum already finished');
     let signs = this.#ops;
     let n = signs.length;
-    if (n === 0) return this.#finishOne();
+    if (n === 0) return this.#return(this.#summands[0]);
+
+    // constant case
+    if (this.isConstant()) {
+      return this.#return(sum(this.#summands, signs, f));
+    }
 
+    // provable case
     let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
 
     // since the sum becomes a multiplication input, we need to constrain all limbs _individually_.

From a76c8c85388947934c8a1f62731c6188973ee6eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 18:10:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0732/1786] another helper method on Field3

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 7242a60c1b..010311138a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   assert(x.length === sign.length + 1, 'inputs and operators match');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()))) {
+  if (x.every(Field3.isConstant)) {
     let xBig = x.map(Field3.toBigint);
     let sum = sign.reduce((sum, s, i) => sum + s * xBig[i + 1], xBig[0]);
     return Field3.from(mod(sum, f));
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ function multiply(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (a.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && b.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(a) && Field3.isConstant(b)) {
     let ab = Field3.toBigint(a) * Field3.toBigint(b);
     return Field3.from(mod(ab, f));
   }
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ function inverse(x: Field3, f: bigint): Field3 {
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
     let xInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(x), f);
     assert(xInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
     return Field3.from(xInv);
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ function divide(
   assert(f < 1n << 259n, 'Foreign modulus fits in 259 bits');
 
   // constant case
-  if (x.every((x) => x.isConstant()) && y.every((x) => x.isConstant())) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x) && Field3.isConstant(y)) {
     let yInv = modInverse(Field3.toBigint(y), f);
     assert(yInv !== undefined, 'inverse exists');
     return Field3.from(mod(Field3.toBigint(x) * yInv, f));
@@ -363,6 +363,13 @@ const Field3 = {
     return Tuple.map(xs, Field3.toBigint);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether a 3-tuple of Fields is constant
+   */
+  isConstant(x: Field3) {
+    return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 188c477b247ece9e82d50cc5d9abe8d56adbac54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 23:39:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0733/1786] constant case in assertMul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 010311138a..aa5d65f367 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -442,6 +442,20 @@ function assertMul(
 
   // x is chained into the ffmul gate
   let x0 = x.finishForMulInput(f, true);
+
+  // constant case
+  if (
+    Field3.isConstant(x0) &&
+    Field3.isConstant(y0) &&
+    Field3.isConstant(xy0)
+  ) {
+    let x_ = Field3.toBigint(x0);
+    let y_ = Field3.toBigint(y0);
+    let xy_ = Field3.toBigint(xy0);
+    assert(mod(x_ * y_, f) === xy_, 'incorrect multiplication result');
+    return;
+  }
+
   assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f);
 }
 
@@ -483,7 +497,7 @@ class Sum {
   }
 
   isConstant() {
-    return this.#summands.every((x) => x.every((x) => x.isConstant()));
+    return this.#summands.every(Field3.isConstant);
   }
 
   finish(f: bigint, isChained = false) {

From bedae7af81b042e49e30edcd35cf6ac3057fbb71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 00:59:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0734/1786] add some tests for cs

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 49 ++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts       | 61 +++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/util/types.ts                      |  3 +-
 3 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 88753cdb6a..724c23d1fb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { AnyTuple } from '../util/types.js';
 
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -193,7 +194,9 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
 
 // tests for constraint system
 
-let addChain = repeat(chainLength - 1, 'ForeignFieldAdd').concat('Zero');
+function addChain(length: number) {
+  return repeat(length - 1, 'ForeignFieldAdd').concat('Zero');
+}
 let mrc: GateType[] = ['RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck0', 'RangeCheck1', 'Zero'];
 
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
@@ -201,8 +204,8 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
   'sumchain',
   ifNotAllConstant(
     and(
-      contains([addChain, mrc]),
-      withoutGenerics(equals([...addChain, ...mrc]))
+      contains([addChain(chainLength), mrc]),
+      withoutGenerics(equals([...addChain(chainLength), ...mrc]))
     )
   )
 );
@@ -227,7 +230,7 @@ constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(ffProgram, 'div', invLayout);
 
 // tests with proving
 
-const runs = 3;
+const runs = 2;
 
 await ffProgram.compile();
 
@@ -261,16 +264,6 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs })(
   'prove div'
 );
 
-// helper
-
-function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
-  let sum = xs[0];
-  for (let i = 0; i < signs.length; i++) {
-    sum = signs[i] === 1n ? F.add(sum, xs[i + 1]) : F.sub(sum, xs[i + 1]);
-  }
-  return sum;
-}
-
 // assert mul example
 // (x - y) * (x + y) = x^2 - y^2
 
@@ -305,6 +298,34 @@ function assertMulExampleNaive(
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, lhs, rhs);
 }
 
+let from2 = { from: [f, f] satisfies AnyTuple };
+let gates = constraintSystem.size(from2, (x, y) =>
+  assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus)
+);
+let gatesNaive = constraintSystem.size(from2, (x, y) =>
+  assertMulExampleNaive(x, y, F.modulus)
+);
+assert(gates + 10 < gatesNaive, 'assertMul() saves at least 10 constraints');
+
+let addChainedIntoMul: GateType[] = ['ForeignFieldAdd', ...mulChain];
+
+constraintSystem(
+  'assert mul',
+  from2,
+  (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
+  contains([addChain(1), addChain(1), addChainedIntoMul, mrc, mrc])
+);
+
+// helper
+
+function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
+  let sum = xs[0];
+  for (let i = 0; i < signs.length; i++) {
+    sum = signs[i] === 1n ? F.add(sum, xs[i + 1]) : F.sub(sum, xs[i + 1]);
+  }
+  return sum;
+}
+
 function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
   throw Error(message);
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 55c0cabae0..5ff563be43 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ export {
   not,
   and,
   or,
+  satisfies,
   equals,
   contains,
   allConstant,
@@ -182,6 +183,16 @@ function or(...tests: ConstraintSystemTest[]): ConstraintSystemTest {
   return { kind: 'or', tests, label: `or(${tests.map((t) => t.label)})` };
 }
 
+/**
+ * General test
+ */
+function satisfies(
+  label: string,
+  run: (cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]) => boolean
+): ConstraintSystemTest {
+  return { run, label };
+}
+
 /**
  * Test for precise equality of the constraint system with a given list of gates.
  */
@@ -263,14 +274,12 @@ function ifNotAllConstant(test: ConstraintSystemTest): ConstraintSystemTest {
 }
 
 /**
- * Test whether all inputs are constant.
+ * Test whether constraint system is empty.
  */
-const isEmpty: ConstraintSystemTest = {
-  run(cs) {
-    return cs.length === 0;
-  },
-  label: 'cs is empty',
-};
+const isEmpty = satisfies(
+  'constraint system is empty',
+  (cs) => cs.length === 0
+);
 
 /**
  * Modifies a test so that it runs on the constraint system with generic gates filtered out.
@@ -300,6 +309,44 @@ const print: ConstraintSystemTest = {
   label: '',
 };
 
+// Do other useful things with constraint systems
+
+/**
+ * Get constraint system as a list of gates.
+ */
+constraintSystem.gates = function gates<Input extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
+  inputs: { from: Input },
+  main: (...args: CsParams<Input>) => void
+) {
+  let types = inputs.from.map(provable);
+  let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+    let values = types.map((type) =>
+      Provable.witness(type, (): unknown => {
+        throw Error('not needed');
+      })
+    ) as CsParams<Input>;
+    main(...values);
+  });
+  return gates;
+};
+
+function map<T>(transform: (gates: Gate[]) => T) {
+  return <Input extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>>(
+    inputs: { from: Input },
+    main: (...args: CsParams<Input>) => void
+  ) => transform(constraintSystem.gates(inputs, main));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get size of constraint system.
+ */
+constraintSystem.size = map((gates) => gates.length);
+
+/**
+ * Print constraint system.
+ */
+constraintSystem.print = map(printGates);
+
 function repeat(n: number, gates: GateType | GateType[]): readonly GateType[] {
   gates = Array.isArray(gates) ? gates : [gates];
   return Array<GateType[]>(n).fill(gates).flat();
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index 201824ec48..f343a89b7e 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 
-export { Tuple, TupleN };
+export { Tuple, TupleN, AnyTuple };
 
 type Tuple<T> = [T, ...T[]] | [];
+type AnyTuple = Tuple<any>;
 
 const Tuple = {
   map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(

From 7ee955e68cf3a8357d1712c2770d1b4bee8a6984 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 01:07:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0735/1786] more cs test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 14 +++++++++++++-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts       |  7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 724c23d1fb..cd5219f9b3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
   contains,
   equals,
   ifNotAllConstant,
+  not,
   repeat,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
@@ -313,11 +314,22 @@ constraintSystem(
   'assert mul',
   from2,
   (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
-  contains([addChain(1), addChain(1), addChainedIntoMul, mrc, mrc])
+  and(
+    contains([addChain(1), addChain(1), addChainedIntoMul]),
+    // assertMul() doesn't use any range checks besides on internal values and the quotient
+    containsNTimes(2, mrc)
+  )
 );
 
 // helper
 
+function containsNTimes(n: number, pattern: readonly GateType[]) {
+  return and(
+    contains(repeat(n, pattern)),
+    not(contains(repeat(n + 1, pattern)))
+  );
+}
+
 function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   let sum = xs[0];
   for (let i = 0; i < signs.length; i++) {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 5ff563be43..07a672f06b 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -347,9 +347,12 @@ constraintSystem.size = map((gates) => gates.length);
  */
 constraintSystem.print = map(printGates);
 
-function repeat(n: number, gates: GateType | GateType[]): readonly GateType[] {
+function repeat(
+  n: number,
+  gates: GateType | readonly GateType[]
+): readonly GateType[] {
   gates = Array.isArray(gates) ? gates : [gates];
-  return Array<GateType[]>(n).fill(gates).flat();
+  return Array<readonly GateType[]>(n).fill(gates).flat();
 }
 
 function toGatess(

From 2b8494667722c551a301556da04567957d540abb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:22:01 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0736/1786] :hammer: Updating state.ts to deprecate
 precondition apis

As discussed in issue #1247 , I have replaced old api by deprecating them rather than removing.
Question:

Do we need to update this `assertStatePrecondition` too ?


Please review and let know if anything else is required.
---
 src/lib/state.ts | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index 5be755d94d..cd5e744c5f 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -22,17 +22,17 @@ type State<A> = {
    * Get the current on-chain state.
    *
    * Caution: If you use this method alone inside a smart contract, it does not prove that your contract uses the current on-chain state.
-   * To successfully prove that your contract uses the current on-chain state, you must add an additional `.assertEquals()` statement or use `.getAndAssertEquals()`:
+   * To successfully prove that your contract uses the current on-chain state, you must add an additional `.requireEquals()` statement or use `.getAndRequireEquals()`:
    *
    * ```ts
    * let x = this.x.get();
-   * this.x.assertEquals(x);
+   * this.x.requireEquals(x);
    * ```
    *
    * OR
    *
    * ```ts
-   * let x = this.x.getAndAssertEquals();
+   * let x = this.x.getAndRequireEquals();
    * ```
    */
   get(): A;
@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ type State<A> = {
    * Get the current on-chain state and prove it really has to equal the on-chain state,
    * by adding a precondition which the verifying Mina node will check before accepting this transaction.
    */
+  getAndRequireEquals(): A;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `this.state.getAndRequireEquals()` which is equivalent
+   */
   getAndAssertEquals(): A;
   /**
    * Set the on-chain state to a new value.
@@ -53,10 +57,18 @@ type State<A> = {
    * Prove that the on-chain state has to equal the given state,
    * by adding a precondition which the verifying Mina node will check before accepting this transaction.
    */
+  requireEquals(a: A): void;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `this.state.requireEquals()` which is equivalent
+   */
   assertEquals(a: A): void;
   /**
    * **DANGER ZONE**: Override the error message that warns you when you use `.get()` without adding a precondition.
    */
+  requireNothing(): void;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `this.state.requireNothing()` which is equivalent
+   */
   assertNothing(): void;
   /**
    * Get the state from the raw list of field elements on a zkApp account, for example:
@@ -203,6 +215,23 @@ function createState<T>(): InternalStateType<T> {
       });
     },
 
+    requireEquals(state: T) {
+      if (this._contract === undefined)
+        throw Error(
+          'requireEquals can only be called when the State is assigned to a SmartContract @state.'
+        );
+      let layout = getLayoutPosition(this._contract);
+      let stateAsFields = this._contract.stateType.toFields(state);
+      let accountUpdate = this._contract.instance.self;
+      stateAsFields.forEach((x, i) => {
+        AccountUpdate.assertEquals(
+          accountUpdate.body.preconditions.account.state[layout.offset + i],
+          x
+        );
+      });
+      this._contract.wasConstrained = true;
+    },
+
     assertEquals(state: T) {
       if (this._contract === undefined)
         throw Error(
@@ -220,6 +249,14 @@ function createState<T>(): InternalStateType<T> {
       this._contract.wasConstrained = true;
     },
 
+    requireNothing() {
+      if (this._contract === undefined)
+        throw Error(
+          'requireNothing can only be called when the State is assigned to a SmartContract @state.'
+        );
+      this._contract.wasConstrained = true;
+    },
+
     assertNothing() {
       if (this._contract === undefined)
         throw Error(
@@ -294,6 +331,12 @@ function createState<T>(): InternalStateType<T> {
       return state;
     },
 
+    getAndRequireEquals(){
+      let state = this.get();
+      this.requireEquals(state);
+      return state;
+    },
+
     getAndAssertEquals() {
       let state = this.get();
       this.assertEquals(state);

From 3d357c5fd7b00f87400f50f054e63da9d5576598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 17:24:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0737/1786] tweak cs printing

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 07a672f06b..d39c6f6991 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -495,9 +495,7 @@ function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
     if (wire.row === row) {
       strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
     } else {
-      let rowDelta = wire.row - row;
-      let rowStr = rowDelta > 0 ? `+${rowDelta}` : `${rowDelta}`;
-      strWires.push(`${col}->(${rowStr},${wire.col})`);
+      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
     }
   }
   return strWires.join(', ');

From 7db31879ff139259db51aa80a2724371f7c80ca3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 08:09:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0738/1786] add reasoning for constraint reductions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index cd5219f9b3..8dc7f1eb54 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -88,8 +88,6 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     (x, y) => ForeignField.div(x, y, F.modulus),
     'div'
   );
-
-  // assert mul
   equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f], to: unit })(
     (x, y) => assertMulExampleNaive(Field3.from(x), Field3.from(y), F.modulus),
     (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
@@ -306,7 +304,12 @@ let gates = constraintSystem.size(from2, (x, y) =>
 let gatesNaive = constraintSystem.size(from2, (x, y) =>
   assertMulExampleNaive(x, y, F.modulus)
 );
-assert(gates + 10 < gatesNaive, 'assertMul() saves at least 10 constraints');
+// the assertMul() version should save 11.5 rows:
+// -2*1.5 rows by replacing input MRCs with low-limb ffadd
+// -2*4 rows for avoiding the MRC on both mul() and sub() outputs
+// -1 row for chaining one ffadd into ffmul
+// +0.5 rows for having to combine the two lower result limbs before wiring to ffmul remainder
+assert(gates + 11 <= gatesNaive, 'assertMul() saves at least 11 constraints');
 
 let addChainedIntoMul: GateType[] = ['ForeignFieldAdd', ...mulChain];
 

From 12c227bd7c47d4861f7a8ca9085e0f8ca9c2041c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2023 11:29:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0739/1786] simplify low-level gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts  | 23 +++++++++++++----------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts |  1 +
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 4d16d0896e..d7247b1763 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
   let n = c.length;
   if (n === 0) {
     // (x - c1)*(x - c2) === 0
-    assertBilinearZero(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
+    assertBilinear(xv, xv, [1n, -(c1 + c2), 0n, c1 * c2]);
     return;
   }
   // z = (x - c1)*(x - c2)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
       z = bilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
     } else {
       // z*(x - c) === 0
-      assertBilinearZero(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
+      assertBilinear(z, xv, [1n, -c[i], 0n, 0n]);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ function assertOneOf(x: Field, allowed: [bigint, bigint, ...bigint[]]) {
 
 /**
  * Compute bilinear function of x and y:
- * z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d
+ * `z = a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d`
  */
 function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
   let z = existsOne(() => {
@@ -57,17 +57,20 @@ function bilinear(x: VarField, y: VarField, [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Assert bilinear equation on x and y:
- * a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === 0
+ * Assert bilinear equation on x, y and z:
+ * `a*x*y + b*x + c*y + d === z`
+ *
+ * The default for z is 0.
  */
-function assertBilinearZero(
+function assertBilinear(
   x: VarField,
   y: VarField,
-  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>
+  [a, b, c, d]: TupleN<bigint, 4>,
+  z?: VarField
 ) {
-  // b*x + c*y + a*x*y + d === 0
+  // b*x + c*y - z? + a*x*y + d === 0
   Gates.generic(
-    { left: b, right: c, out: 0n, mul: a, const: d },
-    { left: x, right: y, out: x }
+    { left: b, right: c, out: z === undefined ? 0n : -1n, mul: a, const: d },
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? x : z }
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 1b52023ab1..e6e6c873cc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ export {
   existsOne,
   toVars,
   toVar,
+  isVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   witnessSlice,

From 5f53f1c73056e8ec1336ddc523a37f7d05ca46b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 08:50:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0740/1786] comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts         | 3 +++
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index d7247b1763..fff909cec3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+/**
+ * Basic gadgets that only use generic gates
+ */
 import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index aa5d65f367..67fba1dfd1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+/**
+ * Foreign field arithmetic gadgets.
+ */
 import {
   inverse as modInverse,
   mod,

From cc0220e3ccb2e0a94787275db51a7a536447135a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 08:56:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0741/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7a02ed147d..4128d60f1c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+# Added
+
+- `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 

From 46859464e3c1304da3e05a9f051902d9c3484930 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:26:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0742/1786] add constant check

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index dc893b408b..757f99b7ca 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ function rotate64(
 
   if (field.isConstant()) {
     assert(
-      field.toBigInt() < 2n ** BigInt(MAX_BITS),
+      field.toBigInt() < 1n << BigInt(MAX_BITS),
       `rotation: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
     );
     return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
@@ -226,6 +226,14 @@ function rotate32(
 ) {
   assert(bits <= 32 && bits > 0, 'bits must be between 0 and 32');
 
+  if (field.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      field.toBigInt() < 1n << 32n,
+      `rotation: expected field to be at most 32 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
+    );
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction, 32));
+  }
+
   let { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divMod32(
     field.mul(1n << BigInt(direction === 'left' ? bits : 32 - bits))
   );

From 4013f14c9b45dbfa9151ed051149df7930e00caa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:28:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0743/1786] re-add range checks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 0e70d5a580..038428f10c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -23,9 +23,8 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
   });
   let [q, r] = qr;
 
-  // I think we can "skip" this here and do it in the caller - see rotate32
-  // rangeCheck32(q);
-  // rangeCheck32(r);
+  rangeCheck32(q);
+  rangeCheck32(r);
 
   n.assertEquals(q.mul(1n << 32n).add(r));
 

From 4373bb31e7c1d9bc52925acace28073a761f93ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:39:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0744/1786] comments, improve var naming

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 43 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 67fba1dfd1..2ad29d76ad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ class Sum {
     }
 
     // provable case
-    let x = this.#summands.map(toVars);
+    let xs = this.#summands.map(toVars);
 
     // since the sum becomes a multiplication input, we need to constrain all limbs _individually_.
     // sadly, ffadd only constrains the low and middle limb together.
@@ -549,6 +549,8 @@ class Sum {
     let f_ = split(f);
 
     // compute witnesses for generic gates -- overflows and carries
+    // TODO: do this alongside the provable computation
+    // need As_prover.ref (= an auxiliary value) to pass the current full result x from one witness block to the next, to determine overflow
     let nFields = Provable.Array(Field, n);
     let [overflows, carries] = Provable.witness(
       provableTuple([nFields, nFields]),
@@ -556,42 +558,43 @@ class Sum {
         let overflows: bigint[] = [];
         let carries: bigint[] = [];
 
-        let r = Field3.toBigint(x[0]);
+        let x = Field3.toBigint(xs[0]);
 
         for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
           // this duplicates some of the logic in singleAdd
-          let x_ = split(r);
-          let y_ = toBigint3(x[i + 1]);
+          let x0 = x & lMask;
+          let xi = toBigint3(xs[i + 1]);
           let sign = signs[i];
 
           // figure out if there's overflow
-          r = r + sign * combine(y_);
+          x += sign * combine(xi);
           let overflow = 0n;
-          if (sign === 1n && r >= f) overflow = 1n;
-          if (sign === -1n && r < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+          if (sign === 1n && x >= f) overflow = 1n;
+          if (sign === -1n && x < 0n) overflow = -1n;
           if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n;
           overflows.push(overflow);
+          x -= overflow * f;
 
           // add with carry, only on the lowest limb
-          let r0 = x_[0] + sign * y_[0] - overflow * f_[0];
-          carries.push(r0 >> l);
+          x0 = x0 + sign * xi[0] - overflow * f_[0];
+          carries.push(x0 >> l);
         }
         return [overflows.map(Field.from), carries.map(Field.from)];
       }
     );
 
     // generic gates for low limbs
-    let x0 = x[0][0];
+    let x0 = xs[0][0];
     let x0s: Field[] = [];
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
       let c = carries[i];
       assertOneOf(c, [0n, 1n, -1n]);
 
-      // x0 <- x0 + s*y0 - o*f0 - c*2^l
+      // x0 <- x0 + s*xi0 - o*f0 - c*2^l
       x0 = toVar(
         x0
-          .add(x[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
+          .add(xs[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
           .sub(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
           .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
       );
@@ -599,18 +602,18 @@ class Sum {
     }
 
     // ffadd chain
-    let result = x[0];
+    let x = xs[0];
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      let r = singleAdd(result, x[i + 1], signs[i], f);
+      let { result, overflow } = singleAdd(x, xs[i + 1], signs[i], f);
       // wire low limb and overflow to previous values
-      r.result[0].assertEquals(x0s[i]);
-      r.overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
-      result = r.result;
+      result[0].assertEquals(x0s[i]);
+      overflow.assertEquals(overflows[i]);
+      x = result;
     }
-    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...result);
+    if (!isChained) Gates.zero(...x);
 
-    this.#result = result;
-    return result;
+    this.#result = x;
+    return x;
   }
 
   rangeCheck() {

From bc9a20e47321503ed61daad06c2f1b9fd477c5b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:47:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0745/1786] add doc comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index c332efdb64..e1aaffdc08 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -495,7 +495,37 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Note:** This interface does not contain any provable methods.
    */
   Field3,
+  /**
+   * Division modulo 2^32. The operation decomposes a {@link Field} element into two 32-bit limbs, `remainder` and `quotient`, using the following equation: `n = quotient * 2^32 + remainder`.
+   *
+   * Asserts that both `remainder` and `quotient` are in the range [0, 2^32) using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck32}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let n = Field((1n << 32n) + 8n)
+   * let { remainder, quotient } = Gadgets.divMod32(n);
+   * // remainder = 8, quotient = 1
+   *
+   * n.assertEquals(quotient.mul(1n << 32n).add(remainder));
+   * ```
+   */
   divMod32,
+
+  /**
+   * Addition modulo 2^32. The operation adds two {@link Field} elements and returns the result modulo 2^32.
+   *
+   * Asserts that the result is in the range [0, 2^32) using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck32}.
+   *
+   * It uses {@link Gadgets.divMod32} internally by adding the two {@link Field} elements and then decomposing the result into `remainder` and `quotient` and returning the `remainder`.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let a = Field(8n);
+   * let b = Field(1n << 32n);
+   *
+   * Gadgets.addMod32(a, b).assertEquals(Field(8n));
+   * ```
+   *    */
   addMod32,
 };
 

From 14a77173cc3f4742a60221bcee7b6aaa836e36ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:48:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0746/1786] rename r and q to remainder and quotient

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 038428f10c..fb1e7f28fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
     let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
     return [new Field(q), new Field(r)];
   });
-  let [q, r] = qr;
+  let [quotient, remainder] = qr;
 
-  rangeCheck32(q);
-  rangeCheck32(r);
+  rangeCheck32(quotient);
+  rangeCheck32(remainder);
 
-  n.assertEquals(q.mul(1n << 32n).add(r));
+  n.assertEquals(quotient.mul(1n << 32n).add(remainder));
 
   return {
-    remainder: r,
-    quotient: q,
+    remainder,
+    quotient,
   };
 }
 

From 51d0bfded1661d67d81ab49b9eb7ae0b497bbb16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:56:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0747/1786] undo chain tests because not needed

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 15 ---------------
 1 file changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index b019975909..8bc4105f3c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -254,20 +254,5 @@ let isJustRotate = ifNotAllConstant(
 );
 
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rot64', isJustRotate);
-
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
-  Bitwise,
-  'rot32',
-  ifNotAllConstant(
-    contains([
-      'Generic',
-      'Generic',
-      'EndoMulScalar',
-      'EndoMulScalar',
-      'Generic',
-    ])
-  )
-);
-
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'leftShift', isJustRotate);
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rightShift', isJustRotate);

From ce34be8a20477fd653b7a229e8f9fbc2a085041d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:58:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0748/1786] Undo comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index ec971d8c04..e9ccbb03f4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ function rangeCheck32(x: Field) {
     return;
   }
 
-  // can we make this more efficient? its 3 gates :/
   let actual = x.rangeCheckHelper(32);
   actual.assertEquals(x);
 }

From aedd9eb763995f127b6e1b86e5ddd3f63e9e44c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 10:12:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0749/1786] unconstrained provable

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 0f4106ebb9..616205c3c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ export {
   HashInput,
   InferJson,
   InferredProvable,
+  unconstrained,
 };
 
 type ProvableExtension<T, TJson = any> = {
@@ -454,6 +455,14 @@ function Struct<
   return Struct_ as any;
 }
 
+const unconstrained: Provable<any> = {
+  sizeInFields: () => 0,
+  toFields: () => [],
+  toAuxiliary: (t?: any) => [t],
+  fromFields: (_, [t]) => t,
+  check: () => {},
+};
+
 let primitives = new Set([Field, Bool, Scalar, Group]);
 function isPrimitive(obj: any) {
   for (let P of primitives) {

From 152083bf49dc5068fc9ac5633c3ef007176f6647 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:30:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0750/1786] better unconstrained provable

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 79 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 616205c3c5..2d8bfd5711 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool, Scalar, Group } from './core.js';
 import {
   provable,
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ import type {
   IsPure,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ export {
   HashInput,
   InferJson,
   InferredProvable,
-  unconstrained,
+  Unconstrained,
 };
 
 type ProvableExtension<T, TJson = any> = {
@@ -455,13 +457,72 @@ function Struct<
   return Struct_ as any;
 }
 
-const unconstrained: Provable<any> = {
-  sizeInFields: () => 0,
-  toFields: () => [],
-  toAuxiliary: (t?: any) => [t],
-  fromFields: (_, [t]) => t,
-  check: () => {},
-};
+/**
+ * Container which holds an unconstrained value. This can be used to pass values
+ * between the out-of-circuit blocks in provable code.
+ *
+ * Invariants:
+ * - An `Unconstrained`'s value can only be accessed in auxiliary contexts.
+ * - An `Unconstrained` can be empty when compiling, but never empty when running as the prover.
+ *   (there is no way to create an empty `Unconstrained` in the prover)
+ */
+class Unconstrained<T> {
+  private option:
+    | { isSome: true; value: T }
+    | { isSome: false; value: undefined };
+
+  private constructor(isSome: boolean, value?: T) {
+    this.option = { isSome, value: value as any };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read an unconstrained value.
+   *
+   * Note: Can only be called outside provable code.
+   */
+  get(): T {
+    if (inCheckedComputation() && !Snarky.run.inProverBlock())
+      throw Error(`You cannot use Unconstrained.get() in provable code.
+
+The only place where you can read unconstrained values is in Provable.witness()
+and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
+`);
+    assert(this.option.isSome, 'Empty `Unconstrained`'); // never triggered
+    return this.option.value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Modify the unconstrained value.
+   */
+  set(value: T) {
+    this.option = { isSome: true, value };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an `Unconstrained` with the given `value`.
+   */
+  static from<T>(value: T) {
+    return new Unconstrained(true, value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an `Unconstrained` from a witness computation.
+   */
+  static witness<T>(compute: () => T) {
+    return Provable.witness(
+      Unconstrained.provable,
+      () => new Unconstrained(true, compute())
+    );
+  }
+
+  static provable: Provable<Unconstrained<any>> = {
+    sizeInFields: () => 0,
+    toFields: () => [],
+    toAuxiliary: (t?: any) => [t ?? new Unconstrained(false)],
+    fromFields: (_, [t]) => t,
+    check: () => {},
+  };
+}
 
 let primitives = new Set([Field, Bool, Scalar, Group]);
 function isPrimitive(obj: any) {

From b49af92d7f82149334cd1f87eb64840448b445ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:31:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0751/1786] allow passing .provable to methods

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index c952b7aa6d..3d7f52c088 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -506,6 +506,9 @@ function sortMethodArguments(
     } else if (isAsFields(privateInput)) {
       allArgs.push({ type: 'witness', index: witnessArgs.length });
       witnessArgs.push(privateInput);
+    } else if (isAsFields((privateInput as any)?.provable)) {
+      allArgs.push({ type: 'witness', index: witnessArgs.length });
+      witnessArgs.push((privateInput as any).provable);
     } else if (isGeneric(privateInput)) {
       allArgs.push({ type: 'generic', index: genericArgs.length });
       genericArgs.push(privateInput);

From d26dab91a7bc07adf2831ff37ad208bcd542785c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:31:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0752/1786] test unconstrained

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts
index 6372c52a7f..79fbbafa9d 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { provable, Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { UInt32 } from './int.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ class MyStructPure extends Struct({
 class MyTuple extends Struct([PublicKey, String]) {}
 
 let targetString = 'some particular string';
+let targetBigint = 99n;
 let gotTargetString = false;
 
 // create a smart contract and pass auxiliary data to a method
@@ -106,11 +107,22 @@ class MyContract extends SmartContract {
   // this works because MyStructPure only contains field elements
   @state(MyStructPure) x = State<MyStructPure>();
 
-  @method myMethod(value: MyStruct, tuple: MyTuple, update: AccountUpdate) {
+  @method myMethod(
+    value: MyStruct,
+    tuple: MyTuple,
+    update: AccountUpdate,
+    unconstrained: Unconstrained<bigint>
+  ) {
     // check if we can pass in string values
     if (value.other === targetString) gotTargetString = true;
     value.uint[0].assertEquals(UInt32.zero);
 
+    // cannot access unconstrained values in provable code
+    if (Provable.inCheckedComputation())
+      expect(() => unconstrained.get()).toThrow(
+        'You cannot use Unconstrained.get() in provable code.'
+      );
+
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       let err = 'wrong value in prover';
       if (tuple[1] !== targetString) throw Error(err);
@@ -119,6 +131,9 @@ class MyContract extends SmartContract {
       if (update.lazyAuthorization?.kind !== 'lazy-signature') throw Error(err);
       if (update.lazyAuthorization.privateKey?.toBase58() !== key.toBase58())
         throw Error(err);
+
+      // check if we can pass in unconstrained values
+      if (unconstrained.get() !== targetBigint) throw Error(err);
     });
   }
 }
@@ -141,7 +156,8 @@ let tx = await transaction(() => {
       uint: [UInt32.from(0), UInt32.from(10)],
     },
     [address, targetString],
-    accountUpdate
+    accountUpdate,
+    Unconstrained.from(targetBigint)
   );
 });
 

From 90941ac627a640d11314d0a473c5ca869bf2be8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:32:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0753/1786] merge provable and witness computation using
 unconstrained

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 74 ++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 2ad29d76ad..98c7ccae04 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import {
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
@@ -546,57 +546,47 @@ class Sum {
     // sadly, ffadd only constrains the low and middle limb together.
     // we could fix it with a RC just for the lower two limbs
     // but it's cheaper to add generic gates which handle the lowest limb separately, and avoids the unfilled MRC slot
-    let f_ = split(f);
-
-    // compute witnesses for generic gates -- overflows and carries
-    // TODO: do this alongside the provable computation
-    // need As_prover.ref (= an auxiliary value) to pass the current full result x from one witness block to the next, to determine overflow
-    let nFields = Provable.Array(Field, n);
-    let [overflows, carries] = Provable.witness(
-      provableTuple([nFields, nFields]),
-      () => {
-        let overflows: bigint[] = [];
-        let carries: bigint[] = [];
-
-        let x = Field3.toBigint(xs[0]);
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-          // this duplicates some of the logic in singleAdd
-          let x0 = x & lMask;
-          let xi = toBigint3(xs[i + 1]);
-          let sign = signs[i];
-
-          // figure out if there's overflow
-          x += sign * combine(xi);
-          let overflow = 0n;
-          if (sign === 1n && x >= f) overflow = 1n;
-          if (sign === -1n && x < 0n) overflow = -1n;
-          if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n;
-          overflows.push(overflow);
-          x -= overflow * f;
-
-          // add with carry, only on the lowest limb
-          x0 = x0 + sign * xi[0] - overflow * f_[0];
-          carries.push(x0 >> l);
-        }
-        return [overflows.map(Field.from), carries.map(Field.from)];
-      }
-    );
+    let f0 = f & lMask;
 
     // generic gates for low limbs
     let x0 = xs[0][0];
     let x0s: Field[] = [];
+    let overflows: Field[] = [];
+    let xRef = Unconstrained.witness(() => Field3.toBigint(xs[0]));
+
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      // constrain carry to 0, 1, or -1
-      let c = carries[i];
-      assertOneOf(c, [0n, 1n, -1n]);
+      // compute carry and overflow
+      let [carry, overflow] = exists(2, () => {
+        // this duplicates some of the logic in singleAdd
+        let x = xRef.get();
+        let x0 = x & lMask;
+        let xi = toBigint3(xs[i + 1]);
+        let sign = signs[i];
+
+        // figure out if there's overflow
+        x += sign * combine(xi);
+        let overflow = 0n;
+        if (sign === 1n && x >= f) overflow = 1n;
+        if (sign === -1n && x < 0n) overflow = -1n;
+        if (f === 0n) overflow = 0n;
+        xRef.set(x - overflow * f);
+
+        // add with carry, only on the lowest limb
+        x0 = x0 + sign * xi[0] - overflow * f0;
+        let carry = x0 >> l;
+        return [carry, overflow];
+      });
+      overflows.push(overflow);
+
+      // constrain carry
+      assertOneOf(carry, [0n, 1n, -1n]);
 
       // x0 <- x0 + s*xi0 - o*f0 - c*2^l
       x0 = toVar(
         x0
           .add(xs[i + 1][0].mul(signs[i]))
-          .sub(overflows[i].mul(f_[0]))
-          .sub(c.mul(1n << l))
+          .sub(overflow.mul(f0))
+          .sub(carry.mul(1n << l))
       );
       x0s.push(x0);
     }

From acd687712db2599994bbf233df05155eed764efe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 16:15:08 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0754/1786] :recycle: Refactored assert* to call require*

---
 src/lib/state.ts | 27 ++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index cd5e744c5f..dc848a1996 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -233,20 +233,7 @@ function createState<T>(): InternalStateType<T> {
     },
 
     assertEquals(state: T) {
-      if (this._contract === undefined)
-        throw Error(
-          'assertEquals can only be called when the State is assigned to a SmartContract @state.'
-        );
-      let layout = getLayoutPosition(this._contract);
-      let stateAsFields = this._contract.stateType.toFields(state);
-      let accountUpdate = this._contract.instance.self;
-      stateAsFields.forEach((x, i) => {
-        AccountUpdate.assertEquals(
-          accountUpdate.body.preconditions.account.state[layout.offset + i],
-          x
-        );
-      });
-      this._contract.wasConstrained = true;
+      this.requireEquals(state);
     },
 
     requireNothing() {
@@ -258,11 +245,7 @@ function createState<T>(): InternalStateType<T> {
     },
 
     assertNothing() {
-      if (this._contract === undefined)
-        throw Error(
-          'assertNothing can only be called when the State is assigned to a SmartContract @state.'
-        );
-      this._contract.wasConstrained = true;
+      this.requireNothing();
     },
 
     get() {
@@ -331,16 +314,14 @@ function createState<T>(): InternalStateType<T> {
       return state;
     },
 
-    getAndRequireEquals(){
+    getAndRequireEquals() {
       let state = this.get();
       this.requireEquals(state);
       return state;
     },
 
     getAndAssertEquals() {
-      let state = this.get();
-      this.assertEquals(state);
-      return state;
+      return this.getAndRequireEquals();
     },
 
     async fetch() {

From 810480650a13b31332724e50a0b129ae9b34098d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:52:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0755/1786] document and export `Unconstrained`

---
 CHANGELOG.md             |  1 +
 src/index.ts             |  1 +
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4128d60f1c..cb2367d5f1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 # Added
 
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
+- `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 59d6f5eb5a..5c617fced6 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ export type {
   FlexibleProvable,
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
+  Unconstrained,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 2d8bfd5711..ad26b94699 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -465,6 +465,26 @@ function Struct<
  * - An `Unconstrained`'s value can only be accessed in auxiliary contexts.
  * - An `Unconstrained` can be empty when compiling, but never empty when running as the prover.
  *   (there is no way to create an empty `Unconstrained` in the prover)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * let x = Unconstrained.from(0n);
+ *
+ * class MyContract extends SmartContract {
+ *   `@method` myMethod(x: Unconstrained<bigint>) {
+ *
+ *     Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+ *       // we can access and modify `x` here
+ *       let newValue = x.get() + otherField.toBigInt();
+ *       x.set(newValue);
+ *
+ *       // ...
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     // throws an error!
+ *     x.get();
+ *   }
+ * ```
  */
 class Unconstrained<T> {
   private option:

From 13c67350b3e62e25aa7a5b027971b32dfda34b4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 16:30:02 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0756/1786] :memo: Updated Change log with the changes in
 pullrequest #1263

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7a02ed147d..60b4cf0a98 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,13 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
-> No unreleased changes yet
+### Changed
+
+- Preconditioned asset* in state have been renamed to require* :
+  For example:
+  - `this.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
+  - `this.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
+  - `this.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 

From 4d78fc06f593bcd01d149886fc5327e24f968800 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 13:40:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0757/1786] bump bindings

---
 src/bindings               | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 2d87533018..87996f7d27 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2d875330187b95eb36f4602006e46ab2dcfe4cdd
+Subproject commit 87996f7d27b37208d536349ab9449047964736f2
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 757f99b7ca..b29f0293c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ function rotate64(
       field.toBigInt() < 1n << BigInt(MAX_BITS),
       `rotation: expected field to be at most 64 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
     );
-    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction));
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), BigInt(bits), direction));
   }
   const [rotated] = rot64(field, bits, direction);
   return rotated;
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ function rotate32(
       field.toBigInt() < 1n << 32n,
       `rotation: expected field to be at most 32 bits, got ${field.toBigInt()}`
     );
-    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), bits, direction, 32));
+    return new Field(Fp.rot(field.toBigInt(), BigInt(bits), direction, 32n));
   }
 
   let { quotient: excess, remainder: shifted } = divMod32(

From d370e2974384f128484564668cc7288b754cf33e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 13:44:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0758/1786] fix return type opf witness

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 17 ++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index fb1e7f28fa..12a1976688 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { provableTuple } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { rangeCheck32 } from './range-check.js';
@@ -15,13 +16,15 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
     };
   }
 
-  let qr = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 2), () => {
-    let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
-    let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
-    let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
-    return [new Field(q), new Field(r)];
-  });
-  let [quotient, remainder] = qr;
+  let [quotient, remainder] = Provable.witness(
+    provableTuple([Field, Field]),
+    () => {
+      let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
+      let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
+      let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
+      return [new Field(q), new Field(r)];
+    }
+  );
 
   rangeCheck32(quotient);
   rangeCheck32(remainder);

From 08069bb81ebc729ef5c91143d73781023fc5eff0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 14:34:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0759/1786] limit input to 64bit, add tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts           |  6 +++
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts    |  8 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts              |  8 ++-
 4 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 12a1976688..b2aee52d3d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { provableTuple } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { rangeCheck32 } from './range-check.js';
 
@@ -7,6 +8,11 @@ export { divMod32, addMod32 };
 
 function divMod32(n: Field) {
   if (n.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      n.toBigInt() < 1n << 64n,
+      `n needs to fit in 64bit, but got ${n.toBigInt()}`
+    );
+
     let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
     let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
     let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..996a9389b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import {
+  array,
+  equivalentProvable as equivalent,
+  equivalentAsync,
+  field,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+
+const maybeField = {
+  ...field,
+  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.field, Random.field.invalid), (x) =>
+    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
+  ),
+};
+
+let Arithmetic = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'arithmetic',
+  publicOutput: provable({
+    remainder: Field,
+    quotient: Field,
+  }),
+  methods: {
+    divMod32: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.divMod32(a);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await Arithmetic.compile();
+
+const divMod32Helper = (x: bigint) => {
+  let q = x / (1n << 32n);
+  let r = x - q * (1n << 32n);
+  return [r, q];
+};
+
+equivalent({ from: [maybeField], to: array(field, 2) })(
+  (x) => {
+    assert(x < 1n << 64n, `x needs to fit in 64bit, but got ${x}`);
+    return divMod32Helper(x);
+  },
+  (x) => {
+    let { remainder, quotient } = Gadgets.divMod32(x);
+    return [remainder, quotient];
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: array(field, 2) }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    assert(x < 1n << 64n, `x needs to fit in 64bit, but got ${x}`);
+    return divMod32Helper(x);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let {
+      publicOutput: { quotient, remainder },
+    } = await Arithmetic.divMod32(x);
+    return [remainder, quotient];
+  }
+);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 8bc4105f3c..3b6183bfdd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
 
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
-    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left'),
+    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left'),
     (x) => Gadgets.rotate64(x, 12, 'left')
   );
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
 
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32].forEach((length) => {
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
-    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left', 32),
+    (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left', 32n),
     (x) => Gadgets.rotate32(x, 12, 'left')
   );
 });
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
-    return Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left');
+    return Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left');
   },
   async (x) => {
     let proof = await Bitwise.rot64(x);
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 32n) throw Error('Does not fit into 32 bits');
-    return Fp.rot(x, 12, 'left', 32);
+    return Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left', 32n);
   },
   async (x) => {
     let proof = await Bitwise.rot32(x);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e1aaffdc08..cfcd166cad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -496,7 +496,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    */
   Field3,
   /**
-   * Division modulo 2^32. The operation decomposes a {@link Field} element into two 32-bit limbs, `remainder` and `quotient`, using the following equation: `n = quotient * 2^32 + remainder`.
+   * Division modulo 2^32. The operation decomposes a {@link Field} element in the range [0, 2^64] into two 32-bit limbs, `remainder` and `quotient`, using the following equation: `n = quotient * 2^32 + remainder`.
+   *
+   * **Note:** The Gadget expects the input to be in the range [0, 2^64]. If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution.
    *
    * Asserts that both `remainder` and `quotient` are in the range [0, 2^32) using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck32}.
    *
@@ -512,12 +514,14 @@ const Gadgets = {
   divMod32,
 
   /**
-   * Addition modulo 2^32. The operation adds two {@link Field} elements and returns the result modulo 2^32.
+   * Addition modulo 2^32. The operation adds two {@link Field} elements in the range [0, 2^64] and returns the result modulo 2^32.
    *
    * Asserts that the result is in the range [0, 2^32) using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck32}.
    *
    * It uses {@link Gadgets.divMod32} internally by adding the two {@link Field} elements and then decomposing the result into `remainder` and `quotient` and returning the `remainder`.
    *
+   * **Note:** The Gadget expects the input to be in the range [0, 2^64]. If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution.
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * let a = Field(8n);

From 954607e4f0ab8f1dd535ae71971efadedea4a4c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 14:34:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0760/1786] adjust error message

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index b2aee52d3d..351ddb0af1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
   if (n.isConstant()) {
     assert(
       n.toBigInt() < 1n << 64n,
-      `n needs to fit in 64bit, but got ${n.toBigInt()}`
+      `n needs to fit into 64 bit, but got ${n.toBigInt()}`
     );
 
     let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();

From 6d4acd3120f14becf13a819bb46ff1bd17170f83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 15:57:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0761/1786] Update CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 60b4cf0a98..6201c24a15 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Changed
 
-- Preconditioned asset* in state have been renamed to require* :
-  For example:
+- Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions.
   - `this.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263

From e25d8962bc1903ebf54b38ab091547deb51e77c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 16:28:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0762/1786] add gadgets to regression tests

---
 tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts | 9 ++++++++-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json         | 6 +++++-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index 9ee0e2737d..6a38b928fb 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,14 @@ const GroupCS = constraintSystem('Group Primitive', {
 });
 
 const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
-  rot() {
+  rot32() {
+    let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
+    Gadgets.rotate32(a, 2, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rotate32(a, 2, 'right');
+    Gadgets.rotate32(a, 4, 'left');
+    Gadgets.rotate32(a, 4, 'right');
+  },
+  rot64() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
     Gadgets.rangeCheck64(a); // `rotate()` doesn't do this
     Gadgets.rotate64(a, 2, 'left');
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index f60540c9f8..d7f9381c21 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -168,7 +168,11 @@
   "Bitwise Primitive": {
     "digest": "Bitwise Primitive",
     "methods": {
-      "rot": {
+      "rot32": {
+        "rows": 31,
+        "digest": "3e39e3f7bfdef1c546700c0294407fc2"
+      },
+      "rot64": {
         "rows": 10,
         "digest": "c38703de755b10edf77bf24269089274"
       },

From 569e1c62945ff2729e4a1e38b964360fede142f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 16:45:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0763/1786] some API and comment tweaks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 14 ++------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 51 +++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ff303b3cc8..d1cd6350c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
-const tableConfig = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } };
+const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -37,10 +37,9 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
         let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
         let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
           Secp256k1,
-          ia,
           [signature.s, signature.r],
           [G, P],
-          [tableConfig.G, tableConfig.P]
+          [config.G, config.P]
         );
         Provable.asProver(() => {
           console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
@@ -51,14 +50,7 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
         let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
-        Ecdsa.verify(
-          Secp256k1,
-          ia,
-          signature0,
-          msgHash,
-          publicKey,
-          tableConfig
-        );
+        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, config);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9b9b7417ad..736e724bb8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import {
   FiniteField,
+  createField,
   inverse,
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
   let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
   let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
+  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
@@ -148,21 +150,18 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let ySum = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y3);
   ForeignField.assertMul(deltaX1X3, m, ySum, f);
 
-  // bounds checks
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
-
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  ia: point,
   signature: EcdsaSignature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
-  tables?: {
+  config?: {
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
+    ia?: point;
   }
 ) {
   // constant case
@@ -191,14 +190,16 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
   let R = multiScalarMul(
     Curve,
-    ia,
     [u1, u2],
     [G, publicKey],
-    tables && [tables.G, tables.P]
+    config && [config.G, config.P],
+    config?.ia
   );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
+  // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
+  // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
   Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
@@ -220,18 +221,13 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  */
 function multiScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  ia: point,
   scalars: Field3[],
   points: Point[],
   tableConfigs: (
-    | {
-        // what we called c before
-        windowSize?: number;
-        // G, ..., (2^c-1)*G
-        multiples?: Point[];
-      }
+    | { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] }
     | undefined
-  )[] = []
+  )[] = [],
+  ia?: point
 ): Point {
   let n = points.length;
   assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
@@ -264,6 +260,8 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
+  // TODO: use Curve.Field
+  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve, createField(Curve.modulus));
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -362,7 +360,7 @@ function getPointTable(
 function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
   // hash that identifies the curve
   let h = sha256.create();
-  h.update('ecdsa');
+  h.update('initial-aggregator');
   h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.modulus));
   h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.order));
   h.update(bigIntToBytes(Curve.a));
@@ -386,12 +384,9 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`
  *
- * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
- * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
- *
- * Note: This serves as a range check for the input limbs
+ * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  */
 function slice(
   [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
@@ -402,7 +397,7 @@ function slice(
 
   // first limb
   let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l) return result0.chunks;
+  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks;
   maxBits -= l_;
 
   // second limb
@@ -416,12 +411,16 @@ function slice(
 }
 
 /**
- * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `windowSize`
+ * Provable method for slicing a field element into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`.
  *
- * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for the bits.
- * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
  *
- * Note: This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
+ * If `chunkSize` does not divide `maxBits`, the last chunk will be smaller.
+ * We return the number of free bits in the last chunk, and optionally accept such a result from a previous call,
+ * so that this function can be used to slice up a bigint of multiple limbs into homogeneous chunks.
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for each bit.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
  */
 function sliceField(
   x: Field,

From a4b11378ca4e026fb076d35c3fdc22510c2b28bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:08:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0764/1786] code moving

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 37 +++---------------
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts              | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 8dc7f1eb54..371325cf61 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import {
-  ProvableSpec,
   array,
   equivalentAsync,
   equivalentProvable,
@@ -26,36 +25,14 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { AnyTuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import {
+  foreignField,
+  throwError,
+  unreducedForeignField,
+} from './test-utils.js';
 
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
-function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
-  return {
-    rng: Random.otherField(F),
-    there: Field3.from,
-    back: Field3.toBigint,
-    provable: Field3.provable,
-  };
-}
-
-// for testing with inputs > f
-function unreducedForeignField(
-  maxBits: number,
-  F: FiniteField
-): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
-  return {
-    rng: Random.bignat(1n << BigInt(maxBits)),
-    there: Field3.from,
-    back: Field3.toBigint,
-    provable: Field3.provable,
-    assertEqual(x, y, message) {
-      // need weak equality here because, while ffadd works on bigints larger than the modulus,
-      // it can't fully reduce them
-      assert(F.equal(x, y), message);
-    },
-  };
-}
-
 let sign = fromRandom(Random.oneOf(1n as const, -1n as const));
 
 let fields = [
@@ -340,7 +317,3 @@ function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   }
   return sum;
 }
-
-function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
-  throw Error(message);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f963d49ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { ProvableSpec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+
+export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, throwError };
+
+const { Field3 } = Gadgets;
+
+// test input specs
+
+function foreignField(F: FiniteField): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.otherField(F),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+  };
+}
+
+// for testing with inputs > f
+function unreducedForeignField(
+  maxBits: number,
+  F: FiniteField
+): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.bignat(1n << BigInt(maxBits)),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+    assertEqual(x, y, message) {
+      // need weak equality here because, while ffadd works on bigints larger than the modulus,
+      // it can't fully reduce them
+      assert(F.equal(x, y), message);
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+// helper
+
+function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
+  throw Error(message);
+}

From ea17473c5d0d6e9ff463636f0a33e8f356376ad0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:08:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0765/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 67468138a2..3a40f7d2bb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 67468138a2b54b25276a7b475e3028be395d7a77
+Subproject commit 3a40f7d2bb360d33203cb03fda1177a87acfffed

From 2898db3c0185cbb34247e7739d71c4495f00f970 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:08:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0766/1786] adapt to bindings

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index d1cd6350c7..532ffd21a8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { secp256k1Params } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
-const BaseField = createField(secp256k1Params.modulus);
+// quick tests
+// TODO
+
+// full end-to-end test with proving
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const BaseField = createField(Secp256k1.modulus);
 
 let publicKey = Point.from({
   x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,

From 9fd235337b1b7246561796ea3847caa31a34c2a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:14:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0767/1786] fields on curve

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 736e724bb8..85a2e0b454 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -260,8 +260,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
-  // TODO: use Curve.Field
-  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve, createField(Curve.modulus));
+  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve);
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
   for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -357,7 +356,7 @@ function getPointTable(
  * It's important that this point has no known discrete logarithm so that nobody
  * can create an invalid proof of EC scaling.
  */
-function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
+function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine) {
   // hash that identifies the curve
   let h = sha256.create();
   h.update('initial-aggregator');
@@ -369,6 +368,7 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine, F: FiniteField) {
 
   // bytes represent a 256-bit number
   // use that as x coordinate
+  const F = Curve.Field;
   let x = F.mod(bytesToBigInt(bytes));
   let y: bigint | undefined = undefined;
 

From 3e9ee6b87c45cc93e86d02ff433b738bb6b9eefb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:22:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0768/1786] ecdsa sign

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 22 ++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 85a2e0b454..332d15ab1e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  FiniteField,
-  createField,
-  inverse,
-  mod,
-} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
@@ -324,6 +319,20 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   return mod(X.x, q) === r;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
+ */
+function signEcdsa(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+  let { Scalar } = Curve;
+  let k = Scalar.random();
+  let R = Curve.scale(Curve.one, k);
+  let r = Scalar.mod(R.x);
+  let kInv = Scalar.inverse(k);
+  assert(kInv !== undefined);
+  let s = Scalar.mul(kInv, Scalar.add(msgHash, Scalar.mul(r, privateKey)));
+  return { r, s };
+}
+
 function getPointTable(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   P: Point,
@@ -536,6 +545,7 @@ const EcdsaSignature = {
 };
 
 const Ecdsa = {
+  sign: signEcdsa,
   verify: verifyEcdsa,
   Signature: EcdsaSignature,
 };

From c501badd91468100089e53f35fb6e030e06778cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:22:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0769/1786] adapt

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 532ffd21a8..ad71411cd8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { createField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ import { assert } from './common.js';
 
 // full end-to-end test with proving
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-const BaseField = createField(Secp256k1.modulus);
 
 let publicKey = Point.from({
   x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1, BaseField);
+const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
 const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({

From 321f963689b1bcae7fddda8776ac22b9ce17b03b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 17:22:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0770/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3a40f7d2bb..916bc21458 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3a40f7d2bb360d33203cb03fda1177a87acfffed
+Subproject commit 916bc21458bdb00a9277de755af15a1a5e111ba2

From 221057bb677593ce054bde6acedfe55e6dce7287 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:38:53 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0771/1786] :hammer: Update precondition apis to use require
 instead of assert as verb. Added test cases for verification

---
 src/lib/precondition.test.ts | 127 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/precondition.ts      |  76 +++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.test.ts b/src/lib/precondition.test.ts
index d064ddc89f..07d0243d68 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.test.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,21 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
   });
 
+  it('get + requireEquals should not throw', async () => {
+    let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+      zkapp.requireSignature();
+      for (let precondition of implemented) {
+        let p = precondition().get();
+        precondition().requireEquals(p as any);
+      }
+      AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+    });
+    await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
+    // check that tx was applied, by checking nonce was incremented
+    expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
+  });
+
   it('get + assertEquals should throw for unimplemented fields', async () => {
     for (let precondition of unimplemented) {
       await expect(
@@ -88,6 +103,18 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     }
   });
 
+  it('get + requireEquals should throw for unimplemented fields', async () => {
+    for (let precondition of unimplemented) {
+      await expect(
+        Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+          let p = precondition();
+          p.requireEquals(p.get() as any);
+          AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+        })
+      ).rejects.toThrow(/not implemented/);
+    }
+  });
+
   it('get + assertBetween should not throw', async () => {
     let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
     let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
@@ -103,6 +130,21 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
   });
 
+  it('get + requireBetween should not throw', async () => {
+    let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+      for (let precondition of implementedWithRange) {
+        let p: any = precondition().get();
+        precondition().requireBetween(p.constructor.zero, p);
+      }
+      zkapp.requireSignature();
+      AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+    });
+    await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
+    // check that tx was applied, by checking nonce was incremented
+    expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
+  });
+
   it('satisfied currentSlot.assertBetween should not throw', async () => {
     let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
     let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
@@ -117,6 +159,20 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
   });
 
+  it('satisfied currentSlot.requireBetween should not throw', async () => {
+    let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+      zkapp.currentSlot.requireBetween(
+        UInt32.from(0),
+        UInt32.from(UInt32.MAXINT())
+      );
+      zkapp.requireSignature();
+      AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+    });
+    await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
+    expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
+  });
+
   it('get + assertNothing should not throw', async () => {
     let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
     let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
@@ -132,6 +188,21 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
   });
 
+  it('get + requireNothing should not throw', async () => {
+    let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+      for (let precondition of implemented) {
+        precondition().get();
+        precondition().requireNothing();
+      }
+      zkapp.requireSignature();
+      AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+    });
+    await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
+    // check that tx was applied, by checking nonce was incremented
+    expect(zkapp.account.nonce.get()).toEqual(nonce.add(1));
+  });
+
   it('get + manual precondition should not throw', async () => {
     // we only test this for a couple of preconditions
     let nonce = zkapp.account.nonce.get();
@@ -172,6 +243,19 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     }
   });
 
+  it('unsatisfied requireEquals should be rejected (numbers)', async () => {
+    for (let precondition of implementedNumber) {
+      await expect(async () => {
+        let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+          let p = precondition().get();
+          precondition().requireEquals(p.add(1) as any);
+          AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+        });
+        await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+      }).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+    }
+  });
+
   it('unsatisfied assertEquals should be rejected (booleans)', async () => {
     for (let precondition of implementedBool) {
       let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
@@ -185,6 +269,19 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     }
   });
 
+  it('unsatisfied requireEquals should be rejected (booleans)', async () => {
+    for (let precondition of implementedBool) {
+      let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+        let p = precondition().get();
+        precondition().requireEquals(p.not());
+        AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+      });
+      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+        /unsatisfied/
+      );
+    }
+  });
+
   it('unsatisfied assertEquals should be rejected (public key)', async () => {
     let publicKey = PublicKey.from({ x: Field(-1), isOdd: Bool(false) });
     let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
@@ -194,6 +291,15 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
   });
 
+  it('unsatisfied requireEquals should be rejected (public key)', async () => {
+    let publicKey = PublicKey.from({ x: Field(-1), isOdd: Bool(false) });
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+      zkapp.account.delegate.requireEquals(publicKey);
+      AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+    });
+    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+  });
+
   it('unsatisfied assertBetween should be rejected', async () => {
     for (let precondition of implementedWithRange) {
       let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
@@ -207,6 +313,19 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     }
   });
 
+  it('unsatisfied requireBetween should be rejected', async () => {
+    for (let precondition of implementedWithRange) {
+      let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+        let p: any = precondition().get();
+        precondition().requireBetween(p.add(20), p.add(30));
+        AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+      });
+      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+        /unsatisfied/
+      );
+    }
+  });
+
   it('unsatisfied currentSlot.assertBetween should be rejected', async () => {
     let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
       zkapp.currentSlot.assertBetween(UInt32.from(20), UInt32.from(30));
@@ -215,6 +334,14 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
     await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
   });
 
+  it('unsatisfied currentSlot.requireBetween should be rejected', async () => {
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+      zkapp.currentSlot.requireBetween(UInt32.from(20), UInt32.from(30));
+      AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
+    });
+    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+  });
+
   // TODO: is this a gotcha that should be addressed?
   // the test below fails, so it seems that nonce is applied successfully with a WRONG precondition..
   // however, this is just because `zkapp.sign()` overwrites the nonce precondition with one that is satisfied
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index 53e044f6ed..ac0bea3e79 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -49,11 +49,14 @@ function Network(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): Network {
       let slot = network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.get();
       return globalSlotToTimestamp(slot);
     },
-    getAndAssertEquals() {
-      let slot = network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.getAndAssertEquals();
+    getAndRequireEquals() {
+      let slot = network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.getAndRequireEquals();
       return globalSlotToTimestamp(slot);
     },
-    assertEquals(value: UInt64) {
+    getAndAssertEquals() {
+      return this.getAndRequireEquals();
+    },
+    requireEquals(value: UInt64) {
       let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
         Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
       let slot = timestampToGlobalSlot(
@@ -61,14 +64,26 @@ function Network(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): Network {
         `Timestamp precondition unsatisfied: the timestamp can only equal numbers of the form ${genesisTimestamp} + k*${slotTime},\n` +
           `i.e., the genesis timestamp plus an integer number of slots.`
       );
-      return network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.assertEquals(slot);
+      return network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.requireEquals(slot);
     },
-    assertBetween(lower: UInt64, upper: UInt64) {
+    assertEquals(value: UInt64) {
+      return this.requireEquals(value);
+    },
+    requireBetween(lower: UInt64, upper: UInt64) {
       let [slotLower, slotUpper] = timestampToGlobalSlotRange(lower, upper);
-      return network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.assertBetween(slotLower, slotUpper);
+      return network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.requireBetween(
+        slotLower,
+        slotUpper
+      );
+    },
+    assertBetween(lower: UInt64, upper: UInt64) {
+      return this.requireBetween(lower, upper);
+    },
+    requireNothing() {
+      return network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.requireNothing();
     },
     assertNothing() {
-      return network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.assertNothing();
+      return this.requireNothing();
     },
   };
   return { ...network, timestamp };
@@ -118,7 +133,7 @@ function updateSubclass<K extends keyof Update>(
 function CurrentSlot(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): CurrentSlot {
   let context = getPreconditionContextExn(accountUpdate);
   return {
-    assertBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32) {
+    requireBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32) {
       context.constrained.add('validWhile');
       let property: RangeCondition<UInt32> =
         accountUpdate.body.preconditions.validWhile;
@@ -126,6 +141,9 @@ function CurrentSlot(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): CurrentSlot {
       property.value.lower = lower;
       property.value.upper = upper;
     },
+    assertBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32) {
+      this.requireBetween(lower, upper);
+    },
   };
 }
 
@@ -193,7 +211,7 @@ function preconditionSubClassWithRange<
 ) {
   return {
     ...preconditionSubclass(accountUpdate, longKey, fieldType as any, context),
-    assertBetween(lower: any, upper: any) {
+    requireBetween(lower: any, upper: any) {
       context.constrained.add(longKey);
       let property: RangeCondition<any> = getPath(
         accountUpdate.body.preconditions,
@@ -203,6 +221,9 @@ function preconditionSubClassWithRange<
       property.value.lower = lower;
       property.value.upper = upper;
     },
+    assertBetween(lower: any, upper: any) {
+      this.requireBetween(lower, upper);
+    },
   };
 }
 
@@ -232,12 +253,15 @@ function preconditionSubclass<
         fieldType
       )) as U;
     },
-    getAndAssertEquals() {
+    getAndRequireEquals() {
       let value = obj.get();
-      obj.assertEquals(value);
+      obj.requireEquals(value);
       return value;
     },
-    assertEquals(value: U) {
+    getAndAssertEquals() {
+      return this.getAndRequireEquals();
+    },
+    requireEquals(value: U) {
       context.constrained.add(longKey);
       let property = getPath(
         accountUpdate.body.preconditions,
@@ -255,9 +279,15 @@ function preconditionSubclass<
         setPath(accountUpdate.body.preconditions, longKey, value);
       }
     },
-    assertNothing() {
+    assertEquals(value: U) {
+      this.requireEquals(value);
+    },
+    requireNothing() {
       context.constrained.add(longKey);
     },
+    assertNothing() {
+      this.requireNothing();
+    },
   };
   return obj;
 }
@@ -437,6 +467,10 @@ type Account = PreconditionClassType<AccountPrecondition> & Update;
 
 type CurrentSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
 type CurrentSlot = {
+  requireBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32): void;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `requireBetween(lower: U, upper: U)` which is equivalent
+   */
   assertBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32): void;
 };
 
@@ -452,11 +486,27 @@ type PreconditionBaseTypes<T> = {
 
 type PreconditionSubclassType<U> = {
   get(): U;
+  getAndRequireEquals(): U;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `getAndRequireEquals()` which is equivalent
+   */
   getAndAssertEquals(): U;
+  requireEquals(value: U): void;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `requireEquals(value: U)` which is equivalent
+   */
   assertEquals(value: U): void;
+  requireNothing(): void;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `requireNothing()` which is equivalent
+   */
   assertNothing(): void;
 };
 type PreconditionSubclassRangeType<U> = PreconditionSubclassType<U> & {
+  requireBetween(lower: U, upper: U): void;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `requireBetween(lower: U, upper: U)` which is equivalent
+   */
   assertBetween(lower: U, upper: U): void;
 };
 

From bb9b6df175e9539b71b9cf627e5d94ece116111c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 00:48:19 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0772/1786] :hammer: updated the deprecated message

---
 src/lib/precondition.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index ac0bea3e79..25b10b9031 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ type CurrentSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
 type CurrentSlot = {
   requireBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32): void;
   /**
-   * @deprecated use `requireBetween(lower: U, upper: U)` which is equivalent
+   * @deprecated use `requireBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32)` which is equivalent
    */
   assertBetween(lower: UInt32, upper: UInt32): void;
 };

From c705ed577b96462b7def8bd558a79569894a47ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 20:38:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0773/1786] fix test compilation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 5569f4dbc4..f820fc0a96 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,13 +5,10 @@ import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import {
-  pallasParams,
-  secp256k1Params,
-} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(secp256k1Params);
-const Pallas = createCurveAffine(pallasParams);
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
 
 let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
 
@@ -42,6 +39,6 @@ console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 printGates(csDouble.gates);
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
 
-let point = initialAggregator(Pallas, Fp);
+let point = initialAggregator(Pallas);
 console.log({ point });
 assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(point));

From 9d480986e8485d59fd15a57bd61d2c18a02c571b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 21:38:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0774/1786] map rng pf spec

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index ab1241b94b..1397d6d06f 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ export {
   unit,
   array,
   record,
+  map,
   fromRandom,
 };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
@@ -288,6 +289,13 @@ function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
   };
 }
 
+function map<T1, T2, S1, S2>(
+  { from, to }: { from: FromSpec<T1, T2>; to: Spec<S1, S2> },
+  there: (t: T1) => S1
+): Spec<S1, S2> {
+  return { ...to, rng: Random.map(from.rng, there) };
+}
+
 function mapObject<K extends string, T, S>(
   t: { [k in K]: T },
   map: (t: T, k: K) => S

From 5780bfec0fc7625f515da7bf9a240f8778c1a4e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 21:39:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0775/1786] wip quick ecdsa tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts          | 76 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           |  4 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts |  1 -
 3 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ad71411cd8..e7fe3540f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,86 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import {
+  Ecdsa,
+  EllipticCurve,
+  Point,
+  verifyEcdsaConstant,
+} from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { foreignField, throwError } from './test-utils.js';
+import {
+  equivalentProvable,
+  map,
+  oneOf,
+  record,
+  unit,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 
 // quick tests
-// TODO
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
+const Vesta = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Vesta);
+let curves = [Secp256k1, Pallas, Vesta];
+
+for (let Curve of curves) {
+  // prepare test inputs
+  let field = foreignField(Curve.Field);
+  let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
+
+  let pseudoPoint = record({ x: field, y: field });
+  let point = map({ from: scalar, to: pseudoPoint }, (x) =>
+    Curve.scale(Curve.one, x)
+  );
+
+  let pseudoSignature = record({
+    signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
+    msg: scalar,
+    publicKey: point,
+  });
+  let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey: scalar, msg: scalar });
+  let signature = map(
+    { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
+    ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
+      let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
+      let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
+      return { signature, msg, publicKey };
+    }
+  );
+
+  // positive test
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
+    () => {},
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
+    },
+    'valid signature verifies'
+  );
+
+  // negative test
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
+    () => throwError('invalid signature'),
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
+    },
+    'invalid signature fails'
+  );
+
+  // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: unit })(
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
+    },
+    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
+    },
+    'verify'
+  );
+}
 
 // full end-to-end test with proving
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
 
 let publicKey = Point.from({
   x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 332d15ab1e..93a8527ab0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@ import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
+// external API
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 
+// internal API
+export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
+
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index f820fc0a96..722ca3137a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);

From 4fee5294089b2cc738ac52bf12e150f3e36be65d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:04:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0776/1786] finish unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 34 ++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts      | 14 +++++++++++-
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts      | 30 ++++++++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index e7fe3540f0..ea380c171d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { foreignField, throwError } from './test-utils.js';
+import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
+  Second,
   equivalentProvable,
   map,
   oneOf,
@@ -29,42 +30,41 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   // prepare test inputs
   let field = foreignField(Curve.Field);
   let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
-
-  let pseudoPoint = record({ x: field, y: field });
-  let point = map({ from: scalar, to: pseudoPoint }, (x) =>
-    Curve.scale(Curve.one, x)
-  );
+  let privateKey = uniformForeignField(Curve.Scalar);
 
   let pseudoSignature = record({
     signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
     msg: scalar,
-    publicKey: point,
+    publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
   });
-  let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey: scalar, msg: scalar });
+
+  let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
+
   let signature = map(
     { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
     ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
-      let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
       let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
+      let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
       return { signature, msg, publicKey };
     }
   );
 
+  // provable method we want to test
+  const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>) => {
+    Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+  };
+
   // positive test
   equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
     () => {},
-    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
-    },
+    verify,
     'valid signature verifies'
   );
 
   // negative test
   equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
     () => throwError('invalid signature'),
-    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
-    },
+    verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
@@ -73,9 +73,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
       assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
     },
-    ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
-    },
+    verify,
     'verify'
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
index 7f963d49ac..309dac6161 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
-export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, throwError };
+export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, uniformForeignField, throwError };
 
 const { Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -37,6 +37,18 @@ function unreducedForeignField(
   };
 }
 
+// for fields that must follow an unbiased distribution, like private keys
+function uniformForeignField(
+  F: FiniteField
+): ProvableSpec<bigint, Gadgets.Field3> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random(F.random),
+    there: Field3.from,
+    back: Field3.toBigint,
+    provable: Field3.provable,
+  };
+}
+
 // helper
 
 function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 1397d6d06f..c02cf23afc 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,15 @@ export {
   map,
   fromRandom,
 };
-export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
+export {
+  Spec,
+  ToSpec,
+  FromSpec,
+  SpecFromFunctions,
+  ProvableSpec,
+  First,
+  Second,
+};
 
 // a `Spec` tells us how to compare two functions
 
@@ -109,8 +117,8 @@ function equivalent<
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
 >({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
   return function run(
-    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
-    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
     let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
@@ -138,8 +146,8 @@ function equivalentAsync<
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
 >({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }, { runs = 1 } = {}) {
   return async function run(
-    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Promise<Result1<Out>> | Result1<Out>,
-    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Promise<Result2<Out>> | Result2<Out>,
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Promise<First<Out>> | First<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Promise<Second<Out>> | Second<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
     let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
@@ -178,8 +186,8 @@ function equivalentProvable<
 >({ from: fromRaw, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
   let fromUnions = fromRaw.map(toUnion);
   return function run(
-    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => Result1<Out>,
-    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Result2<Out>,
+    f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
+    f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
     label = 'expect equal results'
   ) {
     let generators = fromUnions.map((spec) => spec.rng);
@@ -279,8 +287,8 @@ function array<T, S>(
 function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
   specs: Specs
 ): Spec<
-  { [k in keyof Specs]: Result1<Specs[k]> },
-  { [k in keyof Specs]: Result2<Specs[k]> }
+  { [k in keyof Specs]: First<Specs[k]> },
+  { [k in keyof Specs]: Second<Specs[k]> }
 > {
   return {
     rng: Random.record(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.rng)) as any,
@@ -405,9 +413,9 @@ type Params2<Ins extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>> = {
   [k in keyof Ins]: Param2<Ins[k]>;
 };
 
-type Result1<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<infer Out1, any>
+type First<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<infer Out1, any>
   ? Out1
   : never;
-type Result2<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<any, infer Out2>
+type Second<Out extends ToSpec<any, any>> = Out extends ToSpec<any, infer Out2>
   ? Out2
   : never;

From b35bf20e778e3d38b5cefc9513eada760866b2cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:04:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0777/1786] clean up constant ecdsa

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 25 ++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 93a8527ab0..b1436a178c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -301,26 +301,25 @@ function multiScalarMul(
  */
 function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
+  { r, s }: ecdsaSignature,
   msgHash: bigint,
-  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
+  publicKey: point
 ) {
-  let q = Curve.order;
-  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
-  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
-  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
+  let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(pk)) return false;
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(pk)) return false;
   if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
   if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
 
-  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
-  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
-  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
-  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
+  let sInv = Curve.Scalar.inverse(s);
+  assert(sInv !== undefined);
+  let u1 = Curve.Scalar.mul(msgHash, sInv);
+  let u2 = Curve.Scalar.mul(r, sInv);
 
-  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
-  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
+  let R = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(pk, u2));
+  if (Curve.equal(R, Curve.zero)) return false;
 
-  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
+  return Curve.Scalar.equal(R.x, r);
 }
 
 /**

From 3369ae30c491a83fd0957c243f0087a638a3cddc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:12:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0778/1786] comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b1436a178c..943f8c517d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -336,6 +336,10 @@ function signEcdsa(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
   return { r, s };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Given a point P, create the list of multiples [0, P, 2P, 3P, ..., (2^windowSize-1) * P].
+ * This method is provable, but won't create any constraints given a constant point.
+ */
 function getPointTable(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   P: Point,

From cf27df57dd246668f6d87e49867613d834191172 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 10:23:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0779/1786] api cleanup

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  7 +++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 31 +++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index ea380c171d..47a4f0228e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
         let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
-        let P = Provable.witness(Point, () => publicKey);
+        let P = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
         let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
           Secp256k1,
           [signature.s, signature.r],
@@ -119,7 +119,10 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
-        let signature0 = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.Signature, () => signature);
+        let signature0 = Provable.witness(
+          Ecdsa.Signature.provable,
+          () => signature
+        );
         Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, config);
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 943f8c517d..8d960b6dd7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x2, y: y2 } = p2;
 
   // constant case
-  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1) && Provable.isConstant(Point, p2)) {
+  if (Point.isConstant(p1) && Point.isConstant(p2)) {
     let p3 = affineAdd(Point.toBigint(p1), Point.toBigint(p2), f);
     return Point.from(p3);
   }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
 
   // constant case
-  if (Provable.isConstant(Point, p1)) {
+  if (Point.isConstant(p1)) {
     let p3 = affineDouble(Point.toBigint(p1), f);
     return Point.from(p3);
   }
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
-    Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature, signature) &&
+    EcdsaSignature.isConstant(signature) &&
     Field3.isConstant(msgHash) &&
-    Provable.isConstant(Point, publicKey)
+    Point.isConstant(publicKey)
   ) {
     let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
       Curve,
@@ -233,10 +233,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
 
   // constant case
-  if (
-    scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) &&
-    points.every((P) => Provable.isConstant(Point, P))
-  ) {
+  if (scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) && points.every(Point.isConstant)) {
     // TODO dedicated MSM
     let s = scalars.map(Field3.toBigint);
     let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
@@ -270,13 +267,15 @@ function multiScalarMul(
         // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
         let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
         let sjP =
-          windowSize === 1 ? points[j] : arrayGetGeneric(Point, tables[j], sj);
+          windowSize === 1
+            ? points[j]
+            : arrayGetGeneric(Point.provable, tables[j], sj);
 
         // ec addition
         let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
 
         // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
-        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point, sum, added);
+        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point.provable, sum, added);
       }
     }
 
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  Provable.equal(Point, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  Provable.equal(Point.provable, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
   sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;
@@ -516,23 +515,27 @@ function arrayGetGeneric<T>(type: Provable<T>, array: T[], index: Field) {
 }
 
 const Point = {
-  ...provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
   },
   toBigint({ x, y }: Point) {
     return { x: Field3.toBigint(x), y: Field3.toBigint(y), infinity: false };
   },
+  isConstant: (P: Point) => Provable.isConstant(Point.provable, P),
+
+  provable: provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
 };
 
 const EcdsaSignature = {
-  ...provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
   from({ r, s }: ecdsaSignature): EcdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
   },
   toBigint({ r, s }: EcdsaSignature): ecdsaSignature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
+  isConstant: (S: EcdsaSignature) =>
+    Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature.provable, S),
+
   /**
    * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
@@ -549,6 +552,8 @@ const EcdsaSignature = {
     let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
     return EcdsaSignature.from({ r, s });
   },
+
+  provable: provable({ r: Field3.provable, s: Field3.provable }),
 };
 
 const Ecdsa = {

From bf6d2e96194c0fc10f6da5ca3f404551cafb6555 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:08:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0780/1786] comments and make sure r,s are valid

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 39 +++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8d960b6dd7..016a625e8b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 
 // external API
-export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa, EcdsaSignature };
+export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
 
 // internal API
 export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
@@ -39,11 +39,13 @@ const EllipticCurve = {
 type Point = { x: Field3; y: Field3 };
 type point = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
 
-/**
- * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
- */
-type EcdsaSignature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
-type ecdsaSignature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+namespace Ecdsa {
+  /**
+   * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
+   */
+  export type Signature = { r: Field3; s: Field3 };
+  export type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+}
 
 function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
 
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  signature: EcdsaSignature,
+  signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
   config?: {
@@ -180,9 +182,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   }
 
   // provable case
-  // TODO should we check that the publicKey is a valid point? probably not
+  // note: usually we don't check validity of inputs, like that the public key is a valid curve point
+  // we make an exception for the two non-standard conditions s != 0 and r != 0,
+  // which are unusual to capture in types and could be considered part of the verification algorithm
   let { r, s } = signature;
-  let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order);
+  let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order); // proves s != 0
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
@@ -194,7 +198,10 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     config && [config.G, config.P],
     config?.ia
   );
-  // this ^ already proves that R != 0
+  // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
+  // if b is not a square, then R != 0 already proves that r === R.x != 0, because R.y^2 = b has no solutions
+  // Otherwise we check the condition r != 0 explicitly (important, because r = 0 => u2 = 0 kills the contribution of the private key)
+  if (Curve.Field.isSquare(Curve.b)) ForeignField.inv(r, Curve.modulus);
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
@@ -300,7 +307,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
  */
 function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
-  { r, s }: ecdsaSignature,
+  { r, s }: Ecdsa.signature,
   msgHash: bigint,
   publicKey: point
 ) {
@@ -514,6 +521,8 @@ function arrayGetGeneric<T>(type: Provable<T>, array: T[], index: Field) {
   return a;
 }
 
+// type/conversion helpers
+
 const Point = {
   from({ x, y }: point): Point {
     return { x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) };
@@ -527,20 +536,20 @@ const Point = {
 };
 
 const EcdsaSignature = {
-  from({ r, s }: ecdsaSignature): EcdsaSignature {
+  from({ r, s }: Ecdsa.signature): Ecdsa.Signature {
     return { r: Field3.from(r), s: Field3.from(s) };
   },
-  toBigint({ r, s }: EcdsaSignature): ecdsaSignature {
+  toBigint({ r, s }: Ecdsa.Signature): Ecdsa.signature {
     return { r: Field3.toBigint(r), s: Field3.toBigint(s) };
   },
-  isConstant: (S: EcdsaSignature) =>
+  isConstant: (S: Ecdsa.Signature) =>
     Provable.isConstant(EcdsaSignature.provable, S),
 
   /**
    * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
    */
-  fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
+  fromHex(rawSignature: string): Ecdsa.Signature {
     let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
     let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
     if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {

From 4bb7b1a3a50ce6de540bde0ad329c7fa26ab394b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:12:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0781/1786] fix

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 016a625e8b..12c5eb7226 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -183,9 +183,10 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // provable case
   // note: usually we don't check validity of inputs, like that the public key is a valid curve point
-  // we make an exception for the two non-standard conditions s != 0 and r != 0,
+  // we make an exception for the two non-standard conditions r != 0 and s != 0,
   // which are unusual to capture in types and could be considered part of the verification algorithm
   let { r, s } = signature;
+  ForeignField.inv(r, Curve.order); // proves r != 0 (important, because r = 0 => u2 = 0 kills the private key contribution)
   let sInv = ForeignField.inv(s, Curve.order); // proves s != 0
   let u1 = ForeignField.mul(msgHash, sInv, Curve.order);
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
@@ -199,9 +200,6 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     config?.ia
   );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
-  // if b is not a square, then R != 0 already proves that r === R.x != 0, because R.y^2 = b has no solutions
-  // Otherwise we check the condition r != 0 explicitly (important, because r = 0 => u2 = 0 kills the contribution of the private key)
-  if (Curve.Field.isSquare(Curve.b)) ForeignField.inv(r, Curve.modulus);
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:

From 415f8ae84e450e43bb9083d75842a69cb022f22a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:33:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0782/1786] sketch public API

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts        | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 12c5eb7226..413c7fe7fc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
   msgHash: Field3,
   publicKey: Point,
-  config?: {
+  config: {
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     ia?: point;
-  }
+  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index a35e94e566..d6670c3e91 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import {
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -515,6 +517,49 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
   },
 
+  /**
+   * TODO
+   */
+  Ecdsa: {
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let Curve = Curves.Secp256k1; // TODO provide this somehow
+     * // TODO easy way to check that foreign field elements are valid
+     * let signature = { r, s };
+     * // TODO need a way to check that publicKey is on curve
+     * let publicKey = { x, y };
+     *
+     * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * ```
+     */
+    verify(
+      Curve: CurveAffine,
+      signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
+      msgHash: Field3,
+      publicKey: Point
+    ) {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * TODO
+     *
+     * should this be here, given that it's not a provable method?
+     * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
+     */
+    sign(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+      return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Non-provable helper methods for interacting with ECDSA signatures.
+     */
+    Signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
+  },
+
   /**
    * Helper methods to interact with 3-limb vectors of Fields.
    *

From a9e75e8ae0fef780169c55e531d87518e3cff0ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 23 Nov 2023 11:33:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0783/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 916bc21458..12fdc5af74 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 916bc21458bdb00a9277de755af15a1a5e111ba2
+Subproject commit 12fdc5af742978ea32c3ce87696d43ee64738006

From b451ebe95cf0bef51d64d55b32b3ce9d14f4d822 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:28:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0784/1786] add helper to apply all ff range checks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/util/types.ts            |  4 ++++
 3 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 8f718cf250..d45a800331 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
@@ -52,6 +51,8 @@ const ForeignField = {
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
   assertMul,
+
+  assertAlmostFieldElements,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -345,6 +346,30 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
   return x.add(lMask - (f >> l2));
 }
 
+/**
+ * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
+ * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
+ */
+function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+  let bounds: Field[] = [];
+
+  for (let x of xs) {
+    multiRangeCheck(x);
+
+    bounds.push(weakBound(x[2], f));
+    if (TupleN.hasLength(3, bounds)) {
+      multiRangeCheck(bounds);
+      bounds = [];
+    }
+  }
+  if (TupleN.hasLength(1, bounds)) {
+    multiRangeCheck([...bounds, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
+  }
+  if (TupleN.hasLength(2, bounds)) {
+    multiRangeCheck([...bounds, Field.from(0n)]);
+  }
+}
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index d6670c3e91..3cb2c9ce8e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -515,6 +515,36 @@ const Gadgets = {
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * Prove that each of the given {@link Field3} elements is "almost" reduced modulo f,
+     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
+     * - each limb is in the range [0, 2^88)
+     * - the most significant limb is less or equal than the modulus, x[2] <= f[2]
+     *
+     * **Note**: This method is most efficient when the number of input elements is a multiple of 3.
+     *
+     * @throws if any of the assumptions is violated.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(4n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
+     * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
+     *
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     *
+     * // now we can use x, y, z as inputs to foreign field multiplication
+     * let xy = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
+     * let xyz = ForeignField.mul(xy, z, f);
+     *
+     * // since xy is an input to another multiplication, we need to prove that it is almost reduced again!
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**
@@ -550,7 +580,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * should this be here, given that it's not a provable method?
      * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
      */
-    sign(Curve: CurveAffine, msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+    sign(
+      Curve: CurveAffine,
+      msgHash: bigint,
+      privateKey: bigint
+    ): Ecdsa.signature {
       return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
     },
 
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index f343a89b7e..600f5f705b 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ const TupleN = {
     );
     return arr as any;
   },
+
+  hasLength<T, N extends number>(n: N, tuple: T[]): tuple is TupleN<T, N> {
+    return tuple.length === n;
+  },
 };
 
 type TupleRec<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N

From d89133073a5676027c4efbab2c52307a628782e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:40:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0785/1786] add more documentation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 22 ++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 3cb2c9ce8e..75466c9dc1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -420,9 +420,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * **Assumptions**: In addition to the assumption that input limbs are in the range [0, 2^88), as in all foreign field gadgets,
      * this assumes an additional bound on the inputs: `x * y < 2^264 * p`, where p is the native modulus.
      * We usually assert this bound by proving that `x[2] < f[2] + 1`, where `x[2]` is the most significant limb of x.
-     * To do this, use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
+     * To do this, we use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
      * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
      *
+     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}.
+     *
      * **Warning**: This gadget does not add the extra bound check on the result.
      * So, to use the result in another foreign field multiplication, you have to add the bound check on it yourself, again.
      *
@@ -434,14 +436,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 1n));
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 2n));
      *
-     * // range check x, y
-     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
-     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(y);
-     *
-     * // prove additional bounds
-     * let x2Bound = x[2].add((1n << 88n) - 1n - (f >> 176n));
-     * let y2Bound = y[2].add((1n << 88n) - 1n - (f >> 176n));
-     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck([x2Bound, y2Bound, Field(0n)]);
+     * // range check x, y and prove additional bounds x[2] <= f[2]
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], f);
      *
      * // compute x * y mod f
      * let z = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
@@ -497,7 +493,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * // we assume that x, y, z, a, b, c are range-checked, analogous to `ForeignField.mul()`
+     * // range-check x, y, z, a, b, c
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(a);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(b);
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(c);
+     *
+     * // create lazy input sums
      * let xMinusY = ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y);
      * let aPlusBPlusC = ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b).add(c);
      *

From 697ddb37d1a56472a193368c58d6ede1e327df3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:40:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0786/1786] use range check helper in ec gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 18 ++----------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 413c7fe7fc..c237bcbd66 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -73,14 +73,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-
-  multiRangeCheck(m);
-  multiRangeCheck(x3);
-  multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
-  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -124,14 +117,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-
-  multiRangeCheck(m);
-  multiRangeCheck(x3);
-  multiRangeCheck(y3);
-  let mBound = weakBound(m[2], f);
-  let x3Bound = weakBound(x3[2], f);
-  let y3Bound = weakBound(y3[2], f);
-  multiRangeCheck([mBound, x3Bound, y3Bound]);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);

From 86da89002cc5932477632338a5758e73abf07f2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 10:45:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0787/1786] add tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 29 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 371325cf61..2e9c4732f3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import {
   array,
+  equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   equivalentProvable,
   fromRandom,
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ import {
   throwError,
   unreducedForeignField,
 } from './test-utils.js';
+import { l2 } from './range-check.js';
 
 const { ForeignField, Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -105,6 +107,11 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     'div unreduced'
   );
 
+  equivalent({ from: [big264], to: unit })(
+    (x) => assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus),
+    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x], F.modulus)
+  );
+
   // sumchain of 5
   equivalentProvable({ from: [array(f, 5), array(sign, 4)], to: f })(
     (xs, signs) => sum(xs, signs, F),
@@ -134,6 +141,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
 let F = exampleFields.secp256k1;
 let f = foreignField(F);
+let big264 = unreducedForeignField(264, F);
 let chainLength = 5;
 let signs = [1n, -1n, -1n, 1n] satisfies (-1n | 1n)[];
 
@@ -147,6 +155,13 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
         return ForeignField.sum(xs, signs, F.modulus);
       },
     },
+    mulWithBoundsCheck: {
+      privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
+      method(x, y) {
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], F.modulus);
+        return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
+      },
+    },
     mul: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
@@ -220,10 +235,14 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [array(f, chainLength)], to: f }, { runs })(
   'prove chain'
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [f, f], to: f }, { runs })(
-  F.mul,
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [big264, big264], to: f }, { runs })(
+  (x, y) => {
+    assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus);
+    assertWeakBound(y, F.modulus);
+    return F.mul(x, y);
+  },
   async (x, y) => {
-    let proof = await ffProgram.mul(x, y);
+    let proof = await ffProgram.mulWithBoundsCheck(x, y);
     assert(await ffProgram.verify(proof), 'verifies');
     return proof.publicOutput;
   },
@@ -317,3 +336,7 @@ function sum(xs: bigint[], signs: (1n | -1n)[], F: FiniteField) {
   }
   return sum;
 }
+
+function assertWeakBound(x: bigint, f: bigint) {
+  assert(x >= 0n && x >> l2 <= f >> l2, 'weak bound');
+}

From 18da02eda68a75671a6846d1d32eb211cc63e452 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 11:20:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0788/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 87996f7d27..a1c177d3e8 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 87996f7d27b37208d536349ab9449047964736f2
+Subproject commit a1c177d3e8c2d8afcdd892b23fe0bd5d09b8a9f6

From cbe61315c6aa8c94ae2de5b92db29f551002d62c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 11:21:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0789/1786] add forceRecompile option

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 14 ++++++++++++--
 src/lib/zkapp.ts        |  6 +++++-
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index c952b7aa6d..312521374b 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -260,7 +260,10 @@ function ZkProgram<
   }
 ): {
   name: string;
-  compile: (options?: { cache: Cache }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
+  compile: (options?: {
+    cache?: Cache;
+    forceRecompile?: boolean;
+  }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
   verify: (
     proof: Proof<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -338,7 +341,10 @@ function ZkProgram<
       }
     | undefined;
 
-  async function compile({ cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
+  async function compile({
+    cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault,
+    forceRecompile = false,
+  } = {}) {
     let methodsMeta = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
       analyzeMethod(publicInputType, methodEntry, methodFunctions[i])
     );
@@ -351,6 +357,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       gates,
       proofSystemTag: selfTag,
       cache,
+      forceRecompile,
       overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
     });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
@@ -603,6 +610,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   gates,
   proofSystemTag,
   cache,
+  forceRecompile,
   overrideWrapDomain,
 }: {
   publicInputType: ProvablePure<any>;
@@ -612,6 +620,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   gates: Gate[][];
   proofSystemTag: { name: string };
   cache: Cache;
+  forceRecompile: boolean;
   overrideWrapDomain?: 0 | 1 | 2;
 }) {
   let rules = methodIntfs.map((methodEntry, i) =>
@@ -630,6 +639,7 @@ async function compileProgram({
   let picklesCache: Pickles.Cache = [
     0,
     function read_(mlHeader) {
+      if (forceRecompile) return MlResult.unitError();
       let header = parseHeader(proofSystemTag.name, methodIntfs, mlHeader);
       let result = readCache(cache, header, (bytes) =>
         decodeProverKey(mlHeader, bytes)
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 11f4978e15..a0df136baf 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -662,7 +662,10 @@ class SmartContract {
    * it so that proofs end up in the original finite field). These are fairly expensive operations, so **expect compiling to take at least 20 seconds**,
    * up to several minutes if your circuit is large or your hardware is not optimal for these operations.
    */
-  static async compile({ cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault } = {}) {
+  static async compile({
+    cache = Cache.FileSystemDefault,
+    forceRecompile = false,
+  } = {}) {
     let methodIntfs = this._methods ?? [];
     let methods = methodIntfs.map(({ methodName }) => {
       return (
@@ -690,6 +693,7 @@ class SmartContract {
       gates,
       proofSystemTag: this,
       cache,
+      forceRecompile,
     });
     let verificationKey = {
       data: verificationKey_.data,

From dba93e73adee51b7e9a5704a714dd2855d6234d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 14:11:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 0790/1786] Rename Mina's rampup branch to o1js-main.

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml | 16 ++++++++--------
 .github/workflows/build-action.yml           | 16 ++++++++--------
 .github/workflows/live-tests.yml             | 12 ++++++------
 3 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index cc223da0e3..05d8970d97 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-name: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
-description: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
+name: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
+description: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
 inputs:
   mina-branch-name:
-    description: 'Mina branch name in use by service container'
+    description: "Mina branch name in use by service container"
     required: true
 runs:
-  using: 'composite'
+  using: "composite"
   steps:
     - name: Wait for Mina network readiness
       uses: o1-labs/wait-for-mina-network-action@v1
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ runs:
         max-attempts: 60
         polling-interval-ms: 10000
     - name: Setup Node
-      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       with:
-        node-version: '20'
+        node-version: "20"
     - name: Build o1js and execute tests
       env:
-        TEST_TYPE: 'Live integration tests'
-        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: 'true'
+        TEST_TYPE: "Live integration tests"
+        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: "true"
       run: |
         git submodule update --init --recursive
         npm ci
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
index f1675138de..3801f8ea78 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ jobs:
           ]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Setup Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: '18'
       - name: Build o1js and execute tests
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Setup Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: '18'
       - name: Install Node dependencies
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ jobs:
     needs: [Build-And-Test-Server, Build-And-Test-Web]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Setup Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: '18'
       - name: Build o1js
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ jobs:
     needs: [Build-And-Test-Server, Build-And-Test-Web]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Setup Node
-        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
           node-version: '18'
       - name: Build mina-signer
diff --git a/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
index deb6ad2946..d5d00b7615 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: Test o1js against real network
+name: Test o1js against the real network
 on:
   push:
     branches:
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' || (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.base_ref == 'main')
     services:
       mina-local-network:
-        image: o1labs/mina-local-network:rampup-latest-lightnet
+        image: o1labs/mina-local-network:o1js-main-latest-lightnet
         env:
           NETWORK_TYPE: 'single-node'
           PROOF_LEVEL: 'none'
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ jobs:
           - /tmp:/root/logs
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Use shared steps for live testing jobs
         uses: ./.github/actions/live-tests-shared
         with:
-          mina-branch-name: rampup
+          mina-branch-name: o1js-main
 
   berkeley-branch:
     timeout-minutes: 25
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
           - /tmp:/root/logs
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Use shared steps for live testing jobs
         uses: ./.github/actions/live-tests-shared
         with:
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
           - /tmp:/root/logs
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Use shared steps for live testing jobs
         uses: ./.github/actions/live-tests-shared
         with:

From 43f1efdfc797910b144d982fd5d997a8a0dbd706 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 17:53:05 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0791/1786] :memo: Adding logs into ChangeLog file

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6201c24a15..dfd3e03aac 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
+  - `this.account.x.assertBetween()` is now `this.account.x.requireBetween()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+  - `this.account.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.account.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+  - `this.account.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.account.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+  - `this.currentSlot.assertBetween(x,y)` is now `this.currentSlot.requireBetween(x,y)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+  - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 

From ea7729105fd5a2bebff400eabfdf5a58b78d349b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 21:54:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0792/1786] refactor sizeInBits/Bytes

---
 src/bindings                 |  2 +-
 src/lib/bool.ts              |  4 +---
 src/lib/field.ts             | 20 ++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts   |  8 ++++----
 src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts  |  4 +---
 src/provable/field-bigint.ts |  4 +---
 6 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 87996f7d27..f00805ef39 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 87996f7d27b37208d536349ab9449047964736f2
+Subproject commit f00805ef39896acc504cfb6f6f6c46454cb7a9f4
diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 387a4908da..e9710a510e 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -314,9 +314,7 @@ class Bool {
     return BoolBinable.readBytes(bytes, offset);
   }
 
-  static sizeInBytes() {
-    return 1;
-  }
+  static sizeInBytes: 1;
 
   static check(x: Bool): void {
     Snarky.field.assertBoolean(x.value);
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index de52ecf621..f09ebd085a 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1253,26 +1253,14 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   /**
-   * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
-   *
-   * As all {@link Field} elements have 32 bytes, this function returns 32.
-   *
-   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element - 32.
+   * The size of a {@link Field} element in bytes - 32.
    */
-  static sizeInBytes() {
-    return Fp.sizeInBytes();
-  }
+  static sizeInBytes = Fp.sizeInBytes;
 
   /**
-   * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
-   *
-   * As all {@link Field} elements have 255 bits, this function returns 255.
-   *
-   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element in bits - 255.
+   * The size of a {@link Field} element in bits - 255.
    */
-  static sizeInBits() {
-    return Fp.sizeInBits;
-  }
+  static sizeInBits = Fp.sizeInBits;
 }
 
 const FieldBinable = defineBinable({
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 4a8a66f041..027d996488 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
 
   // Check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
-    length < Field.sizeInBits(),
-    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+    length < Field.sizeInBits,
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits} bits.`
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
 
   // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
-    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
-    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+    length <= Field.sizeInBits,
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits} bits.`
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
index 976c822ca6..8b3ae05f6f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ const Memo = {
   hash,
   ...withBits(Binable, SIZE * 8),
   ...base58(Binable, versionBytes.userCommandMemo),
-  sizeInBytes() {
-    return SIZE;
-  },
+  sizeInBytes: SIZE,
   emptyValue() {
     return Memo.fromString('');
   },
diff --git a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
index ea2d797c83..88e6afd5cd 100644
--- a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ const Bool = pseudoClass(
       checkBool(x);
       return x;
     },
-    sizeInBytes() {
-      return 1;
-    },
+    sizeInBytes: 1,
     fromField(x: Field) {
       checkBool(x);
       return x as 0n | 1n;

From f5f656e47dc550dae8339c23f58c59006dd12b71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 00:32:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0793/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index f00805ef39..544c8a7306 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f00805ef39896acc504cfb6f6f6c46454cb7a9f4
+Subproject commit 544c8a730618c9b912037abd7703755ef8b4c84d

From 77162a43b67219b7416bb9c96dfa1e2e740fccb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 00:33:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0794/1786] remove provable from mina-signer types

---
 src/lib/bool.ts              |  4 ++++
 src/lib/events.ts            |  4 ++--
 src/lib/field.ts             |  4 ++++
 src/lib/hash-generic.ts      |  4 ++--
 src/lib/testing/random.ts    | 19 +++++++++++--------
 src/provable/curve-bigint.ts |  3 ++-
 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index e9710a510e..15d0db2548 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -295,6 +295,10 @@ class Bool {
     return 1;
   }
 
+  static emptyValue() {
+    return new Bool(false);
+  }
+
   static toInput(x: Bool): { packed: [Field, number][] } {
     return { packed: [[x.toField(), 1] as [Field, number]] };
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/events.ts b/src/lib/events.ts
index 3e92a30389..04efe23185 100644
--- a/src/lib/events.ts
+++ b/src/lib/events.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { prefixToField } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import {
-  GenericField,
   GenericProvableExtended,
+  GenericSignableField,
 } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 
 export { createEvents, dataAsHash };
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
   Field,
   Poseidon,
 }: {
-  Field: GenericField<Field>;
+  Field: GenericSignableField<Field>;
   Poseidon: Poseidon<Field>;
 }) {
   type Event = Field[];
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index f09ebd085a..fe117f65ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1148,6 +1148,10 @@ class Field {
 
   // ProvableExtended<Field>
 
+  static emptyValue() {
+    return new Field(0n);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Serialize the {@link Field} to a JSON string, e.g. for printing. Trying to print a {@link Field} without this function will directly stringify the Field object, resulting in unreadable output.
    *
diff --git a/src/lib/hash-generic.ts b/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
index c5e240ae0a..c2907a3963 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { GenericField } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
+import { GenericField, GenericSignableField } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { prefixToField } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 
 export { createHashHelpers, HashHelpers };
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ type Hash<Field> = {
 type HashHelpers<Field> = ReturnType<typeof createHashHelpers<Field>>;
 
 function createHashHelpers<Field>(
-  Field: GenericField<Field>,
+  Field: GenericSignableField<Field>,
   Hash: Hash<Field>
 ) {
   function salt(prefix: string) {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 0d9c457cf2..65f0c1d4dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ import {
   PublicKey,
   StateHash,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves-bigint.js';
-import { genericLayoutFold } from '../../bindings/lib/from-layout.js';
+import { genericLayoutFold } from '../../bindings/lib/from-layout-signable.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import {
-  GenericProvable,
+  GenericSignable,
   primitiveTypeMap,
 } from '../../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { Scalar, PrivateKey, Group } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
 import { alphabet } from '../base58.js';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { Memo } from '../../mina-signer/src/memo.js';
-import { ProvableExtended } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
+import {
+  ProvableExtended,
+  Signable,
+} from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { tokenSymbolLength } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/derived-leaves.js';
 import { stringLengthInBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
@@ -113,9 +116,9 @@ const zkappUri = map(string(nat(50)), ZkappUri.fromJSON);
 
 const PrimitiveMap = primitiveTypeMap<bigint>();
 type Types = typeof TypeMap & typeof customTypes & typeof PrimitiveMap;
-type Provable<T> = GenericProvable<T, bigint>;
+type Signable_<T> = GenericSignable<T, any, bigint>;
 type Generators = {
-  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Provable<infer U> ? Random<U> : never;
+  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Signable_<infer U> ? Random<U> : never;
 };
 const Generators: Generators = {
   Field: field,
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ const Generators: Generators = {
   string: base58(nat(50)), // TODO replace various strings, like signature, with parsed types
   number: nat(3),
 };
-let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Provable<any>, Random<any>>(
+let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Signable_<any>, Random<any>>(
   [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
     .map(Object.entries)
     .flat()
@@ -214,7 +217,7 @@ function withInvalidRandomString<T extends string>(rng: Random<T>) {
 }
 
 type JsonGenerators = {
-  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends ProvableExtended<any, infer J>
+  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Signable<any, infer J>
     ? Random<J>
     : never;
 };
@@ -241,7 +244,7 @@ const JsonGenerators: JsonGenerators = {
   string: base58(nat(50)),
   number: nat(3),
 };
-let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Provable<any>, Random<any>>(
+let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Signable_<any>, Random<any>>(
   [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
     .map(Object.entries)
     .flat()
diff --git a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
index 78e1e37a45..bdb11d9640 100644
--- a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   BinableBigint,
   ProvableBigint,
   provable,
+  signable,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { HashInputLegacy } from './poseidon-bigint.js';
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ let BinablePublicKey = withVersionNumber(
  * A public key, represented by a non-zero point on the Pallas curve, in compressed form { x, isOdd }
  */
 const PublicKey = {
-  ...provable({ x: Field, isOdd: Bool }),
+  ...signable({ x: Field, isOdd: Bool }),
   ...withBase58(BinablePublicKey, versionBytes.publicKey),
 
   toJSON(publicKey: PublicKey) {

From fcaa8a4a8ea3d3558e21ccee802d2422b7a2dfa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 16:58:44 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0795/1786] :recycle: updated and tested simple zkapp examples

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts     | 12 ++++++------
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index a58b2238cc..26f379770d 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   @method update(y: Field): Field {
-    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(true));
-    this.network.timestamp.assertBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.network.timestamp.requireBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
     this.emitEvent('update', y);
     let x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.assertEquals(x);
+    this.x.requireEquals(x);
     let newX = x.add(y);
     this.x.set(newX);
     return newX;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
    * @param caller the privileged account
    */
   @method payout(caller: PrivateKey) {
-    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
 
     // check that caller is the privileged account
     let callerAddress = caller.toPublicKey();
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
 
     // assert that the caller account is new - this way, payout can only happen once
     let callerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(callerAddress);
-    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay out half of the zkapp balance to the caller
     let balance = this.account.balance.get();
-    this.account.balance.assertEquals(balance);
+    this.account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
     let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
     this.send({ to: callerAccountUpdate, amount: halfBalance });
 
diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
index 60f5643b6d..9a10d1e070 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   @method update(y: Field): Field {
-    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(true));
-    this.network.timestamp.assertBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.network.timestamp.requireBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
     this.emitEvent('update', y);
     let x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.assertEquals(x);
+    this.x.requireEquals(x);
     let newX = x.add(y);
     this.x.set(newX);
     return newX;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
    * @param caller the privileged account
    */
   @method payout(caller: PrivateKey) {
-    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
 
     // check that caller is the privileged account
     let callerAddress = caller.toPublicKey();
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
 
     // assert that the caller account is new - this way, payout can only happen once
     let callerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(callerAddress);
-    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay out half of the zkapp balance to the caller
     let balance = this.account.balance.get();
-    this.account.balance.assertEquals(balance);
+    this.account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
     let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
     this.send({ to: callerAccountUpdate, amount: halfBalance });
 

From 3780d54712f74907bf1e05191f558f5fb52ee327 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 17:02:12 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0796/1786] :recycle: updated and tested nullifier example

---
 src/examples/nullifier.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/nullifier.ts b/src/examples/nullifier.ts
index e90a7c50cf..8f3ea81001 100644
--- a/src/examples/nullifier.ts
+++ b/src/examples/nullifier.ts
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class PayoutOnlyOnce extends SmartContract {
   @state(Field) nullifierMessage = State<Field>();
 
   @method payout(nullifier: Nullifier) {
-    let nullifierRoot = this.nullifierRoot.getAndAssertEquals();
-    let nullifierMessage = this.nullifierMessage.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let nullifierRoot = this.nullifierRoot.getAndRequireEquals();
+    let nullifierMessage = this.nullifierMessage.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     // verify the nullifier
     nullifier.verify([nullifierMessage]);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class PayoutOnlyOnce extends SmartContract {
     this.nullifierRoot.set(newRoot);
 
     // we pay out a reward
-    let balance = this.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let balance = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
     // finally, we send the payout to the public key associated with the nullifier

From 91222f9729b98631f2ea3af98cc9bc17597c3935 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:02:53 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0797/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for dex
 examples

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts | 20 +++++++++----------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts              | 22 ++++++++++-----------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts            |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index 4e31bf5453..34353a2c4d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
 
     // get balances of X and Y token
     let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
-    let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     let dexY = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
-    let y = dexY.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let y = dexY.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     // // assert dy === [dx * y/x], or x === 0
     let isXZero = x.equals(UInt64.zero);
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
 
     // update l supply
     let l = this.totalSupply.get();
-    this.totalSupply.assertEquals(l);
+    this.totalSupply.requireEquals(l);
     this.totalSupply.set(l.add(dl));
 
     // emit event
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     this.token.burn({ address: this.sender, amount: dl });
     // TODO: preconditioning on the state here ruins concurrent interactions,
     // there should be another `finalize` DEX method which reduces actions & updates state
-    this.totalSupply.set(this.totalSupply.getAndAssertEquals().sub(dl));
+    this.totalSupply.set(this.totalSupply.getAndRequireEquals().sub(dl));
 
     // emit event
     this.typedEvents.emit('redeem-liquidity', { address: this.sender, dl });
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
    * the current action state and token supply
    */
   @method assertActionsAndSupply(actionState: Field, totalSupply: UInt64) {
-    this.account.actionState.assertEquals(actionState);
-    this.totalSupply.assertEquals(totalSupply);
+    this.account.actionState.requireEquals(actionState);
+    this.totalSupply.requireEquals(totalSupply);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
   @method redeemLiquidityFinalize() {
     // get redeem actions
     let dex = new Dex(this.address);
-    let fromActionState = this.redeemActionState.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let fromActionState = this.redeemActionState.getAndRequireEquals();
     let actions = dex.reducer.getActions({ fromActionState });
 
     // get total supply of liquidity tokens _before_ applying these actions
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
     });
 
     // get our token balance
-    let x = this.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let x = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     let redeemActionState = dex.reducer.forEach(
       actions,
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
 
     // get balances of X and Y token
     let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
-    let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
-    let y = this.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+    let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
+    let y = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
     tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index e391bdeb35..f9906fb96e 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@ function createDex({
       // TODO: this creates extra account updates. we need to reuse these by passing them to or returning them from transfer()
       // but for that, we need the @method argument generalization
       let dexXUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
-      let dexXBalance = dexXUpdate.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+      let dexXBalance = dexXUpdate.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
       let dexYUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
-      let dexYBalance = dexYUpdate.account.balance.getAndAssertEquals();
+      let dexYBalance = dexYUpdate.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
       // // assert dy === [dx * y/x], or x === 0
       let isXZero = dexXBalance.equals(UInt64.zero);
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ function createDex({
 
       // update l supply
       let l = this.totalSupply.get();
-      this.totalSupply.assertEquals(l);
+      this.totalSupply.requireEquals(l);
       this.totalSupply.set(l.add(dl));
       return dl;
     }
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ function createDex({
       // this makes sure there is enough l to burn (user balance stays >= 0), so l stays >= 0, so l was >0 before
       this.token.burn({ address: user, amount: dl });
       let l = this.totalSupply.get();
-      this.totalSupply.assertEquals(l);
+      this.totalSupply.requireEquals(l);
       this.totalSupply.set(l.sub(dl));
       return l;
     }
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ function createDex({
 
       // in return, we give dy back
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
-      this.account.balance.assertEquals(y);
+      this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
       // we can safely divide by l here because the Dex contract logic wouldn't allow burnLiquidity if not l>0
       let dy = y.mul(dl).div(l);
       // just subtract the balance, user gets their part one level higher
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ function createDex({
 
       // in return for dl, we give back dx, the X token part
       let x = this.account.balance.get();
-      this.account.balance.assertEquals(x);
+      this.account.balance.requireEquals(x);
       let dx = x.mul(dl).div(l);
       // just subtract the balance, user gets their part one level higher
       this.balance.subInPlace(dx);
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ function createDex({
       // get balances
       let x = tokenX.getBalance(this.address);
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
-      this.account.balance.assertEquals(y);
+      this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
       // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
       tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
       // compute and send dy
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
       let x = tokenX.getBalance(this.address);
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
-      this.account.balance.assertEquals(y);
+      this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
       tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
 
       // this formula has been changed - we just give the user an additional 15 token
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
       amount: UInt64.MAXINT(),
     });
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
-    receiver.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay fees for opened account
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
   }
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
       amount: UInt64.from(10n ** 6n),
     });
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
-    receiver.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay fees for opened account
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
   }
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
     let balance = accountUpdate.account.balance.get();
-    accountUpdate.account.balance.assertEquals(
+    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
       accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
     );
     return balance;
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 94944d85f9..3d0b3a4a25 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
       amount: this.SUPPLY,
     });
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
-    receiver.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
+    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay fees for opened account
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
   balanceOf(owner: PublicKey): UInt64 {
     let account = Account(owner, this.token.id);
     let balance = account.balance.get();
-    account.balance.assertEquals(balance);
+    account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
     return balance;
   }
   allowance(owner: PublicKey, spender: PublicKey): UInt64 {

From c63a54aec30424a62fa397bd7ded95dce77570ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:04:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0798/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for
 hello_world  example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts | 13 +++----------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts
index 8ba43875c0..4ccd77bdd9 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-import {
-  Field,
-  PrivateKey,
-  SmartContract,
-  State,
-  method,
-  state,
-} from 'o1js';
+import { Field, PrivateKey, SmartContract, State, method, state } from 'o1js';
 
 export const adminPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
 export const adminPublicKey = adminPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
@@ -21,12 +14,12 @@ export class HelloWorld extends SmartContract {
 
   @method update(squared: Field, admin: PrivateKey) {
     const x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.assertNothing();
+    this.x.requireNothing();
     x.square().assertEquals(squared);
     this.x.set(squared);
 
     const adminPk = admin.toPublicKey();
 
-    this.account.delegate.assertEquals(adminPk);
+    this.account.delegate.requireEquals(adminPk);
   }
 }

From 03660b3fd0a75d2b66f130bfcbb5678d901d8972 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:05:59 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0799/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for merkle
 tree example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts
index de1c42e995..3bcb1bfa22 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class Leaderboard extends SmartContract {
 
     // we fetch the on-chain commitment
     let commitment = this.commitment.get();
-    this.commitment.assertEquals(commitment);
+    this.commitment.requireEquals(commitment);
 
     // we check that the account is within the committed Merkle Tree
     path.calculateRoot(account.hash()).assertEquals(commitment);

From bf1b9c45ee3e4498540398e9d1919556b7b53416 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:06:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0800/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for reducer
 example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer.ts           | 4 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer.ts
index 9b3d46dec7..a9bbbb063d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer.ts
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ class CounterZkapp extends SmartContract {
   @method rollupIncrements() {
     // get previous counter & actions hash, assert that they're the same as on-chain values
     let counter = this.counter.get();
-    this.counter.assertEquals(counter);
+    this.counter.requireEquals(counter);
     let actionState = this.actionState.get();
-    this.actionState.assertEquals(actionState);
+    this.actionState.requireEquals(actionState);
 
     // compute the new counter and hash from pending actions
     let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
index ce20fff86c..20495848fe 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ class CounterZkapp extends SmartContract {
   @method rollupIncrements() {
     // get previous counter & actions hash, assert that they're the same as on-chain values
     let counter = this.counter.get();
-    this.counter.assertEquals(counter);
+    this.counter.requireEquals(counter);
     let actionState = this.actionState.get();
-    this.actionState.assertEquals(actionState);
+    this.actionState.requireEquals(actionState);
 
     // compute the new counter and hash from pending actions
     let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({

From cea01c563d196a50b30e19bdcef2cd438f4f2826 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:07:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0801/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for sudoku
 example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
index 003b84c3f2..5175d011a1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class SudokuZkApp extends SmartContract {
 
     // finally, we check that the sudoku is the one that was originally deployed
     let sudokuHash = this.sudokuHash.get(); // get the hash from the blockchain
-    this.sudokuHash.assertEquals(sudokuHash); // precondition that links this.sudokuHash.get() to the actual on-chain state
+    this.sudokuHash.requireEquals(sudokuHash); // precondition that links this.sudokuHash.get() to the actual on-chain state
     sudokuInstance
       .hash()
       .assertEquals(sudokuHash, 'sudoku matches the one committed on-chain');

From 8c3e2bbe56ecb948fede81a25fd4903f99552dce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:08:15 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0802/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for voting
 example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts | 10 +++++-----
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts     | 14 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts
index 45a5705e3d..9853b70664 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.ts
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ export class Membership_ extends SmartContract {
 
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(member.publicKey);
 
-    accountUpdate.account.balance.assertEquals(
+    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
       accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
     );
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export class Membership_ extends SmartContract {
     );
 
     let accumulatedMembers = this.accumulatedMembers.get();
-    this.accumulatedMembers.assertEquals(accumulatedMembers);
+    this.accumulatedMembers.requireEquals(accumulatedMembers);
 
     // checking if the member already exists within the accumulator
     let { state: exists } = this.reducer.reduce(
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ export class Membership_ extends SmartContract {
     // Preconditions: Item exists in committed storage
 
     let committedMembers = this.committedMembers.get();
-    this.committedMembers.assertEquals(committedMembers);
+    this.committedMembers.requireEquals(committedMembers);
 
     return member.witness
       .calculateRootSlow(member.getHash())
@@ -162,10 +162,10 @@ export class Membership_ extends SmartContract {
     // Commit to the items accumulated so far. This is a periodic update
 
     let accumulatedMembers = this.accumulatedMembers.get();
-    this.accumulatedMembers.assertEquals(accumulatedMembers);
+    this.accumulatedMembers.requireEquals(accumulatedMembers);
 
     let committedMembers = this.committedMembers.get();
-    this.committedMembers.assertEquals(committedMembers);
+    this.committedMembers.requireEquals(committedMembers);
 
     let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
       fromActionState: accumulatedMembers,
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts
index c16f118a7f..2cf12f1666 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.ts
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
   @method
   voterRegistration(member: Member) {
     let currentSlot = this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.get();
-    this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.assertBetween(
+    this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.requireBetween(
       currentSlot,
       currentSlot.add(10)
     );
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
 
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(member.publicKey);
 
-    accountUpdate.account.balance.assertEquals(
+    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
       accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
     );
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
   @method
   candidateRegistration(member: Member) {
     let currentSlot = this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.get();
-    this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.assertBetween(
+    this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.requireBetween(
       currentSlot,
       currentSlot.add(10)
     );
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
     // this snippet pulls the account data of an address from the network
 
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(member.publicKey);
-    accountUpdate.account.balance.assertEquals(
+    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
       accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
     );
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
   @method
   vote(candidate: Member, voter: Member) {
     let currentSlot = this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.get();
-    this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.assertBetween(
+    this.network.globalSlotSinceGenesis.requireBetween(
       currentSlot,
       currentSlot.add(10)
     );
@@ -266,10 +266,10 @@ export class Voting_ extends SmartContract {
   @method
   countVotes() {
     let accumulatedVotes = this.accumulatedVotes.get();
-    this.accumulatedVotes.assertEquals(accumulatedVotes);
+    this.accumulatedVotes.requireEquals(accumulatedVotes);
 
     let committedVotes = this.committedVotes.get();
-    this.committedVotes.assertEquals(committedVotes);
+    this.committedVotes.requireEquals(committedVotes);
 
     let { state: newCommittedVotes, actionState: newAccumulatedVotes } =
       this.reducer.reduce(

From 1459f66c70b38bfbbd9d02a54a963875a2c3bcf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Saurabh Patil <55076843+Saurabhpatil-dev@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 18:08:54 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 0803/1786] :recycle: updated and tested changes for rest
 examples

---
 src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts            | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts       | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
index 5cec5d1a54..5608625689 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
     });
     this.emitEvent('simpleEvent', y);
     let x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.assertEquals(x);
+    this.x.requireEquals(x);
     this.x.set(x.add(y));
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts
index 2b660e3333..2b11b2a494 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ await isReady;
 class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
   @method blockheightEquals(y: UInt32) {
     let length = this.network.blockchainLength.get();
-    this.network.blockchainLength.assertEquals(length);
+    this.network.blockchainLength.requireEquals(length);
 
     length.assertEquals(y);
   }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts
index 78365ae19c..8fbfaeee59 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class NotSoSimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
     oldProof.verify();
     trivialProof.verify();
     let x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.assertEquals(x);
+    this.x.requireEquals(x);
     this.x.set(x.add(y));
   }
 }

From 6632eba4e277e0d6f8b70576d8b2c90243c1c3a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 08:19:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0804/1786] test fixes

---
 src/bindings                         | 2 +-
 src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts | 9 +++++----
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 544c8a7306..d307af5e58 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 544c8a730618c9b912037abd7703755ef8b4c84d
+Subproject commit d307af5e584c3b49aba6bf9c2735b0cfbfb5d91c
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
index 4a0abe91fb..0c5859f829 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@ test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate, assert) => {
     jsonString ===
       JSON.stringify(AccountUpdate.toJSON(AccountUpdate.fromJSON(json)))
   );
-  let fields = AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
-  let auxiliary = AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(accountUpdate);
-  let recovered = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, auxiliary);
-  assert(jsonString === JSON.stringify(AccountUpdate.toJSON(recovered)));
+  // TODO add back using `fromValue`
+  // let fields = AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
+  // let auxiliary = AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(accountUpdate);
+  // let recovered = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, auxiliary);
+  // assert(jsonString === JSON.stringify(AccountUpdate.toJSON(recovered)));
 });
 test(Random.json.accountUpdate, (json) => {
   let jsonString = JSON.stringify(json);

From 5dc5751bb1a729214342cff097cb6eaf02e7c60a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 09:37:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0805/1786] make empty value required

---
 src/bindings             |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 src/lib/hash-generic.ts  |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts          |  3 +++
 src/lib/int.ts           |  4 ++--
 src/lib/provable.ts      |  9 +++++++++
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index d307af5e58..161b82c520 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d307af5e584c3b49aba6bf9c2735b0cfbfb5d91c
+Subproject commit 161b82c52098fa7186933f14ec9e63577a0ce4c9
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 0f4106ebb9..2ac58ad54b 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ type ProvableExtension<T, TJson = any> = {
   toInput: (x: T) => { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
   toJSON: (x: T) => TJson;
   fromJSON: (x: TJson) => T;
+  emptyValue: () => T;
 };
 
 type ProvableExtended<T, TJson = any> = Provable<T> &
@@ -246,6 +247,15 @@ abstract class CircuitValue {
     }
     return Object.assign(Object.create(this.prototype), props);
   }
+
+  static emptyValue<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    const fields: [string, any][] = (this as any).prototype._fields ?? [];
+    let props: any = {};
+    fields.forEach(([key, propType]) => {
+      props[key] = propType.emptyValue();
+    });
+    return Object.assign(Object.create(this.prototype), props);
+  }
 }
 
 function prop(this: any, target: any, key: string) {
diff --git a/src/lib/hash-generic.ts b/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
index c2907a3963..7e76c8ceee 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { GenericField, GenericSignableField } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
+import { GenericSignableField } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { prefixToField } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 
 export { createHashHelpers, HashHelpers };
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 684b7632ce..7a56b95b56 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -179,6 +179,9 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
   toInput({ field }) {
     return { packed: [[field, 48]] };
   },
+  emptyValue() {
+    return { symbol: '', field: Field(0n) };
+  },
 };
 class TokenSymbol extends Struct(TokenSymbolPure) {
   static get empty() {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a48118fa2c..10a7813a3b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ class Sign extends CircuitValue {
     // x^2 === 1  <=>  x === 1 or x === -1
     x.value.square().assertEquals(Field(1));
   }
-  static emptyValue(): Sign {
-    return Sign.one;
+  static emptyValue<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return Sign.one as any;
   }
   static toInput(x: Sign): HashInput {
     return { packed: [[x.isPositive().toField(), 1]] };
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 0b1a5e00aa..b3fa385eda 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -566,5 +566,14 @@ function provableArray<A extends FlexibleProvable<any>>(
         HashInput.empty
       );
     },
+
+    emptyValue() {
+      if (!('emptyValue' in type)) {
+        throw Error(
+          'circuitArray.emptyValue: element type has no emptyValue method'
+        );
+      }
+      return Array(length).fill(type.emptyValue());
+    },
   } satisfies ProvableExtended<T[], TJson[]> as any;
 }

From 1c77343d6f9c6490207f7fdae5f38f048260ed3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 09:48:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0806/1786] minor simplification

---
 src/bindings              |  2 +-
 src/lib/testing/random.ts | 23 ++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 161b82c520..9d3506ea05 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 161b82c52098fa7186933f14ec9e63577a0ce4c9
+Subproject commit 9d3506ea05aecd1bb054859909f13736a9bd4e61
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 65f0c1d4dc..4e1f4e3669 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import {
 import { genericLayoutFold } from '../../bindings/lib/from-layout-signable.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import {
-  GenericSignable,
+  PrimitiveTypeMap,
   primitiveTypeMap,
 } from '../../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { Scalar, PrivateKey, Group } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
@@ -35,10 +35,7 @@ import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
 import { alphabet } from '../base58.js';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { Memo } from '../../mina-signer/src/memo.js';
-import {
-  ProvableExtended,
-  Signable,
-} from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
+import { Signable } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { tokenSymbolLength } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/derived-leaves.js';
 import { stringLengthInBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
@@ -114,11 +111,11 @@ const verificationKeyHash = oneOf(VerificationKeyHash.emptyValue(), field);
 const receiptChainHash = oneOf(ReceiptChainHash.emptyValue(), field);
 const zkappUri = map(string(nat(50)), ZkappUri.fromJSON);
 
-const PrimitiveMap = primitiveTypeMap<bigint>();
-type Types = typeof TypeMap & typeof customTypes & typeof PrimitiveMap;
-type Signable_<T> = GenericSignable<T, any, bigint>;
+type Types = typeof TypeMap & typeof customTypes & PrimitiveTypeMap<bigint>;
 type Generators = {
-  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Signable_<infer U> ? Random<U> : never;
+  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Signable<infer U, any>
+    ? Random<U>
+    : never;
 };
 const Generators: Generators = {
   Field: field,
@@ -141,8 +138,8 @@ const Generators: Generators = {
   string: base58(nat(50)), // TODO replace various strings, like signature, with parsed types
   number: nat(3),
 };
-let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Signable_<any>, Random<any>>(
-  [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
+let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Signable<any, any>, Random<any>>(
+  [TypeMap, primitiveTypeMap, customTypes]
     .map(Object.entries)
     .flat()
     .map(([key, value]) => [value, Generators[key as keyof Generators]])
@@ -244,8 +241,8 @@ const JsonGenerators: JsonGenerators = {
   string: base58(nat(50)),
   number: nat(3),
 };
-let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Signable_<any>, Random<any>>(
-  [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
+let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Signable<any, any>, Random<any>>(
+  [TypeMap, primitiveTypeMap, customTypes]
     .map(Object.entries)
     .flat()
     .map(([key, value]) => [value, JsonGenerators[key as keyof JsonGenerators]])

From 5b8cd24956db2c6dbf9b32ffa41114b4da4a2ecd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 10:23:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0807/1786] adapt to bindings

---
 src/bindings                         |  2 +-
 src/lib/mina/account.ts              | 10 +++-------
 src/lib/testing/random.ts            | 10 ++++++++--
 src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9d3506ea05..e767497368 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9d3506ea05aecd1bb054859909f13736a9bd4e61
+Subproject commit e7674973687e8b4ffadfa5652e839aa34c8a7d17
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index c45d38587b..7025b37508 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   TypeMap,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
+import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 export { FetchedAccount, Account, PartialAccount };
 export { accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
@@ -184,19 +185,14 @@ function parseFetchedAccount({
 }
 
 function fillPartialAccount(account: PartialAccount): Account {
-  return genericLayoutFold(
+  return genericLayoutFold<ProvableExtended<any>>(
     TypeMap,
     customTypes,
     {
       map(type, value) {
         // if value exists, use it; otherwise fall back to dummy value
         if (value !== undefined) return value;
-        // fall back to dummy value
-        if (type.emptyValue) return type.emptyValue();
-        return type.fromFields(
-          Array(type.sizeInFields()).fill(Field(0)),
-          type.toAuxiliary()
-        );
+        return type.emptyValue();
       },
       reduceArray(array) {
         return array;
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 4e1f4e3669..4821df520b 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import {
   PublicKey,
   StateHash,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves-bigint.js';
-import { genericLayoutFold } from '../../bindings/lib/from-layout-signable.js';
+import { genericLayoutFold } from '../../bindings/lib/from-layout.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import {
   PrimitiveTypeMap,
@@ -329,7 +329,13 @@ function generatorFromLayout<T>(
   { isJson }: { isJson: boolean }
 ): Random<T> {
   let typeToGenerator = isJson ? typeToJsonGenerator : typeToBigintGenerator;
-  return genericLayoutFold<undefined, Random<any>, TypeMap, Json.TypeMap>(
+  return genericLayoutFold<
+    Signable<any, any>,
+    undefined,
+    Random<any>,
+    TypeMap,
+    Json.TypeMap
+  >(
     TypeMap,
     customTypes,
     {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
index 0c5859f829..6041b155b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ import {
   PublicKey,
   UInt32,
   UInt64,
-  provableFromLayout,
+  signableFromLayout,
   ZkappCommand,
   Json,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
-import { test, Random, sample } from './property.js';
+import { test, Random } from './property.js';
 
 // some trivial roundtrip tests
 test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate, assert) => {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ test.custom({ negative: true, timeBudget: 1000 })(
   AccountUpdate.fromJSON
 );
 
-const FeePayer = provableFromLayout<
+const FeePayer = signableFromLayout<
   ZkappCommand['feePayer'],
   Json.ZkappCommand['feePayer']
 >(jsLayout.ZkappCommand.entries.feePayer as any);

From 32fd4a3c3bb0787f55e9a911fac38a7279e343ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 11:43:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0808/1786] adapt type generation script

---
 src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs b/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
index 2f0b87caef..be9648bf51 100644
--- a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
+++ b/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
@@ -106,11 +106,22 @@ function writeType(typeData, isJson, withTypeMap) {
   };
 }
 
-function writeTsContent(types, isJson, leavesRelPath) {
+function writeTsContent({
+  jsLayout: types,
+  isJson,
+  isProvable,
+  leavesRelPath,
+}) {
   let output = '';
   let dependencies = new Set();
   let converters = {};
   let exports = new Set(isJson ? [] : ['customTypes']);
+
+  let fromLayout = isProvable ? 'provableFromLayout' : 'signableFromLayout';
+  let FromLayout = isProvable ? 'ProvableFromLayout' : 'SignableFromLayout';
+  let GenericType = isProvable ? 'GenericProvableExtended' : 'GenericSignable';
+  let GeneratedType = isProvable ? 'ProvableExtended' : 'Signable';
+
   for (let [Type, value] of Object.entries(types)) {
     let inner = writeType(value, isJson);
     exports.add(Type);
@@ -118,7 +129,7 @@ function writeTsContent(types, isJson, leavesRelPath) {
     mergeObject(converters, inner.converters);
     output += `type ${Type} = ${inner.output};\n\n`;
     if (!isJson) {
-      output += `let ${Type} = provableFromLayout<${Type}, Json.${Type}>(jsLayout.${Type} as any);\n\n`;
+      output += `let ${Type} = ${fromLayout}<${Type}, Json.${Type}>(jsLayout.${Type} as any);\n\n`;
     }
   }
 
@@ -135,8 +146,8 @@ function writeTsContent(types, isJson, leavesRelPath) {
 import { ${[...imports].join(', ')} } from '${importPath}';
 ${
   !isJson
-    ? "import { GenericProvableExtended } from '../../lib/generic.js';\n" +
-      "import { ProvableFromLayout, GenericLayout } from '../../lib/from-layout.js';\n" +
+    ? `import { ${GenericType} } from '../../lib/generic.js';\n` +
+      `import { ${FromLayout}, GenericLayout } from '../../lib/from-layout.js';\n` +
       "import * as Json from './transaction-json.js';\n" +
       "import { jsLayout } from './js-layout.js';\n"
     : ''
@@ -147,7 +158,7 @@ ${
   !isJson
     ? 'export { Json };\n' +
       `export * from '${leavesRelPath}';\n` +
-      'export { provableFromLayout, toJSONEssential, emptyValue, Layout, TypeMap };\n'
+      `export { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, emptyValue, Layout, TypeMap };\n`
     : `export * from '${leavesRelPath}';\n` + 'export { TypeMap };\n'
 }
 
@@ -158,7 +169,7 @@ ${
   (!isJson || '') &&
   `
 const TypeMap: {
-  [K in keyof TypeMap]: ProvableExtended<TypeMap[K], Json.TypeMap[K]>;
+  [K in keyof TypeMap]: ${GeneratedType}<TypeMap[K], Json.TypeMap[K]>;
 } = {
   ${[...typeMapKeys].join(', ')}
 }
@@ -168,14 +179,14 @@ const TypeMap: {
 ${
   (!isJson || '') &&
   `
-type ProvableExtended<T, TJson> = GenericProvableExtended<T, TJson, Field>;
+type ${GeneratedType}<T, TJson> = ${GenericType}<T, TJson, Field>;
 type Layout = GenericLayout<TypeMap>;
 
 type CustomTypes = { ${customTypes
-    .map((c) => `${c.typeName}: ProvableExtended<${c.type}, ${c.jsonType}>;`)
+    .map((c) => `${c.typeName}: ${GeneratedType}<${c.type}, ${c.jsonType}>;`)
     .join(' ')} }
 let customTypes: CustomTypes = { ${customTypeNames.join(', ')} };
-let { provableFromLayout, toJSONEssential, emptyValue } = ProvableFromLayout<
+let { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, emptyValue } = ${FromLayout}<
   TypeMap,
   Json.TypeMap
 >(TypeMap, customTypes);
@@ -196,25 +207,27 @@ async function writeTsFile(content, relPath) {
 let genPath = '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen';
 await ensureDir(genPath);
 
-let jsonTypesContent = writeTsContent(
+let jsonTypesContent = writeTsContent({
   jsLayout,
-  true,
-  '../transaction-leaves-json.js'
-);
+  isJson: true,
+  leavesRelPath: '../transaction-leaves-json.js',
+});
 await writeTsFile(jsonTypesContent, `${genPath}/transaction-json.ts`);
 
-let jsTypesContent = writeTsContent(
+let jsTypesContent = writeTsContent({
   jsLayout,
-  false,
-  '../transaction-leaves.js'
-);
+  isJson: false,
+  isProvable: true,
+  leavesRelPath: '../transaction-leaves.js',
+});
 await writeTsFile(jsTypesContent, `${genPath}/transaction.ts`);
 
-jsTypesContent = writeTsContent(
+jsTypesContent = writeTsContent({
   jsLayout,
-  false,
-  '../transaction-leaves-bigint.js'
-);
+  isJson: false,
+  isProvable: false,
+  leavesRelPath: '../transaction-leaves-bigint.js',
+});
 await writeTsFile(jsTypesContent, `${genPath}/transaction-bigint.ts`);
 
 await writeTsFile(

From 563e9a585bb82e069dc31eae08665328f1109b7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 11:48:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0809/1786] use signable for private key

---
 src/provable/curve-bigint.ts | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
index bdb11d9640..f4d18dc4a9 100644
--- a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import { Bool, checkRange, Field, pseudoClass } from './field-bigint.js';
 import {
   BinableBigint,
   ProvableBigint,
-  provable,
   signable,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { HashInputLegacy } from './poseidon-bigint.js';
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ let Base58PrivateKey = base58(BinablePrivateKey, versionBytes.privateKey);
  */
 const PrivateKey = {
   ...Scalar,
-  ...provable(Scalar),
+  ...signable(Scalar),
   ...Base58PrivateKey,
   ...BinablePrivateKey,
   toPublicKey(key: PrivateKey) {

From b1d1cd7fcb16168800894fccdac9425eb5cbb534 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 11:48:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0810/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index cd8146bb18..a92bf1a2e9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cd8146bb1897eca5c90f11df2611ea2451d42cc4
+Subproject commit a92bf1a2e9cbe5c4fe6775698df15809978a2f5c

From 2e76d384025bc11be88da5b0436f23940ad16a0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 11:52:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0811/1786] fix: don't use Array.fill bc it breaks mutation

---
 src/lib/provable.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index b3fa385eda..cd825d04db 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ function provableArray<A extends FlexibleProvable<any>>(
           'circuitArray.emptyValue: element type has no emptyValue method'
         );
       }
-      return Array(length).fill(type.emptyValue());
+      return Array.from({ length }, () => type.emptyValue());
     },
   } satisfies ProvableExtended<T[], TJson[]> as any;
 }

From 000b03f97eafc7f8544d6c5b761f936be967d156 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 12:14:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0812/1786] rename emptyValue() to empty()

---
 src/bindings                                     |  2 +-
 src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs                    |  4 ++--
 src/lib/account_update.ts                        |  4 ++--
 src/lib/bool.ts                                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                         |  6 +++---
 src/lib/events.ts                                | 16 +++++++---------
 src/lib/field.ts                                 |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts                                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/int.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                          |  2 +-
 src/lib/provable.ts                              | 10 ++++------
 src/lib/signature.ts                             |  4 ++--
 src/lib/testing/random.ts                        | 12 ++++++------
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts                    |  4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts                      |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts        |  2 +-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts          |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts       |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts         |  2 +-
 src/provable/field-bigint.ts                     |  2 +-
 21 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a92bf1a2e9..1dd31581aa 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a92bf1a2e9cbe5c4fe6775698df15809978a2f5c
+Subproject commit 1dd31581aacb3e6d76422063f052ea88c1451e1d
diff --git a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs b/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
index be9648bf51..d76907da9b 100644
--- a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
+++ b/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ ${
   !isJson
     ? 'export { Json };\n' +
       `export * from '${leavesRelPath}';\n` +
-      `export { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, emptyValue, Layout, TypeMap };\n`
+      `export { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, empty, Layout, TypeMap };\n`
     : `export * from '${leavesRelPath}';\n` + 'export { TypeMap };\n'
 }
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ type CustomTypes = { ${customTypes
     .map((c) => `${c.typeName}: ${GeneratedType}<${c.type}, ${c.jsonType}>;`)
     .join(' ')} }
 let customTypes: CustomTypes = { ${customTypeNames.join(', ')} };
-let { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, emptyValue } = ${FromLayout}<
+let { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, empty } = ${FromLayout}<
   TypeMap,
   Json.TypeMap
 >(TypeMap, customTypes);
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 292b77d0cb..c1938bd5e8 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ const Body = {
     tokenId?: Field,
     mayUseToken?: MayUseToken
   ): Body {
-    let { body } = Types.AccountUpdate.emptyValue();
+    let { body } = Types.AccountUpdate.empty();
     body.publicKey = publicKey;
     if (tokenId) {
       body.tokenId = tokenId;
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ const Body = {
   },
 
   dummy(): Body {
-    return Types.AccountUpdate.emptyValue().body;
+    return Types.AccountUpdate.empty().body;
   },
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 15d0db2548..4abaeead51 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class Bool {
     return 1;
   }
 
-  static emptyValue() {
+  static empty() {
     return new Bool(false);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 2ac58ad54b..85ac7c28ba 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ type ProvableExtension<T, TJson = any> = {
   toInput: (x: T) => { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
   toJSON: (x: T) => TJson;
   fromJSON: (x: TJson) => T;
-  emptyValue: () => T;
+  empty: () => T;
 };
 
 type ProvableExtended<T, TJson = any> = Provable<T> &
@@ -248,11 +248,11 @@ abstract class CircuitValue {
     return Object.assign(Object.create(this.prototype), props);
   }
 
-  static emptyValue<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+  static empty<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
     const fields: [string, any][] = (this as any).prototype._fields ?? [];
     let props: any = {};
     fields.forEach(([key, propType]) => {
-      props[key] = propType.emptyValue();
+      props[key] = propType.empty();
     });
     return Object.assign(Object.create(this.prototype), props);
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/events.ts b/src/lib/events.ts
index 04efe23185..70fce76400 100644
--- a/src/lib/events.ts
+++ b/src/lib/events.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
   const EventsProvable = {
     ...Events,
     ...dataAsHash({
-      emptyValue: Events.empty,
+      empty: Events.empty,
       toJSON(data: Field[][]) {
         return data.map((row) => row.map((e) => Field.toJSON(e)));
       },
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
   const SequenceEventsProvable = {
     ...Actions,
     ...dataAsHash({
-      emptyValue: Actions.empty,
+      empty: Actions.empty,
       toJSON(data: Field[][]) {
         return data.map((row) => row.map((e) => Field.toJSON(e)));
       },
@@ -123,18 +123,16 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
 }
 
 function dataAsHash<T, J, Field>({
-  emptyValue,
+  empty,
   toJSON,
   fromJSON,
 }: {
-  emptyValue: () => { data: T; hash: Field };
+  empty: () => { data: T; hash: Field };
   toJSON: (value: T) => J;
   fromJSON: (json: J) => { data: T; hash: Field };
-}): GenericProvableExtended<{ data: T; hash: Field }, J, Field> & {
-  emptyValue(): { data: T; hash: Field };
-} {
+}): GenericProvableExtended<{ data: T; hash: Field }, J, Field> {
   return {
-    emptyValue,
+    empty,
     sizeInFields() {
       return 1;
     },
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ function dataAsHash<T, J, Field>({
       return [hash];
     },
     toAuxiliary(value) {
-      return [value?.data ?? emptyValue().data];
+      return [value?.data ?? empty().data];
     },
     fromFields([hash], [data]) {
       return { data, hash };
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index fe117f65ab..6df164143b 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ class Field {
 
   // ProvableExtended<Field>
 
-  static emptyValue() {
+  static empty() {
     return new Field(0n);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 7a56b95b56..c6d66d3f9d 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
   toInput({ field }) {
     return { packed: [[field, 48]] };
   },
-  emptyValue() {
+  empty() {
     return { symbol: '', field: Field(0n) };
   },
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 10a7813a3b..45ca4e4011 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ class Sign extends CircuitValue {
     // x^2 === 1  <=>  x === 1 or x === -1
     x.value.square().assertEquals(Field(1));
   }
-  static emptyValue<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+  static empty<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
     return Sign.one as any;
   }
   static toInput(x: Sign): HashInput {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 28d6e3e7bf..d4a55c6a8b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ function getProofsEnabled() {
 }
 
 function dummyAccount(pubkey?: PublicKey): Account {
-  let dummy = Types.Account.emptyValue();
+  let dummy = Types.Account.empty();
   if (pubkey) dummy.publicKey = pubkey;
   return dummy;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index 7025b37508..dc31d0d864 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ function fillPartialAccount(account: PartialAccount): Account {
       map(type, value) {
         // if value exists, use it; otherwise fall back to dummy value
         if (value !== undefined) return value;
-        return type.emptyValue();
+        return type.empty();
       },
       reduceArray(array) {
         return array;
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index cd825d04db..74992a9568 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -567,13 +567,11 @@ function provableArray<A extends FlexibleProvable<any>>(
       );
     },
 
-    emptyValue() {
-      if (!('emptyValue' in type)) {
-        throw Error(
-          'circuitArray.emptyValue: element type has no emptyValue method'
-        );
+    empty() {
+      if (!('empty' in type)) {
+        throw Error('circuitArray.empty: element type has no empty() method');
       }
-      return Array.from({ length }, () => type.emptyValue());
+      return Array.from({ length }, () => type.empty());
     },
   } satisfies ProvableExtended<T[], TJson[]> as any;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index e26e68ca2b..58d68ccef0 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ class PublicKey extends CircuitValue {
    * Creates an empty {@link PublicKey}.
    * @returns an empty {@link PublicKey}
    */
-  static empty() {
-    return PublicKey.from({ x: Field(0), isOdd: Bool(false) });
+  static empty<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return PublicKey.from({ x: Field(0), isOdd: Bool(false) }) as any;
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 4821df520b..2880ec51f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   Json,
   AccountUpdate,
   ZkappCommand,
-  emptyValue,
+  empty,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import {
   AuthRequired,
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ const keypair = map(privateKey, (privatekey) => ({
   publicKey: PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privatekey),
 }));
 
-const tokenId = oneOf(TokenId.emptyValue(), field);
+const tokenId = oneOf(TokenId.empty(), field);
 const stateHash = field;
 const authRequired = map(
   oneOf<Json.AuthRequired[]>(
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ const actions = mapWithInvalid(
   array(array(field, int(1, 5)), nat(2)),
   Actions.fromList
 );
-const actionState = oneOf(ActionState.emptyValue(), field);
-const verificationKeyHash = oneOf(VerificationKeyHash.emptyValue(), field);
-const receiptChainHash = oneOf(ReceiptChainHash.emptyValue(), field);
+const actionState = oneOf(ActionState.empty(), field);
+const verificationKeyHash = oneOf(VerificationKeyHash.empty(), field);
+const receiptChainHash = oneOf(ReceiptChainHash.empty(), field);
 const zkappUri = map(string(nat(50)), ZkappUri.fromJSON);
 
 type Types = typeof TypeMap & typeof customTypes & PrimitiveTypeMap<bigint>;
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ function generatorFromLayout<T>(
         } else {
           return mapWithInvalid(isSome, value, (isSome, value) => {
             let isSomeBoolean = TypeMap.Bool.toJSON(isSome);
-            if (!isSomeBoolean) return emptyValue(typeData);
+            if (!isSomeBoolean) return empty(typeData);
             return { isSome, value };
           });
         }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index 36c94e3acb..d4dce0e2df 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ class Client {
     ) {
       throw Error('Public key not derivable from private key');
     }
-    let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.emptyValue());
+    let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.empty());
     dummy.feePayer.body.publicKey = publicKey;
-    dummy.memo = Memo.toBase58(Memo.emptyValue());
+    dummy.memo = Memo.toBase58(Memo.empty());
     let signed = signZkappCommand(dummy, privateKey, this.network);
     let ok = verifyZkappCommandSignature(signed, publicKey, this.network);
     if (!ok) throw Error('Could not sign a transaction with private key');
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
index 8b3ae05f6f..04538c3965 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const Memo = {
   ...withBits(Binable, SIZE * 8),
   ...base58(Binable, versionBytes.userCommandMemo),
   sizeInBytes: SIZE,
-  emptyValue() {
+  empty() {
     return Memo.fromString('');
   },
   toValidString(memo = '') {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 69578ed193..07d8a37c62 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ function accountUpdateFromFeePayer({
   body: { fee, nonce, publicKey, validUntil },
   authorization: signature,
 }: FeePayer): AccountUpdate {
-  let { body } = AccountUpdate.emptyValue();
+  let { body } = AccountUpdate.empty();
   body.publicKey = publicKey;
   body.balanceChange = { magnitude: fee, sgn: Sign(-1) };
   body.incrementNonce = Bool(true);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 7538dbd9ff..e400f9c8d4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ test(Random.json.publicKey, (publicKeyBase58) => {
 });
 
 // empty account update
-let dummy = AccountUpdate.emptyValue();
+let dummy = AccountUpdate.empty();
 let dummySnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.dummy();
 expect(AccountUpdate.toJSON(dummy)).toEqual(
   AccountUpdateSnarky.toJSON(dummySnarky)
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index 2fb520f02c..9743bda23b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         [0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffffn, 64],
       ],
     },
-    AccountUpdate.toInput(AccountUpdate.emptyValue()),
+    AccountUpdate.toInput(AccountUpdate.empty()),
   ];
   for (let msg of messages) {
     checkCanVerify(msg, key, publicKey);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
index 64d83c2bca..5c2aaf6a3f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 const client = new Client({ network: 'testnet' });
 let { publicKey, privateKey } = client.genKeys();
 
-let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.emptyValue());
+let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.empty());
 let dummySignature = Signature.toBase58(Signature.dummy());
 
 // we construct a transaction which needs signing of the fee payer and another account update
diff --git a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
index 88e6afd5cd..c23e0e0bc4 100644
--- a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ const Sign = pseudoClass(
   {
     ...ProvableBigint<Sign, 'Positive' | 'Negative'>(checkSign),
     ...BinableBigint<Sign>(1, checkSign),
-    emptyValue() {
+    empty() {
       return 1n;
     },
     toInput(x: Sign): HashInput {

From 3cd9e0bb18fb4ae760cedff4e35c248aacb3b833 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 12:18:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0813/1786] expose empty on struct

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 85ac7c28ba..d0a85e5cc9 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -441,6 +441,15 @@ function Struct<
       let struct = Object.create(this.prototype);
       return Object.assign(struct, value);
     }
+    /**
+     * Create an instance of this struct filled with default values
+     * @returns an empty instance of this struct
+     */
+    static empty(): T {
+      let value = this.type.empty();
+      let struct = Object.create(this.prototype);
+      return Object.assign(struct, value);
+    }
     /**
      * This method is for internal use, you will probably not need it.
      * Method to make assertions which should be always made whenever a struct of this type is created in a proof.

From 206440df41f29a28f1896ff0bf9bfd54fad514b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 12:41:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0814/1786] expose ecdsa types

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts        | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c237bcbd66..885f3e9adf 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
-import { Field3, ForeignField, split, weakBound } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { l, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { Field3, ForeignField, split } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { l } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
   bigIntToBits,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 75466c9dc1..45954a263b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -616,5 +616,15 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
+
+  export namespace Ecdsa {
+    /**
+     * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
+     */
+    export type Signature = EcdsaSignature;
+    export type signature = ecdsaSignature;
+  }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
+type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
+type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;

From 8aff97a1315b4a831c9fe0d1565c3d3ead861b3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 12:41:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0815/1786] start ecdsa example

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f30703893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct } from 'o1js';
+
+export { ecdsaProgram };
+
+let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
+
+type PublicKey = { x: Gadgets.Field3; y: Gadgets.Field3 };
+const PublicKey = Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable });
+
+const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicInput: PublicKey,
+
+  methods: {
+    verifyEcdsa: {
+      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
+      method(
+        publicKey: PublicKey,
+        signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
+        msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
+      ) {
+        // assert that private inputs are valid
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+          [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
+          0n
+        );
+
+        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});

From 05925b2aee58e7716aad8f0a584ca84eb85250a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:03:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0816/1786] expose elliptic curve intf on new Crypto namespace

---
 src/index.ts               |  2 ++
 src/lib/crypto.ts          | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |  3 ++-
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/crypto.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 5c617fced6..791e40e01c 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
 import { ExperimentalZkProgram, ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export { ZkProgram };
 
+export { Crypto } from './lib/crypto.js';
+
 // experimental APIs
 import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/crypto.ts b/src/lib/crypto.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3786284a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/crypto.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { CurveParams as CurveParams_ } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import {
+  CurveAffine,
+  createCurveAffine,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+
+// crypto namespace
+const Crypto = {
+  /**
+   * Create elliptic curve arithmetic methods.
+   */
+  createCurve(params: Crypto.CurveParams): Crypto.Curve {
+    return createCurveAffine(params);
+  },
+  /**
+   * Parameters defining an elliptic curve in short Weierstraß form
+   * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  CurveParams: CurveParams_,
+};
+
+namespace Crypto {
+  /**
+   * Parameters defining an elliptic curve in short Weierstraß form
+   * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  export type CurveParams = CurveParams_;
+
+  export type Curve = CurveAffine;
+}
+export { Crypto };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 45954a263b..e7c97d77d3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Crypto } from '../crypto.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -583,7 +584,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
      */
     sign(
-      Curve: CurveAffine,
+      Curve: Crypto.Curve,
       msgHash: bigint,
       privateKey: bigint
     ): Ecdsa.signature {

From 89f7d01050c2cbdcf2c23183caac4ec5201914cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:21:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0817/1786] finish example

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 23 +++++++++++-----
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts   | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 8f30703893..183ec3e7f1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,30 +1,39 @@
-import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct, Crypto } from 'o1js';
 
-export { ecdsaProgram };
+export { ecdsaProgram, Point, Secp256k1 };
 
 let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
 
-type PublicKey = { x: Gadgets.Field3; y: Gadgets.Field3 };
-const PublicKey = Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable });
+// TODO expose this as part of Gadgets.Curve
+
+class Point extends Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }) {
+  // point from bigints
+  static from({ x, y }: { x: bigint; y: bigint }) {
+    return new Point({ x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) });
+  }
+}
+
+const Secp256k1 = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
 
 const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: PublicKey,
+  publicInput: Point,
 
   methods: {
     verifyEcdsa: {
       privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(
-        publicKey: PublicKey,
+        publicKey: Point,
         signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
         msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
       ) {
         // assert that private inputs are valid
         ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
           [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-          0n
+          Secp256k1.order
         );
 
+        // verify signature
         Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..936c896d50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { Gadgets } from 'o1js';
+import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+// create an example ecdsa signature
+let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
+let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
+
+// TODO make this use an actual keccak hash
+let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
+
+let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+
+let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
+for (let gate of cs.gates) {
+  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
+}
+console.log(gateTypes);
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+await ecdsaProgram.compile();
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(
+  Point.from(publicKey),
+  Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.from(signature),
+  Gadgets.Field3.from(messageHash)
+);
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+
+assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');

From 2094f6878e168c7ea84909e77510966d89ba6be2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:40:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0818/1786] make vk returned by zkprogram consistent with smart
 contract

---
 src/index.ts            |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts        | 18 +-----------------
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 791e40e01c..e47eb9e467 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ export {
   method,
   declareMethods,
   Account,
-  VerificationKey,
   Reducer,
 } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export { state, State, declareState } from './lib/state.js';
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ export {
   Empty,
   Undefined,
   Void,
+  VerificationKey,
 } from './lib/proof_system.js';
 export { Cache, CacheHeader } from './lib/proof-system/cache.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 08adef5f68..1d3ace221a 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
   ProvablePureExtended,
+  Struct,
+  provable,
   provablePure,
   toConstant,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { hashConstant } from './hash.js';
-import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlPair, MlUnit } from './ml/base.js';
+import { MlArray, MlBool, MlResult, MlPair } from './ml/base.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Cache, readCache, writeCache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
@@ -47,6 +49,7 @@ export {
   Empty,
   Undefined,
   Void,
+  VerificationKey,
 };
 
 // internal API
@@ -260,10 +263,9 @@ function ZkProgram<
   }
 ): {
   name: string;
-  compile: (options?: {
-    cache?: Cache;
-    forceRecompile?: boolean;
-  }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
+  compile: (options?: { cache?: Cache; forceRecompile?: boolean }) => Promise<{
+    verificationKey: { data: string; hash: Field };
+  }>;
   verify: (
     proof: Proof<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -361,7 +363,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
     });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
-    return { verificationKey: verificationKey.data };
+    return { verificationKey };
   }
 
   function toProver<K extends keyof Types & string>(
@@ -485,6 +487,13 @@ class SelfProof<PublicInput, PublicOutput> extends Proof<
   PublicOutput
 > {}
 
+class VerificationKey extends Struct({
+  ...provable({ data: String, hash: Field }),
+  toJSON({ data }: { data: string }) {
+    return data;
+  },
+}) {}
+
 function sortMethodArguments(
   programName: string,
   methodName: string,
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index a0df136baf..45dd3a0424 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ export {
   declareMethods,
   Callback,
   Account,
-  VerificationKey,
   Reducer,
 };
 
@@ -681,11 +680,7 @@ class SmartContract {
     // run methods once to get information that we need already at compile time
     let methodsMeta = this.analyzeMethods();
     let gates = methodIntfs.map((intf) => methodsMeta[intf.methodName].gates);
-    let {
-      verificationKey: verificationKey_,
-      provers,
-      verify,
-    } = await compileProgram({
+    let { verificationKey, provers, verify } = await compileProgram({
       publicInputType: ZkappPublicInput,
       publicOutputType: Empty,
       methodIntfs,
@@ -695,10 +690,6 @@ class SmartContract {
       cache,
       forceRecompile,
     });
-    let verificationKey = {
-      data: verificationKey_.data,
-      hash: Field(verificationKey_.hash),
-    } satisfies VerificationKey;
     this._provers = provers;
     this._verificationKey = verificationKey;
     // TODO: instead of returning provers, return an artifact from which provers can be recovered
@@ -1488,13 +1479,6 @@ Use the optional \`maxTransactionsWithActions\` argument to increase this number
   };
 }
 
-class VerificationKey extends Struct({
-  ...provable({ data: String, hash: Field }),
-  toJSON({ data }: { data: string }) {
-    return data;
-  },
-}) {}
-
 function selfAccountUpdate(zkapp: SmartContract, methodName?: string) {
   let body = Body.keepAll(zkapp.address, zkapp.tokenId);
   let update = new (AccountUpdate as any)(body, {}, true) as AccountUpdate;

From 9ad5794371387b225e1b3586312783797a4ad442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:40:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0819/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b9aa81a19b..ecbdb943a9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,8 +19,14 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
+# Breaking changes
+
+- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+
 # Added
 
+- **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+  - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 

From e7efc5d0e4dda1b5b2adeef3622b2f746c909022 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:42:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0820/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index ecbdb943a9..acab4eb011 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
   - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
+- `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 

From e0c43f779a59517f50ad4cdf4818c6c6f5d1b3e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 13:57:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0821/1786] fix: use a variable for public key when analyzing
 ecdsa constraints

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 9 ++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 47a4f0228e..144578c2cb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
-const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
+const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
@@ -119,11 +119,14 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
-        let signature0 = Provable.witness(
+        let signature_ = Provable.witness(
           Ecdsa.Signature.provable,
           () => signature
         );
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature0, msgHash, publicKey, config);
+        let msgHash_ = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => msgHash);
+        let publicKey_ = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
+
+        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature_, msgHash_, publicKey_, config);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 885f3e9adf..da8bbe924d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     ia?: point;
-  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } }
+  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (

From a2fe70f1ea3b5178a76d1b02b6582f08f703a0cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:00:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0822/1786] add vk regression test for ecdsa

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts    |  2 +-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 13 +++++++++++++
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 ++
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
index 936c896d50..9e3b5518fd 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
 
-// TODO make this use an actual keccak hash
+// TODO use an actual keccak hash
 let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 
 let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index f60540c9f8..9c4f4f259a 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -201,5 +201,18 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
+  },
+  "ecdsa": {
+    "digest": "1025b5f3a56c5366fd44d13f2678bba563c9581c6bacfde2b82a8dd49e33f2a2",
+    "methods": {
+      "verifyEcdsa": {
+        "rows": 38823,
+        "digest": "65c6f9efe1069f73adf3a842398f95d2"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "2818165315298159349200200610054154136732885996642834698461943280515655745528"
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index 28a95542bd..a051f21137 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
+import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
+  ecdsaProgram,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From 665158ba129f246241122dfb747fcfc166753767 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:12:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0823/1786] expose cs printing

---
 src/examples/constraint_system.ts    |  4 +-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts          | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 56 +---------------------
 3 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/constraint_system.ts
index 6acb7fde53..f2da63ad3b 100644
--- a/src/examples/constraint_system.ts
+++ b/src/examples/constraint_system.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field, Poseidon, Provable } from 'o1js';
 
 let hash = Poseidon.hash([Field(1), Field(-1)]);
 
-let { rows, digest, gates, publicInputSize } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+let { rows, digest, publicInputSize, print } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   let x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(1));
   let y = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(-1));
   x.add(y).assertEquals(Field(0));
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ let { rows, digest, gates, publicInputSize } = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   z.assertEquals(hash);
 });
 
-console.log(JSON.stringify(gates));
+print();
 console.log({ rows, digest, publicInputSize });
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index 076e9f8300..0ce0030556 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { Gate, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { parseHexString } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
+import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 
 // internal API
 export {
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ export {
   inCompile,
   inCompileMode,
   gatesFromJson,
+  printGates,
 };
 
 // global circuit-related context
@@ -94,7 +96,16 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
       result = f();
     });
     let { gates, publicInputSize } = gatesFromJson(json);
-    return { rows, digest, result: result! as T, gates, publicInputSize };
+    return {
+      rows,
+      digest,
+      result: result! as T,
+      gates,
+      publicInputSize,
+      print() {
+        printGates(gates);
+      },
+    };
   } catch (error) {
     throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
   } finally {
@@ -106,8 +117,62 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
 
 function gatesFromJson(cs: { gates: JsonGate[]; public_input_size: number }) {
   let gates: Gate[] = cs.gates.map(({ typ, wires, coeffs: hexCoeffs }) => {
-    let coeffs = hexCoeffs.map(hex => parseHexString(hex).toString());
+    let coeffs = hexCoeffs.map((hex) => parseHexString(hex).toString());
     return { type: typ, wires, coeffs };
   });
   return { publicInputSize: cs.public_input_size, gates };
 }
+
+// print a constraint system
+
+function printGates(gates: Gate[]) {
+  for (let i = 0, n = gates.length; i < n; i++) {
+    let { type, wires, coeffs } = gates[i];
+    console.log(
+      i.toString().padEnd(4, ' '),
+      type.padEnd(15, ' '),
+      coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs).padEnd(30, ' '),
+      wiresToPretty(wires, i)
+    );
+  }
+  console.log();
+}
+
+let minusRange = Fp.modulus - (1n << 64n);
+
+function coeffsToPretty(type: Gate['type'], coeffs: Gate['coeffs']): string {
+  if (coeffs.length === 0) return '';
+  if (type === 'Generic' && coeffs.length > 5) {
+    let first = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 5));
+    let second = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(5));
+    return `${first} ${second}`;
+  }
+  if (type === 'Poseidon' && coeffs.length > 3) {
+    return `${coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 3)).slice(0, -1)} ...]`;
+  }
+  let str = coeffs
+    .map((c) => {
+      let c0 = BigInt(c);
+      if (c0 > minusRange) c0 -= Fp.modulus;
+      let cStr = c0.toString();
+      if (cStr.length > 4) return `${cStr.slice(0, 4)}..`;
+      return cStr;
+    })
+    .join(' ');
+  return `[${str}]`;
+}
+
+function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
+  let strWires: string[] = [];
+  let n = wires.length;
+  for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
+    let wire = wires[col];
+    if (wire.row === row && wire.col === col) continue;
+    if (wire.row === row) {
+      strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
+    } else {
+      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
+    }
+  }
+  return strWires.join(', ');
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index d39c6f6991..2922afa11d 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Random } from './random.js';
 import { test } from './property.js';
 import { Undefined, ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { printGates } from '../provable-context.js';
 
 export {
   constraintSystem,
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ export {
   withoutGenerics,
   print,
   repeat,
-  printGates,
   ConstraintSystemTest,
 };
 
@@ -446,57 +446,3 @@ type CsParams<In extends Tuple<CsVarSpec<any>>> = {
   [k in keyof In]: InferCsVar<In[k]>;
 };
 type TypeAndValue<T> = { type: Provable<T>; value: T };
-
-// print a constraint system
-
-function printGates(gates: Gate[]) {
-  for (let i = 0, n = gates.length; i < n; i++) {
-    let { type, wires, coeffs } = gates[i];
-    console.log(
-      i.toString().padEnd(4, ' '),
-      type.padEnd(15, ' '),
-      coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs).padEnd(30, ' '),
-      wiresToPretty(wires, i)
-    );
-  }
-  console.log();
-}
-
-let minusRange = Field.ORDER - (1n << 64n);
-
-function coeffsToPretty(type: Gate['type'], coeffs: Gate['coeffs']): string {
-  if (coeffs.length === 0) return '';
-  if (type === 'Generic' && coeffs.length > 5) {
-    let first = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 5));
-    let second = coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(5));
-    return `${first} ${second}`;
-  }
-  if (type === 'Poseidon' && coeffs.length > 3) {
-    return `${coeffsToPretty(type, coeffs.slice(0, 3)).slice(0, -1)} ...]`;
-  }
-  let str = coeffs
-    .map((c) => {
-      let c0 = BigInt(c);
-      if (c0 > minusRange) c0 -= Field.ORDER;
-      let cStr = c0.toString();
-      if (cStr.length > 4) return `${cStr.slice(0, 4)}..`;
-      return cStr;
-    })
-    .join(' ');
-  return `[${str}]`;
-}
-
-function wiresToPretty(wires: Gate['wires'], row: number) {
-  let strWires: string[] = [];
-  let n = wires.length;
-  for (let col = 0; col < n; col++) {
-    let wire = wires[col];
-    if (wire.row === row && wire.col === col) continue;
-    if (wire.row === row) {
-      strWires.push(`${col}->${wire.col}`);
-    } else {
-      strWires.push(`${col}->(${wire.row},${wire.col})`);
-    }
-  }
-  return strWires.join(', ');
-}

From 71b7dcffac9550190f4f9cb8604b808e869566de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:13:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0824/1786] minor

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts         | 5 +++++
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
index 9e3b5518fd..b1d502c7e9 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 // create an example ecdsa signature
+
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
 
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 
 let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
 
+// investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
+
 console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
@@ -23,6 +26,8 @@ for (let gate of cs.gates) {
 }
 console.log(gateTypes);
 
+// compile and prove
+
 console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 await ecdsaProgram.compile();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 722ca3137a..00b555239d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { printGates } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
@@ -32,10 +31,10 @@ let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
   double(g, Secp256k1.modulus);
 });
 
-printGates(csAdd.gates);
+csAdd.print();
 console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
 
-printGates(csDouble.gates);
+csDouble.print();
 console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
 
 let point = initialAggregator(Pallas);

From febd9c9b4d625f05194a470ac59f6b604b15973d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:13:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0825/1786] delete ec unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 42 ---------------------
 1 file changed, 42 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 00b555239d..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { EllipticCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
-
-const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
-
-let { add, double, initialAggregator } = EllipticCurve;
-
-let csAdd = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let x2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y2 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-  let h = { x: x2, y: y2 };
-
-  add(g, h, Secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-let csDouble = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  let x1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-  let y1 = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0n));
-
-  let g = { x: x1, y: y1 };
-
-  double(g, Secp256k1.modulus);
-});
-
-csAdd.print();
-console.log({ digest: csAdd.digest, rows: csAdd.rows });
-
-csDouble.print();
-console.log({ digest: csDouble.digest, rows: csDouble.rows });
-
-let point = initialAggregator(Pallas);
-console.log({ point });
-assert(Pallas.isOnCurve(point));

From f27f2e1c96d639e88b908864d1e4bf445108980e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:17:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0826/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index acab4eb011..3f361304c1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.account.x.getAndAssertEquals(x)` is now `this.account.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.account.x.assertBetween()` is now `this.account.x.requireBetween()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+- `Provable.constraintSystem()` and `{ZkProgram,SmartContract}.analyzeMethods()` return a `print()` method for pretty-printing the constraint system https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 

From 191971da1d52dd2c8ba2cc5b56e806c63cf6b302 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:24:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0827/1786] finish doccomments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 23 +++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e7c97d77d3..bcfc0a41b2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -551,20 +551,24 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * TODO
+   * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
    */
   Ecdsa: {
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * let Curve = Curves.Secp256k1; // TODO provide this somehow
-     * // TODO easy way to check that foreign field elements are valid
-     * let signature = { r, s };
-     * // TODO need a way to check that publicKey is on curve
-     * let publicKey = { x, y };
+     * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
      *
+     * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+     *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
+     *   Curve.order
+     * );
+     * // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve
+     *
+     * // verify signature
      * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
      * ```
      */
@@ -578,10 +582,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * TODO
+     * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
      *
-     * should this be here, given that it's not a provable method?
-     * maybe assert that we are not running in provable context
+     * _This method is not provable._
      */
     sign(
       Curve: Crypto.Curve,

From 6a449b25b1a6c59e0f685c173529a3add890fcca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:24:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0828/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b67e80608e..b432ffd750 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b67e80608e467b791662ddc01965863848bb38b5
+Subproject commit b432ffd750b4ee961e4b9924f69b5e07bc5368a8

From b58bb48156790f77358c194f86a8349b6828edd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 14:52:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0829/1786] remove debug code

---
 src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
index ed35a7ceef..a280b22712 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@ function createAccountUpdate() {
   // convert accountUpdate to fields in pure JS, leveraging generated code
   let fields2 = Types.AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
 
-  console.log(json);
-
   // this is useful console output in the case the test should fail
   if (fields1.length !== fields2.length) {
     console.log(

From d0dc254c533e5750c29f2baf7b066a349e9426b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 15:11:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0830/1786] fix unit test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 16 +++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index b89f1f3dd3..54b95e6d45 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@ const EmptyProgram = ZkProgram({
 });
 
 const emptyMethodsMetadata = EmptyProgram.analyzeMethods();
-expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual({
-  rows: 0,
-  digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
-  result: undefined,
-  gates: [],
-  publicInputSize: 0,
-});
+expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual(
+  expect.objectContaining({
+    rows: 0,
+    digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
+    result: undefined,
+    gates: [],
+    publicInputSize: 0,
+  })
+);
 
 class CounterPublicInput extends Struct({
   current: UInt64,

From c99a92320c2aedf7844baa47b95a57f691e68109 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 27 Nov 2023 15:23:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0831/1786] fix bool.sizeInBits

---
 src/lib/bool.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 4abaeead51..9d7fee9e4d 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ class Bool {
     return BoolBinable.readBytes(bytes, offset);
   }
 
-  static sizeInBytes: 1;
+  static sizeInBytes = 1;
 
   static check(x: Bool): void {
     Snarky.field.assertBoolean(x.value);

From 62c1635c77c913d544fafb0cb5ff6d5bb941da82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 11:19:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0832/1786] simplify tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts | 30 ++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
index 996a9389b7..e1ca27bd5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   equivalentProvable as equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
+  record,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
@@ -12,13 +13,6 @@ import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
-const maybeField = {
-  ...field,
-  rng: Random.map(Random.oneOf(Random.field, Random.field.invalid), (x) =>
-    mod(x, Field.ORDER)
-  ),
-};
-
 let Arithmetic = ZkProgram({
   name: 'arithmetic',
   publicOutput: provable({
@@ -38,31 +32,31 @@ let Arithmetic = ZkProgram({
 await Arithmetic.compile();
 
 const divMod32Helper = (x: bigint) => {
-  let q = x / (1n << 32n);
-  let r = x - q * (1n << 32n);
-  return [r, q];
+  let quotient = x / (1n << 32n);
+  let remainder = x - quotient * (1n << 32n);
+  return { remainder, quotient };
 };
+const divMod32Output = record({ remainder: field, quotient: field });
 
-equivalent({ from: [maybeField], to: array(field, 2) })(
+equivalent({
+  from: [field],
+  to: divMod32Output,
+})(
   (x) => {
     assert(x < 1n << 64n, `x needs to fit in 64bit, but got ${x}`);
     return divMod32Helper(x);
   },
   (x) => {
-    let { remainder, quotient } = Gadgets.divMod32(x);
-    return [remainder, quotient];
+    return Gadgets.divMod32(x);
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: array(field, 2) }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: divMod32Output }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
     assert(x < 1n << 64n, `x needs to fit in 64bit, but got ${x}`);
     return divMod32Helper(x);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let {
-      publicOutput: { quotient, remainder },
-    } = await Arithmetic.divMod32(x);
-    return [remainder, quotient];
+    return (await Arithmetic.divMod32(x)).publicOutput;
   }
 );

From 93be2b0b81e32d4e6bd5e16488d8229f026b1794 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 11:53:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0833/1786] refactor rangeCheckHelper

---
 src/lib/field.ts               |   3 +
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     |  17 ++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts |  39 +++++++++++--
 src/lib/hash.ts                |   3 +-
 src/lib/int.ts                 | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/string.ts              |   3 +-
 6 files changed, 125 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index de52ecf621..438e1ed1f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -997,6 +997,9 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   /**
+   *
+   * @deprecated use `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper` instead.
+   *
    * Create a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
    *
    * The `length` has to be a multiple of 16, and has to be between 0 and 255, otherwise the method throws.
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index e1bb3f71ae..b0b06dabba 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   multiRangeCheck,
   rangeCheck64,
   rangeCheck32,
+  rangeCheckHelper,
 } from './range-check.js';
 import {
   not,
@@ -76,6 +77,22 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck32(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck32(x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
+   *
+   * The `length` has to be a multiple of 16, and has to be between 0 and 255, otherwise the method throws.
+   *
+   * As {@link Field} elements are represented using [little endian binary representation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness),
+   * the resulting {@link Field} element will equal the original one if it fits in `length` bits.
+   *
+   * @param length - The number of bits to take from this {@link Field} element.
+   *
+   * @return A {@link Field} element that is equal to the `length` of this {@link Field} element.
+   */
+  rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheckHelper(length, x);
+  },
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
    * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 276f7a51af..2854be5053 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Field as FieldProvable } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
-
-export { rangeCheck64, rangeCheck32, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
+
+export {
+  rangeCheck64,
+  rangeCheck32,
+  multiRangeCheck,
+  compactMultiRangeCheck,
+  rangeCheckHelper,
+};
 export { l, l2, l3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
 /**
@@ -16,10 +25,32 @@ function rangeCheck32(x: Field) {
     return;
   }
 
-  let actual = x.rangeCheckHelper(32);
+  let actual = rangeCheckHelper(32, x);
   actual.assertEquals(x);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
+ */
+function rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
+  assert(
+    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
+    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
+  );
+  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
+  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
+
+  let lengthDiv16 = length / 16;
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    let bits = FieldProvable.toBits(x.toBigInt())
+      .slice(0, length)
+      .concat(Array(Fp.sizeInBits - length).fill(false));
+    return new Field(FieldProvable.fromBits(bits));
+  }
+  let y = Snarky.field.truncateToBits16(lengthDiv16, x.value);
+  return new Field(y);
+}
+
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
  */
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 684b7632ce..05d108197e 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
     return 1;
   },
   check({ field }: TokenSymbol) {
-    let actual = field.rangeCheckHelper(48);
+    let actual = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(48, field);
     actual.assertEquals(field);
   },
   toJSON({ symbol }) {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index f9025437ee..281a3ee034 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,15 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import {
+  Gadgets,
+  Gadgets,
+  Gadgets,
+  Gadgets,
+  Gadgets,
+  Gadgets,
+  Gadgets,
+} from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -67,7 +75,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt64) {
-    let actual = x.value.rangeCheckHelper(64);
+    let actual = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, x.value);
     actual.assertEquals(x.value);
   }
 
@@ -143,11 +151,11 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
 
-    q.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(q);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, q).assertEquals(q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    r.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(r);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, r).assertEquals(r);
 
     let r_ = new UInt64(r);
     let q_ = new UInt64(q);
@@ -183,7 +191,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   mul(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z).assertEquals(z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -192,7 +200,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   add(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z).assertEquals(z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -201,7 +209,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   sub(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z).assertEquals(z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -391,12 +399,17 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = xMinusY
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = yMinusX
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(yMinusX);
+
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
+        xMinusY
+      ).equals(xMinusY);
+
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
+        yMinusX
+      ).equals(yMinusX);
+
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -412,12 +425,17 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = xMinusY
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = yMinusX
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(yMinusX);
+
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
+        xMinusY
+      ).equals(xMinusY);
+
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
+        yMinusX
+      ).equals(yMinusX);
+
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -447,7 +465,10 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    yMinusX.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(yMinusX, message);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertEquals(
+      yMinusX,
+      message
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -661,11 +682,11 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
 
-    q.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(q);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    r.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(r);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(r);
 
     let r_ = new UInt32(r);
     let q_ = new UInt32(q);
@@ -698,7 +719,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   mul(y: UInt32 | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt32.from(y).value);
-    z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
   /**
@@ -706,7 +727,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   add(y: UInt32 | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt32.from(y).value);
-    z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
   /**
@@ -714,7 +735,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   sub(y: UInt32 | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt32.from(y).value);
-    z.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
 
@@ -904,12 +925,14 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = xMinusY
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = yMinusX
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(yMinusX);
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
+        xMinusY
+      ).equals(xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
+        yMinusX
+      ).equals(yMinusX);
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -925,12 +948,14 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = xMinusY
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = yMinusX
-        .rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS)
-        .equals(yMinusX);
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
+        xMinusY
+      ).equals(xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
+        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
+        yMinusX
+      ).equals(yMinusX);
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -960,7 +985,10 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    yMinusX.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS).assertEquals(yMinusX, message);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertEquals(
+      yMinusX,
+      message
+    );
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/string.ts b/src/lib/string.ts
index 623aa4a72e..031bbf51f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/string.ts
+++ b/src/lib/string.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Bool, Field } from '../lib/core.js';
 import { arrayProp, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 export { Character, CircuitString };
 
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ class Character extends CircuitValue {
   // TODO: Add support for more character sets
   // right now it's 16 bits because 8 not supported :/
   static check(c: Character) {
-    c.value.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(c.value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(16, c.value).assertEquals(c.value);
   }
 }
 

From 12f388d29582cf47a054a651eae5594b356dfa76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 11:56:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0834/1786] fix import

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 10 +---------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 281a3ee034..4ba440ed4c 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,15 +3,7 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import {
-  Gadgets,
-  Gadgets,
-  Gadgets,
-  Gadgets,
-  Gadgets,
-  Gadgets,
-  Gadgets,
-} from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };

From 2b091e4c8806eb0b7455f93b19d7d583b58a2164 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 12:18:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0835/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dfd3e03aac..daa3d03bfd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,25 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Rename `Gadgets.rotate` to `Gadgets.rotate64` to better reflect the amount of bits the gadget operates on. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+
+### Added
+
+- `Gadgets.rotate32` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.divMod32` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck32` range check for 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper` for returning a new Field element of the first `length` bits of an element https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.addMod32` addition modulo 2^32 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- Expose new bitwise gadgets on `UInt32` and `UInt64` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+  - bitwise XOR via `{UInt32, UInt64}.xor`
+  - bitwise NOT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.not`
+  - bitwise ROTATE via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rotate`
+  - bitwise LEFTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.leftShift`
+  - bitwise RIGHTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rightShift`
+  - bitwise AND via `{UInt32, UInt64}.and`
+
 ### Changed
 
 - Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions.
@@ -30,6 +49,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.account.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.account.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.currentSlot.assertBetween(x,y)` is now `this.currentSlot.requireBetween(x,y)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
+- Deprecate `field.rangeCheckHelper` in favor of `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 

From 53133d77a386ea69d5523a8c4f7e6bc134ec5d33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 15:56:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0836/1786] merge glv and non-glv scalar mul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 161 +++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index dfff746f55..bd48edb137 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   let u2 = ForeignField.mul(r, sInv, Curve.order);
 
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
-  let R = multiScalarMulGlv(
+  let R = multiScalarMul(
     Curve,
     [u1, u2],
     [G, publicKey],
@@ -233,7 +233,6 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
  *
  * TODO: could use lookups for picking precomputed multiples, instead of O(2^c) provable switch
  * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
- * TODO: glv trick which cuts down ec doubles by half by splitting s*P = s0*P + s1*endo(P) with s0, s1 in [0, 2^128)
  */
 function multiScalarMul(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
@@ -248,6 +247,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   let n = points.length;
   assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
   assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
+  let useGlv = Curve.hasEndomorphism;
 
   // constant case
   if (scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) && points.every(Point.isConstant)) {
@@ -256,7 +256,11 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
     let sum = Curve.zero;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.scale(P[i], s[i]));
+      if (useGlv) {
+        sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.Endo.scale(P[i], s[i]));
+      } else {
+        sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.scale(P[i], s[i]));
+      }
     }
     return Point.from(sum);
   }
@@ -267,124 +271,51 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], tableConfigs[i]?.multiples)
   );
 
-  // slice scalars
-  let b = Curve.order.toString(2).length;
-  let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>
-    slice(s, { maxBits: b, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
-  );
-
-  ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve);
-  let sum = Point.from(ia);
-
-  for (let i = b - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    // add in multiple of each point
-    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
-      let windowSize = windowSizes[j];
-      if (i % windowSize === 0) {
-        // pick point to add based on the scalar chunk
-        let sj = scalarChunks[j][i / windowSize];
-        let sjP =
-          windowSize === 1
-            ? points[j]
-            : arrayGetGeneric(Point.provable, tables[j], sj);
-
-        // ec addition
-        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
-
-        // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
-        sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point.provable, sum, added);
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (i === 0) break;
-
-    // jointly double all points
-    // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
-  }
-
-  // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
-  // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
-  let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  Provable.equal(Point.provable, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
+  let maxBits = Curve.Scalar.sizeInBits;
 
-  return sum;
-}
+  if (useGlv) {
+    maxBits = Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits;
+    assert(maxBits < l2, 'decomposed scalars have to be < 2*88 bits');
 
-function multiScalarMulGlv(
-  Curve: CurveAffine,
-  scalars: Field3[],
-  points: Point[],
-  tableConfigs: (
-    | { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] }
-    | undefined
-  )[] = [],
-  ia?: point
-): Point {
-  let n = points.length;
-  assert(scalars.length === n, 'Points and scalars lengths must match');
-  assertPositiveInteger(n, 'Expected at least 1 point and scalar');
+    // decompose scalars and handle signs
+    let n2 = 2 * n;
+    let scalars2: Field3[] = Array(n2);
+    let points2: Point[] = Array(n2);
+    let windowSizes2: number[] = Array(n2);
+    let tables2: Point[][] = Array(n2);
+    let mrcStack: Field[] = [];
 
-  // constant case
-  if (scalars.every(Field3.isConstant) && points.every(Point.isConstant)) {
-    // TODO dedicated MSM
-    let s = scalars.map(Field3.toBigint);
-    let P = points.map(Point.toBigint);
-    let sum = Curve.zero;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.Endo.scale(P[i], s[i]));
-    }
-    return Point.from(sum);
-  }
-
-  // parse or build point tables
-  let windowSizes = points.map((_, i) => tableConfigs[i]?.windowSize ?? 1);
-  let tables = points.map((P, i) =>
-    getPointTable(Curve, P, windowSizes[i], undefined)
-  );
-
-  let maxBits = Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits;
-  assert(maxBits < l2, 'decomposed scalars assumed to be < 2*88 bits');
-
-  // decompose scalars and handle signs
-  let n2 = 2 * n;
-  let scalars2: Field3[] = Array(n2);
-  let points2: Point[] = Array(n2);
-  let windowSizes2: number[] = Array(n2);
-  let tables2: Point[][] = Array(n2);
-  let mrcStack: Field[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    let [s0, s1] = decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve, scalars[i]);
-    scalars2[2 * i] = s0.abs;
-    scalars2[2 * i + 1] = s1.abs;
-
-    let table = tables[i];
-    let endoTable = table.map((P, i) => {
-      if (i === 0) return P;
-      let [phiP, betaXBound] = endomorphism(Curve, P);
-      mrcStack.push(betaXBound);
-      return phiP;
-    });
-    tables2[2 * i] = table.map((P) =>
-      negateIf(s0.isNegative, P, Curve.modulus)
-    );
-    tables2[2 * i + 1] = endoTable.map((P) =>
-      negateIf(s1.isNegative, P, Curve.modulus)
-    );
-    points2[2 * i] = tables2[2 * i][1];
-    points2[2 * i + 1] = tables2[2 * i + 1][1];
+      let [s0, s1] = decomposeNoRangeCheck(Curve, scalars[i]);
+      scalars2[2 * i] = s0.abs;
+      scalars2[2 * i + 1] = s1.abs;
+
+      let table = tables[i];
+      let endoTable = table.map((P, i) => {
+        if (i === 0) return P;
+        let [phiP, betaXBound] = endomorphism(Curve, P);
+        mrcStack.push(betaXBound);
+        return phiP;
+      });
+      tables2[2 * i] = table.map((P) =>
+        negateIf(s0.isNegative, P, Curve.modulus)
+      );
+      tables2[2 * i + 1] = endoTable.map((P) =>
+        negateIf(s1.isNegative, P, Curve.modulus)
+      );
+      points2[2 * i] = tables2[2 * i][1];
+      points2[2 * i + 1] = tables2[2 * i + 1][1];
 
-    windowSizes2[2 * i] = windowSizes2[2 * i + 1] = windowSizes[i];
+      windowSizes2[2 * i] = windowSizes2[2 * i + 1] = windowSizes[i];
+    }
+    reduceMrcStack(mrcStack);
+    // from now on, everything is the same as if these were the original points and scalars
+    points = points2;
+    tables = tables2;
+    scalars = scalars2;
+    windowSizes = windowSizes2;
+    n = n2;
   }
-  reduceMrcStack(mrcStack);
-  // from now on everything is the same as if these were the original points and scalars
-  points = points2;
-  tables = tables2;
-  scalars = scalars2;
-  windowSizes = windowSizes2;
-  n = n2;
 
   // slice scalars
   let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>

From 6bfac4d9c6c717e8467cf690e6f4d0d82998e3c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 15:57:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0837/1786] make sure non-glv version has test coverage

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 24 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 144578c2cb..da11c384f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
   Second,
   equivalentProvable,
+  fromRandom,
   map,
   oneOf,
   record,
   unit,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 
 // quick tests
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
@@ -49,27 +51,39 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     }
   );
 
+  // with 30% prob, test the version without GLV even if the curve supports it
+  let noGlv = fromRandom(Random.map(Random.fraction(), (f) => f < 0.3));
+
   // provable method we want to test
-  const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>) => {
-    Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+  const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>, noGlv: boolean) => {
+    let hasGlv = Curve.hasEndomorphism;
+    if (noGlv) Curve.hasEndomorphism = false; // hack to force non-GLV version
+    try {
+      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+    } finally {
+      Curve.hasEndomorphism = hasGlv;
+    }
   };
 
   // positive test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature, noGlv], to: unit })(
     () => {},
     verify,
     'valid signature verifies'
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature, noGlv], to: unit })(
     () => throwError('invalid signature'),
     verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: unit })(
+  equivalentProvable({
+    from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature), noGlv],
+    to: unit,
+  })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
       assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
     },

From ecb8339b263cf7f494665febe75f8d21ac55d154 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 15:57:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0838/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ede15f8f64..7f1fa573a8 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ede15f8f647b48487b1783389698abba22395f7e
+Subproject commit 7f1fa573a87fd8934f7801ff3da984988d1a0420

From f72f57ae717640df15f153cd14f9162a10e83ad4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 16:22:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0839/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7f1fa573a8..862076ec10 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7f1fa573a87fd8934f7801ff3da984988d1a0420
+Subproject commit 862076ec1079138d20257fad9cb8297f443b2a74

From 380577a25093ea9cc8eadea47917ec80c3525034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 16:52:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0840/1786] dump ecdsa vk with fewer constraints

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 9c4f4f259a..b7a582fcda 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "1025b5f3a56c5366fd44d13f2678bba563c9581c6bacfde2b82a8dd49e33f2a2",
+    "digest": "812837fe4422b1e0eef563d0ea4db756880d91d823bf3c718114bb252c910db",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38823,
-        "digest": "65c6f9efe1069f73adf3a842398f95d2"
+        "rows": 30615,
+        "digest": "4cfbbd9ee3d6ba141b7ba24a15889969"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "2818165315298159349200200610054154136732885996642834698461943280515655745528"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "3139301773139601589155221041968477572715505359708488668851725819716203716299"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 5945866597b93e0638ab2bf1a9bed0ea023db423 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 10:36:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0841/1786] fix: struct returns empty

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index d0a85e5cc9..679b78efda 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -384,6 +384,7 @@ function Struct<
     };
     toJSON: (x: T) => J;
     fromJSON: (x: J) => T;
+    empty: () => T;
   } {
   class Struct_ {
     static type = provable<A>(type);

From e30f64e5fa081e95e234ae9bcb5eb58ba90f45a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 28 Nov 2023 21:56:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0842/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index c6d66d3f9d..2b1064f7a7 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -184,10 +184,6 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
   },
 };
 class TokenSymbol extends Struct(TokenSymbolPure) {
-  static get empty() {
-    return { symbol: '', field: Field(0) };
-  }
-
   static from(symbol: string): TokenSymbol {
     let bytesLength = new TextEncoder().encode(symbol).length;
     if (bytesLength > 6)

From 408fcfad57ae6d48ef27a81602e5343c25522f7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 09:01:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0843/1786] helper method

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 75f41a7f82..036e98ec58 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -341,6 +341,13 @@ const Field3 = {
     return combine(toBigint3(x));
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Check whether a 3-tuple of Fields is constant
+   */
+  isConstant(x: Field3) {
+    return x.every((x) => x.isConstant());
+  },
+
   /**
    * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *

From 470ec77789ab220f6894fc9be31ce4559dca5ac6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 09:02:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0844/1786] adapt ff class to new gadgets

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 290 ++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+), 215 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 8d0ce8cfeb..36a0c1b041 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { mod, inverse, Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Tuple } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
-import {
-  Field,
-  FieldConst,
-  FieldVar,
-  checkBitLength,
-  withMessage,
-} from './field.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { mod, Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
-import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
+import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignField, ForeignField };
 
 // internal API
-export { ForeignFieldVar, ForeignFieldConst, limbBits };
+export { limbBits };
 
 const limbBits = 88n;
 
-type MlForeignField<F> = [_: 0, x0: F, x1: F, x2: F];
-type ForeignFieldVar = MlForeignField<FieldVar>;
-type ForeignFieldConst = MlForeignField<FieldConst>;
 type ForeignField = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>>;
 
 /**
@@ -66,7 +58,6 @@ type ForeignField = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>>;
  */
 function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
   const p = modulus;
-  const pMl = ForeignFieldConst.fromBigint(p);
 
   if (p <= 0) {
     throw Error(`ForeignField: expected modulus to be positive, got ${p}`);
@@ -81,7 +72,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
 
   class ForeignField {
     static modulus = p;
-    value: ForeignFieldVar;
+    value: Field3;
 
     static #zero = new ForeignField(0);
 
@@ -92,7 +83,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * let x = new ForeignField(5);
      * ```
      */
-    constructor(x: ForeignField | ForeignFieldVar | bigint | number | string) {
+    constructor(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
       if (x instanceof ForeignField) {
         this.value = x.value;
         return;
@@ -103,13 +94,13 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
         return;
       }
       // constant
-      this.value = ForeignFieldVar.fromBigint(mod(BigInt(x), p));
+      this.value = Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
     }
 
     /**
      * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
      */
-    static from(x: ForeignField | ForeignFieldVar | bigint | number | string) {
+    static from(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
       if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
       return new ForeignField(x);
     }
@@ -120,8 +111,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
      */
     isConstant() {
-      let [, ...limbs] = this.value;
-      return limbs.every(FieldVar.isConstant);
+      return Field3.isConstant(this.value);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -133,27 +123,41 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * that is, in situations where the prover computes a value outside provable code.
      */
     toConstant(): ForeignField {
-      let [, ...limbs] = this.value;
-      let constantLimbs = mapTuple(limbs, (l) =>
-        FieldVar.constant(FieldVar.toConstant(l))
-      );
-      return new ForeignField([0, ...constantLimbs]);
+      let constantLimbs = Tuple.map(this.value, (l) => l.toConstant());
+      return new ForeignField(constantLimbs);
     }
 
     /**
      * Convert this field element to a bigint.
      */
     toBigInt() {
-      return ForeignFieldVar.toBigint(this.value);
+      return Field3.toBigint(this.value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
+     * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
+     *
+     * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
+     * To assert that stronger property, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+     *
+     * We use the weaker property by default because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
+     * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
+     */
+    assertAlmostFieldElement() {
+      if (this.isConstant()) return;
+      // TODO
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
     /**
      * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, p),
      * where p is the foreign field modulus.
      */
-    assertValidElement() {
+    assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
       if (this.isConstant()) return;
-      Snarky.foreignField.assertValidElement(this.value, pMl);
+      // TODO
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
     // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
@@ -213,19 +217,9 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      *
      */
     static sum(xs: (ForeignField | bigint | number)[], operations: (1 | -1)[]) {
-      if (xs.every(isConstant)) {
-        let sum = xs.reduce((sum: bigint, x, i): bigint => {
-          if (i === 0) return toFp(x);
-          return sum + BigInt(operations[i - 1]) * toFp(x);
-        }, 0n);
-        // note: we don't reduce mod p because the constructor does that
-        return new ForeignField(sum);
-      }
-      let fields = MlArray.to(xs.map(toVar));
-      let opModes = MlArray.to(
-        operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? OpMode.Add : OpMode.Sub))
-      );
-      let z = Snarky.foreignField.sumChain(fields, opModes, pMl);
+      let fields = xs.map(toLimbs);
+      let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
+      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
       return new ForeignField(z);
     }
 
@@ -237,11 +231,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * ```
      */
     mul(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-        let z = mod(this.toBigInt() * toFp(y), p);
-        return new ForeignField(z);
-      }
-      let z = Snarky.foreignField.mul(this.value, toVar(y), pMl);
+      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, toLimbs(y), p);
       return new ForeignField(z);
     }
 
@@ -254,29 +244,8 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * ```
      */
     inv(): ForeignField {
-      if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let z = inverse(this.toBigInt(), p);
-        if (z === undefined) {
-          if (this.toBigInt() === 0n) {
-            throw Error('ForeignField.inv(): division by zero');
-          } else {
-            // in case this is used with non-prime moduli
-            throw Error('ForeignField.inv(): inverse does not exist');
-          }
-        }
-        return new ForeignField(z);
-      }
-      let z = Provable.witness(ForeignField, () => this.toConstant().inv());
-
-      // in unsafe mode, `witness` didn't constrain z to be a valid field element
-      if (unsafe) z.assertValidElement();
-
-      // check that x * z === 1
-      // TODO: range checks added by `mul` on `one` are unnecessary, since we already assert that `one` equals 1
-      let one = Snarky.foreignField.mul(this.value, z.value, pMl);
-      new ForeignField(one).assertEquals(new ForeignField(1));
-
-      return z;
+      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
+      return new ForeignField(z);
     }
 
     // convenience methods
@@ -297,7 +266,11 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
             throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
           }
         }
-        return Provable.assertEqual(ForeignField, this, ForeignField.from(y));
+        return Provable.assertEqual(
+          ForeignField.provable,
+          this,
+          ForeignField.from(y)
+        );
       } catch (err) {
         throw withMessage(err, message);
       }
@@ -314,7 +287,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
       if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
         return new Bool(this.toBigInt() === toFp(y));
       }
-      return Provable.equal(ForeignField, this, ForeignField.from(y));
+      return Provable.equal(ForeignField.provable, this, ForeignField.from(y));
     }
 
     // bit packing
@@ -326,7 +299,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      */
     toBits(length = sizeInBits) {
       checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
-      let [l0, l1, l2] = this.toFields();
+      let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
       let limbSize = Number(limbBits);
       let xBits = l0.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
       length -= limbSize;
@@ -350,64 +323,42 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
       let l0 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(0 * limbSize, 1 * limbSize));
       let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
       let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
-      let x = ForeignField.fromFields([l0, l1, l2]);
-      // TODO: can this be made more efficient? since the limbs are already range-checked
-      if (length === sizeInBits) x.assertValidElement();
-      return x;
+      // note: due to the check on the number of bits, we know we return an "almost valid" field element
+      return ForeignField.from([l0, l1, l2]);
     }
 
     // Provable<ForeignField>
 
     /**
-     * `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
+     * `Provable<ForeignField>`, see {@link Provable}
      */
-    static toFields(x: ForeignField) {
-      let [, ...limbs] = x.value;
-      return limbs.map((x) => new Field(x));
-    }
+    static provable: ProvablePure<ForeignField> = {
+      toFields(x) {
+        return x.value;
+      },
+      toAuxiliary(): [] {
+        return [];
+      },
+      sizeInFields() {
+        return 3;
+      },
+      fromFields(fields) {
+        let limbs = TupleN.fromArray(3, fields);
+        return new ForeignField(limbs);
+      },
+      /**
+       * This performs the check in {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement}.
+       */
+      check(x: ForeignField) {
+        x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
+      },
+    };
 
     /**
      * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
      */
-    toFields() {
-      return ForeignField.toFields(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * `Provable<ForeignField>.toAuxiliary`, see {@link Provable.toAuxiliary}
-     */
-    static toAuxiliary(): [] {
-      return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * `Provable<ForeignField>.sizeInFields`, see {@link Provable.sizeInFields}
-     */
-    static sizeInFields() {
-      return 3;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * `Provable<ForeignField>.fromFields`, see {@link Provable.fromFields}
-     */
-    static fromFields(fields: Field[]) {
-      let fieldVars = fields.map((x) => x.value);
-      let limbs = arrayToTuple(fieldVars, 3, 'ForeignField.fromFields()');
-      return new ForeignField([0, ...limbs]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * `Provable<ForeignField>.check`, see {@link Provable.check}
-     *
-     * This will check that the field element is in the range [0, p),
-     * where p is the foreign field modulus.
-     *
-     * **Exception**: If {@link createForeignField} is called with `{ unsafe: true }`,
-     * we don't check that field elements are valid by default.
-     */
-    static check(x: ForeignField) {
-      // if the `unsafe` flag is set, we don't add any constraints when creating a new variable
-      // this means a user has to take care of proper constraining themselves
-      if (!unsafe) x.assertValidElement();
+    toFields(): Field[] {
+      return this.value;
     }
   }
 
@@ -415,9 +366,9 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.toBigInt();
     return mod(BigInt(x), p);
   }
-  function toVar(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField): ForeignFieldVar {
+  function toLimbs(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField): Field3 {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
-    return ForeignFieldVar.fromBigint(mod(BigInt(x), p));
+    return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
   }
   function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.isConstant();
@@ -427,100 +378,9 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
   return ForeignField;
 }
 
-enum OpMode {
-  Add,
-  Sub,
-}
-
-// helpers
-
-const limbMax = (1n << limbBits) - 1n;
-
 // the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus
 // see RFC: https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/1fdb1fd1d112f9d4ee095dbb31f008deeb8150b0/book/src/rfcs/foreign_field_mul.md
 // since p = 2^254 + eps for both Pasta fields with eps small, a fairly tight lower bound is
 // f_max >= sqrt(2^254 * 2^264) = 2^259
 const foreignFieldMaxBits = (BigInt(Fp.sizeInBits - 1) + 3n * limbBits) / 2n;
 const foreignFieldMax = 1n << foreignFieldMaxBits;
-
-const ForeignFieldConst = {
-  fromBigint(x: bigint): ForeignFieldConst {
-    let limbs = mapTuple(to3Limbs(x), FieldConst.fromBigint);
-    return [0, ...limbs];
-  },
-  toBigint([, ...limbs]: ForeignFieldConst): bigint {
-    return from3Limbs(mapTuple(limbs, FieldConst.toBigint));
-  },
-  [0]: [
-    0,
-    FieldConst[0],
-    FieldConst[0],
-    FieldConst[0],
-  ] satisfies ForeignFieldConst,
-  [1]: [
-    0,
-    FieldConst[1],
-    FieldConst[0],
-    FieldConst[0],
-  ] satisfies ForeignFieldConst,
-};
-
-const ForeignFieldVar = {
-  fromBigint(x: bigint): ForeignFieldVar {
-    let limbs = mapTuple(to3Limbs(x), FieldVar.constant);
-    return [0, ...limbs];
-  },
-  toBigint([, ...limbs]: ForeignFieldVar): bigint {
-    return from3Limbs(mapTuple(limbs, FieldVar.toBigint));
-  },
-  [0]: [0, FieldVar[0], FieldVar[0], FieldVar[0]] satisfies ForeignFieldVar,
-  [1]: [0, FieldVar[1], FieldVar[0], FieldVar[0]] satisfies ForeignFieldVar,
-};
-
-function to3Limbs(x: bigint): [bigint, bigint, bigint] {
-  let l0 = x & limbMax;
-  x >>= limbBits;
-  let l1 = x & limbMax;
-  let l2 = x >> limbBits;
-  return [l0, l1, l2];
-}
-
-function from3Limbs(limbs: [bigint, bigint, bigint]): bigint {
-  let [l0, l1, l2] = limbs;
-  return l0 + ((l1 + (l2 << limbBits)) << limbBits);
-}
-
-function mapTuple<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
-  tuple: T,
-  f: (a: T[number]) => B
-): { [i in keyof T]: B } {
-  return tuple.map(f) as any;
-}
-
-/**
- * tuple type that has the length as generic parameter
- */
-type TupleN<T, N extends number> = N extends N
-  ? number extends N
-    ? T[]
-    : _TupleOf<T, N, []>
-  : never;
-type _TupleOf<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N
-  ? R
-  : _TupleOf<T, N, [T, ...R]>;
-
-/**
- * Type-safe way of converting an array to a fixed-length tuple (same JS representation, but different TS type)
- */
-function arrayToTuple<N extends number, E = unknown>(
-  arr: E[],
-  size: N,
-  name: string
-): TupleN<E, N> {
-  if (arr.length !== size) {
-    throw Error(
-      `${name}: expected array of length ${size}, got length ${arr.length}`
-    );
-  }
-  return arr as any;
-}

From f6e43a283df2c781cc8489ccc1766c6fcbc1bd03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 09:56:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0845/1786] Update src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b0b06dabba..9f16d3f7f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * ```
    *
    * **Note**: Small "negative" field element inputs are interpreted as large integers close to the field size,
-   * and don't pass the 32-bit check. If you want to prove that a value lies in the int64 range [-2^31, 2^31),
+   * and don't pass the 32-bit check. If you want to prove that a value lies in the int32 range [-2^31, 2^31),
    * you could use `rangeCheck32(x.add(1n << 31n))`.
    */
   rangeCheck32(x: Field) {

From 89d806b593675ef99aaa60ea6ee506dbaefac76b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 09:56:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0846/1786] Update src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 9f16d3f7f0..3f011a901b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -575,9 +575,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    */
   Field3,
   /**
-   * Division modulo 2^32. The operation decomposes a {@link Field} element in the range [0, 2^64] into two 32-bit limbs, `remainder` and `quotient`, using the following equation: `n = quotient * 2^32 + remainder`.
+   * Division modulo 2^32. The operation decomposes a {@link Field} element in the range [0, 2^64) into two 32-bit limbs, `remainder` and `quotient`, using the following equation: `n = quotient * 2^32 + remainder`.
    *
-   * **Note:** The Gadget expects the input to be in the range [0, 2^64]. If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution.
+   * **Note:** The gadget acts as a proof that the input is in the range [0, 2^64). If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget fails.
    *
    * Asserts that both `remainder` and `quotient` are in the range [0, 2^32) using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck32}.
    *

From 72d38b4523d87bec6d4d91c0f6eab5fd50154c3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 09:57:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0847/1786] Update src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 3f011a901b..71860d5240 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * It uses {@link Gadgets.divMod32} internally by adding the two {@link Field} elements and then decomposing the result into `remainder` and `quotient` and returning the `remainder`.
    *
-   * **Note:** The Gadget expects the input to be in the range [0, 2^64]. If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution.
+   * **Note:** The gadget assumes both inputs to be in the range [0, 2^64). When called with non-range-checked inputs, be aware that the sum `a + b` can overflow the native field and the gadget can succeed but return an invalid result.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts

From 84f08238461c4097fa93e545986841b60d84ab95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:08:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0848/1786] address feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts           |  8 ++---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts |  4 +--
 src/lib/int.ts                          | 46 ++++---------------------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 351ddb0af1..414ddfe814 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
     );
 
     let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
-    let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
-    let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
+    let q = nBigInt >> 32n;
+    let r = nBigInt - (q << 32n);
     return {
       remainder: new Field(r),
       quotient: new Field(q),
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
     provableTuple([Field, Field]),
     () => {
       let nBigInt = n.toBigInt();
-      let q = nBigInt / (1n << 32n);
-      let r = nBigInt - q * (1n << 32n);
+      let q = nBigInt >> 32n;
+      let r = nBigInt - (q << 32n);
       return [new Field(q), new Field(r)];
     }
   );
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
index e1ca27bd5a..cf1398dadf 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ let Arithmetic = ZkProgram({
 await Arithmetic.compile();
 
 const divMod32Helper = (x: bigint) => {
-  let quotient = x / (1n << 32n);
-  let remainder = x - quotient * (1n << 32n);
+  let quotient = x >> 32n;
+  let remainder = x - (quotient << 32n);
   return { remainder, quotient };
 };
 const divMod32Output = record({ remainder: field, quotient: field });
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a04ad02a92..683cf7abc1 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -239,13 +239,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.
    *
-   *
-   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
-   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
-   * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
-   * for a single negation. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, NOT is
-   * implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
-   * implementation is returned by default if no `checked` parameter is provided.
+   * NOT is implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask
    *
    * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
    *
@@ -258,23 +252,13 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
    * // 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111010
    *
-   * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
-   * let a = UInt64.from(0b0101);
-   * let b = a.not();
-   *
-   * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
-   * // 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111010
-   *
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
-   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it
-   * is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused. If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented
-   *  as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
    *
    */
-  not(checked = true) {
-    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, checked);
+  not() {
+    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, false);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -765,13 +749,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `0`, and returning `0` if the
    * corresponding bit of the operand is `1`.
    *
-   *
-   * NOT is implemented in two different ways. If the `checked` parameter is set to `true`
-   * the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused with a second argument to be an
-   * all one bitmask the same length. This approach needs as many rows as an XOR would need
-   * for a single negation. If the `checked` parameter is set to `false`, NOT is
-   * implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. This
-   * implementation is returned by default if no `checked` parameter is provided.
+   * NOT is implemented as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask.
    *
    * You can find more details about the implementation in the [Mina book](https://o1-labs.github.io/proof-systems/specs/kimchi.html?highlight=gates#not)
    *
@@ -779,28 +757,16 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```ts
    * // NOTing 4 bits with the unchecked version
    * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
-   * let b = a.not(false);
-   *
-   * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
-   * // 11111111111111111111111111111010
-   *
-   * // NOTing 4 bits with the checked version utilizing the xor gadget
-   * let a = UInt32.from(0b0101);
    * let b = a.not();
    *
    * console.log(b.toBigInt().toString(2));
    * // 11111111111111111111111111111010
-   *
    * ```
    *
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
-   * @param checked - Optional boolean to determine if the checked or unchecked not implementation is used. If it
-   * is set to `true` the {@link Gadgets.xor} gadget is reused. If it is set to `false`, NOT is implemented
-   *  as a subtraction of the input from the all one bitmask. It is set to `false` by default if no parameter is provided.
-   *
    */
-  not(checked = true) {
-    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, checked);
+  not() {
+    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false);
   }
 
   /**

From cf16482338dadb4683385ad39c9454c7f64c6489 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:11:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0849/1786] fix changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index daa3d03bfd..2c9cb359e3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,18 +25,18 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
-- `Gadgets.rotate32` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
-- `Gadgets.divMod32` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
-- `Gadgets.rangeCheck32` range check for 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
-- `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper` for returning a new Field element of the first `length` bits of an element https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
-- `Gadgets.addMod32` addition modulo 2^32 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.rotate32()` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.divMod32()` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck32()` range check for 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper()` for returning a new Field element of the first `length` bits of an element https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.addMod32()` addition modulo 2^32 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - Expose new bitwise gadgets on `UInt32` and `UInt64` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
-  - bitwise XOR via `{UInt32, UInt64}.xor`
-  - bitwise NOT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.not`
-  - bitwise ROTATE via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rotate`
-  - bitwise LEFTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.leftShift`
-  - bitwise RIGHTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rightShift`
-  - bitwise AND via `{UInt32, UInt64}.and`
+  - bitwise XOR via `{UInt32, UInt64}.xor()`
+  - bitwise NOT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.not()`
+  - bitwise ROTATE via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rotate()`
+  - bitwise LEFTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.leftShift()`
+  - bitwise RIGHTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rightShift()`
+  - bitwise AND via `{UInt32, UInt64}.and()`
 
 ### Changed
 

From 2042e0230f577ebae6471ecdbee167a10aa49370 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:38:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0850/1786] add rangeCheckN and isInRangeN

---
 CHANGELOG.md                   |  2 --
 src/lib/field.ts               |  3 --
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/hash.ts                |  3 +-
 src/lib/int.ts                 | 63 +++++++++-------------------------
 src/lib/string.ts              |  2 +-
 7 files changed, 98 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2c9cb359e3..9756c0ec95 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - `Gadgets.rotate32()` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.divMod32()` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck32()` range check for 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
-- `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper()` for returning a new Field element of the first `length` bits of an element https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.addMod32()` addition modulo 2^32 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - Expose new bitwise gadgets on `UInt32` and `UInt64` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
   - bitwise XOR via `{UInt32, UInt64}.xor()`
@@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.account.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.account.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.currentSlot.assertBetween(x,y)` is now `this.currentSlot.requireBetween(x,y)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
-- Deprecate `field.rangeCheckHelper` in favor of `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 0b1e0dba80..6df164143b 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -997,9 +997,6 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   /**
-   *
-   * @deprecated use `Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper` instead.
-   *
    * Create a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
    *
    * The `length` has to be a multiple of 16, and has to be between 0 and 255, otherwise the method throws.
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 71860d5240..b425bc7068 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import {
   multiRangeCheck,
   rangeCheck64,
   rangeCheck32,
-  rangeCheckHelper,
+  rangeCheckN,
+  isInRangeN,
 } from './range-check.js';
 import {
   not,
@@ -79,20 +80,50 @@ const Gadgets = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * Create a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^n). `n` must be a multiple of 16.
    *
-   * The `length` has to be a multiple of 16, and has to be between 0 and 255, otherwise the method throws.
+   * This function proves that the provided field element can be represented with `n` bits.
+   * If the field element exceeds `n` bits, an error is thrown.
    *
-   * As {@link Field} elements are represented using [little endian binary representation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness),
-   * the resulting {@link Field} element will equal the original one if it fits in `length` bits.
+   * @param x - The value to be range-checked.
+   * @param n - The number of bits to be considered for the range check.
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds `n` bits.
    *
-   * @param length - The number of bits to take from this {@link Field} element.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678n));
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheck(32, x); // successfully proves 32-bit range
    *
-   * @return A {@link Field} element that is equal to the `length` of this {@link Field} element.
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheck(32, xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
+   * ```
    */
-  rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
-    return rangeCheckHelper(length, x);
+  rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheckN(n, x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Checks whether the input value is in the range [0, 2^n). `n` must be a multiple of 16.
+   *
+   * This function proves that the provided field element can be represented with `n` bits.
+   * If the field element exceeds `n` bits, an error is thrown.
+   *
+   * @param x - The value to be range-checked.
+   * @param n - The number of bits to be considered for the range check.
+   *
+   * @returns a Bool indicating whether the input value is in the range [0, 2^n).
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678n));
+   * let inRange = Gadgets.isInRangeN(32, x); // return Bool(true)
+   * ```
+   */
+  isInRangeN(n: number, x: Field) {
+    return isInRangeN(n, x);
+  },
+
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
    * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 2854be5053..5902495b54 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ export {
   multiRangeCheck,
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
   rangeCheckHelper,
+  rangeCheckN,
+  isInRangeN,
 };
 export { l, l2, l3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
@@ -29,28 +31,6 @@ function rangeCheck32(x: Field) {
   actual.assertEquals(x);
 }
 
-/**
- * Create a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
- */
-function rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
-  assert(
-    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
-    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
-  );
-  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
-  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
-
-  let lengthDiv16 = length / 16;
-  if (x.isConstant()) {
-    let bits = FieldProvable.toBits(x.toBigInt())
-      .slice(0, length)
-      .concat(Array(Fp.sizeInBits - length).fill(false));
-    return new Field(FieldProvable.fromBits(bits));
-  }
-  let y = Snarky.field.truncateToBits16(lengthDiv16, x.value);
-  return new Field(y);
-}
-
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^64)
  */
@@ -253,3 +233,41 @@ function rangeCheck1Helper(inputs: {
     [z20, z18, z16, x76, x64, y76, y64, z14, z12, z10, z8, z6, z4, z2, z0]
   );
 }
+
+/**
+ * Helper function that creates a new {@link Field} element from the first `length` bits of this {@link Field} element.
+ */
+function rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
+  assert(
+    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
+    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
+  );
+  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
+  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
+
+  let lengthDiv16 = length / 16;
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    let bits = FieldProvable.toBits(x.toBigInt())
+      .slice(0, length)
+      .concat(Array(Fp.sizeInBits - length).fill(false));
+    return new Field(FieldProvable.fromBits(bits));
+  }
+  let y = Snarky.field.truncateToBits16(lengthDiv16, x.value);
+  return new Field(y);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^n)
+ */
+function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field) {
+  let actual = rangeCheckHelper(n, x);
+  actual.assertEquals(x);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks that x is in the range [0, 2^n) and returns a Boolean indicating whether the check passed.
+ */
+function isInRangeN(n: number, x: Field) {
+  let actual = rangeCheckHelper(n, x);
+  return actual.equals(x);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index ea8f2ca212..d23518ef24 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -167,8 +167,7 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
     return 1;
   },
   check({ field }: TokenSymbol) {
-    let actual = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(48, field);
-    actual.assertEquals(field);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(48, field);
   },
   toJSON({ symbol }) {
     return symbol;
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 683cf7abc1..15d83e4356 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt64) {
-    let actual = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, x.value);
-    actual.assertEquals(x.value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, x.value);
   }
 
   static toInput(x: UInt64): HashInput {
@@ -143,11 +142,11 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
 
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, q).assertEquals(q);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, r).assertEquals(r);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, r);
 
     let r_ = new UInt64(r);
     let q_ = new UInt64(q);
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   mul(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   add(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   sub(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z).assertEquals(z);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -376,15 +375,9 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
 
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
-        xMinusY
-      ).equals(xMinusY);
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
 
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
-        yMinusX
-      ).equals(yMinusX);
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
 
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
@@ -402,15 +395,9 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
 
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
-        xMinusY
-      ).equals(xMinusY);
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
 
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt64.NUM_BITS,
-        yMinusX
-      ).equals(yMinusX);
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
 
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
@@ -441,10 +428,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertEquals(
-      yMinusX,
-      message
-    );
+    Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertTrue(message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -883,14 +867,8 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
-        xMinusY
-      ).equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
-        yMinusX
-      ).equals(yMinusX);
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -906,14 +884,8 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
-        xMinusY
-      ).equals(xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(
-        UInt32.NUM_BITS,
-        yMinusX
-      ).equals(yMinusX);
+      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -943,10 +915,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertEquals(
-      yMinusX,
-      message
-    );
+    Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertTrue(message);
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/string.ts b/src/lib/string.ts
index 031bbf51f8..8045dd3318 100644
--- a/src/lib/string.ts
+++ b/src/lib/string.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Character extends CircuitValue {
   // TODO: Add support for more character sets
   // right now it's 16 bits because 8 not supported :/
   static check(c: Character) {
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckHelper(16, c.value).assertEquals(c.value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(16, c.value);
   }
 }
 

From 86b36291c42ba87b972f8f805745b726c2927683 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 24 Nov 2023 09:28:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0851/1786] add helper to apply all ff range checks

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts         | 11 +++++------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/util/types.ts            |  4 ++++
 4 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 36a0c1b041..3230568f9a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -53,10 +53,8 @@ type ForeignField = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>>;
  * ```
  *
  * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
- * @param options
- * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
  */
-function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
+function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
   const p = modulus;
 
   if (p <= 0) {
@@ -145,9 +143,10 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
      */
     assertAlmostFieldElement() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) return;
-      // TODO
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
+      // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
+      // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
+      // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
+      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], p);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 036e98ec58..bffa7b6dad 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
   l,
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ const ForeignField = {
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
+
+  assertAlmostFieldElements,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -326,6 +328,30 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
   return x.add(lMask - (f >> l2));
 }
 
+/**
+ * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
+ * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
+ */
+function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+  let bounds: Field[] = [];
+
+  for (let x of xs) {
+    multiRangeCheck(x);
+
+    bounds.push(weakBound(x[2], f));
+    if (TupleN.hasLength(3, bounds)) {
+      multiRangeCheck(bounds);
+      bounds = [];
+    }
+  }
+  if (TupleN.hasLength(1, bounds)) {
+    multiRangeCheck([...bounds, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
+  }
+  if (TupleN.hasLength(2, bounds)) {
+    multiRangeCheck([...bounds, Field.from(0n)]);
+  }
+}
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b67ef58fd9..fc2b45ac90 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -474,6 +474,36 @@ const Gadgets = {
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * Prove that each of the given {@link Field3} elements is "almost" reduced modulo f,
+     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
+     * - each limb is in the range [0, 2^88)
+     * - the most significant limb is less or equal than the modulus, x[2] <= f[2]
+     *
+     * **Note**: This method is most efficient when the number of input elements is a multiple of 3.
+     *
+     * @throws if any of the assumptions is violated.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(4n));
+     * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
+     * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
+     *
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     *
+     * // now we can use x, y, z as inputs to foreign field multiplication
+     * let xy = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
+     * let xyz = ForeignField.mul(xy, z, f);
+     *
+     * // since xy is an input to another multiplication, we need to prove that it is almost reduced again!
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index 201824ec48..f5fa8fcc10 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ const TupleN = {
     );
     return arr as any;
   },
+
+  hasLength<T, N extends number>(n: N, tuple: T[]): tuple is TupleN<T, N> {
+    return tuple.length === n;
+  },
 };
 
 type TupleRec<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N

From b97c7175490c24d2f09bf3d43112d29adbf59e46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:46:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0852/1786] add correctly typed constructor for UInt32 and
 UInt64

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 15d83e4356..5abb55c116 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { FILE } from 'dns';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -15,6 +16,12 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   @prop value: Field;
   static NUM_BITS = 64;
 
+  constructor(x: UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32) x = x.value;
+    else if (!(x instanceof Field)) x = Field(x);
+    super(UInt64.checkConstant(x));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Static method to create a {@link UInt64} with value `0`.
    */
@@ -536,6 +543,12 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   @prop value: Field;
   static NUM_BITS = 32;
 
+  constructor(x: UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt32) x = x.value;
+    else if (!(x instanceof Field)) x = Field(x);
+    super(UInt32.checkConstant(x));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Static method to create a {@link UInt32} with value `0`.
    */
@@ -608,6 +621,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     if (x instanceof UInt32) x = x.value;
     return new this(this.checkConstant(Field(x)));
   }
+
   /**
    * Creates a {@link UInt32} with a value of 4,294,967,295.
    */

From 973a3662c79f9c7948018b4dd13e80a95d349c84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 11:02:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0853/1786] fix vk tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     | 5 +++--
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 4 ++--
 src/lib/int.ts                 | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b425bc7068..0a29968d87 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *
    * @param x - The value to be range-checked.
    * @param n - The number of bits to be considered for the range check.
+   * @param message - Optional message to be displayed when the range check fails.
    *
    * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds `n` bits.
    *
@@ -99,8 +100,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Gadgets.rangeCheck(32, xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
    * ```
    */
-  rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field) {
-    return rangeCheckN(n, x);
+  rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message?: string) {
+    return rangeCheckN(n, x, message);
   },
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 5902495b54..273b86b4a7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -259,9 +259,9 @@ function rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^n)
  */
-function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field) {
+function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message?: string) {
   let actual = rangeCheckHelper(n, x);
-  actual.assertEquals(x);
+  actual.assertEquals(x, message);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 5abb55c116..fa0aa6b7dc 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertTrue(message);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX).assertTrue(message);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX, message);
   }
 
   /**

From 1165c5fe0ebd685253b688ec85ad1658fb3db9b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 11:03:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0854/1786] remove constant check for now

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index fa0aa6b7dc..830b5f34d4 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   constructor(x: UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint) {
     if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32) x = x.value;
     else if (!(x instanceof Field)) x = Field(x);
-    super(UInt64.checkConstant(x));
+    super(x);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   constructor(x: UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint) {
     if (x instanceof UInt32) x = x.value;
     else if (!(x instanceof Field)) x = Field(x);
-    super(UInt32.checkConstant(x));
+    super(x);
   }
 
   /**

From 367de21a56907e9b1f820816087b572c97dc7131 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 11:29:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0855/1786] add canonical check and negate, assertLessThan

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts         | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 3230568f9a..8efa4fc0ca 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
         this.value = x.value;
         return;
       }
-      // ForeignFieldVar
+      // Field3
       if (Array.isArray(x)) {
         this.value = x;
         return;
@@ -136,6 +136,9 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
      * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
      * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
      *
+     * **Warning**: This check is added to all `ForeignField` elements by default.
+     * You don't have to use it.
+     *
      * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
      * To assert that stronger property, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
      *
@@ -150,13 +153,11 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, p),
-     * where p is the foreign field modulus.
+     * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
+     * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
      */
     assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) return;
-      // TODO
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
+      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, p);
     }
 
     // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
@@ -264,6 +265,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
           if (x !== y0) {
             throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
           }
+          return;
         }
         return Provable.assertEqual(
           ForeignField.provable,
@@ -275,6 +277,21 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
       }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Assert that this field element is less than a constant c: `x < c`.
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * x.assertLessThan(10);
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertLessThan(y: bigint | number, message?: string) {
+      try {
+        Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, toBigInt(y));
+      } catch (err) {
+        throw withMessage(err, message);
+      }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value
      * @example
@@ -361,9 +378,12 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
     }
   }
 
-  function toFp(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
+  function toBigInt(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.toBigInt();
-    return mod(BigInt(x), p);
+    return BigInt(x);
+  }
+  function toFp(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
+    return mod(toBigInt(x), p);
   }
   function toLimbs(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField): Field3 {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index bffa7b6dad..59bfc32937 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -34,12 +34,23 @@ const ForeignField = {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
   sum,
+  negate,
 
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
   div: divide,
 
   assertAlmostFieldElements,
+
+  assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    // constant case
+    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) < f, 'assertLessThan: got x >= f');
+      return;
+    }
+    // provable case
+    negate(x, f); // proves that x < f
+  },
 };
 
 /**
@@ -71,6 +82,30 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   return result;
 }
 
+/**
+ * negate() deserves a special case because we can fix the overflow to -1
+ * and know that a result in range is mapped to a result in range again.
+ *
+ * because the result is range-checked, this also proves that x is canonical:
+ *
+ * `f - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x < x + (f - x) = f`
+ */
+function negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
+  }
+  // provable case
+  x = toVars(x);
+  let zero = toVars(Field3.from(0n));
+  let { result, overflow } = singleAdd(zero, x, -1n, f);
+  Gates.zero(...result);
+  multiRangeCheck(result);
+
+  // fix the overflow to -1
+  overflow.assertEquals(-1n);
+  return result;
+}
+
 /**
  * core building block for non-native addition
  *
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index fc2b45ac90..c4bb072f06 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -504,6 +504,33 @@ const Gadgets = {
     assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
       ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
+     *
+     * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
+     * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}
+     * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
+     *
+     * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
+     * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements} which adds that check itself.
+     *
+     * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0x1235n));
+     *
+     *  // range check limbs of x
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
+     *
+     * // prove that x is fully reduced mod f
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From 0c8cae9b1617a4ed706a2331c36a3ec6afc7ae3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:04:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0856/1786] fix negation based less than

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts         | 15 ++++++++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 33 +++++++-------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 11 +++++++++++
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 8efa4fc0ca..cd2f7fbb7d 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { l3 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignField, ForeignField };
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
      * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
      */
     assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
-      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, p);
+      this.assertLessThan(p);
     }
 
     // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
@@ -279,14 +281,21 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
 
     /**
      * Assert that this field element is less than a constant c: `x < c`.
+     *
+     * The constant must satisfy `0 <= c < 2^264`, otherwise an error is thrown.
+     *
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * x.assertLessThan(10);
      * ```
      */
-    assertLessThan(y: bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    assertLessThan(c: bigint | number, message?: string) {
+      assert(
+        c >= 0 && c < 1n << l3,
+        `ForeignField.assertLessThan(): expected c <= c < 2^264, got ${c}`
+      );
       try {
-        Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, toBigInt(y));
+        Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, toBigInt(c));
       } catch (err) {
         throw withMessage(err, message);
       }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 59bfc32937..6332394423 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ const ForeignField = {
   sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
+  negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
+  },
   sum,
-  negate,
 
   mul: multiply,
   inv: inverse,
@@ -49,7 +51,10 @@ const ForeignField = {
       return;
     }
     // provable case
-    negate(x, f); // proves that x < f
+    // we can just use negation (f - 1) - x! because the result is range-checked, it proves that x < f:
+    // `f - 1 - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x <= x + (f - 1 - x) = f - 1 < f`
+    // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0 or 1)
+    ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
   },
 };
 
@@ -82,30 +87,6 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   return result;
 }
 
-/**
- * negate() deserves a special case because we can fix the overflow to -1
- * and know that a result in range is mapped to a result in range again.
- *
- * because the result is range-checked, this also proves that x is canonical:
- *
- * `f - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x < x + (f - x) = f`
- */
-function negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
-  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
-    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
-  }
-  // provable case
-  x = toVars(x);
-  let zero = toVars(Field3.from(0n));
-  let { result, overflow } = singleAdd(zero, x, -1n, f);
-  Gates.zero(...result);
-  multiRangeCheck(result);
-
-  // fix the overflow to -1
-  overflow.assertEquals(-1n);
-  return result;
-}
-
 /**
  * core building block for non-native addition
  *
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index c4bb072f06..c7d7db0567 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -377,6 +377,17 @@ const Gadgets = {
       return ForeignField.sub(x, y, f);
     },
 
+    /**
+     * Foreign field negation: `-x mod f = f - x`
+     *
+     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     *
+     * @throws fails if `x > f`, where `f - x < 0`.
+     */
+    neg(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.negate(x, f);
+    },
+
     /**
      * Foreign field sum: `xs[0] + signs[0] * xs[1] + ... + signs[n-1] * xs[n] mod f`
      *

From 8cefdbbc423d8f86de0d11a4ca1ff1dbfc660012 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:06:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0857/1786] add left shift(temp)

---
 CHANGELOG.md                         |   4 +-
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts         | 161 +--------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts           |  20 +++-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts |  42 +++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts           |  47 ++++++--
 src/lib/int.ts                       |   8 +-
 6 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 181 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9756c0ec95..dae2023577 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
-- Rename `Gadgets.rotate` to `Gadgets.rotate64` to better reflect the amount of bits the gadget operates on. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- Rename `Gadgets.rotate()` to `Gadgets.rotate64()` to better reflect the amount of bits the gadget operates on. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- Rename `Gadgets.{leftShift(), rightShift()}` to `Gadgets.{leftShift64(), rightShift64()}` to better reflect the amount of bits the gadget operates on. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 
 ### Added
 
 - `Gadgets.rotate32()` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
+- `Gadgets.leftShift32()` for left shift over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.divMod32()` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.rangeCheck32()` range check for 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.addMod32()` addition modulo 2^32 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index 26f379770d..2919ef0f73 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -8,159 +8,10 @@ import {
   SmartContract,
   Mina,
   AccountUpdate,
-  Bool,
-  PublicKey,
+  Gadgets,
+  Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { getProfiler } from './utils/profiler.js';
-
-const doProofs = true;
-
-const beforeGenesis = UInt64.from(Date.now());
-
-class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
-  @state(Field) x = State<Field>();
-
-  events = { update: Field, payout: UInt64, payoutReceiver: PublicKey };
-
-  @method init() {
-    super.init();
-    this.x.set(initialState);
-  }
-
-  @method update(y: Field): Field {
-    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
-    this.network.timestamp.requireBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
-    this.emitEvent('update', y);
-    let x = this.x.get();
-    this.x.requireEquals(x);
-    let newX = x.add(y);
-    this.x.set(newX);
-    return newX;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This method allows a certain privileged account to claim half of the zkapp balance, but only once
-   * @param caller the privileged account
-   */
-  @method payout(caller: PrivateKey) {
-    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
-
-    // check that caller is the privileged account
-    let callerAddress = caller.toPublicKey();
-    callerAddress.assertEquals(privilegedAddress);
-
-    // assert that the caller account is new - this way, payout can only happen once
-    let callerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(callerAddress);
-    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
-    // pay out half of the zkapp balance to the caller
-    let balance = this.account.balance.get();
-    this.account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
-    let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
-    this.send({ to: callerAccountUpdate, amount: halfBalance });
-
-    // emit some events
-    this.emitEvent('payoutReceiver', callerAddress);
-    this.emitEvent('payout', halfBalance);
-  }
-}
-
-const SimpleProfiler = getProfiler('Simple zkApp');
-SimpleProfiler.start('Simple zkApp test flow');
-let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
-Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-
-// a test account that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
-let { privateKey: senderKey, publicKey: sender } = Local.testAccounts[0];
-
-// the zkapp account
-let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
-let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
-
-// a special account that is allowed to pull out half of the zkapp balance, once
-let privilegedKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
-  'EKEeoESE2A41YQnSht9f7mjiKpJSeZ4jnfHXYatYi8xJdYSxWBep'
-);
-let privilegedAddress = privilegedKey.toPublicKey();
-
-let initialBalance = 10_000_000_000;
-let initialState = Field(1);
-let zkapp = new SimpleZkapp(zkappAddress);
-
-if (doProofs) {
-  console.log('compile');
-  console.time('compile');
-  await SimpleZkapp.compile();
-  console.timeEnd('compile');
-}
-
-console.log('deploy');
-let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  let senderUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
-  senderUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: initialBalance });
-  zkapp.deploy({ zkappKey });
-});
-await tx.prove();
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-
-console.log('initial state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
-console.log(`initial balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
-
-let account = Mina.getAccount(zkappAddress);
-console.log('account state is proved:', account.zkapp?.provedState.toBoolean());
-
-console.log('update');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  zkapp.update(Field(3));
-});
-await tx.prove();
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-
-// pay more into the zkapp -- this doesn't need a proof
-console.log('receive');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  let payerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender);
-  payerAccountUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: UInt64.from(8e9) });
-});
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-
-console.log('payout');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
-  zkapp.payout(privilegedKey);
-});
-await tx.prove();
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-sender;
-
-console.log('final state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
-console.log(`final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
-
-console.log('try to payout a second time..');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  zkapp.payout(privilegedKey);
-});
-try {
-  await tx.prove();
-  await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-} catch (err: any) {
-  console.log('Transaction failed with error', err.message);
-}
-
-console.log('try to payout to a different account..');
-try {
-  tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-    zkapp.payout(Local.testAccounts[2].privateKey);
-  });
-  await tx.prove();
-  await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-} catch (err: any) {
-  console.log('Transaction failed with error', err.message);
-}
-
-console.log(
-  `should still be the same final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance
-    .get()
-    .div(1e9)} MINA`
-);
-
-SimpleProfiler.stop().store();
+let value = Field(852431261480n);
+let bits = 31;
+Fp.leftShift(x, 12, 32);
+console.log(Gadgets.leftShift32(value, 12).toBigInt().toString(2).length);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 382678a8eb..8c67104aac 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,16 @@ import {
 import { rangeCheck32, rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 import { divMod32 } from './arithmetic.js';
 
-export { xor, not, rotate64, rotate32, and, rightShift, leftShift };
+export {
+  xor,
+  not,
+  rotate64,
+  rotate32,
+  and,
+  rightShift64,
+  leftShift64,
+  leftShift32,
+};
 
 function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
   // check that input length is positive
@@ -310,7 +319,7 @@ function rot64(
   return [rotated, excess, shifted];
 }
 
-function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+function rightShift64(field: Field, bits: number) {
   assert(
     bits >= 0 && bits <= MAX_BITS,
     `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
@@ -327,7 +336,7 @@ function rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
   return excess;
 }
 
-function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
+function leftShift64(field: Field, bits: number) {
   assert(
     bits >= 0 && bits <= MAX_BITS,
     `rightShift: expected bits to be between 0 and 64, got ${bits}`
@@ -343,3 +352,8 @@ function leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
   const [, , shifted] = rot64(field, bits, 'left');
   return shifted;
 }
+
+function leftShift32(field: Field, bits: number) {
+  let { remainder: shifted } = divMod32(field.mul(1n << BigInt(bits)));
+  return shifted;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 3b6183bfdd..90f863629a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -69,16 +69,22 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
         return Gadgets.rotate64(a, 12, 'left');
       },
     },
-    leftShift: {
+    leftShift64: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.leftShift(a, 12);
+        return Gadgets.leftShift64(a, 12);
       },
     },
-    rightShift: {
+    leftShift32: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
-        return Gadgets.rightShift(a, 12);
+        return Gadgets.leftShift32(a, 12);
+      },
+    },
+    rightShift64: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(a: Field) {
+        return Gadgets.rightShift64(a, 12);
       },
     },
   },
@@ -114,11 +120,11 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
   );
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.leftShift(x, 12),
-    (x) => Gadgets.leftShift(x, 12)
+    (x) => Gadgets.leftShift64(x, 12)
   );
   equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
     (x) => Fp.rightShift(x, 12),
-    (x) => Gadgets.rightShift(x, 12)
+    (x) => Gadgets.rightShift64(x, 12)
   );
 });
 
@@ -127,6 +133,10 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
     (x) => Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left', 32n),
     (x) => Gadgets.rotate32(x, 12, 'left')
   );
+  equivalent({ from: [uint(length)], to: field })(
+    (x) => Fp.leftShift(x, 12, 32),
+    (x) => Gadgets.leftShift32(x, 12)
+  );
 });
 
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(64), uint(64)], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
@@ -202,7 +212,19 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return Fp.leftShift(x, 12);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.leftShift(x);
+    let proof = await Bitwise.leftShift64(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+  (x) => {
+    console.log('input', x);
+    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    return Fp.leftShift(x, 12, 32);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Bitwise.leftShift32(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
@@ -213,7 +235,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return Fp.rightShift(x, 12);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Bitwise.rightShift(x);
+    let proof = await Bitwise.rightShift64(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
@@ -254,5 +276,5 @@ let isJustRotate = ifNotAllConstant(
 );
 
 constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rot64', isJustRotate);
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'leftShift', isJustRotate);
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rightShift', isJustRotate);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'leftShift64', isJustRotate);
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(Bitwise, 'rightShift64', isJustRotate);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 0a29968d87..36d5b956c9 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ import {
   rotate64,
   xor,
   and,
-  leftShift,
-  rightShift,
+  leftShift64,
+  rightShift64,
+  leftShift32,
 } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
@@ -314,17 +315,47 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
-   * const y = Gadgets.leftShift(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * const y = Gadgets.leftShift64(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
    * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
-  leftShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
-    return leftShift(field, bits);
+  leftShift64(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return leftShift64(field, bits);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Performs a left shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
+   * This operation is similar to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
+   * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
+   *
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 32-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (32th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   *
+   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
+   *
+   * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 32 (or else the shift will fail).
+   *
+   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 32 bits.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
+   * const y = Gadgets.leftShift32(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
+   * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
+   *
+   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
+   * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
+   * ```
+   */
+  leftShift32(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return leftShift32(field, bits);
+  },
   /**
    * Performs a right shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
    * This is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right.
@@ -347,15 +378,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
-   * const y = Gadgets.rightShift(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
+   * const y = Gadgets.rightShift64(x, 2); // right shift by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 3 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
    * rightShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
-  rightShift(field: Field, bits: number) {
-    return rightShift(field, bits);
+  rightShift64(field: Field, bits: number) {
+    return rightShift64(field, bits);
   },
   /**
    * Bitwise AND gadget on {@link Field} elements. Equivalent to the [bitwise AND `&` operator in JavaScript](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_AND).
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 830b5f34d4..824a282fc4 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift(this.value, bits);
+    return Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.rightShift(this.value, bits);
+    return Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift(this.value, bits);
+    return Gadgets.leftShift32(this.value, bits);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.rightShift(this.value, bits);
+    return Gadgets.rightShift64(this.value, bits);
   }
 
   /**

From 6da47bda4cf254247c19f656b5db87c7688194a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:07:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0858/1786] remove debug code

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index 2919ef0f73..ee4b76fd93 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -10,8 +10,132 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Gadgets,
   Provable,
+  Bool,
 } from 'o1js';
-let value = Field(852431261480n);
-let bits = 31;
-Fp.leftShift(x, 12, 32);
-console.log(Gadgets.leftShift32(value, 12).toBigInt().toString(2).length);
+
+import { getProfiler } from './utils/profiler.js';
+const doProofs = true;
+const beforeGenesis = UInt64.from(Date.now());
+class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
+  @state(Field) x = State<Field>();
+  events = { update: Field, payout: UInt64, payoutReceiver: PublicKey };
+  @method init() {
+    super.init();
+    this.x.set(initialState);
+  }
+  @method update(y: Field): Field {
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.network.timestamp.requireBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
+    this.emitEvent('update', y);
+    let x = this.x.get();
+    this.x.requireEquals(x);
+    let newX = x.add(y);
+    this.x.set(newX);
+    return newX;
+  }
+  /**
+   * This method allows a certain privileged account to claim half of the zkapp balance, but only once
+   * @param caller the privileged account
+   */
+  @method payout(caller: PrivateKey) {
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+    // check that caller is the privileged account
+    let callerAddress = caller.toPublicKey();
+    callerAddress.assertEquals(privilegedAddress);
+    // assert that the caller account is new - this way, payout can only happen once
+    let callerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(callerAddress);
+    callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+    // pay out half of the zkapp balance to the caller
+    let balance = this.account.balance.get();
+    this.account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
+    let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
+    this.send({ to: callerAccountUpdate, amount: halfBalance });
+    // emit some events
+    this.emitEvent('payoutReceiver', callerAddress);
+    this.emitEvent('payout', halfBalance);
+  }
+}
+const SimpleProfiler = getProfiler('Simple zkApp');
+SimpleProfiler.start('Simple zkApp test flow');
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+// a test account that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
+let { privateKey: senderKey, publicKey: sender } = Local.testAccounts[0];
+// the zkapp account
+let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
+let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
+// a special account that is allowed to pull out half of the zkapp balance, once
+let privilegedKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
+  'EKEeoESE2A41YQnSht9f7mjiKpJSeZ4jnfHXYatYi8xJdYSxWBep'
+);
+let privilegedAddress = privilegedKey.toPublicKey();
+let initialBalance = 10_000_000_000;
+let initialState = Field(1);
+let zkapp = new SimpleZkapp(zkappAddress);
+if (doProofs) {
+  console.log('compile');
+  console.time('compile');
+  await SimpleZkapp.compile();
+  console.timeEnd('compile');
+}
+console.log('deploy');
+let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  let senderUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
+  senderUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: initialBalance });
+  zkapp.deploy({ zkappKey });
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+console.log('initial state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
+console.log(`initial balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
+let account = Mina.getAccount(zkappAddress);
+console.log('account state is proved:', account.zkapp?.provedState.toBoolean());
+console.log('update');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  zkapp.update(Field(3));
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+// pay more into the zkapp -- this doesn't need a proof
+console.log('receive');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  let payerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender);
+  payerAccountUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: UInt64.from(8e9) });
+});
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+console.log('payout');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
+  zkapp.payout(privilegedKey);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+sender;
+console.log('final state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
+console.log(`final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
+console.log('try to payout a second time..');
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  zkapp.payout(privilegedKey);
+});
+try {
+  await tx.prove();
+  await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+} catch (err: any) {
+  console.log('Transaction failed with error', err.message);
+}
+console.log('try to payout to a different account..');
+try {
+  tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+    zkapp.payout(Local.testAccounts[2].privateKey);
+  });
+  await tx.prove();
+  await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+} catch (err: any) {
+  console.log('Transaction failed with error', err.message);
+}
+console.log(
+  `should still be the same final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance
+    .get()
+    .div(1e9)} MINA`
+);
+SimpleProfiler.stop().store();

From e449484fee62ba7fc386f5c41c72d250877d1970 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:11:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0859/1786] update top level doccomment

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 19 +++++--------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index cd2f7fbb7d..0e7024bf7d 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -32,26 +32,17 @@ type ForeignField = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>>;
  * The returned {@link ForeignField} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),
  * as well as helper methods like `assertEquals()` and `equals()`.
  *
- * _Advanced usage:_
+ * _Advanced details:_
  *
  * Internally, a foreign field element is represented as three native field elements, each of which
  * represents a limb of 88 bits. Therefore, being a valid foreign field element means that all 3 limbs
  * fit in 88 bits, and the foreign field element altogether is smaller than the modulus p.
- * With default parameters, new `ForeignField` elements introduced in provable code are automatically
- * constrained to be valid on creation.
+ * Since the full `x < p` check is expensive, by default we only prove a weaker assertion, `x < 2^ceil(log2(p))`,
+ * see {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement} for more details.
+ * If you need to prove that you have a fully reduced field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
  *
- * However, optimized code may want to forgo these automatic checks because in some
- * situations they are redundant. Skipping automatic validity checks can be done
- * by passing the `unsafe: true` flag:
- *
- * ```ts
- * class UnsafeField extends createForeignField(17n, { unsafe: true }) {}
- * ```
- *
- * You then often need to manually add validity checks:
  * ```ts
- * let x: UnsafeField;
- * x.assertValidElement(); // prove that x is a valid foreign field element
+ * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // x < p
  * ```
  *
  * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating

From 6d5d5b80c6f0ab3866ac5e8b80727639b8722468 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:12:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0860/1786] resuse constant

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 13 ++++---------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 0e7024bf7d..3e9d59c1b2 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -7,16 +7,11 @@ import { Tuple, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
-import { l3 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignField, ForeignField };
 
-// internal API
-export { limbBits };
-
-const limbBits = 88n;
-
 type ForeignField = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>>;
 
 /**
@@ -316,7 +311,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
     toBits(length = sizeInBits) {
       checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
       let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
-      let limbSize = Number(limbBits);
+      let limbSize = Number(l);
       let xBits = l0.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
       length -= limbSize;
       if (length <= 0) return xBits;
@@ -335,7 +330,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
     static fromBits(bits: Bool[]) {
       let length = bits.length;
       checkBitLength('ForeignField.fromBits()', length, sizeInBits);
-      let limbSize = Number(limbBits);
+      let limbSize = Number(l);
       let l0 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(0 * limbSize, 1 * limbSize));
       let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
       let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
@@ -401,5 +396,5 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
 // see RFC: https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/1fdb1fd1d112f9d4ee095dbb31f008deeb8150b0/book/src/rfcs/foreign_field_mul.md
 // since p = 2^254 + eps for both Pasta fields with eps small, a fairly tight lower bound is
 // f_max >= sqrt(2^254 * 2^264) = 2^259
-const foreignFieldMaxBits = (BigInt(Fp.sizeInBits - 1) + 3n * limbBits) / 2n;
+const foreignFieldMaxBits = (BigInt(Fp.sizeInBits - 1) + 3n * l) / 2n;
 const foreignFieldMax = 1n << foreignFieldMaxBits;

From d984e01587c6b6b652d41c72002150650b28bcf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:20:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0861/1786] more precise weak bound

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 6332394423..65961c2aa6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -341,6 +341,12 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
 }
 
 function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
+  // if f0, f1 === 0, we can use a stronger bound x[2] < f2
+  // because this is true for all field elements x in [0,f)
+  if ((f & l2Mask) === 0n) {
+    return x.add(lMask + 1n - (f >> l2));
+  }
+  // otherwise, we use x[2] < f2 + 1, so we allow x[2] === f2
   return x.add(lMask - (f >> l2));
 }
 

From fbfe81531727c6ea291650586aa7367b9cea0026 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:44:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0862/1786] adapt unit test

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 203 +++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 156 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index f77d281cdf..9534e87cee 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
 import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
-import { Group } from './core.js';
-import { Field, FieldVar } from './field.js';
-import { ForeignField, createForeignField, limbBits } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Field, Group } from './core.js';
+import { ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { createEquivalenceTesters, throwError } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  ProvableSpec,
+  bool,
+  equivalentProvable as equivalent,
+  throwError,
+  unit,
+} from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Circuit, circuitMain } from './circuit.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
+import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 // toy example - F_17
 
@@ -29,14 +36,14 @@ expect(() => createForeignField(1n << 260n)).toThrow(
 class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(Fq.modulus) {}
 
 // types
-ForeignScalar satisfies ProvablePure<ForeignScalar>;
+ForeignScalar.provable satisfies ProvablePure<ForeignScalar>;
 
 // basic constructor / IO
 {
-  let s0 = 1n + ((1n + (1n << limbBits)) << limbBits);
+  let s0 = 1n + ((1n + (1n << l)) << l);
   let scalar = new ForeignScalar(s0);
 
-  expect(scalar.value).toEqual([0, FieldVar[1], FieldVar[1], FieldVar[1]]);
+  expect(scalar.value).toEqual([Field(1), Field(1), Field(1)]);
   expect(scalar.toBigInt()).toEqual(s0);
 }
 
@@ -48,123 +55,44 @@ test(Random.scalar, (x0, assert) => {
 
 // test equivalence of in-SNARK and out-of-SNARK operations
 
-let { equivalent1, equivalent2, equivalentBool2, equivalentVoid2 } =
-  createEquivalenceTesters(ForeignScalar, (x) => new ForeignScalar(x));
+let f: ProvableSpec<bigint, ForeignScalar> = {
+  rng: Random.scalar,
+  there: ForeignScalar.from,
+  back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
+  provable: ForeignScalar.provable,
+};
 
 // arithmetic
-equivalent2((x, y) => x.add(y), Fq.add, Random.scalar);
-equivalent1((x) => x.neg(), Fq.negate, Random.scalar);
-equivalent2((x, y) => x.sub(y), Fq.sub, Random.scalar);
-equivalent2((x, y) => x.mul(y), Fq.mul, Random.scalar);
-equivalent1(
-  (x) => x.inv(),
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(Fq.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(Fq.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(Fq.negate, (x) => x.neg());
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(Fq.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
   (x) => Fq.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
-  Random.scalar
+  (x) => x.inv()
 );
+// equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(
+//   (x, y) => Fq.div(x, y) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
+//   (x, y) => x.div(y)
+// );
 
 // equality
-equivalentBool2(
-  (x, y) => x.equals(y),
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: bool })(
   (x, y) => x === y,
-  Random.scalar
+  (x, y) => x.equals(y)
 );
-equivalentVoid2(
-  (x, y) => x.assertEquals(y),
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: unit })(
   (x, y) => x === y || throwError('not equal'),
-  Random.scalar
+  (x, y) => x.assertEquals(y)
 );
 
 // toBits / fromBits
-equivalent1(
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
+  (x) => x,
   (x) => {
     let bits = x.toBits();
     expect(bits.length).toEqual(255);
     return ForeignScalar.fromBits(bits);
-  },
-  (x) => x,
-  Random.scalar
-);
-
-// test random sum chains up to length 20
-
-test(
-  Random.array(
-    Random.record({
-      scalar: Random.scalar,
-      operation: Random.oneOf<[1, -1]>(1, -1),
-    }),
-    Random.nat(20)
-  ),
-  (sumSpec) => {
-    if (sumSpec.length === 0) return;
-
-    let scalars = sumSpec.map((s) => s.scalar);
-    let operations = sumSpec.slice(1).map((s) => s.operation);
-    let functions = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? Fq.add : Fq.sub));
-
-    // compute sum on bigints
-    let sum = scalars.reduce(
-      (sum, s, i) => (i === 0 ? s : functions[i - 1](sum, s)),
-      0n
-    );
-
-    // check that the expected sum is computed in provable code
-
-    function main() {
-      let scalarVars = scalars.map((s) =>
-        Provable.witness(ForeignScalar, () => new ForeignScalar(s))
-      );
-      let z = ForeignScalar.sum(scalarVars, operations);
-      Provable.asProver(() => expect(z.toBigInt()).toEqual(sum));
-    }
-
-    Provable.runAndCheck(main);
-
-    // check that the expected gates are created
-
-    let expectedGateTypes: GateType[] = [];
-
-    let boundsCheck: GateType[] = [
-      'ForeignFieldAdd',
-      'Zero',
-      'RangeCheck0',
-      'RangeCheck0',
-      'RangeCheck1',
-      'Zero',
-    ];
-
-    // for every witnessed scalar, add gates for the bounds check
-    scalars.forEach(() => expectedGateTypes.push(...boundsCheck));
-
-    // now, add as many ForeignFieldAdd gates as there are additions
-    operations.forEach(() => expectedGateTypes.push('ForeignFieldAdd'));
-
-    // add a final bound check for the result
-    expectedGateTypes.push(...boundsCheck);
-
-    // compute the actual gates
-    let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
-
-    // split out all generic gates
-    let generics = gates.filter((g) => g.type === 'Generic');
-    gates = gates.filter((g) => g.type !== 'Generic');
-    let gateTypes = gates.map((g) => g.type);
-
-    // check that gates without generics are as expected
-    // TODO: reenable after adapting to new gadget layout!
-    // expect(gateTypes).toEqual(expectedGateTypes);
-
-    // check that generic gates correspond to adding one of the constants 0, 1 and 2^88 (the limb size)
-    let allowedConstants = new Set([0n, 1n, 1n << 88n]);
-    let ok = generics.every(({ coeffs: [left, right, out, mul, constant] }) => {
-      let isConstantGate =
-        ((left === '0' && right === '1') || (left === '1' && right === '0')) &&
-        out === '0' &&
-        mul === '0';
-      let constantValue = Field.ORDER - BigInt(constant);
-      return isConstantGate && allowedConstants.has(constantValue);
-    });
-    expect(ok).toBe(true);
   }
 );
 
@@ -189,7 +117,7 @@ let pointBigint = G.scale(G.generatorMina, scalarBigint);
 // then convert to scalar from bits (which shifts it back) and scale a point by the scalar
 function main0() {
   let ffScalar = Provable.witness(
-    ForeignScalar,
+    ForeignScalar.provable,
     () => new ForeignScalar(scalarBigint)
   );
   let bitsUnshifted = unshift(ffScalar).toBits();
@@ -204,7 +132,7 @@ function main0() {
 // = same end result as main0
 function main1() {
   let ffScalar = Provable.witness(
-    ForeignScalar,
+    ForeignScalar.provable,
     () => new ForeignScalar(scalarBigint)
   );
   let bits = ffScalar.toBits();
@@ -226,61 +154,24 @@ let { rows: rows0 } = Provable.constraintSystem(main0);
 let { rows: rows1 } = Provable.constraintSystem(main1);
 expect(rows0 + 100).toBeLessThan(rows1);
 
-// tests with proving
-
-function simpleMain() {
-  let s = Provable.witness(
-    ForeignScalar,
-    () => new ForeignScalar(scalarBigint)
-  );
-  s.mul(oneHalf);
-}
+// test with proving
 
 class Main extends Circuit {
   @circuitMain
   static main() {
-    simpleMain();
+    main0();
   }
 }
 
-console.log('compiling');
 let kp = await Main.generateKeypair();
 
 let cs = kp.constraintSystem();
-// console.log(JSON.stringify(cs.filter((g) => g.type !== 'Zero')));
-console.log('# rows', cs.length);
-
-console.log('proving');
-let proof0 = await Main.prove([], [], kp);
-
-console.log('verifying');
-let ok = await Main.verify([], kp.verificationKey(), proof0);
-console.log('verifies?', ok);
-
-let Program = ZkProgram({
-  methods: {
-    test: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method() {
-        simpleMain();
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
-
-console.log('compiling');
-await Program.compile();
-
-console.log('proving');
-let proof = await Program.test();
+assert(
+  cs.length === 1 << 13,
+  `should have ${cs.length} = 2^13 rows, the smallest supported number`
+);
 
-console.log('verifying');
-ok = await Program.verify(proof);
-console.log('verifies?', ok);
+let proof = await Main.prove([], [], kp);
 
-type GateType =
-  | 'Zero'
-  | 'Generic'
-  | 'RangeCheck0'
-  | 'RangeCheck1'
-  | 'ForeignFieldAdd';
+let ok = await Main.verify([], kp.verificationKey(), proof);
+assert(ok, 'proof should verify');

From 2f18e5fdee6fd73b55c824e5cd9aaa366304a6ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:47:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0863/1786] fix tests

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts                   | 3 +--
 tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index ee4b76fd93..5ea4f94570 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -8,9 +8,8 @@ import {
   SmartContract,
   Mina,
   AccountUpdate,
-  Gadgets,
-  Provable,
   Bool,
+  PublicKey,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 import { getProfiler } from './utils/profiler.js';
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index 6a38b928fb..fc7d8e1797 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
   },
   leftShift() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
-    Gadgets.leftShift(a, 2);
-    Gadgets.leftShift(a, 4);
+    Gadgets.leftShift64(a, 2);
+    Gadgets.leftShift64(a, 4);
   },
   rightShift() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(12));
-    Gadgets.rightShift(a, 2);
-    Gadgets.rightShift(a, 4);
+    Gadgets.rightShift64(a, 2);
+    Gadgets.rightShift64(a, 4);
   },
   and() {
     let a = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(5n));

From acd3f0510ced8a0db2f068a6fe5adba152649402 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 12:55:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0864/1786] add division and necessary bounds checks

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts           | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts |  9 ++++-----
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts   |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts         |  8 ++++++--
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 3e9d59c1b2..beb3a58e20 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -208,6 +208,8 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
       let fields = xs.map(toLimbs);
       let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
       let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
+      // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
+      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
       return new ForeignField(z);
     }
 
@@ -220,6 +222,8 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
      */
     mul(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
       let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, toLimbs(y), p);
+      // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
+      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
       return new ForeignField(z);
     }
 
@@ -236,6 +240,19 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
       return new ForeignField(z);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Division in the finite field, i.e. `x*y^(-1) mod p` where `y^(-1)` is the finite field inverse.
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let z = x.div(y); // x/y mod p
+     * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
+     * ```
+     */
+    div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, toLimbs(y), p);
+      return new ForeignField(z);
+    }
+
     // convenience methods
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 9534e87cee..3fcedf8969 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import {
 } from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Circuit, circuitMain } from './circuit.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
 import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
@@ -71,10 +70,10 @@ equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
   (x) => Fq.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
   (x) => x.inv()
 );
-// equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(
-//   (x, y) => Fq.div(x, y) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
-//   (x, y) => x.div(y)
-// );
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(
+  (x, y) => Fq.div(x, y) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
+  (x, y) => x.div(y)
+);
 
 // equality
 equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: bool })(
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 65961c2aa6..1290d1f264 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -354,11 +354,11 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
  * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
  * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
  */
-function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint, skipMrc = false) {
   let bounds: Field[] = [];
 
   for (let x of xs) {
-    multiRangeCheck(x);
+    if (!skipMrc) multiRangeCheck(x);
 
     bounds.push(weakBound(x[2], f));
     if (TupleN.hasLength(3, bounds)) {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index c7d7db0567..7f16f4ae9f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -512,8 +512,12 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
      * ```
      */
-    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
-      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    assertAlmostFieldElements(
+      xs: Field3[],
+      f: bigint,
+      { skipMrc = false } = {}
+    ) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f, skipMrc);
     },
 
     /**

From 1b3ce9b6f709390218dc38ba96d5fa74fb107140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 13:24:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0865/1786] handle constant case

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 30 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 273b86b4a7..c090c483ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { Field as FieldProvable } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 
 export {
   rangeCheck64,
@@ -259,7 +260,23 @@ function rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
 /**
  * Asserts that x is in the range [0, 2^n)
  */
-function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message?: string) {
+function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message: string = '') {
+  assert(
+    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
+    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
+  );
+  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
+  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
+
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    if (x.toBigInt() >= 1n << BigInt(n)) {
+      throw Error(
+        `rangeCheckN: expected field to fit in ${n} bits, got ${x}.\n${message}`
+      );
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
   let actual = rangeCheckHelper(n, x);
   actual.assertEquals(x, message);
 }
@@ -268,6 +285,17 @@ function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message?: string) {
  * Checks that x is in the range [0, 2^n) and returns a Boolean indicating whether the check passed.
  */
 function isInRangeN(n: number, x: Field) {
+  assert(
+    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
+    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
+  );
+  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
+  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
+
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    return new Bool(x.toBigInt() < 1n << BigInt(n));
+  }
+
   let actual = rangeCheckHelper(n, x);
   return actual.equals(x);
 }

From 803665e9bb1af3ba1cab1ab54c514b40118c960a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 14:38:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0866/1786] move foreign field class outside function so that
 the type is not lost

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 729 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 383 insertions(+), 346 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index beb3a58e20..a50a504aac 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -10,357 +10,412 @@ import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
-export { createForeignField, ForeignField };
+export { createForeignField };
+export type { ForeignField };
 
-type ForeignField = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignField>>;
+class ForeignField {
+  static _modulus: bigint | undefined = undefined;
 
-/**
- * Create a class representing a prime order finite field, which is different from the native {@link Field}.
- *
- * ```ts
- * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
- * ```
- *
- * `createForeignField(p)` takes the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
- * We support prime moduli up to a size of 259 bits.
- *
- * The returned {@link ForeignField} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),
- * as well as helper methods like `assertEquals()` and `equals()`.
- *
- * _Advanced details:_
- *
- * Internally, a foreign field element is represented as three native field elements, each of which
- * represents a limb of 88 bits. Therefore, being a valid foreign field element means that all 3 limbs
- * fit in 88 bits, and the foreign field element altogether is smaller than the modulus p.
- * Since the full `x < p` check is expensive, by default we only prove a weaker assertion, `x < 2^ceil(log2(p))`,
- * see {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement} for more details.
- * If you need to prove that you have a fully reduced field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
- *
- * ```ts
- * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // x < p
- * ```
- *
- * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
- */
-function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
-  const p = modulus;
+  // static parameters
+  static get modulus() {
+    assert(this._modulus !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._modulus;
+  }
+  get modulus() {
+    return (this.constructor as typeof ForeignField).modulus;
+  }
+  static get sizeInBits() {
+    return this.modulus.toString(2).length;
+  }
 
-  if (p <= 0) {
-    throw Error(`ForeignField: expected modulus to be positive, got ${p}`);
+  /**
+   * The internal representation of a foreign field element, as a tuple of 3 limbs.
+   */
+  value: Field3;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link ForeignField} from a bigint, number, string or another ForeignField.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = new ForeignField(5);
+   * ```
+   */
+  constructor(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    if (x instanceof ForeignField) {
+      this.value = x.value;
+      return;
+    }
+    // Field3
+    if (Array.isArray(x)) {
+      this.value = x;
+      return;
+    }
+    // constant
+    this.value = Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
   }
-  if (p > foreignFieldMax) {
-    throw Error(
-      `ForeignField: modulus exceeds the max supported size of 2^${foreignFieldMaxBits}`
-    );
+
+  private static toLimbs(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField): Field3 {
+    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
+    return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), this.modulus));
+  }
+  private get class() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof ForeignField;
   }
 
-  let sizeInBits = p.toString(2).length;
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
+   */
+  static from(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
+    return new this(x);
+  }
 
-  class ForeignField {
-    static modulus = p;
-    value: Field3;
+  /**
+   * Checks whether this field element is a constant.
+   *
+   * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+   */
+  isConstant() {
+    return Field3.isConstant(this.value);
+  }
 
-    static #zero = new ForeignField(0);
+  /**
+   * Convert this field element to a constant.
+   *
+   * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This function is only useful in {@link Provable.witness} or {@link Provable.asProver} blocks,
+   * that is, in situations where the prover computes a value outside provable code.
+   */
+  toConstant(): ForeignField {
+    let constantLimbs = Tuple.map(this.value, (l) => l.toConstant());
+    return new this.class(constantLimbs);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Create a new {@link ForeignField} from a bigint, number, string or another ForeignField.
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let x = new ForeignField(5);
-     * ```
-     */
-    constructor(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
-      if (x instanceof ForeignField) {
-        this.value = x.value;
-        return;
-      }
-      // Field3
-      if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-        this.value = x;
-        return;
-      }
-      // constant
-      this.value = Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
-    }
+  /**
+   * Convert this field element to a bigint.
+   */
+  toBigInt() {
+    return Field3.toBigint(this.value);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
-     */
-    static from(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
-      if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
-      return new ForeignField(x);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
+   * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This check is added to all `ForeignField` elements by default.
+   * You don't have to use it.
+   *
+   * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
+   * To assert that stronger property, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+   *
+   * We use the weaker property by default because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
+   * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
+   */
+  static assertAlmostFieldElement(x: ForeignField) {
+    // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
+    // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
+    // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x.value], this.modulus);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Checks whether this field element is a constant.
-     *
-     * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
-     */
-    isConstant() {
-      return Field3.isConstant(this.value);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
+   * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
+   */
+  assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    this.assertLessThan(p);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Convert this field element to a constant.
-     *
-     * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
-     *
-     * **Warning**: This function is only useful in {@link Provable.witness} or {@link Provable.asProver} blocks,
-     * that is, in situations where the prover computes a value outside provable code.
-     */
-    toConstant(): ForeignField {
-      let constantLimbs = Tuple.map(this.value, (l) => l.toConstant());
-      return new ForeignField(constantLimbs);
-    }
+  // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
+
+  /**
+   * Finite field addition
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.add(2); // x + 2 mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  add(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    return this.class.sum([this, y], [1]);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Convert this field element to a bigint.
-     */
-    toBigInt() {
-      return Field3.toBigint(this.value);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Finite field negation
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.neg(); // -x mod p = p - x
+   * ```
+   */
+  neg() {
+    return this.class.sum([this.class.from(0n), this], [-1]);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
-     * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
-     *
-     * **Warning**: This check is added to all `ForeignField` elements by default.
-     * You don't have to use it.
-     *
-     * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
-     * To assert that stronger property, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
-     *
-     * We use the weaker property by default because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
-     * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
-     */
-    assertAlmostFieldElement() {
-      // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
-      // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
-      // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
-      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], p);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Finite field subtraction
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.sub(1); // x - 1 mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  sub(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    return this.class.sum([this, y], [-1]);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
-     * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
-     */
-    assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
-      this.assertLessThan(p);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Sum (or difference) of multiple finite field elements.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = ForeignField.sum([3, 2, 1], [-1, 1]); // 3 - 2 + 1
+   * z.assertEquals(2);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * This method expects a list of ForeignField-like values, `x0,...,xn`,
+   * and a list of "operations" `op1,...,opn` where every op is 1 or -1 (plus or minus),
+   * and returns
+   *
+   * `x0 + op1*x1 + ... + opn*xn`
+   *
+   * where the sum is computed in finite field arithmetic.
+   *
+   * **Important:** For more than two summands, this is significantly more efficient
+   * than chaining calls to {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub}.
+   *
+   */
+  static sum(xs: (ForeignField | bigint | number)[], operations: (1 | -1)[]) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let fields = xs.map((x) => this.toLimbs(x));
+    let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
+    // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
+    return new this(z);
+  }
 
-    // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
-
-    /**
-     * Finite field addition
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.add(2); // x + 2 mod p
-     * ```
-     */
-    add(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-      return ForeignField.sum([this, y], [1]);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Finite field multiplication
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  mul(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, this.class.toLimbs(y), p);
+    // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
+    return new this.class(z);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Finite field negation
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.neg(); // -x mod p = p - x
-     * ```
-     */
-    neg() {
-      return ForeignField.sum([ForeignField.#zero, this], [-1]);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Multiplicative inverse in the finite field
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = x.inv(); // 1/x mod p
+   * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
+   * ```
+   */
+  inv(): ForeignField {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
+    return new this.class(z);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Finite field subtraction
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.sub(1); // x - 1 mod p
-     * ```
-     */
-    sub(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-      return ForeignField.sum([this, y], [-1]);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Division in the finite field, i.e. `x*y^(-1) mod p` where `y^(-1)` is the finite field inverse.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = x.div(y); // x/y mod p
+   * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
+   * ```
+   */
+  div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, this.class.toLimbs(y), p);
+    return new this.class(z);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Sum (or difference) of multiple finite field elements.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let z = ForeignField.sum([3, 2, 1], [-1, 1]); // 3 - 2 + 1
-     * z.assertEquals(2);
-     * ```
-     *
-     * This method expects a list of ForeignField-like values, `x0,...,xn`,
-     * and a list of "operations" `op1,...,opn` where every op is 1 or -1 (plus or minus),
-     * and returns
-     *
-     * `x0 + op1*x1 + ... + opn*xn`
-     *
-     * where the sum is computed in finite field arithmetic.
-     *
-     * **Important:** For more than two summands, this is significantly more efficient
-     * than chaining calls to {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub}.
-     *
-     */
-    static sum(xs: (ForeignField | bigint | number)[], operations: (1 | -1)[]) {
-      let fields = xs.map(toLimbs);
-      let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
-      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
-      // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
-      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
-      return new ForeignField(z);
+  // convenience methods
+
+  /**
+   * Assert equality with a ForeignField-like value
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.assertEquals(0, "x is zero");
+   * ```
+   */
+  assertEquals(y: ForeignField | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    try {
+      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
+        let x = this.toBigInt();
+        let y0 = mod(toBigInt(y), p);
+        if (x !== y0) {
+          throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      return Provable.assertEqual(
+        this.class.provable,
+        this,
+        this.class.from(y)
+      );
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Finite field multiplication
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
-     * ```
-     */
-    mul(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, toLimbs(y), p);
-      // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
-      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
-      return new ForeignField(z);
+  /**
+   * Assert that this field element is less than a constant c: `x < c`.
+   *
+   * The constant must satisfy `0 <= c < 2^264`, otherwise an error is thrown.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.assertLessThan(10);
+   * ```
+   */
+  assertLessThan(c: bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    assert(
+      c >= 0 && c < 1n << l3,
+      `ForeignField.assertLessThan(): expected c <= c < 2^264, got ${c}`
+    );
+    try {
+      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, toBigInt(c));
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Multiplicative inverse in the finite field
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let z = x.inv(); // 1/x mod p
-     * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
-     * ```
-     */
-    inv(): ForeignField {
-      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
-      return new ForeignField(z);
+  /**
+   * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
+   * ```
+   */
+  equals(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
+      return new Bool(this.toBigInt() === mod(toBigInt(y), p));
     }
+    return Provable.equal(this.class.provable, this, this.class.from(y));
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Division in the finite field, i.e. `x*y^(-1) mod p` where `y^(-1)` is the finite field inverse.
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let z = x.div(y); // x/y mod p
-     * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
-     * ```
-     */
-    div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-      let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, toLimbs(y), p);
-      return new ForeignField(z);
-    }
+  // bit packing
+
+  /**
+   * Unpack a field element to its bits, as a {@link Bool}[] array.
+   *
+   * This method is provable!
+   */
+  toBits(length?: number) {
+    const sizeInBits = this.class.sizeInBits;
+    if (length === undefined) length = sizeInBits;
+    checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
+    let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
+    let limbSize = Number(l);
+    let xBits = l0.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
+    length -= limbSize;
+    if (length <= 0) return xBits;
+    let yBits = l1.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
+    length -= limbSize;
+    if (length <= 0) return [...xBits, ...yBits];
+    let zBits = l2.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
+    return [...xBits, ...yBits, ...zBits];
+  }
 
-    // convenience methods
-
-    /**
-     * Assert equality with a ForeignField-like value
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.assertEquals(0, "x is zero");
-     * ```
-     */
-    assertEquals(y: ForeignField | bigint | number, message?: string) {
-      try {
-        if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-          let x = this.toBigInt();
-          let y0 = toFp(y);
-          if (x !== y0) {
-            throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
-          }
-          return;
-        }
-        return Provable.assertEqual(
-          ForeignField.provable,
-          this,
-          ForeignField.from(y)
-        );
-      } catch (err) {
-        throw withMessage(err, message);
-      }
-    }
+  /**
+   * Create a field element from its bits, as a `Bool[]` array.
+   *
+   * This method is provable!
+   */
+  static fromBits(bits: Bool[]) {
+    let length = bits.length;
+    checkBitLength('ForeignField.fromBits()', length, this.sizeInBits);
+    let limbSize = Number(l);
+    let l0 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(0 * limbSize, 1 * limbSize));
+    let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
+    let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
+    // note: due to the check on the number of bits, we know we return an "almost valid" field element
+    return this.from([l0, l1, l2]);
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Assert that this field element is less than a constant c: `x < c`.
-     *
-     * The constant must satisfy `0 <= c < 2^264`, otherwise an error is thrown.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.assertLessThan(10);
-     * ```
-     */
-    assertLessThan(c: bigint | number, message?: string) {
-      assert(
-        c >= 0 && c < 1n << l3,
-        `ForeignField.assertLessThan(): expected c <= c < 2^264, got ${c}`
-      );
-      try {
-        Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, toBigInt(c));
-      } catch (err) {
-        throw withMessage(err, message);
-      }
-    }
+  // Provable<ForeignField>
 
-    /**
-     * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
-     * ```
-     */
-    equals(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-        return new Bool(this.toBigInt() === toFp(y));
-      }
-      return Provable.equal(ForeignField.provable, this, ForeignField.from(y));
-    }
+  static _provable: ProvablePure<ForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
 
-    // bit packing
-
-    /**
-     * Unpack a field element to its bits, as a {@link Bool}[] array.
-     *
-     * This method is provable!
-     */
-    toBits(length = sizeInBits) {
-      checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
-      let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
-      let limbSize = Number(l);
-      let xBits = l0.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
-      length -= limbSize;
-      if (length <= 0) return xBits;
-      let yBits = l1.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
-      length -= limbSize;
-      if (length <= 0) return [...xBits, ...yBits];
-      let zBits = l2.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
-      return [...xBits, ...yBits, ...zBits];
-    }
+  /**
+   * `Provable<ForeignField>`, see {@link Provable}
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
 
-    /**
-     * Create a field element from its bits, as a `Bool[]` array.
-     *
-     * This method is provable!
-     */
-    static fromBits(bits: Bool[]) {
-      let length = bits.length;
-      checkBitLength('ForeignField.fromBits()', length, sizeInBits);
-      let limbSize = Number(l);
-      let l0 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(0 * limbSize, 1 * limbSize));
-      let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
-      let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
-      // note: due to the check on the number of bits, we know we return an "almost valid" field element
-      return ForeignField.from([l0, l1, l2]);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
+   */
+  toFields(): Field[] {
+    return this.value;
+  }
+}
 
-    // Provable<ForeignField>
+function toBigInt(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
+  if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.toBigInt();
+  return BigInt(x);
+}
+
+function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
+  if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.isConstant();
+  return true;
+}
 
-    /**
-     * `Provable<ForeignField>`, see {@link Provable}
-     */
-    static provable: ProvablePure<ForeignField> = {
+/**
+ * Create a class representing a prime order finite field, which is different from the native {@link Field}.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
+ * ```
+ *
+ * `createForeignField(p)` takes the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
+ * We support prime moduli up to a size of 259 bits.
+ *
+ * The returned {@link ForeignField} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),
+ * as well as helper methods like `assertEquals()` and `equals()`.
+ *
+ * _Advanced details:_
+ *
+ * Internally, a foreign field element is represented as three native field elements, each of which
+ * represents a limb of 88 bits. Therefore, being a valid foreign field element means that all 3 limbs
+ * fit in 88 bits, and the foreign field element altogether is smaller than the modulus p.
+ * Since the full `x < p` check is expensive, by default we only prove a weaker assertion, `x < 2^ceil(log2(p))`,
+ * see {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement} for more details.
+ * If you need to prove that you have a fully reduced field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // x < p
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
+ */
+function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
+  assert(
+    modulus > 0n,
+    `ForeignField: modulus must be positive, got ${modulus}`
+  );
+  assert(
+    modulus < foreignFieldMax,
+    `ForeignField: modulus exceeds the max supported size of 2^${foreignFieldMaxBits}`
+  );
+
+  return class ForeignField_ extends ForeignField {
+    static _modulus = modulus;
+
+    static _provable = {
       toFields(x) {
         return x.value;
       },
@@ -372,41 +427,23 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint) {
       },
       fromFields(fields) {
         let limbs = TupleN.fromArray(3, fields);
-        return new ForeignField(limbs);
+        return new ForeignField_(limbs);
       },
       /**
        * This performs the check in {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement}.
        */
       check(x: ForeignField) {
-        x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
+        ForeignField_.assertAlmostFieldElement(x);
       },
     };
 
-    /**
-     * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
-     */
-    toFields(): Field[] {
-      return this.value;
-    }
-  }
-
-  function toBigInt(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.toBigInt();
-    return BigInt(x);
-  }
-  function toFp(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
-    return mod(toBigInt(x), p);
-  }
-  function toLimbs(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField): Field3 {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
-    return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
-  }
-  function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.isConstant();
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return ForeignField;
+    // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(ForeignField_);
+    static assertAlmostFieldElement =
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement.bind(ForeignField_);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(ForeignField_);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(ForeignField_);
+  };
 }
 
 // the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus

From 3bf1df14aa35a418cd22affa87bf8837cac929bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 14:38:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0867/1786] add example

---
 src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3a910e347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import { createForeignField } from 'o1js';
+
+// toy example - F_17
+
+class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
+
+let x = SmallField.from(16);
+x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
+x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)

From ff91e1ddc419d0ac79a4a219798e7e14cb4f4879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 15:23:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0868/1786] fix tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 90f863629a..e3444552a0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
     },
   },
 });
-
 await Bitwise.compile();
 
 [2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128].forEach((length) => {
@@ -195,9 +194,8 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(32)], to: uint(32) }, { runs: 30 })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 32n) throw Error('Does not fit into 32 bits');
     return Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left', 32n);
   },
   async (x) => {
@@ -219,7 +217,6 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
 
 await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   (x) => {
-    console.log('input', x);
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.leftShift(x, 12, 32);
   },

From a0f1e5ea4788272197c35569c873923ba9b41562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 15:24:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0869/1786] undo spacing in example

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index 5ea4f94570..26f379770d 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -11,17 +11,22 @@ import {
   Bool,
   PublicKey,
 } from 'o1js';
-
 import { getProfiler } from './utils/profiler.js';
+
 const doProofs = true;
+
 const beforeGenesis = UInt64.from(Date.now());
+
 class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
   @state(Field) x = State<Field>();
+
   events = { update: Field, payout: UInt64, payoutReceiver: PublicKey };
+
   @method init() {
     super.init();
     this.x.set(initialState);
   }
+
   @method update(y: Field): Field {
     this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     this.network.timestamp.requireBetween(beforeGenesis, UInt64.MAXINT());
@@ -32,15 +37,18 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
     this.x.set(newX);
     return newX;
   }
+
   /**
    * This method allows a certain privileged account to claim half of the zkapp balance, but only once
    * @param caller the privileged account
    */
   @method payout(caller: PrivateKey) {
     this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+
     // check that caller is the privileged account
     let callerAddress = caller.toPublicKey();
     callerAddress.assertEquals(privilegedAddress);
+
     // assert that the caller account is new - this way, payout can only happen once
     let callerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(callerAddress);
     callerAccountUpdate.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
@@ -49,34 +57,42 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
     this.account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
     let halfBalance = balance.div(2);
     this.send({ to: callerAccountUpdate, amount: halfBalance });
+
     // emit some events
     this.emitEvent('payoutReceiver', callerAddress);
     this.emitEvent('payout', halfBalance);
   }
 }
+
 const SimpleProfiler = getProfiler('Simple zkApp');
 SimpleProfiler.start('Simple zkApp test flow');
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
 // a test account that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
 let { privateKey: senderKey, publicKey: sender } = Local.testAccounts[0];
+
 // the zkapp account
 let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
 let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
+
 // a special account that is allowed to pull out half of the zkapp balance, once
 let privilegedKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
   'EKEeoESE2A41YQnSht9f7mjiKpJSeZ4jnfHXYatYi8xJdYSxWBep'
 );
 let privilegedAddress = privilegedKey.toPublicKey();
+
 let initialBalance = 10_000_000_000;
 let initialState = Field(1);
 let zkapp = new SimpleZkapp(zkappAddress);
+
 if (doProofs) {
   console.log('compile');
   console.time('compile');
   await SimpleZkapp.compile();
   console.timeEnd('compile');
 }
+
 console.log('deploy');
 let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   let senderUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
@@ -85,16 +101,20 @@ let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
 console.log('initial state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
 console.log(`initial balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
+
 let account = Mina.getAccount(zkappAddress);
 console.log('account state is proved:', account.zkapp?.provedState.toBoolean());
+
 console.log('update');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   zkapp.update(Field(3));
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
 // pay more into the zkapp -- this doesn't need a proof
 console.log('receive');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
@@ -102,6 +122,7 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   payerAccountUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: UInt64.from(8e9) });
 });
 await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
 console.log('payout');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
@@ -110,8 +131,10 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 sender;
+
 console.log('final state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
 console.log(`final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);
+
 console.log('try to payout a second time..');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   zkapp.payout(privilegedKey);
@@ -122,6 +145,7 @@ try {
 } catch (err: any) {
   console.log('Transaction failed with error', err.message);
 }
+
 console.log('try to payout to a different account..');
 try {
   tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
@@ -132,9 +156,11 @@ try {
 } catch (err: any) {
   console.log('Transaction failed with error', err.message);
 }
+
 console.log(
   `should still be the same final balance: ${zkapp.account.balance
     .get()
     .div(1e9)} MINA`
 );
+
 SimpleProfiler.stop().store();

From de717971e6521fc4a20080a215c0333a0a40f3fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 15:45:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0870/1786] fix compile issue

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index c090c483ef..4009800492 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -262,11 +262,11 @@ function rangeCheckHelper(length: number, x: Field) {
  */
 function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message: string = '') {
   assert(
-    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
-    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
+    n <= Fp.sizeInBits,
+    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${n}`
   );
-  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
-  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
+  assert(n > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${n}`);
+  assert(n % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
 
   if (x.isConstant()) {
     if (x.toBigInt() >= 1n << BigInt(n)) {
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@ function rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message: string = '') {
  */
 function isInRangeN(n: number, x: Field) {
   assert(
-    length <= Fp.sizeInBits,
-    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
+    n <= Fp.sizeInBits,
+    `bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${n}`
   );
-  assert(length > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
-  assert(length % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
+  assert(n > 0, `bit length must be positive, got ${n}`);
+  assert(n % 16 === 0, '`length` has to be a multiple of 16.');
 
   if (x.isConstant()) {
     return new Bool(x.toBigInt() < 1n << BigInt(n));

From c8781aae56ff5705fae8d3bd34c53ad49c3393f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 16:11:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0871/1786] introduce different classes representing different
 range checks

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts           | 247 ++++++++++++++++++++---------
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts |  29 +++-
 2 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index a50a504aac..b4d7245740 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,12 @@ import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignField };
-export type { ForeignField };
+export type {
+  ForeignField,
+  UnreducedForeignField,
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  CanonicalForeignField,
+};
 
 class ForeignField {
   static _modulus: bigint | undefined = undefined;
@@ -33,6 +38,34 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   value: Field3;
 
+  private get Class() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof ForeignField;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sibling classes that represent different ranges of field elements.
+   */
+  static _variants:
+    | {
+        unreduced: typeof UnreducedForeignField;
+        almostReduced: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+        canonical: typeof CanonicalForeignField;
+      }
+    | undefined = undefined;
+
+  static get Unreduced() {
+    assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._variants.unreduced;
+  }
+  static get AlmostReduced() {
+    assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._variants.almostReduced;
+  }
+  static get Canonical() {
+    assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._variants.canonical;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create a new {@link ForeignField} from a bigint, number, string or another ForeignField.
    * @example
@@ -59,16 +92,12 @@ class ForeignField {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
     return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), this.modulus));
   }
-  private get class() {
-    return this.constructor as typeof ForeignField;
-  }
 
   /**
    * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
    */
-  static from(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
-    return new this(x);
+  static from(x: bigint | number | string): CanonicalForeignField {
+    return new this(x) as CanonicalForeignField;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -90,7 +119,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   toConstant(): ForeignField {
     let constantLimbs = Tuple.map(this.value, (l) => l.toConstant());
-    return new this.class(constantLimbs);
+    return new this.Class(constantLimbs);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -104,27 +133,26 @@ class ForeignField {
    * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
    * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
    *
-   * **Warning**: This check is added to all `ForeignField` elements by default.
-   * You don't have to use it.
-   *
    * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
    * To assert that stronger property, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
    *
-   * We use the weaker property by default because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
+   * You should typically use the weaker property because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
    * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
    */
-  static assertAlmostFieldElement(x: ForeignField) {
+  assertAlmostFieldElement(): asserts this is AlmostForeignField {
     // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
     // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
     // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x.value], this.modulus);
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], this.modulus, {
+      skipMrc: true,
+    });
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
    * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
    */
-  assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
+  assertCanonicalFieldElement(): asserts this is CanonicalForeignField {
     const p = this.modulus;
     this.assertLessThan(p);
   }
@@ -139,7 +167,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   add(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    return this.class.sum([this, y], [1]);
+    return this.Class.sum([this, y], [1]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -150,7 +178,8 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   neg() {
-    return this.class.sum([this.class.from(0n), this], [-1]);
+    let zero: ForeignField = this.Class.from(0n);
+    return this.Class.sum([zero, this], [-1]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -161,7 +190,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   sub(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    return this.class.sum([this, y], [-1]);
+    return this.Class.sum([this, y], [-1]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -190,9 +219,7 @@ class ForeignField {
     let fields = xs.map((x) => this.toLimbs(x));
     let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
     let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
-    // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
-    return new this(z);
+    return new this.Unreduced(z);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -202,12 +229,10 @@ class ForeignField {
    * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
    * ```
    */
-  mul(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+  mul(y: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
     const p = this.modulus;
-    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, this.class.toLimbs(y), p);
-    // TODO inefficient: add bound check on the result
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([z], p, { skipMrc: true });
-    return new this.class(z);
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, this.Class.toLimbs(y), p);
+    return new this.Class.Unreduced(z);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -218,10 +243,10 @@ class ForeignField {
    * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
    * ```
    */
-  inv(): ForeignField {
+  inv() {
     const p = this.modulus;
     let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
-    return new this.class(z);
+    return new this.Class.AlmostReduced(z);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -234,8 +259,8 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
     const p = this.modulus;
-    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, this.class.toLimbs(y), p);
-    return new this.class(z);
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, this.Class.toLimbs(y), p);
+    return new this.Class.AlmostReduced(z);
   }
 
   // convenience methods
@@ -258,11 +283,7 @@ class ForeignField {
         }
         return;
       }
-      return Provable.assertEqual(
-        this.class.provable,
-        this,
-        this.class.from(y)
-      );
+      return Provable.assertEqual(this.Class.provable, this, new this.Class(y));
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -302,7 +323,7 @@ class ForeignField {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBigInt() === mod(toBigInt(y), p));
     }
-    return Provable.equal(this.class.provable, this, this.class.from(y));
+    return Provable.equal(this.Class.provable, this, new this.Class(y));
   }
 
   // bit packing
@@ -313,7 +334,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * This method is provable!
    */
   toBits(length?: number) {
-    const sizeInBits = this.class.sizeInBits;
+    const sizeInBits = this.Class.sizeInBits;
     if (length === undefined) length = sizeInBits;
     checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
     let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
@@ -341,12 +362,21 @@ class ForeignField {
     let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
     let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
     // note: due to the check on the number of bits, we know we return an "almost valid" field element
-    return this.from([l0, l1, l2]);
+    return new this([l0, l1, l2]) as AlmostForeignField;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
+   */
+  toFields(): Field[] {
+    return this.value;
   }
 
-  // Provable<ForeignField>
+  static check(_: ForeignField) {
+    throw Error('ForeignField.check() not implemented: must use a subclass');
+  }
 
-  static _provable: ProvablePure<ForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static _provable: any = undefined;
 
   /**
    * `Provable<ForeignField>`, see {@link Provable}
@@ -355,12 +385,49 @@ class ForeignField {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._provable;
   }
+}
 
-  /**
-   * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
-   */
-  toFields(): Field[] {
-    return this.value;
+class UnreducedForeignField extends ForeignField {
+  type: 'Unreduced' | 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'Unreduced';
+
+  static _provable: ProvablePure<UnreducedForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+
+  static check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is UnreducedForeignField {
+    Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
+  }
+}
+
+class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignField {
+  type: 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'AlmostReduced';
+
+  static _provable: ProvablePure<AlmostForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+
+  static check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is AlmostForeignField {
+    Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
+    x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
+  }
+}
+
+class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignField {
+  type = 'FullyReduced' as const;
+
+  static _provable: ProvablePure<CanonicalForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+
+  static check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is CanonicalForeignField {
+    Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
+    x.assertCanonicalFieldElement();
   }
 }
 
@@ -412,38 +479,47 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
     `ForeignField: modulus exceeds the max supported size of 2^${foreignFieldMaxBits}`
   );
 
-  return class ForeignField_ extends ForeignField {
+  class UnreducedField extends UnreducedForeignField {
     static _modulus = modulus;
+    static _provable = provable(UnreducedField);
 
-    static _provable = {
-      toFields(x) {
-        return x.value;
-      },
-      toAuxiliary(): [] {
-        return [];
-      },
-      sizeInFields() {
-        return 3;
-      },
-      fromFields(fields) {
-        let limbs = TupleN.fromArray(3, fields);
-        return new ForeignField_(limbs);
-      },
-      /**
-       * This performs the check in {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement}.
-       */
-      check(x: ForeignField) {
-        ForeignField_.assertAlmostFieldElement(x);
-      },
-    };
+    // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(UnreducedField);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(UnreducedField);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(UnreducedField);
+  }
+
+  class AlmostField extends AlmostForeignField {
+    static _modulus = modulus;
+    static _provable = provable(AlmostField);
 
     // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
-    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(ForeignField_);
-    static assertAlmostFieldElement =
-      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement.bind(ForeignField_);
-    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(ForeignField_);
-    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(ForeignField_);
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(AlmostField);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(AlmostField);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(AlmostField);
+  }
+
+  class CanonicalField extends CanonicalForeignField {
+    static _modulus = modulus;
+    static _provable = provable(CanonicalField);
+
+    // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(CanonicalField);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(CanonicalField);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(CanonicalField);
+  }
+
+  let variants = {
+    unreduced: UnreducedField,
+    almostReduced: AlmostField,
+    canonical: CanonicalField,
   };
+
+  UnreducedField._variants = variants;
+  AlmostField._variants = variants;
+  CanonicalField._variants = variants;
+
+  return UnreducedField;
 }
 
 // the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus
@@ -452,3 +528,30 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
 // f_max >= sqrt(2^254 * 2^264) = 2^259
 const foreignFieldMaxBits = (BigInt(Fp.sizeInBits - 1) + 3n * l) / 2n;
 const foreignFieldMax = 1n << foreignFieldMaxBits;
+
+// provable
+
+type Constructor<T> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
+
+function provable<F extends ForeignField>(
+  Class: Constructor<F> & { check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is F }
+): ProvablePure<F> {
+  return {
+    toFields(x) {
+      return x.value;
+    },
+    toAuxiliary(): [] {
+      return [];
+    },
+    sizeInFields() {
+      return 3;
+    },
+    fromFields(fields) {
+      let limbs = TupleN.fromArray(3, fields);
+      return new Class(limbs);
+    },
+    check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is F {
+      Class.check(x);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 3fcedf8969..9522c5c223 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Group } from './core.js';
-import { ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import {
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  ForeignField,
+  UnreducedForeignField,
+  createForeignField,
+} from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import {
@@ -20,8 +25,10 @@ import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 // toy example - F_17
 
 class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
-let x = new SmallField(16);
+
+let x: SmallField = new SmallField(16);
 x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
+x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
 x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)
 
 // invalid example - modulus too large
@@ -54,18 +61,24 @@ test(Random.scalar, (x0, assert) => {
 
 // test equivalence of in-SNARK and out-of-SNARK operations
 
-let f: ProvableSpec<bigint, ForeignScalar> = {
+let f: ProvableSpec<bigint, AlmostForeignField> = {
   rng: Random.scalar,
   there: ForeignScalar.from,
   back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
-  provable: ForeignScalar.provable,
+  provable: ForeignScalar.AlmostReduced.provable,
+};
+let big264: ProvableSpec<bigint, UnreducedForeignField> = {
+  rng: Random.bignat(1n << 264n),
+  there: ForeignScalar.from,
+  back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
+  provable: ForeignScalar.Unreduced.provable,
 };
 
 // arithmetic
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(Fq.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(Fq.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
-equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(Fq.negate, (x) => x.neg());
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(Fq.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: big264 })(Fq.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: big264 })(Fq.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: big264 })(Fq.negate, (x) => x.neg());
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: big264 })(Fq.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
 equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
   (x) => Fq.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
   (x) => x.inv()

From be1d36fa7d7a3833e2e9e7d0a4abeb70dfe4acdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 16:36:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0872/1786] move multiplication away from unreduced class

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 134 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index b4d7245740..067dbc4636 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   value: Field3;
 
-  private get Class() {
+  get Constructor() {
     return this.constructor as typeof ForeignField;
   }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   toConstant(): ForeignField {
     let constantLimbs = Tuple.map(this.value, (l) => l.toConstant());
-    return new this.Class(constantLimbs);
+    return new this.Constructor(constantLimbs);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   add(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    return this.Class.sum([this, y], [1]);
+    return this.Constructor.sum([this, y], [1]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   neg() {
-    let zero: ForeignField = this.Class.from(0n);
-    return this.Class.sum([zero, this], [-1]);
+    let zero: ForeignField = this.Constructor.from(0n);
+    return this.Constructor.sum([zero, this], [-1]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   sub(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    return this.Class.sum([this, y], [-1]);
+    return this.Constructor.sum([this, y], [-1]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -222,47 +222,6 @@ class ForeignField {
     return new this.Unreduced(z);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Finite field multiplication
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
-   * ```
-   */
-  mul(y: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    const p = this.modulus;
-    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, this.Class.toLimbs(y), p);
-    return new this.Class.Unreduced(z);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Multiplicative inverse in the finite field
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * let z = x.inv(); // 1/x mod p
-   * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
-   * ```
-   */
-  inv() {
-    const p = this.modulus;
-    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
-    return new this.Class.AlmostReduced(z);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Division in the finite field, i.e. `x*y^(-1) mod p` where `y^(-1)` is the finite field inverse.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * let z = x.div(y); // x/y mod p
-   * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
-   * ```
-   */
-  div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    const p = this.modulus;
-    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, this.Class.toLimbs(y), p);
-    return new this.Class.AlmostReduced(z);
-  }
-
   // convenience methods
 
   /**
@@ -283,7 +242,11 @@ class ForeignField {
         }
         return;
       }
-      return Provable.assertEqual(this.Class.provable, this, new this.Class(y));
+      return Provable.assertEqual(
+        this.Constructor.provable,
+        this,
+        new this.Constructor(y)
+      );
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -323,7 +286,11 @@ class ForeignField {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBigInt() === mod(toBigInt(y), p));
     }
-    return Provable.equal(this.Class.provable, this, new this.Class(y));
+    return Provable.equal(
+      this.Constructor.provable,
+      this,
+      new this.Constructor(y)
+    );
   }
 
   // bit packing
@@ -334,7 +301,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * This method is provable!
    */
   toBits(length?: number) {
-    const sizeInBits = this.Class.sizeInBits;
+    const sizeInBits = this.Constructor.sizeInBits;
     if (length === undefined) length = sizeInBits;
     checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
     let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
@@ -387,6 +354,49 @@ class ForeignField {
   }
 }
 
+class ForeignFieldWithMul extends ForeignField {
+  /**
+   * Finite field multiplication
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  mul(y: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, toLimbs(y, p), p);
+    return new this.Constructor.Unreduced(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplicative inverse in the finite field
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = x.inv(); // 1/x mod p
+   * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
+   * ```
+   */
+  inv() {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Division in the finite field, i.e. `x*y^(-1) mod p` where `y^(-1)` is the finite field inverse.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = x.div(y); // x/y mod p
+   * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
+   * ```
+   */
+  div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, toLimbs(y, p), p);
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(z);
+  }
+}
+
 class UnreducedForeignField extends ForeignField {
   type: 'Unreduced' | 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'Unreduced';
 
@@ -401,9 +411,13 @@ class UnreducedForeignField extends ForeignField {
   }
 }
 
-class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignField {
+class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
   type: 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'AlmostReduced';
 
+  constructor(x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    super(x);
+  }
+
   static _provable: ProvablePure<AlmostForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
   static get provable() {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
@@ -416,9 +430,13 @@ class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignField {
   }
 }
 
-class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignField {
+class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
   type = 'FullyReduced' as const;
 
+  constructor(x: CanonicalForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    super(x);
+  }
+
   static _provable: ProvablePure<CanonicalForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
   static get provable() {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
@@ -431,6 +449,14 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignField {
   }
 }
 
+function toLimbs(
+  x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField,
+  p: bigint
+): Field3 {
+  if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
+  return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
+}
+
 function toBigInt(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
   if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.toBigInt();
   return BigInt(x);
@@ -469,7 +495,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  *
  * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
  */
-function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
+function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof AlmostForeignField {
   assert(
     modulus > 0n,
     `ForeignField: modulus must be positive, got ${modulus}`
@@ -519,7 +545,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
   AlmostField._variants = variants;
   CanonicalField._variants = variants;
 
-  return UnreducedField;
+  return AlmostField;
 }
 
 // the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus

From b6850c9a20ea4c9dcc121d2ac5c5ef3ba7bb357c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 16:48:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0873/1786] return the correct values from assertions

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts           | 21 +++++++++++----------
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 067dbc4636..efb63e85bb 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -139,22 +139,24 @@ class ForeignField {
    * You should typically use the weaker property because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
    * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
    */
-  assertAlmostFieldElement(): asserts this is AlmostForeignField {
+  assertAlmostFieldElement() {
     // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
     // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
     // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
     Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], this.modulus, {
       skipMrc: true,
     });
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
    * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
    */
-  assertCanonicalFieldElement(): asserts this is CanonicalForeignField {
+  assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
     const p = this.modulus;
     this.assertLessThan(p);
+    return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
   }
 
   // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
@@ -406,7 +408,7 @@ class UnreducedForeignField extends ForeignField {
     return this._provable;
   }
 
-  static check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is UnreducedForeignField {
+  static check(x: ForeignField) {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
   }
 }
@@ -424,7 +426,7 @@ class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
     return this._provable;
   }
 
-  static check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is AlmostForeignField {
+  static check(x: ForeignField) {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
     x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
   }
@@ -443,7 +445,7 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
     return this._provable;
   }
 
-  static check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is CanonicalForeignField {
+  static check(x: ForeignField) {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
     x.assertCanonicalFieldElement();
   }
@@ -495,7 +497,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  *
  * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
  */
-function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof AlmostForeignField {
+function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
   assert(
     modulus > 0n,
     `ForeignField: modulus must be positive, got ${modulus}`
@@ -540,12 +542,11 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof AlmostForeignField {
     almostReduced: AlmostField,
     canonical: CanonicalField,
   };
-
   UnreducedField._variants = variants;
   AlmostField._variants = variants;
   CanonicalField._variants = variants;
 
-  return AlmostField;
+  return UnreducedField;
 }
 
 // the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus
@@ -560,7 +561,7 @@ const foreignFieldMax = 1n << foreignFieldMaxBits;
 type Constructor<T> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
 
 function provable<F extends ForeignField>(
-  Class: Constructor<F> & { check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is F }
+  Class: Constructor<F> & { check(x: ForeignField): void }
 ): ProvablePure<F> {
   return {
     toFields(x) {
@@ -576,7 +577,7 @@ function provable<F extends ForeignField>(
       let limbs = TupleN.fromArray(3, fields);
       return new Class(limbs);
     },
-    check(x: ForeignField): asserts x is F {
+    check(x: ForeignField) {
       Class.check(x);
     },
   };
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 9522c5c223..3d62b46900 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -26,9 +26,8 @@ import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
 
-let x: SmallField = new SmallField(16);
+let x = new SmallField(16).assertAlmostFieldElement();
 x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
-x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
 x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)
 
 // invalid example - modulus too large
@@ -114,7 +113,8 @@ let scalarShift = Fq(1n + 2n ** 255n);
 let oneHalf = Fq.inverse(2n)!;
 
 function unshift(s: ForeignField) {
-  return s.sub(scalarShift).mul(oneHalf);
+  let sMinusShift = s.sub(scalarShift).assertAlmostFieldElement();
+  return sMinusShift.mul(oneHalf);
 }
 function scaleShifted(point: Group, shiftedScalar: Scalar) {
   let oneHalfGroup = point.scale(oneHalf);

From e0743c1542dcbc7408b6f4679ec19a2becb5243c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 17:20:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0874/1786] add more docs

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts           | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts |  5 +-
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index efb63e85bb..56beca23d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -96,8 +96,10 @@ class ForeignField {
   /**
    * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
    */
-  static from(x: bigint | number | string): CanonicalForeignField {
-    return new this(x) as CanonicalForeignField;
+  static from(x: bigint | number | string): CanonicalForeignField;
+  static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField {
+    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
+    return new this.Canonical(x);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -133,13 +135,14 @@ class ForeignField {
    * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
    * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
    *
-   * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
-   * To assert that stronger property, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+   * Returns the field element as a {@link AlmostForeignField}.
    *
-   * You should typically use the weaker property because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
+   * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
+   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+   * You should typically use {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} though, because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
    * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
    */
-  assertAlmostFieldElement() {
+  assertAlmostReduced() {
     // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
     // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
     // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
@@ -152,10 +155,11 @@ class ForeignField {
   /**
    * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
    * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
+   *
+   * Returns the field element as a {@link CanonicalForeignField}.
    */
   assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
-    const p = this.modulus;
-    this.assertLessThan(p);
+    this.assertLessThan(this.modulus);
     return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
   }
 
@@ -228,12 +232,31 @@ class ForeignField {
 
   /**
    * Assert equality with a ForeignField-like value
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * x.assertEquals(0, "x is zero");
    * ```
+   *
+   * Since asserting equality can also serve as a range check,
+   * this method returns `x` with the appropriate type:
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let xChecked = x.assertEquals(1, "x is 1");
+   * xChecked satisfies CanonicalForeignField;
+   * ```
    */
-  assertEquals(y: ForeignField | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+  assertEquals(
+    y: bigint | number | CanonicalForeignField,
+    message?: string
+  ): CanonicalForeignField;
+  assertEquals(y: AlmostForeignField, message?: string): AlmostForeignField;
+  assertEquals(y: ForeignField, message?: string): ForeignField;
+  assertEquals(
+    y: ForeignField | bigint | number,
+    message?: string
+  ): ForeignField {
     const p = this.modulus;
     try {
       if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
@@ -242,13 +265,18 @@ class ForeignField {
         if (x !== y0) {
           throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
         }
-        return;
+        return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
       }
-      return Provable.assertEqual(
+      Provable.assertEqual(
         this.Constructor.provable,
         this,
         new this.Constructor(y)
       );
+      if (isConstant(y) || y instanceof ForeignFieldWithMul) {
+        return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
+      } else {
+        return this;
+      }
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -428,7 +456,7 @@ class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
 
   static check(x: ForeignField) {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
-    x.assertAlmostFieldElement();
+    x.assertAlmostReduced();
   }
 }
 
@@ -472,6 +500,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
 /**
  * Create a class representing a prime order finite field, which is different from the native {@link Field}.
  *
+ * @example
  * ```ts
  * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
  * ```
@@ -487,13 +516,36 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * Internally, a foreign field element is represented as three native field elements, each of which
  * represents a limb of 88 bits. Therefore, being a valid foreign field element means that all 3 limbs
  * fit in 88 bits, and the foreign field element altogether is smaller than the modulus p.
+ *
  * Since the full `x < p` check is expensive, by default we only prove a weaker assertion, `x < 2^ceil(log2(p))`,
- * see {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElement} for more details.
- * If you need to prove that you have a fully reduced field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
+ * see {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} for more details.
+ *
+ * This weaker assumption is what we call "almost reduced", and it is represented by the {@link AlmostForeignField} class.
+ * Note that only {@link AlmostForeignField} supports multiplication and inversion, while {@link UnreducedForeignField}
+ * only supports addition and subtraction.
+ *
+ * This function returns the `Unreduced` class, which will cause the minimum amount of range checks to be created by default.
+ * If you want to do multiplication, you have two options:
+ * - create your field elements using the {@link ForeignField.AlmostReduced} constructor, or using the `.provable` type on that class.
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.AlmostReduced.provable, () => new ForeignField.AlmostReduced(5));
+ * ```
+ * - create your field elements normally and convert them using `x.assertAlmostReduced()`.
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * let xChecked = x.assertAlmostReduced(); // asserts x < 2^ceil(log2(p)); returns `AlmostForeignField`
+ * ```
+ *
+ * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced / "canonical" field elements.
+ * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
  *
  * ```ts
- * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // x < p
+ * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
  * ```
+ * You will likely not need `CanonicalForeignField`, except possibly for creating your own interfaces which expect fully reduced field elements.
+ *
+ * Base types for all of these classes are separately exported as {@link UnreducedForeignField}, {@link AlmostForeignField} and {@link CanonicalForeignField}.,
  *
  * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
  */
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 3d62b46900..9ef6617d6e 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
 
-let x = new SmallField(16).assertAlmostFieldElement();
+let x = SmallField.from(16);
 x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
 x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)
 
@@ -113,8 +113,7 @@ let scalarShift = Fq(1n + 2n ** 255n);
 let oneHalf = Fq.inverse(2n)!;
 
 function unshift(s: ForeignField) {
-  let sMinusShift = s.sub(scalarShift).assertAlmostFieldElement();
-  return sMinusShift.mul(oneHalf);
+  return s.sub(scalarShift).assertAlmostReduced().mul(oneHalf);
 }
 function scaleShifted(point: Group, shiftedScalar: Scalar) {
   let oneHalfGroup = point.scale(oneHalf);

From 6bb3104e645d560e7b62df9d18b80f145530bd1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 18:03:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0875/1786] efficient bounds check

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/util/types.ts    | 12 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 56beca23d8..6699b269f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { mod, Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
-import { Tuple, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleMap, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
@@ -137,9 +137,11 @@ class ForeignField {
    *
    * Returns the field element as a {@link AlmostForeignField}.
    *
+   * For a more efficient version of this for multiple field elements, see {@link assertAlmostReduced}.
+   *
    * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
-   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
-   * You should typically use {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} though, because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
+   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+   * You should typically use {@link assertAlmostReduced} though, because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
    * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
    */
   assertAlmostReduced() {
@@ -152,6 +154,23 @@ class ForeignField {
     return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Assert that one or more field elements lie in the range [0, 2^k),
+   * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
+   *
+   * This is most efficient than when checking a multiple of 3 field elements at once.
+   */
+  static assertAlmostReduced<T extends Tuple<ForeignField>>(
+    ...xs: T
+  ): TupleMap<T, AlmostForeignField> {
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+      xs.map((x) => x.value),
+      this.modulus,
+      { skipMrc: true }
+    );
+    return Tuple.map(xs, (x) => new this.AlmostReduced(x.value));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
    * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index f5fa8fcc10..79cc38d08c 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 
-export { Tuple, TupleN };
+export { Tuple, TupleN, TupleMap };
 
 type Tuple<T> = [T, ...T[]] | [];
 
+type TupleMap<T extends Tuple<any>, B> = [
+  ...{
+    [i in keyof T]: B;
+  }
+];
+
 const Tuple = {
   map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
     tuple: T,
     f: (a: T[number]) => B
-  ): [...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+  ): TupleMap<T, B> {
     return tuple.map(f) as any;
   },
 };
@@ -26,7 +32,7 @@ const TupleN = {
   map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
     tuple: T,
     f: (a: T[number]) => B
-  ): [...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+  ): TupleMap<T, B> {
     return tuple.map(f) as any;
   },
 

From b8896a098925bb8da18764d6e603b412e285a205 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 18:10:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0876/1786] a few more comments

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 6699b269f0..ddec83e6ea 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -53,14 +53,23 @@ class ForeignField {
       }
     | undefined = undefined;
 
+  /**
+   * Constructor for unreduced field elements.
+   */
   static get Unreduced() {
     assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._variants.unreduced;
   }
+  /**
+   * Constructor for field elements that are "almost reduced", i.e. lie in the range [0, 2^ceil(log2(p))).
+   */
   static get AlmostReduced() {
     assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._variants.almostReduced;
   }
+  /**
+   * Constructor for field elements that are fully reduced, i.e. lie in the range [0, p).
+   */
   static get Canonical() {
     assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._variants.canonical;
@@ -548,7 +557,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * - create your field elements using the {@link ForeignField.AlmostReduced} constructor, or using the `.provable` type on that class.
  * @example
  * ```ts
- * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.AlmostReduced.provable, () => new ForeignField.AlmostReduced(5));
+ * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.AlmostReduced.provable, () => ForeignField.from(5));
  * ```
  * - create your field elements normally and convert them using `x.assertAlmostReduced()`.
  * @example
@@ -557,7 +566,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * ```
  *
  * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced / "canonical" field elements.
- * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
+ * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
  *
  * ```ts
  * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`

From fb2aabdb8cbf88428df923032b77f28b53e47bf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 19:25:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0877/1786] clean up

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 17 ++++++-----------
 src/lib/int.ts             | 15 ++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 36d5b956c9..d095184388 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678n));
-   * Gadgets.rangeCheck(32, x); // successfully proves 32-bit range
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheckN(32, x); // successfully proves 32-bit range
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * Gadgets.rangeCheck(32, xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
+   * Gadgets.rangeCheckN(32, xLarge); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
    * ```
    */
   rangeCheckN(n: number, x: Field, message?: string) {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * Checks whether the input value is in the range [0, 2^n). `n` must be a multiple of 16.
    *
    * This function proves that the provided field element can be represented with `n` bits.
-   * If the field element exceeds `n` bits, an error is thrown.
+   * If the field element exceeds `n` bits, `Bool(false)` is returned and `Bool(true)` otherwise.
    *
    * @param x - The value to be range-checked.
    * @param n - The number of bits to be considered for the range check.
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * leftShift64(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
   leftShift64(field: Field, bits: number) {
@@ -334,23 +334,18 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 32-bit representation of the number,
    * where the most significant (32th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
    *
-   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
+   * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 32 bits in size.
    *
-   * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
+   * The output is range checked to 32 bits.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
    * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link Field} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 32 (or else the shift will fail).
    *
-   * @throws Throws an error if the input value exceeds 32 bits.
-   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(0b001100)); // 12 in binary
    * const y = Gadgets.leftShift32(x, 2); // left shift by 2 bits
    * y.assertEquals(0b110000); // 48 in binary
-   *
-   * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * leftShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 32 bits
    * ```
    */
   leftShift32(field: Field, bits: number) {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 824a282fc4..46e3a47dde 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
-import { FILE } from 'dns';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -804,10 +803,12 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * This operation is similar to the `<<` shift operation in JavaScript,
    * where bits are shifted to the left, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
    *
-   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
-   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 32-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (32th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   *
+   * The operation expects the input to be range checked to 32 bit.
    *
-   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the left. The amount should be between 0 and 32 (or else the shift will fail).
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
@@ -825,10 +826,10 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * This operation is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript,
    * where bits are shifted to the right, and the overflowing bits are discarded.
    *
-   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
-   * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
+   * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 32-bit representation of the number,
+   * where the most significant (32th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
    *
-   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 64 (or else the shift will fail).
+   * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 32 (or else the shift will fail).
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts

From b3d74df4385a7d1061e8c78549149aa4f96d7caa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 19:29:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0878/1786] doc comment fix

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 46e3a47dde..6fe765e7db 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -831,6 +831,8 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    *
    * @param bits Amount of bits to shift the {@link UInt32} element to the right. The amount should be between 0 and 32 (or else the shift will fail).
    *
+   * The operation expects the input to be range checked to 32 bit.
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = UInt32.from(0b001100); // 12 in binary

From 857bf482cf4f1414b34b6be07f888d251bf9335c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:56:23 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0879/1786] feat(.github/workflows): add automated version bump
 workflow

This commit introduces a new GitHub Actions workflow that automatically bumps the project's patch version bi-weekly on Fridays. The workflow also creates a new branch and a PR to `main` for the new version. This automation will help in maintaining a regular release cycle and reduce manual effort.
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/release.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57ac247805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Purpose:
+# Automatically bumps the project's patch version bi-weekly on Fridays.
+#
+# Details:
+# - Triggered at 00:00 UTC every Friday; runs on even weeks of the year.
+# - Sets up the environment by checking out the repo and setting up Node.js.
+# - Bumps patch version using `npm version patch`, then creates a new branch 'release/x.x.x'.
+# - Pushes changes and creates a PR to `main` using GitHub CLI.
+# - Can also be triggered manually via `workflow_dispatch`.
+name: Version Bump
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch: # Allow to manually trigger the workflow
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 0 * * 5" # At 00:00 UTC every Friday
+
+jobs:
+  version-bump:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      # Since cronjob syntax doesn't support bi-weekly schedule, we need to check if it's an even week or not
+      - name: Check if it's an even week
+        id: check-week
+        run: |
+          WEEK_NUM=$(date +'%V')
+          if [ $((WEEK_NUM % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then
+            echo "RUN_JOB=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          else
+            echo "RUN_JOB=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+
+      - name: Check out the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: "18"
+
+      - name: Configure Git
+        run: |
+          git config --local user.email "action@github.com"
+          git config --local user.name "GitHub Action"
+
+      - name: Bump patch version
+        id: version-bump
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
+        run: |
+          git fetch --prune --unshallow
+          NEW_VERSION=$(npm version patch)
+          echo "New version: $NEW_VERSION"
+          echo "NEW_VERSION=$NEW_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Install npm dependencies
+        run: npm install
+
+      - name: Create new release branch
+        run: |
+          NEW_BRANCH="release/${NEW_VERSION}"
+          git checkout -b $NEW_BRANCH
+          git push -u origin $NEW_BRANCH
+          git push --tags
+          gh pr create --base main --head $NEW_BRANCH --title "Release $NEW_VERSION" --body "This is an automated PR to update to version $NEW_VERSION"
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN}}

From a6da911ca8fe8b44fe912cba96ed0f72345f88fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 20:54:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0880/1786] unsafe constructors to override type strictness

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index ddec83e6ea..36a770090d 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class ForeignField {
     Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], this.modulus, {
       skipMrc: true,
     });
-    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
+    return this.Constructor.AlmostReduced.unsafeFrom(this);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class ForeignField {
       this.modulus,
       { skipMrc: true }
     );
-    return Tuple.map(xs, (x) => new this.AlmostReduced(x.value));
+    return Tuple.map(xs, this.AlmostReduced.unsafeFrom);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
     this.assertLessThan(this.modulus);
-    return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
+    return this.Constructor.Canonical.unsafeFrom(this);
   }
 
   // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
@@ -486,6 +486,15 @@ class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
     x.assertAlmostReduced();
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to an {@link AlmostForeignField} without additional assertions.
+   *
+   * **Warning:** Only use if you know what you're doing.
+   */
+  static unsafeFrom(x: ForeignField) {
+    return new this(x.value);
+  }
 }
 
 class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
@@ -505,6 +514,15 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
     x.assertCanonicalFieldElement();
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link CanonicalForeignField} without additional assertions.
+   *
+   * **Warning:** Only use if you know what you're doing.
+   */
+  static unsafeFrom(x: ForeignField) {
+    return new this(x.value);
+  }
 }
 
 function toLimbs(
@@ -605,6 +623,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
     static from = ForeignField.from.bind(AlmostField);
     static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(AlmostField);
     static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(AlmostField);
+    static unsafeFrom = AlmostForeignField.unsafeFrom.bind(AlmostField);
   }
 
   class CanonicalField extends CanonicalForeignField {
@@ -615,6 +634,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
     static from = ForeignField.from.bind(CanonicalField);
     static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(CanonicalField);
     static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(CanonicalField);
+    static unsafeFrom = CanonicalForeignField.unsafeFrom.bind(CanonicalField);
   }
 
   let variants = {

From 1d9c5dde3c58f3b55fe444bd47e25ba4ae1dd548 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2023 13:31:48 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0881/1786] refactor(release.yml): remove unused id fields from
 GitHub Actions workflow steps

The id fields 'check-week' and 'version-bump' were not being used in the workflow, hence they were removed to clean up the code.
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 57ac247805..7f743c0f04 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       # Since cronjob syntax doesn't support bi-weekly schedule, we need to check if it's an even week or not
       - name: Check if it's an even week
-        id: check-week
         run: |
           WEEK_NUM=$(date +'%V')
           if [ $((WEEK_NUM % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ jobs:
           git config --local user.name "GitHub Action"
 
       - name: Bump patch version
-        id: version-bump
         if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: |
           git fetch --prune --unshallow

From 6ff4f23de36dbba4f0b990d844fb33b44ed59acc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 09:38:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0882/1786] testing helpers

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index ab1241b94b..440be13df4 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ export {
   id,
 };
 export {
+  spec,
   field,
   fieldWithRng,
   bigintField,
@@ -26,6 +27,8 @@ export {
   array,
   record,
   fromRandom,
+  first,
+  second,
 };
 export { Spec, ToSpec, FromSpec, SpecFromFunctions, ProvableSpec };
 
@@ -221,6 +224,41 @@ function equivalentProvable<
   };
 }
 
+// creating specs
+
+function spec<T, S>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  there: (x: T) => S;
+  back: (x: S) => T;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+  provable: Provable<S>;
+}): ProvableSpec<T, S>;
+function spec<T, S>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  there: (x: T) => S;
+  back: (x: S) => T;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+}): Spec<T, S>;
+function spec<T>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+}): Spec<T, T>;
+function spec<T, S>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  there?: (x: T) => S;
+  back?: (x: S) => T;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+  provable?: Provable<S>;
+}): Spec<T, S> {
+  return {
+    rng: spec.rng,
+    there: spec.there ?? (id as any),
+    back: spec.back ?? (id as any),
+    assertEqual: spec.assertEqual,
+    provable: spec.provable,
+  };
+}
+
 // some useful specs
 
 let unit: ToSpec<void, void> = { back: id, assertEqual() {} };
@@ -301,6 +339,18 @@ function fromRandom<T>(rng: Random<T>): Spec<T, T> {
   return { rng, there: id, back: id };
 }
 
+function first<T, S>(spec: Spec<T, S>): Spec<T, T> {
+  return { rng: spec.rng, there: id, back: id };
+}
+function second<T, S>(spec: Spec<T, S>): Spec<S, S> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.map(spec.rng, spec.there),
+    there: id,
+    back: id,
+    provable: spec.provable,
+  };
+}
+
 // helper to ensure two functions throw equivalent errors
 
 function handleErrors<T, S, R>(

From 83b59a6ecc54e83617215a618caa2bc4908e7624 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 09:38:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0883/1786] some docs fixes

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 11 ++++-------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 36a770090d..b5a6c4c181 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ class ForeignField {
     let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
     let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
     // note: due to the check on the number of bits, we know we return an "almost valid" field element
-    return new this([l0, l1, l2]) as AlmostForeignField;
+    return new this.AlmostReduced([l0, l1, l2]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -546,12 +546,11 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
 /**
  * Create a class representing a prime order finite field, which is different from the native {@link Field}.
  *
- * @example
  * ```ts
  * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
  * ```
  *
- * `createForeignField(p)` takes the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
+ * `createForeignField(p)` takes {@link AlmostForeignField} the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
  * We support prime moduli up to a size of 259 bits.
  *
  * The returned {@link ForeignField} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),
@@ -573,23 +572,21 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * This function returns the `Unreduced` class, which will cause the minimum amount of range checks to be created by default.
  * If you want to do multiplication, you have two options:
  * - create your field elements using the {@link ForeignField.AlmostReduced} constructor, or using the `.provable` type on that class.
- * @example
  * ```ts
  * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.AlmostReduced.provable, () => ForeignField.from(5));
  * ```
  * - create your field elements normally and convert them using `x.assertAlmostReduced()`.
- * @example
  * ```ts
  * let xChecked = x.assertAlmostReduced(); // asserts x < 2^ceil(log2(p)); returns `AlmostForeignField`
  * ```
  *
- * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced / "canonical" field elements.
+ * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced, "canonical" field elements.
  * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
  *
  * ```ts
  * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
  * ```
- * You will likely not need `CanonicalForeignField`, except possibly for creating your own interfaces which expect fully reduced field elements.
+ * You will likely not need canonical fields most of the time.
  *
  * Base types for all of these classes are separately exported as {@link UnreducedForeignField}, {@link AlmostForeignField} and {@link CanonicalForeignField}.,
  *

From 609733e444998b01304078a6051f4805f5c91ae2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 09:38:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0884/1786] less than test

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 26 +++++++++++++++++---------
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts   |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 9ef6617d6e..b73f03cabd 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ import {
 import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import {
-  ProvableSpec,
   bool,
   equivalentProvable as equivalent,
+  equivalent as equivalentNonProvable,
+  first,
+  spec,
   throwError,
   unit,
 } from './testing/equivalent.js';
@@ -60,24 +62,24 @@ test(Random.scalar, (x0, assert) => {
 
 // test equivalence of in-SNARK and out-of-SNARK operations
 
-let f: ProvableSpec<bigint, AlmostForeignField> = {
+let f = spec({
   rng: Random.scalar,
   there: ForeignScalar.from,
   back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
   provable: ForeignScalar.AlmostReduced.provable,
-};
-let big264: ProvableSpec<bigint, UnreducedForeignField> = {
+});
+let u264 = spec({
   rng: Random.bignat(1n << 264n),
   there: ForeignScalar.from,
   back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
   provable: ForeignScalar.Unreduced.provable,
-};
+});
 
 // arithmetic
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: big264 })(Fq.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: big264 })(Fq.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
-equivalent({ from: [f], to: big264 })(Fq.negate, (x) => x.neg());
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: big264 })(Fq.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: u264 })(Fq.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: u264 })(Fq.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: u264 })(Fq.negate, (x) => x.neg());
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: u264 })(Fq.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
 equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
   (x) => Fq.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
   (x) => x.inv()
@@ -96,6 +98,12 @@ equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: unit })(
   (x, y) => x === y || throwError('not equal'),
   (x, y) => x.assertEquals(y)
 );
+// doesn't fail in provable mode just because the range check is not checked by runAndCheck
+// TODO check all gates
+equivalentNonProvable({ from: [u264, first(u264)], to: unit })(
+  (x, y) => x < y || throwError('not less than'),
+  (x, y) => x.assertLessThan(y)
+);
 
 // toBits / fromBits
 equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 1290d1f264..9ee2822e04 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ const ForeignField = {
   assertAlmostFieldElements,
 
   assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    assert(f > 0n, 'assertLessThan: upper bound must be positive');
+
     // constant case
     if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
       assert(Field3.toBigint(x) < f, 'assertLessThan: got x >= f');

From 2cca56b2a87222373ce8c1fab7c5ec02f7f6c326 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:45:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0885/1786] export ff type variants, fix assert equals return

---
 src/index.ts             | 7 ++++++-
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 78d3707f12..71831d7588 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
 export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
-export { createForeignField, ForeignField } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
+export {
+  createForeignField,
+  ForeignField,
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  CanonicalForeignField,
+} from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index b5a6c4c181..55cd105160 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -293,14 +293,16 @@ class ForeignField {
         if (x !== y0) {
           throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
         }
-        return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
+        return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
       }
       Provable.assertEqual(
         this.Constructor.provable,
         this,
         new this.Constructor(y)
       );
-      if (isConstant(y) || y instanceof ForeignFieldWithMul) {
+      if (isConstant(y) || y instanceof this.Constructor.Canonical) {
+        return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
+      } else if (y instanceof this.Constructor.AlmostReduced) {
         return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
       } else {
         return this;

From 4107423453330b097aaeef73f229edc3c393fc92 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 11:31:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0886/1786] allow passing .provable to methods

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 312521374b..08adef5f68 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -513,6 +513,9 @@ function sortMethodArguments(
     } else if (isAsFields(privateInput)) {
       allArgs.push({ type: 'witness', index: witnessArgs.length });
       witnessArgs.push(privateInput);
+    } else if (isAsFields((privateInput as any)?.provable)) {
+      allArgs.push({ type: 'witness', index: witnessArgs.length });
+      witnessArgs.push((privateInput as any).provable);
     } else if (isGeneric(privateInput)) {
       allArgs.push({ type: 'generic', index: genericArgs.length });
       genericArgs.push(privateInput);

From 09ecda95aeadbc9cb8afe3f20431face33098dd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:55:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0887/1786] detailed example

---
 src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts | 111 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 109 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
index d3a910e347..bffdae7654 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,116 @@
-import { createForeignField } from 'o1js';
+/**
+ * This example explores the ForeignField API!
+ *
+ * We shed light on the subtleties of different variants of foreign field:
+ * Unreduced, AlmostReduced, and Canonical.
+ */
+import assert from 'assert';
+import {
+  createForeignField,
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  CanonicalForeignField,
+  Scalar,
+  SmartContract,
+  method,
+  Provable,
+  state,
+  State,
+} from 'o1js';
 
-// toy example - F_17
+// Let's create a small finite field: F_17
 
 class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
 
 let x = SmallField.from(16);
 x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
 x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)
+
+// most arithmetic operations return "unreduced" fields, i.e., fields that could be larger than the modulus:
+
+let z = x.add(x);
+assert(z instanceof SmallField.Unreduced);
+
+// note: "unreduced" doesn't usually mean that the underlying witness is larger than the modulus.
+// it just means we haven't _proved_ so.. which means a malicious prover _could_ have managed to make it larger.
+
+// unreduced fields can be added and subtracted, but not be used in multiplcation:
+
+z.add(1).sub(x).assertEquals(0); // works
+
+assert((z as any).mul === undefined); // z.mul() is not defined
+assert((z as any).inv === undefined);
+assert((z as any).div === undefined);
+
+// to do multiplication, you need "almost reduced" fields:
+
+let y: AlmostForeignField = z.assertAlmostReduced(); // adds constraints to prove that z is, in fact, reduced
+assert(y instanceof SmallField.AlmostReduced);
+
+y.mul(y).assertEquals(4); // y.mul() is defined
+assert(y.mul(y) instanceof SmallField.Unreduced); // but y.mul() returns an unreduced field again
+
+y.inv().mul(y).assertEquals(1); // y.inv() is defined (and returns an AlmostReduced field!)
+
+// to do many multiplications, it's more efficient to reduce fields in batches of 3 elements:
+// (in fact, asserting that 3 elements are reduced is almost as cheap as asserting that 1 element is reduced)
+
+let z1 = y.mul(7);
+let z2 = y.add(11);
+let z3 = y.sub(13);
+
+let [z1r, z2r, z3r] = SmallField.assertAlmostReduced(z1, z2, z3);
+
+z1r.mul(z2r);
+z2r.div(z3r);
+
+// here we get to the reason _why_ we have different variants of foreign fields:
+// always proving that they are reduced after every operation would be super inefficient!
+
+// fields created from constants are already reduced -- in fact, they are _fully reduced_ or "canonical":
+
+let constant: CanonicalForeignField = SmallField.from(1);
+assert(constant instanceof SmallField.Canonical);
+
+SmallField.from(10000n) satisfies CanonicalForeignField; // works because `from()` takes the input mod p
+SmallField.from(-1) satisfies CanonicalForeignField; // works because `from()` takes the input mod p
+
+// canonical fields are a special case of almost reduced fields at the type level:
+constant satisfies AlmostForeignField;
+constant.mul(constant);
+
+// the cheapest way to prove that an existing field element is canonical is to show that it is equal to a constant:
+
+let u = z.add(x);
+let uCanonical = u.assertEquals(-3);
+assert(uCanonical instanceof SmallField.Canonical);
+
+// to use the different variants of foreign fields as smart contract inputs, you might want to create a class for them:
+class AlmostSmallField extends SmallField.AlmostReduced {}
+
+class MyContract extends SmartContract {
+  @state(AlmostSmallField.provable) x = State<AlmostSmallField>();
+
+  @method myMethod(y: AlmostSmallField) {
+    let x = y.mul(2);
+    Provable.log(x);
+    this.x.set(x.assertAlmostReduced());
+  }
+}
+MyContract.analyzeMethods(); // works
+
+// btw - we support any finite field up to 259 bits. for example, the seqp256k1 base field:
+let Fseqp256k1 = createForeignField((1n << 256n) - (1n << 32n) - 0b1111010001n);
+
+// or the Pallas scalar field, to do arithmetic on scalars:
+let Fq = createForeignField(Scalar.ORDER);
+
+// also, you can use a number that's not a prime.
+// for example, you might want to create a UInt256 type:
+let UInt256 = createForeignField(1n << 256n);
+
+// and now you can do arithmetic modulo 2^256!
+let a = UInt256.from(1n << 255n);
+let b = UInt256.from((1n << 255n) + 7n);
+a.add(b).assertEquals(7);
+
+// have fun proving finite field algorithms!

From cb0a91faff1d7eaa0512f79cfb340aa3ee2ec0b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:58:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0888/1786] crypto examples readme

---
 src/examples/crypto/README.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/README.md

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/README.md b/src/examples/crypto/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60d0d50d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Crypto examples
+
+These examples show how to use some of the crypto primitives that are supported in provable o1js code.
+
+- Non-native field arithmetic: `foreign-field.ts`

From 4330a98366af4ff289bd26b94b916593efd60c35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 11:23:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0889/1786] fixup: foreign fields always gets reduced on
 creation

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index b73f03cabd..f1d0aef3a0 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: unit })(
 );
 // doesn't fail in provable mode just because the range check is not checked by runAndCheck
 // TODO check all gates
-equivalentNonProvable({ from: [u264, first(u264)], to: unit })(
+equivalentNonProvable({ from: [f, first(u264)], to: unit })(
   (x, y) => x < y || throwError('not less than'),
   (x, y) => x.assertLessThan(y)
 );

From bdc75e2ef3f2f16bd9781d3fdbf090df874d3ca3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 14:38:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0890/1786] remove unused imports

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index f1d0aef3a0..5686b3ef49 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Group } from './core.js';
-import {
-  AlmostForeignField,
-  ForeignField,
-  UnreducedForeignField,
-  createForeignField,
-} from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import {

From e7ad795ea97931fa65b07e634633dd61c8954b9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 14:51:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0891/1786] move todo out of doccomment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bcfc0a41b2..9384aaa767 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -554,6 +554,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
    */
   Ecdsa: {
+    // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve, and show in the example
     /**
      * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
@@ -566,7 +567,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
      *   Curve.order
      * );
-     * // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve
      *
      * // verify signature
      * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);

From 660f1a4eceb32051f0a82cff70efe6c7fb029f1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 15:09:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0892/1786] return a bool from verify()

---
 src/bindings                       |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 31 ++++++++++++++++++------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts         |  6 +++++-
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b432ffd750..80cf218dca 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b432ffd750b4ee961e4b9924f69b5e07bc5368a8
+Subproject commit 80cf218dca605cc91fbde65bff79f2cce9284a47
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 144578c2cb..9cbcbe4e7d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
   Second,
+  bool,
   equivalentProvable,
   map,
   oneOf,
   record,
-  unit,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 
 // quick tests
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
@@ -51,27 +52,27 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
 
   // provable method we want to test
   const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>) => {
-    Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+    return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
   };
 
   // positive test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: unit })(
-    () => {},
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: bool })(
+    () => true,
     verify,
     'valid signature verifies'
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: unit })(
-    () => throwError('invalid signature'),
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: bool })(
+    () => false,
     verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: unit })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: bool })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
+      return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
     verify,
     'verify'
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicOutput: Bool,
   methods: {
     scale: {
       privateInputs: [],
@@ -111,9 +113,7 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
           [G, P],
           [config.G, config.P]
         );
-        Provable.asProver(() => {
-          console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
-        });
+        return new Bool(true);
       },
     },
     ecdsa: {
@@ -126,7 +126,13 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
         let msgHash_ = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => msgHash);
         let publicKey_ = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
 
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature_, msgHash_, publicKey_, config);
+        return Ecdsa.verify(
+          Secp256k1,
+          signature_,
+          msgHash_,
+          publicKey_,
+          config
+        );
       },
     },
   },
@@ -163,3 +169,4 @@ let proof = await program.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
 
 assert(await program.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
+proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index da8bbe924d..203921bc9e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -163,8 +163,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
       Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
       Point.toBigint(publicKey)
     );
-    assert(isValid, 'invalid signature');
-    return;
+    return new Bool(isValid);
   }
 
   // provable case
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
   // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
+  return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -295,7 +294,8 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   msgHash: bigint,
   publicKey: point
 ) {
-  let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+  let pk = Curve.from(publicKey);
+  if (Curve.equal(pk, Curve.zero)) return false;
   if (!Curve.isOnCurve(pk)) return false;
   if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(pk)) return false;
   if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 9384aaa767..6f9f24b9a1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -558,6 +558,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
+     * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
+     * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
+     *
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
@@ -569,7 +572,8 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * );
      *
      * // verify signature
-     * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * isValid.assertTrue();
      * ```
      */
     verify(

From 1a55a5d3f7613684db02d42ccd0f3eb650d58c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 15:49:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0893/1786] update vk

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 9c4f4f259a..e2899eff8e 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "1025b5f3a56c5366fd44d13f2678bba563c9581c6bacfde2b82a8dd49e33f2a2",
+    "digest": "1ab8f6c699e144aeaa39f88c8392a5a5053dcf58249a7ff561ac3fe343b15ede",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38823,
-        "digest": "65c6f9efe1069f73adf3a842398f95d2"
+        "rows": 38830,
+        "digest": "513f0fcca515c10ba593720f7d62aedb"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "2818165315298159349200200610054154136732885996642834698461943280515655745528"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "24873772351090152857267160919303237684044478603326712805175843693860023193162"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 57576fae8e828a778213abb9e23275b5ccd6ab71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:15:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0894/1786] wip adapting ecdsa soundness to bool return

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 203921bc9e..888dfaab4d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -187,9 +187,11 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
-  // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
-  // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
+  // we have to check that the result Rx is canonical, we then check if it _exactly_ equal to the input r.
+  // if we would allow non-canonical Rx, a prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
+  // TODO
+
   return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 

From 5f5cd316a8418349b4d3195d028364a724158781 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:22:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0895/1786] cherry pick assertLessThan

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index d45a800331..4b92c54299 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
+  negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
+  },
   sum,
   Sum(x: Field3) {
     return new Sum(x);
@@ -53,6 +56,21 @@ const ForeignField = {
   assertMul,
 
   assertAlmostFieldElements,
+
+  assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    assert(f > 0n, 'assertLessThan: upper bound must be positive');
+
+    // constant case
+    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) < f, 'assertLessThan: got x >= f');
+      return;
+    }
+    // provable case
+    // we can just use negation `(f - 1) - x`. because the result is range-checked, it proves that x < f:
+    // `f - 1 - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x <= x + (f - 1 - x) = f - 1 < f`
+    // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0 or 1)
+    ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
+  },
 };
 
 /**

From af6de47cb7203344de9954a2c0289eac6c6fcfb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:28:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0896/1786] finish adapting ecdsa final step

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 888dfaab4d..ea64483b64 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -188,9 +188,10 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  // we have to check that the result Rx is canonical, we then check if it _exactly_ equal to the input r.
-  // if we would allow non-canonical Rx, a prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
-  // TODO
+
+  // we have to prove that Rx is canonical, because we check signature validity based on whether Rx _exactly_ equals the input r.
+  // if we allowed non-canonical Rx, the prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
+  ForeignField.assertLessThan(Rx, Curve.order);
 
   return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }

From c193bd7e2fd0ed17739c1e05243698f105300ba4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 16:29:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0897/1786] update vk

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index e2899eff8e..6044f0bcf3 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "1ab8f6c699e144aeaa39f88c8392a5a5053dcf58249a7ff561ac3fe343b15ede",
+    "digest": "339463a449bf05b95a8c33f61cfe8ce434517139ca76d46acd8156fa148fa17d",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38830,
-        "digest": "513f0fcca515c10ba593720f7d62aedb"
+        "rows": 38836,
+        "digest": "1d54d1addf7630e3eb226959de232cc3"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "24873772351090152857267160919303237684044478603326712805175843693860023193162"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "27986645693165294918748566661718640959750969878894001222795403177870132383423"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 66a9dc138689c83f7a49f7b0f6f027606a807f7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 17:10:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0898/1786] document `config`

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index ea64483b64..8d45b6e428 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,22 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Verify an ECDSA signature.
+ *
+ * Details about the `config` parameter:
+ * - For both the generator point `G` and public key `P`, `config` allows you to specify:
+ *   - the `windowSize` which is used in scalar multiplication for this point.
+ *     flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
+ *     empirically, `windowSize=4` for constants and 3 for variables leads to the fewest constraints.
+ *     our defaults reflect that the generator is always constant and the public key is variable in typical applications.
+ *   - a table of multiples of those points, of length `2^windowSize`, which is used in the scalar multiplication gadget to speed up the computation.
+ *     if these are not provided, they are computed on the fly.
+ *     for the constant G, computing multiples costs no constraints, so passing them in makes no real difference.
+ *     for variable public key, there is a possible use case: if the public key is a public input, then its multiples could also be.
+ *     in that case, passing them in would avoid computing them in-circuit and save a few constraints.
+ * - The initial aggregator `ia`, see {@link initialAggregator}. By default, `ia` is computed deterministically on the fly.
+ */
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   signature: Ecdsa.Signature,

From 9f77a55ca0763a2e83c122f010c4fe9fb8972ec9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 09:25:43 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0899/1786] chore(release.yml): change automatic version bump
 schedule from Fridays to Tuesdays to better align with team's workflow

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 7f743c0f04..d903bcb3ed 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Purpose:
-# Automatically bumps the project's patch version bi-weekly on Fridays.
+# Automatically bumps the project's patch version bi-weekly on Tuesdays.
 #
 # Details:
-# - Triggered at 00:00 UTC every Friday; runs on even weeks of the year.
+# - Triggered at 00:00 UTC every Tuesday; runs on even weeks of the year.
 # - Sets up the environment by checking out the repo and setting up Node.js.
 # - Bumps patch version using `npm version patch`, then creates a new branch 'release/x.x.x'.
 # - Pushes changes and creates a PR to `main` using GitHub CLI.
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ name: Version Bump
 on:
   workflow_dispatch: # Allow to manually trigger the workflow
   schedule:
-    - cron: "0 0 * * 5" # At 00:00 UTC every Friday
+    - cron: "0 0 * * 2" # At 00:00 UTC every Tuesday
 
 jobs:
   version-bump:

From b293d770b234119725d710783ae22914d270f783 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:05:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0900/1786] feat: add update-changelog.sh script to automate
 CHANGELOG.md updates

This script identifies the latest version number in the CHANGELOG, increments the patch segment of the version number for the new release, retrieves the current Git commit hash, and updates the CHANGELOG.md file accordingly. This change is done to automate the process of updating the CHANGELOG.md in response to new releases.
---
 update-changelog.sh | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 update-changelog.sh

diff --git a/update-changelog.sh b/update-changelog.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..701a1bc491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/update-changelog.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# CHANGELOG Update Script for New Releases
+#
+# This script automates the process of updating the CHANGELOG.md in response to new releases.
+# It performs the following actions:
+# 
+# 1. Identifies the latest version number in the CHANGELOG (following semantic versioning).
+# 2. Increments the patch segment of the version number for the new release.
+# 3. Retrieves the current Git commit hash and truncates it for brevity.
+# 4. Updates the CHANGELOG.md file:
+#    - Adds a new entry for the upcoming release using the incremented version number.
+#    - Updates the link for the [Unreleased] section to point from the current commit to HEAD.
+#
+# Usage:
+# It should be run in the root directory of the repository where the CHANGELOG.md is located.
+# Ensure that you have the necessary permissions to commit and push changes to the repository.
+
+# Step 1: Capture the latest version
+latest_version=$(grep -oP '\[\K[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(?=\])' CHANGELOG.md | head -1)
+echo "Latest version: $latest_version"
+
+# Step 2: Bump the patch version
+IFS='.' read -r -a version_parts <<< "$latest_version"
+let version_parts[2]+=1
+new_version="${version_parts[0]}.${version_parts[1]}.${version_parts[2]}"
+echo "New version: $new_version"
+
+# Step 3: Capture the current git commit and truncate it to the first 9 characters
+current_commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD | cut -c 1-9)
+echo "Current commit: $current_commit"
+
+# Step 4: Update the CHANGELOG
+sed -i "s/\[Unreleased\](.*\.\.\.HEAD)/\[Unreleased\](https:\/\/github.com\/o1-labs\/o1js\/compare\/$current_commit...HEAD)\n\n## \[$new_version\](https:\/\/github.com\/o1-labs\/o1js\/compare\/1ad7333e9e...$current_commit)/" CHANGELOG.md

From 9637ac72513de849b014f4f7c72b6a82c3c44a6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:05:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0901/1786] feat(release.yml): add step to update CHANGELOG.md
 in GitHub workflow

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 4 ++++
 package.json                  | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 7f743c0f04..1de414a6e4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install npm dependencies
         run: npm install
 
+      - name: Update CHANGELOG.md
+        run: |
+          npm run update-changelog
+
       - name: Create new release branch
         run: |
           NEW_BRANCH="release/${NEW_VERSION}"
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 6d880daea0..b890fd3dba 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@
     "e2e:prepare-server": "npm run build:examples && (cp -rf dist/examples dist/web || :) && node src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js && cp -rf src/examples/plain-html/index.html src/examples/plain-html/server.js tests/artifacts/html/*.html tests/artifacts/javascript/*.js dist/web",
     "e2e:run-server": "node dist/web/server.js",
     "e2e:install": "npx playwright install --with-deps",
-    "e2e:show-report": "npx playwright show-report tests/report"
+    "e2e:show-report": "npx playwright show-report tests/report",
+    "update-changelog": "./update-changelog.sh"
   },
   "author": "O(1) Labs",
   "devDependencies": {

From 52aa9341ca2e42f981d82b6928d92ded065a33b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:06:01 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0902/1786] chore(update-changelog.sh): change file permissions
 to make it executable

---
 update-changelog.sh | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 mode change 100644 => 100755 update-changelog.sh

diff --git a/update-changelog.sh b/update-changelog.sh
old mode 100644
new mode 100755

From 26490cf29af74d2184e0355f81bef5fb9709e841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:15:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0903/1786] feat(release.yml): automate CHANGELOG.md update and
 commit in GitHub workflow

This change allows the GitHub workflow to automatically update and commit the CHANGELOG.md file whenever a new version is released. This reduces manual effort and ensures that the CHANGELOG is always up-to-date.
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 1de414a6e4..dea1d66c9b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Update CHANGELOG.md
         run: |
           npm run update-changelog
+          git add CHANGELOG.md
+          git commit -m "Update CHANGELOG for new version $NEW_VERSION"
 
       - name: Create new release branch
         run: |

From 5384087a276439f405f0d23ec479f5a34813b670 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:14:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0904/1786] make foreign field struct-friendly

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index ee1f04d2c5..242d71cd69 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { mod, Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
@@ -8,6 +7,7 @@ import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignField };
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
    */
   static from(x: bigint | number | string): CanonicalForeignField;
+  static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField;
   static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField {
     if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
     return new this.Canonical(x);
@@ -412,21 +413,6 @@ class ForeignField {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._provable;
   }
-
-  /**
-   * Convert foreign field element to JSON
-   */
-  static toJSON(x: ForeignField) {
-    return x.toBigInt().toString();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Convert foreign field element from JSON
-   */
-  static fromJSON(x: string) {
-    // TODO be more strict about allowed values
-    return new this(x);
-  }
 }
 
 class ForeignFieldWithMul extends ForeignField {
@@ -475,7 +461,9 @@ class ForeignFieldWithMul extends ForeignField {
 class UnreducedForeignField extends ForeignField {
   type: 'Unreduced' | 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'Unreduced';
 
-  static _provable: ProvablePure<UnreducedForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static _provable:
+    | ProvablePureExtended<UnreducedForeignField, string>
+    | undefined = undefined;
   static get provable() {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._provable;
@@ -493,7 +481,9 @@ class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
     super(x);
   }
 
-  static _provable: ProvablePure<AlmostForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static _provable:
+    | ProvablePureExtended<AlmostForeignField, string>
+    | undefined = undefined;
   static get provable() {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._provable;
@@ -521,7 +511,9 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
     super(x);
   }
 
-  static _provable: ProvablePure<CanonicalForeignField> | undefined = undefined;
+  static _provable:
+    | ProvablePureExtended<CanonicalForeignField, string>
+    | undefined = undefined;
   static get provable() {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._provable;
@@ -609,7 +601,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  *
  * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
  */
-function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof ForeignField {
+function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof UnreducedForeignField {
   assert(
     modulus > 0n,
     `ForeignField: modulus must be positive, got ${modulus}`
@@ -676,7 +668,7 @@ type Constructor<T> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
 
 function provable<F extends ForeignField>(
   Class: Constructor<F> & { check(x: ForeignField): void }
-): ProvablePure<F> {
+): ProvablePureExtended<F, string> {
   return {
     toFields(x) {
       return x.value;
@@ -694,5 +686,26 @@ function provable<F extends ForeignField>(
     check(x: ForeignField) {
       Class.check(x);
     },
+    // ugh
+    toJSON(x: ForeignField) {
+      return x.toBigInt().toString();
+    },
+    fromJSON(x: string) {
+      // TODO be more strict about allowed values
+      return new Class(x);
+    },
+    empty() {
+      return new Class(0n);
+    },
+    toInput(x) {
+      let l_ = Number(l);
+      return {
+        packed: [
+          [x.value[0], l_],
+          [x.value[1], l_],
+          [x.value[2], l_],
+        ],
+      };
+    },
   };
 }

From b9205c4136c8d0f22bfb82b88769586b05435a5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:14:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0905/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 80cf218dca..700639bc5d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 80cf218dca605cc91fbde65bff79f2cce9284a47
+Subproject commit 700639bc5df5b7e072446e3196bb0d3594fb32db

From c6989dd71095c862cdf3ce7543b865ea753e768f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:25:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0906/1786] fix foreign curve compilation except the class
 return

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 225 +++++++++------------------------------
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index bf2733d05d..96a2654417 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -1,41 +1,23 @@
-import { createCurveAffine } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import {
+  CurveParams,
+  createCurveAffine,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import type { Group } from './group.js';
 import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
-import {
-  ForeignField,
-  ForeignFieldConst,
-  ForeignFieldVar,
-  createForeignField,
-} from './foreign-field.js';
-import { MlBigint } from './ml/base.js';
+import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { MlBoolArray } from './ml/fields.js';
-import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
+import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 
 // external API
-export { createForeignCurve, CurveParams };
+export { createForeignCurve };
 
 // internal API
-export {
-  ForeignCurveVar,
-  ForeignCurveConst,
-  MlCurveParams,
-  MlCurveParamsWithIa,
-  ForeignCurveClass,
-  toMl as affineToMl,
-};
+export { ForeignCurveClass };
 
-type MlAffine<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
-type ForeignCurveVar = MlAffine<ForeignFieldVar>;
-type ForeignCurveConst = MlAffine<ForeignFieldConst>;
-
-type AffineBigint = { x: bigint; y: bigint };
-type Affine = { x: ForeignField; y: ForeignField };
-
-function toMl({ x, y }: Affine): ForeignCurveVar {
-  return [0, x.value, y.value];
-}
+type Affine = { x: AlmostForeignField; y: AlmostForeignField };
 
 type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
 
@@ -58,29 +40,27 @@ type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
  * use the optional `{ unsafe: true }` configuration. See {@link createForeignField} for details.
  * This option is applied to both the scalar field and the base field.
  *
- * @param curve parameters for the elliptic curve you are instantiating
+ * @param params parameters for the elliptic curve you are instantiating
  * @param options
  * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
  */
-function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
-  const curveParamsMl = Snarky.foreignCurve.create(MlCurveParams(curve));
-  const curveName = curve.name;
+function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
+  const Curve = createCurveAffine(params);
 
-  class BaseField extends createForeignField(curve.modulus, { unsafe }) {}
-  class ScalarField extends createForeignField(curve.order, { unsafe }) {}
+  const BaseFieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);
+  const ScalarFieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.order);
+  class BaseField extends BaseFieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
+  class ScalarField extends ScalarFieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
 
   // this is necessary to simplify the type of ForeignCurve, to avoid
   // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
-  const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({ x: BaseField, y: BaseField });
-
-  const ConstantCurve = createCurveAffine({
-    p: curve.modulus,
-    order: curve.order,
-    a: curve.a,
-    b: curve.b,
-    generator: curve.gen,
+  const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({
+    x: BaseField.AlmostReduced.provable,
+    y: BaseField.AlmostReduced.provable,
   });
 
+  const ConstantCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
+
   function toBigint(g: Affine) {
     return { x: g.x.toBigInt(), y: g.y.toBigInt() };
   }
@@ -98,24 +78,13 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      *
      * **Warning**: This fails for a constant input which does not represent an actual point on the curve.
      */
-    constructor(
-      g:
-        | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
-        | ForeignCurveVar
-    ) {
-      let x_: BaseField;
-      let y_: BaseField;
-      // ForeignCurveVar
-      if (Array.isArray(g)) {
-        let [, x, y] = g;
-        x_ = new BaseField(x);
-        y_ = new BaseField(y);
-      } else {
-        let { x, y } = g;
-        x_ = BaseField.from(x);
-        y_ = BaseField.from(y);
-      }
-      super({ x: x_, y: y_ });
+    constructor(g: {
+      x: BaseField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+      y: BaseField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    }) {
+      let x = new BaseField(g.x);
+      let y = new BaseField(g.y);
+      super({ x, y });
       // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
       if (this.isConstant()) this.assertOnCurve();
     }
@@ -132,28 +101,12 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
       return new ForeignCurve(g);
     }
 
-    static #curveParamsMlVar: unknown | undefined;
-
-    /**
-     * Initialize usage of the curve. This function has to be called once per provable method to use the curve.
-     */
-    static initialize() {
-      if (!inCheckedComputation()) return;
-      ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar =
-        Snarky.foreignCurve.paramsToVars(curveParamsMl);
-    }
-
-    static _getParams(name: string): unknown {
-      if (ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar === undefined) {
-        throw Error(
-          `${name}(): You must call ${this.name}.initialize() once per provable method to use ${curveName}.`
-        );
-      }
-      return ForeignCurve.#curveParamsMlVar;
+    static generator = new ForeignCurve(params.generator);
+    static modulus = params.modulus;
+    get modulus() {
+      return params.modulus;
     }
 
-    static generator = new ForeignCurve(curve.gen);
-
     /**
      * Checks whether this curve point is constant.
      *
@@ -183,8 +136,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.add(toConstant(this), toConstant(h_));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.add`);
-      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.add(toMl(this), toMl(h_), curve);
+      let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), this.modulus);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
@@ -196,8 +148,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.double(toConstant(this));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.double`);
-      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.double(toMl(this), curve);
+      let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), this.modulus);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
@@ -209,12 +160,10 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.negate(toConstant(this));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.negate`);
-      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.negate(toMl(this), curve);
-      return new ForeignCurve(p);
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
-    static #assertOnCurve(g: Affine) {
+    private static assertOnCurve(g: Affine) {
       if (isConstant(ForeignCurve, g)) {
         let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(toConstant(g));
         if (!isOnCurve)
@@ -225,8 +174,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
           );
         return;
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.name}.assertOnCurve`);
-      Snarky.foreignCurve.assertOnCurve(toMl(g), curve);
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
     /**
@@ -234,7 +182,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
      */
     assertOnCurve() {
-      ForeignCurve.#assertOnCurve(this);
+      ForeignCurve.assertOnCurve(this);
     }
 
     // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
@@ -242,22 +190,21 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a little-endian
      * array of bits, and each bit is represented by a {@link Bool}.
      */
-    scale(scalar: Bool[]) {
-      if (this.isConstant() && scalar.every((b) => b.isConstant())) {
-        let scalar0 = scalar.map((b) => b.toBoolean());
+    scale(scalar: ScalarField) {
+      if (this.isConstant() && scalar.isConstant()) {
+        let scalar0 = scalar.toBigInt();
         let z = ConstantCurve.scale(toConstant(this), scalar0);
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
-      let curve = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.scale`);
-      let p = Snarky.foreignCurve.scale(
-        toMl(this),
-        MlBoolArray.to(scalar),
-        curve
+      let p = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
+        Curve,
+        [scalar.value],
+        [toPoint(this)]
       );
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
-    static #assertInSubgroup(g: Affine) {
+    private static assertInSubgroup(g: Affine) {
       if (isConstant(Affine, g)) {
         let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(toConstant(g));
         if (!isInGroup)
@@ -268,8 +215,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
           );
         return;
       }
-      let curve_ = ForeignCurve._getParams(`${curveName}.assertInSubgroup`);
-      Snarky.foreignCurve.checkSubgroup(toMl(g), curve_);
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
     /**
@@ -277,7 +223,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * by performing the scalar multiplication.
      */
     assertInSubgroup() {
-      ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(this);
+      ForeignCurve.assertInSubgroup(this);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -289,10 +235,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
      * we don't check that curve elements are valid by default.
      */
     static check(g: Affine) {
-      if (unsafe) return;
       super.check(g); // check that x, y are valid field elements
-      ForeignCurve.#assertOnCurve(g);
-      if (ConstantCurve.hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.#assertInSubgroup(g);
+      ForeignCurve.assertOnCurve(g);
+      if (ConstantCurve.hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.assertInSubgroup(g);
     }
 
     static BaseField = BaseField;
@@ -303,70 +248,6 @@ function createForeignCurve(curve: CurveParams, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
   return ForeignCurve;
 }
 
-/**
- * Parameters defining an elliptic curve in short Weierstraß form
- * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
- */
-type CurveParams = {
-  /**
-   * Human-friendly name for the curve
-   */
-  name: string;
-  /**
-   * Base field modulus
-   */
-  modulus: bigint;
-  /**
-   * Scalar field modulus = group order
-   */
-  order: bigint;
-  /**
-   * Cofactor = size of EC / order
-   *
-   * This can be left undefined if the cofactor is 1.
-   */
-  cofactor?: bigint;
-  /**
-   * The `a` parameter in the curve equation y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
-   */
-  a: bigint;
-  /**
-   * The `b` parameter in the curve equation y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
-   */
-  b: bigint;
-  /**
-   * Generator point
-   */
-  gen: AffineBigint;
-};
-
-type MlBigintPoint = MlAffine<MlBigint>;
-
-function MlBigintPoint({ x, y }: AffineBigint): MlBigintPoint {
-  return [0, MlBigint(x), MlBigint(y)];
-}
-
-type MlCurveParams = [
-  _: 0,
-  modulus: MlBigint,
-  order: MlBigint,
-  a: MlBigint,
-  b: MlBigint,
-  gen: MlBigintPoint
-];
-type MlCurveParamsWithIa = [
-  ...params: MlCurveParams,
-  ia: [_: 0, acc: MlBigintPoint, neg_acc: MlBigintPoint]
-];
-
-function MlCurveParams(params: CurveParams): MlCurveParams {
-  let { modulus, order, a, b, gen } = params;
-  return [
-    0,
-    MlBigint(modulus),
-    MlBigint(order),
-    MlBigint(a),
-    MlBigint(b),
-    MlBigintPoint(gen),
-  ];
+function toPoint({ x, y }: Affine): Point {
+  return { x: x.value, y: y.value };
 }

From 321fca09bbe71fc7b9baea3e757950732cae2be3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:30:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0907/1786] fixup foreign field

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 376be060d9..a8fdabc301 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Tuple, TupleN, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {

From 8459851e83624eb8d3e3a10cef0737d4faa01480 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:30:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0908/1786] delete duplicate curve params

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts | 26 --------------------------
 1 file changed, 26 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d2e7234768..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve-params.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-import { Fp, Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import type { CurveParams } from './foreign-curve.js';
-
-export { secp256k1Params, vestaParams };
-
-const secp256k1Params: CurveParams = {
-  name: 'secp256k1',
-  modulus: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2fn,
-  order: 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffebaaedce6af48a03bbfd25e8cd0364141n,
-  a: 0n,
-  b: 7n,
-  gen: {
-    x: 0x79be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798n,
-    y: 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8n,
-  },
-};
-
-const vestaParams: CurveParams = {
-  name: 'Vesta',
-  modulus: Fq.modulus,
-  order: Fp.modulus,
-  a: 0n,
-  b: V.b,
-  gen: V.one,
-};

From 56795cfe4db17997f46a39fd9345b6e8afb86220 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:34:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0909/1786] foreign field: remove duplicate private method

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 242d71cd69..337d4e0799 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -97,11 +97,6 @@ class ForeignField {
     this.value = Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
   }
 
-  private static toLimbs(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField): Field3 {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
-    return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), this.modulus));
-  }
-
   /**
    * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
    */
@@ -251,7 +246,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    */
   static sum(xs: (ForeignField | bigint | number)[], operations: (1 | -1)[]) {
     const p = this.modulus;
-    let fields = xs.map((x) => this.toLimbs(x));
+    let fields = xs.map((x) => toLimbs(x, p));
     let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
     let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
     return new this.Unreduced(z);

From bb61f3dad1b8a677420d93a7c5f680b4f933dfb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:37:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0910/1786] remove private

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 96a2654417..f5c7151037 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
   // this is necessary to simplify the type of ForeignCurve, to avoid
   // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
   const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({
-    x: BaseField.AlmostReduced.provable,
-    y: BaseField.AlmostReduced.provable,
+    x: BaseField.provable,
+    y: BaseField.provable,
   });
 
   const ConstantCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
       throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
-    private static assertOnCurve(g: Affine) {
+    static assertOnCurve(g: Affine) {
       if (isConstant(ForeignCurve, g)) {
         let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(toConstant(g));
         if (!isOnCurve)
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
-    private static assertInSubgroup(g: Affine) {
+    static assertInSubgroup(g: Affine) {
       if (isConstant(Affine, g)) {
         let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(toConstant(g));
         if (!isInGroup)

From c0d886785a78dc812b4a3cbb12538912a26ec8a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:37:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0911/1786] compiles

---
 src/index.ts             |  1 -
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 72 ++++++++--------------------------------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 99723d17d6..8d5750ef7e 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ export {
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
-export { vestaParams, secp256k1Params } from './lib/foreign-curve-params.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index f71a688a1e..129f4114b3 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,13 @@
-import { inverse, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { CurveAffine } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
-import {
-  CurveParams,
-  ForeignCurveClass,
-  affineToMl,
-  createForeignCurve,
-} from './foreign-curve.js';
-import { ForeignField, ForeignFieldVar } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { ForeignCurveClass, createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { verifyEcdsaConstant } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa };
 
-// internal API
-export { ForeignSignatureVar };
-
-type MlSignature<F> = [_: 0, x: F, y: F];
-type ForeignSignatureVar = MlSignature<ForeignFieldVar>;
-
-type Signature = { r: ForeignField; s: ForeignField };
-
-function signatureToMl({ r, s }: Signature): ForeignSignatureVar {
-  return [0, r.value, s.value];
-}
+type Signature = { r: AlmostForeignField; s: AlmostForeignField };
 
 /**
  * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to parse and verify ECDSA signature in provable code,
@@ -31,12 +15,15 @@ function signatureToMl({ r, s }: Signature): ForeignSignatureVar {
  */
 function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
   let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
-    'gen' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
+    'b' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}
   class Scalar extends Curve.Scalar {}
   class BaseField extends Curve.BaseField {}
 
-  const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({ r: Scalar, s: Scalar });
+  const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({
+    r: Scalar.provable,
+    s: Scalar.provable,
+  });
 
   class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
     static Curve = Curve0;
@@ -85,7 +72,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       let publicKey_ = Curve.from(publicKey);
 
       if (isConstant(Signature, this)) {
-        let isValid = verifyEcdsa(
+        let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
           Curve.Bigint,
           { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() },
           msgHash_.toBigInt(),
@@ -96,11 +83,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
         }
         return;
       }
-      let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.constructor.name}.verify`);
-      let signatureMl = signatureToMl(this);
-      let msgHashMl = msgHash_.value;
-      let publicKeyMl = affineToMl(publicKey_);
-      Snarky.ecdsa.verify(signatureMl, msgHashMl, publicKeyMl, curve);
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
     /**
@@ -115,9 +98,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
           throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): s must be non-zero`);
         return;
       }
-      let curve = Curve0._getParams(`${this.name}.check`);
-      let signatureMl = signatureToMl(signature);
-      Snarky.ecdsa.assertValidSignature(signatureMl, curve);
+      throw Error('unimplemented');
     }
 
     static dummy = new EcdsaSignature({ r: new Scalar(1), s: new Scalar(1) });
@@ -125,30 +106,3 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
 
   return EcdsaSignature;
 }
-
-/**
- * Bigint implementation of ECDSA verify
- */
-function verifyEcdsa(
-  Curve: CurveAffine,
-  { r, s }: { r: bigint; s: bigint },
-  msgHash: bigint,
-  publicKey: { x: bigint; y: bigint }
-) {
-  let q = Curve.order;
-  let QA = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
-  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(QA)) return false;
-  if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(QA)) return false;
-  if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
-  if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
-
-  let sInv = inverse(s, q);
-  if (sInv === undefined) throw Error('impossible');
-  let u1 = mod(msgHash * sInv, q);
-  let u2 = mod(r * sInv, q);
-
-  let X = Curve.add(Curve.scale(Curve.one, u1), Curve.scale(QA, u2));
-  if (Curve.equal(X, Curve.zero)) return false;
-
-  return mod(X.x, q) === r;
-}

From c85c5eaabdc36b17f0de2a6f61a1818df2915e81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 22:45:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0912/1786] tests compile

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 10 +++++-----
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts |  8 ++++----
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts |  5 ++---
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index f5c7151037..d6db20b814 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
 
     static generator = new ForeignCurve(params.generator);
     static modulus = params.modulus;
-    get modulus() {
-      return params.modulus;
-    }
+    // get modulus() {
+    //   return params.modulus;
+    // }
 
     /**
      * Checks whether this curve point is constant.
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.add(toConstant(this), toConstant(h_));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
-      let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), this.modulus);
+      let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), params.modulus);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
         let z = ConstantCurve.double(toConstant(this));
         return new ForeignCurve(z);
       }
-      let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), this.modulus);
+      let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), params.modulus);
       return new ForeignCurve(p);
     }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index b7c1ebf8e8..5288500cf8 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ import { Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field } from './field.js';
-import { vestaParams } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
+import { Crypto } from './crypto.js';
 
-class Vesta extends createForeignCurve(vestaParams) {}
+class Vesta extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Vesta) {}
+class Fp extends Vesta.Scalar {}
 
 let g = { x: Fq.negate(1n), y: 2n, infinity: false };
 let h = V.toAffine(V.negate(V.double(V.add(V.fromAffine(g), V.one))));
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ let scalar = Field.random().toBigInt();
 let p = V.toAffine(V.scale(V.fromAffine(h), scalar));
 
 function main() {
-  Vesta.initialize();
   let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
   let one = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => Vesta.generator);
   let h0 = g0.add(one).double().negate();
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ function main() {
   // TODO super slow
   // h0.assertInSubgroup();
 
-  let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(scalar)).toBits();
+  let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Fp.provable, () => new Fp(scalar));
   // TODO super slow
   let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
   Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, new Vesta(p));
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index fd6fd69062..afd1a06a6a 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { createEcdsa } from './foreign-ecdsa.js';
-import { secp256k1Params } from './foreign-curve-params.js';
 import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Crypto } from './crypto.js';
 
-class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(secp256k1Params) {}
+class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
 
 class EthSignature extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
 
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 function main() {
-  Secp256k1.initialize();
   let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature, () => signature);
   signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
 }

From 58400552d74b2166a445de978375433f3beefb19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Nov 2023 14:19:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 0913/1786] chore(mina): update mina submodule to latest commit
 in o1js-main branch

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 587a888ada..ae94ff0180 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 587a888ada0dadd92092b7f2616cf015a5305e56
+Subproject commit ae94ff0180d9e4653cbfb32c527fa7ab22423f19

From d9353d4eeb8378c2340f3aecf3cee089ddea6580 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 09:20:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0914/1786] remove unnecessary helper

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 6 ------
 src/lib/provable.ts      | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 85793721b3..b799c20842 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ export {
   cloneCircuitValue,
   circuitValueEquals,
   toConstant,
-  isConstant,
   InferProvable,
   HashInput,
   InferJson,
@@ -689,8 +688,3 @@ function toConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T): T {
     type.toAuxiliary(value)
   );
 }
-
-function isConstant<T>(type: FlexibleProvable<T>, value: T): boolean;
-function isConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T): boolean {
-  return type.toFields(value).every((x) => x.isConstant());
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 4cf97b4f8a..534818f16f 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  * - a namespace with tools for writing provable code
  * - the main interface for types that can be used in provable code
  */
-import { FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -127,7 +126,8 @@ const Provable = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * let x = Field(42);
-   * Provable.isConstant(x); // true
+   * Provable.isConstant(Field, x); // true
+   * ```
    */
   isConstant,
   /**

From 6f3413a9e2fc62bcbd666957f61d617de0de316c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 09:21:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0915/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 700639bc5d..1b0258a3b0 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 700639bc5df5b7e072446e3196bb0d3594fb32db
+Subproject commit 1b0258a3b0e150a3b9a15b61c56115ef088a3865

From e9d17de1311b0f9a15bb0d222125113619839c7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 09:22:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0916/1786] move foreign curve class outside class factory

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts           | 427 +++++++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts |   8 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts           |  15 +-
 3 files changed, 227 insertions(+), 223 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index d6db20b814..9809c5bebe 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,217 @@
 import {
   CurveParams,
+  CurveAffine,
   createCurveAffine,
 } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import type { Group } from './group.js';
-import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { MlBoolArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 
 // external API
-export { createForeignCurve };
+export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
 
-// internal API
-export { ForeignCurveClass };
+type FlexiblePoint = {
+  x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+  y: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+};
+function toPoint({ x, y }: ForeignCurve): Point {
+  return { x: x.value, y: y.value };
+}
+
+class ForeignCurve {
+  x: AlmostForeignField;
+  y: AlmostForeignField;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link ForeignCurve} from an object representing the (affine) x and y coordinates.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = new ForeignCurve({ x: 1n, y: 1n });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This fails for a constant input which does not represent an actual point on the curve.
+   */
+  constructor(g: {
+    x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    y: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+  }) {
+    this.x = new this.Constructor.Field(g.x);
+    this.y = new this.Constructor.Field(g.y);
+    // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
+    if (this.isConstant()) this.assertOnCurve();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignCurve}.
+   */
+  static from(g: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    if (g instanceof this) return g;
+    return new this(g);
+  }
+
+  static get generator() {
+    return new this(this.Bigint.one);
+  }
+  static get modulus() {
+    return this.Bigint.modulus;
+  }
+  get modulus() {
+    return this.Constructor.Bigint.modulus;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks whether this curve point is constant.
+   *
+   * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+   */
+  isConstant() {
+    return Provable.isConstant(this.Constructor.provable, this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this curve point to a point with bigint coordinates.
+   */
+  toBigint() {
+    // TODO make `infinity` not required in bigint curve APIs
+    return { x: this.x.toBigInt(), y: this.y.toBigInt(), infinity: false };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve addition.
+   */
+  add(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    let h_ = this.Constructor.from(h);
+    let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), this.modulus);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve doubling.
+   */
+  double() {
+    let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), this.modulus);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve negation.
+   */
+  negate(): ForeignCurve {
+    throw Error('unimplemented');
+  }
+
+  static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
+    if (g.isConstant()) {
+      let isOnCurve = this.Bigint.isOnCurve(g.toBigint());
+      if (!isOnCurve)
+        throw Error(
+          `${this.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
+            this.provable.toJSON(g)
+          )} is not on the curve.`
+        );
+      return;
+    }
+    throw Error('unimplemented');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this point lies on the elliptic curve, which means it satisfies the equation
+   * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   */
+  assertOnCurve() {
+    this.Constructor.assertOnCurve(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a {@link ForeignField} element.
+   */
+  scale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
+    if (this.isConstant() && scalar_.isConstant()) {
+      let z = this.Constructor.Bigint.scale(
+        this.toBigint(),
+        scalar_.toBigInt()
+      );
+      return new this.Constructor(z);
+    }
+    let p = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
+      this.Constructor.Bigint,
+      [scalar_.value],
+      [toPoint(this)],
+      [{ windowSize: 3 }]
+    );
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
+  static assertInSubgroup(g: ForeignCurve) {
+    if (g.isConstant()) {
+      let isInGroup = this.Bigint.isInSubgroup(g.toBigint());
+      if (!isInGroup)
+        throw Error(
+          `${this.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
+            this.provable.toJSON(g)
+          )} is not in the target subgroup.`
+        );
+      return;
+    }
+    throw Error('unimplemented');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert than this point lies in the subgroup defined by order*P = 0,
+   * by performing the scalar multiplication.
+   */
+  assertInSubgroup() {
+    this.Constructor.assertInSubgroup(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check that this is a valid element of the target subgroup of the curve:
+   * - Use {@link assertOnCurve()} to check that the point lies on the curve
+   * - If the curve has cofactor unequal to 1, use {@link assertInSubgroup()}.
+   *
+   * **Exception**: If {@link createForeignCurve} is called with `{ unsafe: true }`,
+   * we don't check that curve elements are valid by default.
+   */
+  static check(g: ForeignCurve) {
+    // check that x, y are valid field elements
+    this.Field.check(g.x);
+    this.Field.check(g.y);
+    this.assertOnCurve(g);
+    if (this.Bigint.hasCofactor) this.assertInSubgroup(g);
+  }
 
-type Affine = { x: AlmostForeignField; y: AlmostForeignField };
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof ForeignCurve;
+  }
+  static _Bigint?: CurveAffine;
+  static _Field?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+  static _Scalar?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+  static get Bigint() {
+    assert(this._Bigint !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._Bigint;
+  }
+  static get Field() {
+    assert(this._Field !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._Field;
+  }
+  static get Scalar() {
+    assert(this._Scalar !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._Scalar;
+  }
 
-type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
+  static _provable?: ProvableExtended<ForeignCurve, { x: string; y: string }>;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
 
 /**
  * Create a class representing an elliptic curve group, which is different from the native {@link Group}.
@@ -44,210 +236,21 @@ type ForeignCurveClass = ReturnType<typeof createForeignCurve>;
  * @param options
  * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
  */
-function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams) {
-  const Curve = createCurveAffine(params);
-
-  const BaseFieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);
-  const ScalarFieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.order);
-  class BaseField extends BaseFieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
-  class ScalarField extends ScalarFieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
-
-  // this is necessary to simplify the type of ForeignCurve, to avoid
-  // TS7056: The inferred type of this node exceeds the maximum length the compiler will serialize.
-  const Affine: Struct<Affine> = Struct({
-    x: BaseField.provable,
-    y: BaseField.provable,
-  });
-
-  const ConstantCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
-
-  function toBigint(g: Affine) {
-    return { x: g.x.toBigInt(), y: g.y.toBigInt() };
-  }
-  function toConstant(g: Affine) {
-    return { ...toBigint(g), infinity: false };
-  }
-
-  class ForeignCurve extends Affine {
-    /**
-     * Create a new {@link ForeignCurve} from an object representing the (affine) x and y coordinates.
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let x = new ForeignCurve({ x: 1n, y: 1n });
-     * ```
-     *
-     * **Warning**: This fails for a constant input which does not represent an actual point on the curve.
-     */
-    constructor(g: {
-      x: BaseField | Field3 | bigint | number;
-      y: BaseField | Field3 | bigint | number;
-    }) {
-      let x = new BaseField(g.x);
-      let y = new BaseField(g.y);
-      super({ x, y });
-      // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
-      if (this.isConstant()) this.assertOnCurve();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignCurve}.
-     */
-    static from(
-      g:
-        | ForeignCurve
-        | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
-    ) {
-      if (g instanceof ForeignCurve) return g;
-      return new ForeignCurve(g);
-    }
-
-    static generator = new ForeignCurve(params.generator);
-    static modulus = params.modulus;
-    // get modulus() {
-    //   return params.modulus;
-    // }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks whether this curve point is constant.
-     *
-     * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
-     */
-    isConstant() {
-      return isConstant(ForeignCurve, this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Convert this curve point to a point with bigint coordinates.
-     */
-    toBigint() {
-      return { x: this.x.toBigInt(), y: this.y.toBigInt() };
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve addition.
-     */
-    add(
-      h:
-        | ForeignCurve
-        | { x: BaseField | bigint | number; y: BaseField | bigint | number }
-    ) {
-      let h_ = ForeignCurve.from(h);
-      if (this.isConstant() && h_.isConstant()) {
-        let z = ConstantCurve.add(toConstant(this), toConstant(h_));
-        return new ForeignCurve(z);
-      }
-      let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), params.modulus);
-      return new ForeignCurve(p);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve doubling.
-     */
-    double() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let z = ConstantCurve.double(toConstant(this));
-        return new ForeignCurve(z);
-      }
-      let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), params.modulus);
-      return new ForeignCurve(p);
-    }
+function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
+  const FieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);
+  const ScalarUnreduced = createForeignField(params.order);
+  class Field extends FieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
+  class Scalar extends ScalarUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
 
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve negation.
-     */
-    negate() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let z = ConstantCurve.negate(toConstant(this));
-        return new ForeignCurve(z);
-      }
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
-    }
-
-    static assertOnCurve(g: Affine) {
-      if (isConstant(ForeignCurve, g)) {
-        let isOnCurve = ConstantCurve.isOnCurve(toConstant(g));
-        if (!isOnCurve)
-          throw Error(
-            `${this.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
-              ForeignCurve.toJSON(g)
-            )} is not on the curve.`
-          );
-        return;
-      }
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Assert that this point lies on the elliptic curve, which means it satisfies the equation
-     * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
-     */
-    assertOnCurve() {
-      ForeignCurve.assertOnCurve(this);
-    }
-
-    // TODO wrap this in a `Scalar` type which is a Bool array under the hood?
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a little-endian
-     * array of bits, and each bit is represented by a {@link Bool}.
-     */
-    scale(scalar: ScalarField) {
-      if (this.isConstant() && scalar.isConstant()) {
-        let scalar0 = scalar.toBigInt();
-        let z = ConstantCurve.scale(toConstant(this), scalar0);
-        return new ForeignCurve(z);
-      }
-      let p = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
-        Curve,
-        [scalar.value],
-        [toPoint(this)]
-      );
-      return new ForeignCurve(p);
-    }
-
-    static assertInSubgroup(g: Affine) {
-      if (isConstant(Affine, g)) {
-        let isInGroup = ConstantCurve.isInSubgroup(toConstant(g));
-        if (!isInGroup)
-          throw Error(
-            `${this.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
-              g
-            )} is not in the target subgroup.`
-          );
-        return;
-      }
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Assert than this point lies in the subgroup defined by order*P = 0,
-     * by performing the scalar multiplication.
-     */
-    assertInSubgroup() {
-      ForeignCurve.assertInSubgroup(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check that this is a valid element of the target subgroup of the curve:
-     * - Use {@link assertOnCurve()} to check that the point lies on the curve
-     * - If the curve has cofactor unequal to 1, use {@link assertInSubgroup()}.
-     *
-     * **Exception**: If {@link createForeignCurve} is called with `{ unsafe: true }`,
-     * we don't check that curve elements are valid by default.
-     */
-    static check(g: Affine) {
-      super.check(g); // check that x, y are valid field elements
-      ForeignCurve.assertOnCurve(g);
-      if (ConstantCurve.hasCofactor) ForeignCurve.assertInSubgroup(g);
-    }
-
-    static BaseField = BaseField;
-    static Scalar = ScalarField;
-    static Bigint = ConstantCurve;
+  class Curve extends ForeignCurve {
+    static _Bigint = createCurveAffine(params);
+    static _Field = Field;
+    static _Scalar = Scalar;
+    static _provable = provableFromClass(Curve, {
+      x: Field.provable,
+      y: Field.provable,
+    });
   }
 
-  return ForeignCurve;
-}
-
-function toPoint({ x, y }: Affine): Point {
-  return { x: x.value, y: y.value };
+  return Curve;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 5288500cf8..425679ebfb 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ let scalar = Field.random().toBigInt();
 let p = V.toAffine(V.scale(V.fromAffine(h), scalar));
 
 function main() {
-  let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => new Vesta(g));
-  let one = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => Vesta.generator);
+  let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta.provable, () => new Vesta(g));
+  let one = Provable.witness(Vesta.provable, () => Vesta.generator);
   let h0 = g0.add(one).double().negate();
-  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, h0, new Vesta(h));
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta.provable, h0, new Vesta(h));
 
   h0.assertOnCurve();
   // TODO super slow
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ function main() {
   let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Fp.provable, () => new Fp(scalar));
   // TODO super slow
   let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
-  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, new Vesta(p));
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta.provable, p0, new Vesta(p));
 }
 
 console.time('running constant version');
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 129f4114b3..5c4dba5061 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Struct, isConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { ForeignCurveClass, createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ForeignCurve, createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { verifyEcdsaConstant } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa };
@@ -13,12 +14,12 @@ type Signature = { r: AlmostForeignField; s: AlmostForeignField };
  * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to parse and verify ECDSA signature in provable code,
  * for the given curve.
  */
-function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
-  let Curve0: ForeignCurveClass =
+function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
+  let Curve0: typeof ForeignCurve =
     'b' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}
   class Scalar extends Curve.Scalar {}
-  class BaseField extends Curve.BaseField {}
+  class BaseField extends Curve.Field {}
 
   const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({
     r: Scalar.provable,
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
       let msgHash_ = Scalar.from(msgHash);
       let publicKey_ = Curve.from(publicKey);
 
-      if (isConstant(Signature, this)) {
+      if (Provable.isConstant(Signature, this)) {
         let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
           Curve.Bigint,
           { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() },
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | ForeignCurveClass) {
      * Check that r, s are valid scalars and both are non-zero
      */
     static check(signature: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
-      if (isConstant(Signature, signature)) {
+      if (Provable.isConstant(Signature, signature)) {
         super.check(signature); // check valid scalars
         if (signature.r.toBigInt() === 0n)
           throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): r must be non-zero`);

From 13081ccece847a628b50e24b22c91755c85bb44a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 09:58:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0917/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts |  6 ++++--
 src/lib/group.ts         | 12 ++----------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 9809c5bebe..b4b6886940 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -77,8 +77,10 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    * Convert this curve point to a point with bigint coordinates.
    */
   toBigint() {
-    // TODO make `infinity` not required in bigint curve APIs
-    return { x: this.x.toBigInt(), y: this.y.toBigInt(), infinity: false };
+    return this.Constructor.Bigint.fromNonzero({
+      x: this.x.toBigInt(),
+      y: this.y.toBigInt(),
+    });
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 89cf5bf249..6178032df6 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field, FieldVar, isField } from './field.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { GroupAffine, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 
@@ -73,15 +73,7 @@ class Group {
   }
 
   // helpers
-  static #fromAffine({
-    x,
-    y,
-    infinity,
-  }: {
-    x: bigint;
-    y: bigint;
-    infinity: boolean;
-  }) {
+  static #fromAffine({ x, y, infinity }: GroupAffine) {
     return infinity ? Group.zero : new Group({ x, y });
   }
 

From 190f3e33b409a05fac36435bc3095fbee7f94675 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 10:20:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0918/1786] negate

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts          | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts          | 9 ++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 5 +++++
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index b4b6886940..9632603d7e 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    * Elliptic curve negation.
    */
   negate(): ForeignCurve {
-    throw Error('unimplemented');
+    return new this.Constructor({ x: this.x, y: this.y.neg() });
   }
 
   static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 337d4e0799..888974658f 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class ForeignField {
   static from(x: bigint | number | string): CanonicalForeignField;
   static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField;
   static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x;
+    if (x instanceof this) return x;
     return new this.Canonical(x);
   }
 
@@ -208,8 +208,11 @@ class ForeignField {
    * ```
    */
   neg() {
-    let zero: ForeignField = this.Constructor.from(0n);
-    return this.Constructor.sum([zero, this], [-1]);
+    // this gets a special implementation because negation proves that the return value is almost reduced.
+    // it shows that r = f - x >= 0 or r = 0 (for x=0) over the integers, which implies r < f
+    // see also `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan()`
+    let xNeg = Gadgets.ForeignField.neg(this.value, this.modulus);
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(xNeg);
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8d45b6e428..b49d63cd0e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
+  negate,
   multiScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
@@ -140,6 +141,10 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
+function negate({ x, y }: Point, f: bigint) {
+  return { x, y: ForeignField.negate(y, f) };
+}
+
 /**
  * Verify an ECDSA signature.
  *

From d552bc217d5f643a0e221b599945b9137b8d8b8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 09:24:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0919/1786] Keccak block transformation

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts           | 217 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 105 +++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 322 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/keccak.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2207e77a1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+
+// KECCAK CONSTANTS
+
+// Length of the square matrix side of Keccak states
+const KECCAK_DIM = 5;
+
+// Value `l` in Keccak, ranges from 0 to 6 and determines the lane width
+const KECCAK_ELL = 6;
+
+// Width of a lane of the state, meaning the length of each word in bits (64)
+const KECCAK_WORD = 2 ** KECCAK_ELL;
+
+// Number of bytes that fit in a word (8)
+const BYTES_PER_WORD = KECCAK_WORD / 8;
+
+// Length of the state in bits, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bits (1600)
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * KECCAK_WORD;
+
+// Number of rounds of the Keccak permutation function depending on the value `l` (24)
+const KECCAK_ROUNDS = 12 + 2 * KECCAK_ELL;
+
+// Creates the 5x5 table of rotation offset for Keccak modulo 64
+//  | x \ y |  0 |  1 |  2 |  3 |  4 |
+//  | ----- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
+//  | 0     |  0 | 36 |  3 | 41 | 18 |
+//  | 1     |  1 | 44 | 10 | 45 |  2 |
+//  | 2     | 62 |  6 | 43 | 15 | 61 |
+//  | 3     | 28 | 55 | 25 | 21 | 56 |
+//  | 4     | 27 | 20 | 39 |  8 | 14 |
+const ROT_TABLE = [
+  [0, 36, 3, 41, 18],
+  [1, 44, 10, 45, 2],
+  [62, 6, 43, 15, 61],
+  [28, 55, 25, 21, 56],
+  [27, 20, 39, 8, 14],
+];
+
+// Round constants for Keccak
+// From https://keccak.team/files/Keccak-reference-3.0.pdf
+const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
+  0x0000000000000001n,
+  0x0000000000008082n,
+  0x800000000000808an,
+  0x8000000080008000n,
+  0x000000000000808bn,
+  0x0000000080000001n,
+  0x8000000080008081n,
+  0x8000000000008009n,
+  0x000000000000008an,
+  0x0000000000000088n,
+  0x0000000080008009n,
+  0x000000008000000an,
+  0x000000008000808bn,
+  0x800000000000008bn,
+  0x8000000000008089n,
+  0x8000000000008003n,
+  0x8000000000008002n,
+  0x8000000000000080n,
+  0x000000000000800an,
+  0x800000008000000an,
+  0x8000000080008081n,
+  0x8000000000008080n,
+  0x0000000080000001n,
+  0x8000000080008008n,
+].map(Field.from);
+
+// Return a keccak state where all lanes are equal to 0
+const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
+  Array.from(Array(KECCAK_DIM), (_) => Array(KECCAK_DIM).fill(Field.from(0)));
+
+// KECCAK HASH FUNCTION
+
+// ROUND TRANSFORMATION
+
+// First algrithm in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// C[x] = A[x,0] xor A[x,1] xor A[x,2] xor A[x,3] xor A[x,4]
+// D[x] = C[x-1] xor ROT(C[x+1], 1)
+// E[x,y] = A[x,y] xor D[x]
+// In the Keccak reference, it corresponds to the `theta` algorithm.
+// We use the first index of the state array as the x coordinate and the second index as the y coordinate.
+const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
+  const stateA = state;
+
+  // XOR the elements of each row together
+  // for all x in {0..4}: C[x] = A[x,0] xor A[x,1] xor A[x,2] xor A[x,3] xor A[x,4]
+  const stateC = stateA.map((row) =>
+    row.reduce((acc, next) => Gadgets.xor(acc, next, KECCAK_WORD))
+  );
+
+  // for all x in {0..4}: D[x] = C[x-1] xor ROT(C[x+1], 1)
+  const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, x) =>
+    Gadgets.xor(
+      stateC[(x + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
+      // using (x + m mod m) to avoid negative values
+      Gadgets.rotate(stateC[(x + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left'),
+      KECCAK_WORD
+    )
+  );
+
+  // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: E[x,y] = A[x,y] xor D[x]
+  const stateE = stateA.map((row, index) =>
+    row.map((elem) => Gadgets.xor(elem, stateD[index], KECCAK_WORD))
+  );
+
+  return stateE;
+};
+
+// Second and third steps in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
+// which is equivalent to the `rho` algorithm followed by the `pi` algorithm in the Keccak reference as follows:
+// rho:
+// A[0,0] = a[0,0]
+// | x |  =  | 1 |
+// | y |  =  | 0 |
+// for t = 0 to 23 do
+//   A[x,y] = ROT(a[x,y], (t+1)(t+2)/2 mod 64)))
+//   | x |  =  | 0  1 |   | x |
+//   |   |  =  |      | * |   |
+//   | y |  =  | 2  3 |   | y |
+// end for
+// pi:
+// for x = 0 to 4 do
+//   for y = 0 to 4 do
+//     | X |  =  | 0  1 |   | x |
+//     |   |  =  |      | * |   |
+//     | Y |  =  | 2  3 |   | y |
+//     A[X,Y] = a[x,y]
+//   end for
+// end for
+// We use the first index of the state array as the x coordinate and the second index as the y coordinate.
+function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
+  const stateE = state;
+  const stateB: Field[][] = getKeccakStateZeros();
+
+  // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
+  for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
+    for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
+      // No need to use mod since this is always positive
+      stateB[y][(2 * x + 3 * y) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
+        stateE[x][y],
+        ROT_TABLE[x][y],
+        'left'
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return stateB;
+}
+
+// Fourth step of the compression function of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// F[x,y] = B[x,y] xor ((not B[x+1,y]) and B[x+2,y])
+// It corresponds to the chi algorithm in the Keccak reference.
+// for y = 0 to 4 do
+//   for x = 0 to 4 do
+//     A[x,y] = a[x,y] xor ((not a[x+1,y]) and a[x+2,y])
+//   end for
+// end for
+function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
+  const stateB = state;
+  const stateF = getKeccakStateZeros();
+
+  // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: F[x,y] = B[x,y] xor ((not B[x+1,y]) and B[x+2,y])
+  for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
+    for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
+      stateF[x][y] = Gadgets.xor(
+        stateB[x][y],
+        Gadgets.and(
+          // We can use unchecked NOT because the length of the input is constrained to be 64 bits thanks to the fact that it is the output of a previous Xor64
+          Gadgets.not(stateB[(x + 1) % 5][y], KECCAK_WORD, false),
+          stateB[(x + 2) % 5][y],
+          KECCAK_WORD
+        ),
+        KECCAK_WORD
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return stateF;
+}
+
+// Fifth step of the permutation function of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// It takes the word located at the position (0,0) of the state and XORs it with the round constant.
+function iota(state: Field[][], rc: Field): Field[][] {
+  const stateG = state;
+
+  stateG[0][0] = Gadgets.xor(stateG[0][0], rc, KECCAK_WORD);
+
+  return stateG;
+}
+
+// One round of the Keccak permutation function.
+// iota o chi o pi o rho o theta
+function round(state: Field[][], rc: Field): Field[][] {
+  const stateA = state;
+  const stateE = theta(stateA);
+  const stateB = piRho(stateE);
+  const stateF = chi(stateB);
+  const stateD = iota(stateF, rc);
+  return stateD;
+}
+
+// Keccak permutation function with a constant number of rounds
+function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
+  return rc.reduce(
+    (currentState, rcValue) => round(currentState, rcValue),
+    state
+  );
+}
+
+// TESTING
+
+const blockTransformation = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] =>
+  permutation(state, ROUND_CONSTANTS);
+
+export { ROUND_CONSTANTS, theta, piRho, chi, iota, round, blockTransformation };
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2efdbc3957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
+import { constraintSystem, print } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
+import {
+  ROUND_CONSTANTS,
+  theta,
+  piRho,
+  chi,
+  iota,
+  round,
+  blockTransformation,
+} from './keccak.js';
+
+const KECCAK_TEST_STATE = [
+  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+  [0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
+  [1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+  [0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+  [0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+].map((row) => row.map((elem) => Field.from(elem)));
+
+let KeccakBlockTransformation = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'KeccakBlockTransformation',
+  publicInput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, 5), 5),
+  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, 5), 5),
+
+  methods: {
+    Theta: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(input: Field[][]) {
+        return theta(input);
+      },
+    },
+    PiRho: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(input: Field[][]) {
+        return piRho(input);
+      },
+    },
+    Chi: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(input: Field[][]) {
+        return chi(input);
+      },
+    },
+    Iota: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(input: Field[][]) {
+        return iota(input, ROUND_CONSTANTS[0]);
+      },
+    },
+    Round: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(input: Field[][]) {
+        return round(input, ROUND_CONSTANTS[0]);
+      },
+    },
+    BlockTransformation: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(input: Field[][]) {
+        return blockTransformation(input);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+// constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+//   KeccakBlockTransformation,
+//   'BlockTransformation',
+//   print
+// );
+
+console.log('KECCAK_TEST_STATE: ', KECCAK_TEST_STATE.toString());
+
+console.log('Compiling...');
+await KeccakBlockTransformation.compile();
+console.log('Done!');
+console.log('Generating proof...');
+let proof0 = await KeccakBlockTransformation.BlockTransformation(
+  KECCAK_TEST_STATE
+);
+console.log('Done!');
+console.log('Output:', proof0.publicOutput.toString());
+console.log('Verifying...');
+proof0.verify();
+console.log('Done!');
+
+/*
+[RUST IMPLEMENTATION OUTPUT](https://github.com/BaldyAsh/keccak-rust)
+
+INPUT:
+[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+ [0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
+ [1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+ [0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+ [0, 1, 0, 0, 0]]
+
+OUTPUT:
+[[8771753707458093707, 14139250443469741764, 11827767624278131459, 2757454755833177578, 5758014717183214102],
+[3389583698920935946, 1287099063347104936, 15030403046357116816, 17185756281681305858, 9708367831595350450],
+[1416127551095004411, 16037937966823201128, 9518790688640222300, 1997971396112921437, 4893561083608951508],
+[8048617297177300085, 10306645194383020789, 2789881727527423094, 7603160281577405588, 12935834807086847890],
+[9476112750389234330, 13193683191463706918, 4460519148532423021, 7183125267124224670, 1393214916959060614]]
+*/

From 8c09689689c5e65d6309c22f29e21e0f7976ab4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 10:40:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0920/1786] support message in foreign field assertMul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 21 +++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index a8fdabc301..f089012e51 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -237,7 +237,8 @@ function assertMulInternal(
   x: Field3,
   y: Field3,
   xy: Field3 | Field2,
-  f: bigint
+  f: bigint,
+  message?: string
 ) {
   let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
@@ -247,12 +248,12 @@ function assertMulInternal(
   // bind remainder to input xy
   if (xy.length === 2) {
     let [xy01, xy2] = xy;
-    r01.assertEquals(xy01);
-    r2.assertEquals(xy2);
+    r01.assertEquals(xy01, message);
+    r2.assertEquals(xy2, message);
   } else {
     let xy01 = xy[0].add(xy[1].mul(1n << l));
-    r01.assertEquals(xy01);
-    r2.assertEquals(xy[2]);
+    r01.assertEquals(xy01, message);
+    r2.assertEquals(xy[2], message);
   }
 }
 
@@ -474,7 +475,8 @@ function assertMul(
   x: Field3 | Sum,
   y: Field3 | Sum,
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
-  f: bigint
+  f: bigint,
+  message?: string
 ) {
   x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x);
   y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
@@ -505,11 +507,14 @@ function assertMul(
     let x_ = Field3.toBigint(x0);
     let y_ = Field3.toBigint(y0);
     let xy_ = Field3.toBigint(xy0);
-    assert(mod(x_ * y_, f) === xy_, 'incorrect multiplication result');
+    assert(
+      mod(x_ * y_, f) === xy_,
+      message ?? 'assertMul(): incorrect multiplication result'
+    );
     return;
   }
 
-  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f, message);
 }
 
 class Sum {

From cd9193e08fe33bf586f35203aac3df8eaeea2866 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 10:40:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0921/1786] assert on curve

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts          | 39 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 13 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 9632603d7e..fa13a29d5c 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -108,17 +108,7 @@ class ForeignCurve {
   }
 
   static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
-    if (g.isConstant()) {
-      let isOnCurve = this.Bigint.isOnCurve(g.toBigint());
-      if (!isOnCurve)
-        throw Error(
-          `${this.name}.assertOnCurve(): ${JSON.stringify(
-            this.provable.toJSON(g)
-          )} is not on the curve.`
-        );
-      return;
-    }
-    throw Error('unimplemented');
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(toPoint(g), this.Bigint.modulus, this.Bigint.b);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -174,14 +164,11 @@ class ForeignCurve {
 
   /**
    * Check that this is a valid element of the target subgroup of the curve:
+   * - Check that the coordinates are valid field elements
    * - Use {@link assertOnCurve()} to check that the point lies on the curve
    * - If the curve has cofactor unequal to 1, use {@link assertInSubgroup()}.
-   *
-   * **Exception**: If {@link createForeignCurve} is called with `{ unsafe: true }`,
-   * we don't check that curve elements are valid by default.
    */
   static check(g: ForeignCurve) {
-    // check that x, y are valid field elements
     this.Field.check(g.x);
     this.Field.check(g.y);
     this.assertOnCurve(g);
@@ -195,20 +182,32 @@ class ForeignCurve {
   static _Bigint?: CurveAffine;
   static _Field?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
   static _Scalar?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+  static _provable?: ProvableExtended<ForeignCurve, { x: string; y: string }>;
+
+  /**
+   * Curve arithmetic on JS bigints.
+   */
   static get Bigint() {
     assert(this._Bigint !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
     return this._Bigint;
   }
+  /**
+   * The base field of this curve as a {@link ForeignField}.
+   */
   static get Field() {
     assert(this._Field !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
     return this._Field;
   }
+  /**
+   * The scalar field of this curve as a {@link ForeignField}.
+   */
   static get Scalar() {
     assert(this._Scalar !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
     return this._Scalar;
   }
-
-  static _provable?: ProvableExtended<ForeignCurve, { x: string; y: string }>;
+  /**
+   * `Provable<ForeignCurve>`
+   */
   static get provable() {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
     return this._provable;
@@ -244,8 +243,12 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
   class Field extends FieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
   class Scalar extends ScalarUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
 
+  const BigintCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
+  assert(BigintCurve.a === 0n, 'a !=0 is not supported');
+  assert(!BigintCurve.hasCofactor, 'cofactor != 1 is not supported');
+
   class Curve extends ForeignCurve {
-    static _Bigint = createCurveAffine(params);
+    static _Bigint = BigintCurve;
     static _Field = Field;
     static _Scalar = Scalar;
     static _provable = provableFromClass(Curve, {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index b49d63cd0e..03c69bf2b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
   negate,
+  assertOnCurve,
   multiScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
@@ -145,6 +146,18 @@ function negate({ x, y }: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x, y: ForeignField.negate(y, f) };
 }
 
+function assertOnCurve(p: Point, f: bigint, b: bigint) {
+  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+  let { x, y } = p;
+  let x2 = ForeignField.mul(x, x, f);
+  let y2 = ForeignField.mul(y, y, f);
+  let y2MinusB = ForeignField.Sum(y2).sub(Field3.from(b));
+
+  // x^2 * x = y^2 - b
+  let message = `assertOnCurve(): (${x}, ${y}) is not on the curve.`;
+  ForeignField.assertMul(x2, x, y2MinusB, f, message);
+}
+
 /**
  * Verify an ECDSA signature.
  *

From 722cfd642e814c410b9cf7398554c450cdeaf97a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 11:12:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0922/1786] scale gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 03c69bf2b4..ba92dc22bd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ const EllipticCurve = {
   double,
   negate,
   assertOnCurve,
+  scale,
   multiScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
@@ -158,6 +159,38 @@ function assertOnCurve(p: Point, f: bigint, b: bigint) {
   ForeignField.assertMul(x2, x, y2MinusB, f, message);
 }
 
+/**
+ * EC scalar multiplication, `scalar*point`
+ *
+ * The result is constrained to be not zero.
+ */
+function scale(
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  scalar: Field3,
+  point: Point,
+  config: { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] } = { windowSize: 3 }
+) {
+  // constant case
+  if (Field3.isConstant(scalar) && Point.isConstant(point)) {
+    let scalar_ = Field3.toBigint(scalar);
+    let p_ = Point.toBigint(point);
+    let scaled = Curve.scale(p_, scalar_);
+    return Point.from(scaled);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  return multiScalarMul(Curve, [scalar], [point], [config]);
+}
+
+// checks whether the elliptic curve point g is in the subgroup defined by [order]g = 0
+function assertInSubgroup(Curve: CurveAffine, p: Point) {
+  const order = Field3.from(Curve.order);
+  // [order]g = 0
+  let orderG = scale(Curve, order, p);
+  // TODO support zero result from scale
+  throw Error('unimplemented');
+}
+
 /**
  * Verify an ECDSA signature.
  *

From 1ad26021b39076e229b02e936a8fae8b1492ea40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 13:30:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0923/1786] foreign field: split assert non zero into function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 4b92c54299..20b9b3a244 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,30 @@ const ForeignField = {
     // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0 or 1)
     ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * prove that x != 0 mod f
+   *
+   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x can at most be 0 or f, but not 2f, 3f,...
+   */
+  assertNonZero(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    // constant case
+    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) !== 0n, 'assertNonZero: got x = 0');
+      return;
+    }
+    // provable case
+    // check that x != 0 and x != f
+    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+
+    // (x01, x2) != (0, 0)
+    x01.equals(0n).and(x[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
+    // (x01, x2) != (f01, f2)
+    x01
+      .equals(f & l2Mask)
+      .and(x[2].equals(f >> l2))
+      .assertFalse();
+  },
 };
 
 /**
@@ -217,16 +241,8 @@ function divide(
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
-    // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
-    // this works because we assume y[2] <= f2
-    // TODO is this the most efficient way?
-    let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << l));
-    y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
-    let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
-    let f01 = combine2([f0, f1]);
-    y01.equals(f01).and(y[2].equals(f2)).assertFalse();
+    ForeignField.assertNonZero(y, f);
   }
-
   return z;
 }
 

From 1c90b526cece020cc9ff795f4d61ac1542aba4fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 13:46:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0924/1786] assertNotEquals -> equals

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 34 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 20b9b3a244..a1583fe98f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
@@ -73,27 +74,32 @@ const ForeignField = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * prove that x != 0 mod f
+   * check whether x = c mod f
    *
-   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x can at most be 0 or f, but not 2f, 3f,...
+   * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
+   *
+   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
    */
-  assertNonZero(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+  equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
+    assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
+
     // constant case
     if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
-      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) !== 0n, 'assertNonZero: got x = 0');
-      return;
+      return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
     }
+
     // provable case
-    // check that x != 0 and x != f
+    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
     let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
+    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
+
+    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
+    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
+    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
+    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
 
-    // (x01, x2) != (0, 0)
-    x01.equals(0n).and(x[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
-    // (x01, x2) != (f01, f2)
-    x01
-      .equals(f & l2Mask)
-      .and(x[2].equals(f >> l2))
-      .assertFalse();
+    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
   },
 };
 
@@ -241,7 +247,7 @@ function divide(
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
-    ForeignField.assertNonZero(y, f);
+    ForeignField.equals(y, 0n, f).assertFalse();
   }
   return z;
 }

From 7886bef437ad96679b226ad646091d71da1e324f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 13:49:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0925/1786] fix final check in scalar mul

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8d45b6e428..c658039e0b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -298,7 +298,13 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  Provable.equal(Point.provable, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
+  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.x, iaFinal.x, Curve.modulus);
+  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.y, iaFinal.y, Curve.modulus);
+  let isZero = xEquals.and(yEquals);
+
+  // TODO: return isZero instead of asserting here
+  isZero.assertFalse();
+
   sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
 
   return sum;

From ba0c36160b195d5063bee0a4c87a031e9fecec76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 14:16:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0926/1786] split out equals

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 14 +++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c658039e0b..20155c7e22 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,14 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
+// check whether a point equals a constant point
+// TODO implement the full case of two vars
+function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, f: bigint) {
+  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.x, p2.x, f);
+  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.y, p2.y, f);
+  return xEquals.and(yEquals);
+}
+
 /**
  * Verify an ECDSA signature.
  *
@@ -298,11 +306,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.x, iaFinal.x, Curve.modulus);
-  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(sum.y, iaFinal.y, Curve.modulus);
-  let isZero = xEquals.and(yEquals);
-
-  // TODO: return isZero instead of asserting here
+  let isZero = equals(sum, iaFinal, Curve.modulus);
   isZero.assertFalse();
 
   sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);

From dba58f372fddbcd610d39a430eedbde07ed9167a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 14:29:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0927/1786] vk update

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 6044f0bcf3..0297b30a04 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "339463a449bf05b95a8c33f61cfe8ce434517139ca76d46acd8156fa148fa17d",
+    "digest": "6e4078c6df944db119dc1656eb68e6c272c3f2e9cab6746913759537cbfcfa9",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38836,
-        "digest": "1d54d1addf7630e3eb226959de232cc3"
+        "rows": 38846,
+        "digest": "892b0a1fad0f13d92ba6099cd54e6780"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "AAAdmtvKeZvyx7UyPW6rIhb96GnTZEEywf8pGpbkt+QXNIm7oWxIDWYa4EWTiadEqzk8WXg3wiZmbXWcqBQU+uIoTiBnYTRcd7RsaAjbdbIbQJ9EuopFRFewZRx9qeQeEibNeMRcRMP4LdfS3AQRxhFZzN4HFa4MbtGs+Aja820cI9VFULH2/7BvD6JjpVWjVLvvo6zhO3S5axqfDh7QqtkPo3TLpand9OVvMHhTVlz/AV7rus5E/+0cv50MaEJ/wBfUh5XNLAlGgVi7FfWR6p9P72AAymyD3lUdecJyZmCREiVgPrTdFppkp45TefJWNTySkV9c5YzpNxQoXedZDvYP/5s4KBkfIeK+zB2yJC9eZ1ZDYfM88shGDYxmBtur9AkQ49QGquR+kYUI0lpXtuNMG+ZRy0FRJ8ci/TE+PIPIFnSiGcSOA3YM2G171LYf89abU2QUoQRHSP3PmmAOy/8CoRLVro7Nl6z/Ou0oZzX7RjOEo//LBqcSWa2S9X8TQz0R3uivbovTdq0rrba56SbEnK6LWItmBc6CubYWL7UzDbD3RZM6iRz1hqTHDzDz7UIWOzHgLqW9rjnZllQCyfsSAGIC/c5mlvJEtw3GmFSOhllzNMb5rze5XPBrZhVM6zUgjHCxrGo9kh7sUu/CJtpp5k56fIqgmrAEIdVJ3IloJAUgKzcNZhhPW5VfbcSYDpx5nVaU5pTEFl+2+RlcuhBpG1ksAWbD64AUKDjdyTWIC5Wn68AagPtG65V13eFS5LgkSfVtNXxGodg7SdP4AJmXpBgZfzMg4RW6Qje5ZFfrwRzoHPo0y7nO1hkaNLGV3Wvd3/pYiebXvyo+DdTZmaMbJpJaGSCysnovOrVUIpcn4h1hvA12jztQFQcbNHoVeZgslPxA54y9ynjhN7VZfT8lNXXIrRCpmPaxZW6Bw6Op/g6P1Y8pKZHixBy1UrxqWGI+49oRtRFGw9CWS21EekuBFeu9RKI6yZLDiyRC2b3koFG+Kp6oq5Ej6Q8uargE09AgtRrSDSqUoCxu0FXG8VDNFSk+wPBfgTjvTmC9gbTjPgfr95gk0HAAeyDFGWwKsDvU4bkqsacYCSWVZ7OFcx2LDV46ddCU9VJ1JmYsYa+MYEgKjZCvABbX9AEY2ggMr1cHaA49GrGul+Sj6pAvz4oyzaR8m7WAPMDuBtVwdbDtfju3CVbhX15uBoKhuYWQgLr2rnVJ5SOZoDvlwJtcK2izLMYVAasejw4fvsehYGb88wvDbFxS6sM9gDSgTlavZRs95Qf+c1KpYf/jb8BxYNrwrqy8F++c1APDzfzQ/IbVLiaL28wkEy412qmXSjM+9hErKXFy8JIT/WBOIWMMg/7mMu1Al7Tt/kOZrDznlS/szLlpAp2jISa8VWCmlAEPrustdNqQvptSsF6hikzXZVXg5f8pU4Gpa0TP0TRFvIYfmTyl8HpdFOG7vpQavC600YgzS2YGtY7K2WQ5GtN5ZTZBHPsUSir2yKSo9Le9CWXbDtn3SBDepWypwDa3YWKtNog+y10VmpL1N+RG3u1DXSuY7y9WZgkQ7tdvyx/Gjr91kjF0s3bt7vHIAZCtzNlRlWDBz3og0cSnEucCEuKR6dL2Mz+RuF1GmLoXZXapUjVG/82BjdAMAOxPlE67lEs+JWgnrVrA5NLJoL4DZ6+fhQKpNfk0uOrEfZIWR9Sau0IBwBxu6IYVm5/XAB19dt8MAuVcRdN/JGGzo0Hr3WVJuKzbAhuFwJZzcd1J1n4xO09ECT5NQdFSFXGsy8kIFjRNEOkLl+bAExePtGCt0w6cYqB0uCeX3lTI7ugIEgdStMtHFiWngJ218l8CuVrkwTJ7ZqHLtuJDiNqlLptkHWChDfw+IgDwz85dZrfBBzQrMRWranxQmisM+wx3vC+pLURRQHZJEasGCAElj0lTColrqQ/cXS7cBaqs1tBsQDGzKYMCMwsqL53fyxGCljVvljBa99+FpYfoUK+Fi0z6uEbem+luXRScr2yPB5I08lnBY23RmBb/pfSyBfbcmnmF5BkRlJTJKY7fQL/t9bFfywoquQe9e7OQvIjppA/FO7HmZS6hoOU+eS8+W94fEF2gvrowpTeqQHM6hLN9Qzl8niwZWUIyRCfyuzQnuSz/VP1K2sMFBKnZZNDcuBh1/xSFymOH6LfNKostvc6qHTIxrTjlH6952bo1bQl+mVvBUaJuRkYh12QbcyIyzcBFUYwaFazzkHXMof0O30oL3Q6wegTvJxTSZD5VCr5D26Myzoa0JBpqL0st9/MNGZe5a/+HW1qan/VtGA5nYkJcUzwKVqqlmZeuOZekFLGxlfp0lv9IQUQWtiU5uvd5HVoolEc/teUnx/IxYe01IDxX9cbmPMJnLYXJGSY=",
-      "hash": "27986645693165294918748566661718640959750969878894001222795403177870132383423"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "21152043351405736424630704375244880683906889913335338686836578165782029001213"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 4d54927d0b5c3094623cbee42cfab0efecab12d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 16:00:04 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0928/1786] Fix comments and use constants

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts           | 10 ++++------
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts |  5 +++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 2207e77a1d..1187d89b78 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
 
 // ROUND TRANSFORMATION
 
-// First algrithm in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// First algorithm in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
 // C[x] = A[x,0] xor A[x,1] xor A[x,2] xor A[x,3] xor A[x,4]
 // D[x] = C[x-1] xor ROT(C[x+1], 1)
 // E[x,y] = A[x,y] xor D[x]
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
   const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, x) =>
     Gadgets.xor(
       stateC[(x + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
-      // using (x + m mod m) to avoid negative values
       Gadgets.rotate(stateC[(x + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left'),
       KECCAK_WORD
     )
@@ -137,7 +136,6 @@ function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
   for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
     for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
-      // No need to use mod since this is always positive
       stateB[y][(2 * x + 3 * y) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
         stateE[x][y],
         ROT_TABLE[x][y],
@@ -168,8 +166,8 @@ function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
         stateB[x][y],
         Gadgets.and(
           // We can use unchecked NOT because the length of the input is constrained to be 64 bits thanks to the fact that it is the output of a previous Xor64
-          Gadgets.not(stateB[(x + 1) % 5][y], KECCAK_WORD, false),
-          stateB[(x + 2) % 5][y],
+          Gadgets.not(stateB[(x + 1) % KECCAK_DIM][y], KECCAK_WORD, false),
+          stateB[(x + 2) % KECCAK_DIM][y],
           KECCAK_WORD
         ),
         KECCAK_WORD
@@ -214,4 +212,4 @@ function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
 const blockTransformation = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] =>
   permutation(state, ROUND_CONSTANTS);
 
-export { ROUND_CONSTANTS, theta, piRho, chi, iota, round, blockTransformation };
+export { KECCAK_DIM, ROUND_CONSTANTS, theta, piRho, chi, iota, round, blockTransformation };
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 2efdbc3957..1c20b2ec6f 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { constraintSystem, print } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
 import {
+  KECCAK_DIM,
   ROUND_CONSTANTS,
   theta,
   piRho,
@@ -22,8 +23,8 @@ const KECCAK_TEST_STATE = [
 
 let KeccakBlockTransformation = ZkProgram({
   name: 'KeccakBlockTransformation',
-  publicInput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, 5), 5),
-  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, 5), 5),
+  publicInput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, KECCAK_DIM), KECCAK_DIM),
+  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, KECCAK_DIM), KECCAK_DIM),
 
   methods: {
     Theta: {

From cc46f5b0cd709bd713a1480fcb160be49d166db7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 18:29:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0929/1786] it works

---
 src/examples/sha256.ts    | 208 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 166 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/int.ts            |  16 +--
 3 files changed, 384 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/sha256.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/sha256.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41ef423716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/sha256.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+// https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
+
+import { UInt32, Provable } from 'o1js';
+import { bitsToBytes } from 'src/bindings/lib/binable.js';
+
+export { SHA256 };
+
+function processStringToMessageBlocks(s: string) {
+  let msgBits = s
+    .split('')
+    .map((c) => {
+      let binary = c.charCodeAt(0).toString(2);
+      return '00000000'.substr(binary.length) + binary;
+    })
+    .join('');
+
+  let l = msgBits.length;
+  msgBits = msgBits + '1';
+  console.log('msgBits:', msgBits.length);
+
+  // calculate k in l + 1 +k = 448 mod 512
+  let remainder = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
+
+  let k = (remainder + 512) % 512;
+  console.log(k);
+  let padding = '0'.repeat(k);
+  msgBits = msgBits + padding;
+  let lBits = l.toString(2);
+  msgBits = msgBits + '0'.repeat(64 - lBits.length) + lBits;
+  console.log('msgBits:', msgBits.length);
+  let bitBlocks32 = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < msgBits.length; i += 32) {
+    bitBlocks32.push(UInt32.from(BigInt('0b' + msgBits.substr(i, 32))));
+  }
+
+  let lengthBlocks = bitBlocks32.length;
+  let blocks = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < lengthBlocks; i += 16) {
+    let block = bitBlocks32.slice(i, i + 16);
+    blocks.push(block);
+  }
+  return blocks;
+}
+
+// constants §4.2.2
+const K = [
+  0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
+  0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
+  0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
+  0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
+  0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+  0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
+  0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
+  0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
+  0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
+  0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+  0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
+
+// initial hash values §5.3.3
+const H = [
+  0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
+  0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
+].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
+
+const SHA256 = {
+  hash(msg: string) {
+    // preprocessing §6.2
+    // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
+    let messageBlocks = Provable.witness(
+      Provable.Array(Provable.Array(UInt32, 16), 6),
+      () => {
+        console.log('hashing <' + msg + '>');
+        return processStringToMessageBlocks(msg);
+      }
+    );
+
+    const N = messageBlocks.length;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+      const M = messageBlocks[i];
+      // for each message block of 16 x 32 bytes do:
+      const W = new Array(64);
+
+      // prepare message block
+      for (let t = 0; t <= 15; t++) W[t] = M[t];
+      for (let t = 16; t <= 63; t++) {
+        W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
+          .addMod32(W[t - 7])
+          .addMod32(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).addMod32(W[t - 16]));
+      }
+      // initialize working variables
+      let a = H[0];
+      let b = H[1];
+      let c = H[2];
+      let d = H[3];
+      let e = H[4];
+      let f = H[5];
+      let g = H[6];
+      let h = H[7];
+
+      // main loop
+      for (let t = 0; t <= 63; t++) {
+        const T1 = h
+          .addMod32(SigmaOne(e))
+          .addMod32(Ch(e, f, g))
+          .addMod32(K[t])
+          .addMod32(W[t]);
+
+        const T2 = SigmaZero(a).addMod32(Maj(a, b, c));
+
+        h = g;
+        g = f;
+        f = e;
+        e = d.addMod32(T1);
+        d = c;
+        c = b;
+        b = a;
+        a = T1.addMod32(T2);
+      }
+
+      // new intermediate hash value
+
+      H[0] = H[0].addMod32(a);
+      H[1] = H[1].addMod32(b);
+      H[2] = H[2].addMod32(c);
+      H[3] = H[3].addMod32(d);
+      H[4] = H[4].addMod32(e);
+      H[5] = H[5].addMod32(f);
+      H[6] = H[6].addMod32(g);
+      H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
+    }
+
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      let hex = '';
+      for (let h = 0; h < H.length; h++)
+        hex = hex + ('00000000' + H[h].toBigint().toString(16)).slice(-8);
+      console.log('sha256 digest:', hex);
+    });
+  },
+};
+
+Provable.runAndCheck(() =>
+  SHA256.hash(
+    'testtesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttest'
+  )
+);
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => SHA256.hash('test'));
+console.log('rows:', cs.rows);
+/* function toUInt8(msg: string) {
+  return msg.split('').map((c) => UInt8.from(c.charCodeAt(0)));
+} */
+
+function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
+  let xAndY = x.and(y);
+  let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z);
+  return xAndY.xor(xNotAndZ);
+}
+
+function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
+  let xAndY = x.and(y);
+  let xAndZ = x.and(z);
+  let yAndZ = y.and(z);
+
+  return xAndY.xor(xAndZ).xor(yAndZ);
+}
+
+function SigmaZero(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr2 = ROTR(2, x);
+  let rotr13 = ROTR(13, x);
+  let rotr22 = ROTR(22, x);
+
+  return rotr2.xor(rotr13).xor(rotr22);
+}
+
+function SigmaOne(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr6 = ROTR(6, x);
+  let rotr11 = ROTR(11, x);
+  let rotr25 = ROTR(25, x);
+
+  return rotr6.xor(rotr11).xor(rotr25);
+}
+
+// lowercase sigma = delta to avoid confusing function names
+
+function DeltaZero(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr7 = ROTR(7, x);
+  let rotr18 = ROTR(18, x);
+  let shr3 = SHR(3, x);
+
+  return rotr7.xor(rotr18).xor(shr3);
+}
+
+function DeltaOne(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr17 = ROTR(17, x);
+  let rotr19 = ROTR(19, x);
+  let shr10 = SHR(10, x);
+  return rotr17.xor(rotr19).xor(shr10);
+}
+
+function ROTR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
+  return x.rotate(n, 'right');
+}
+
+function SHR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
+  let val = x.rightShift(n);
+  return val;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3693b82bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
+
+import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+
+export { SHA256 };
+
+// constants §4.2.2
+const K = [
+  0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
+  0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
+  0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
+  0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
+  0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+  0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
+  0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
+  0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
+  0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
+  0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+  0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
+
+// initial hash values §5.3.3
+const H = [
+  0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
+  0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
+].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
+
+const SHA256 = {
+  hash(msg: string) {
+    // preprocessing §6.2
+    // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
+    let l = 8 * 8;
+    let k = 448 - (l + 1);
+    let padding = [1, ...new Array(k).fill(0)];
+
+    let messageBlocks = [
+      // M1
+      new Array(16).fill(UInt32.from(1)),
+      new Array(16).fill(UInt32.from(1)),
+    ];
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < messageBlocks.length; i++) {
+      const M = messageBlocks[i];
+      // for each message block of 16 x 32 bytes do:
+      const W = new Array(64);
+
+      // prepare message block
+      for (let t = 0; t < 16; t++) W[t] = M[t];
+      for (let t = 16; t < 64; t++) {
+        W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
+          .addMod32(W[t - 7])
+          .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).add(W[t - 16]));
+      }
+      // initialize working variables
+      let a = H[0],
+        b = H[1],
+        c = H[2],
+        d = H[3],
+        e = H[4],
+        f = H[5],
+        g = H[6],
+        h = H[7];
+
+      // main loop
+      for (let t = 0; t < 64; t++) {
+        const T1 = h
+          .addMod32(SigmaOne(e))
+          .addMod32(Ch(e, f, g))
+          .addMod32(K[t])
+          .addMod32(W[t]);
+
+        const T2 = SigmaOne(a).addMod32(Maj(a, b, c));
+
+        h = g;
+        g = f;
+        f = e;
+        e = d.addMod32(T1);
+        d = c;
+        c = b;
+        b = a;
+        a = T1.addMod32(T2);
+      }
+
+      // new intermediate hash value
+
+      H[0] = H[0].addMod32(a);
+      H[1] = H[1].addMod32(b);
+      H[2] = H[2].addMod32(c);
+      H[3] = H[3].addMod32(d);
+      H[4] = H[4].addMod32(e);
+      H[5] = H[5].addMod32(f);
+      H[6] = H[6].addMod32(g);
+      H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
+    }
+
+    /*
+    let hex = '';
+    for (let h = 0; h < H.length; h++)
+      hex = hex + ('00000000' + H[h].toBigint().toString(16)).slice(-8);
+    console.log(hex);
+    */
+  },
+};
+
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => SHA256.hash('abc'));
+console.log(cs);
+/* function toUInt8(msg: string) {
+  return msg.split('').map((c) => UInt8.from(c.charCodeAt(0)));
+} */
+
+function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
+  let xAndY = x.and(y);
+  let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z);
+  return xAndY.xor(xNotAndZ);
+}
+
+function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
+  let xAndY = x.and(y);
+  let xAndZ = x.and(z);
+  let yAndZ = y.and(z);
+
+  return xAndY.xor(xAndZ).xor(yAndZ);
+}
+
+function SigmaZero(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr2 = ROTR(2, x);
+  let rotr13 = ROTR(13, x);
+  let rotr22 = ROTR(22, x);
+
+  return rotr2.xor(rotr13).xor(rotr22);
+}
+
+function SigmaOne(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr6 = ROTR(6, x);
+  let rotr11 = ROTR(11, x);
+  let rotr25 = ROTR(25, x);
+
+  return rotr6.xor(rotr11).xor(rotr25);
+}
+
+// lowercase sigma = delta to avoid confusing function names
+
+function DeltaZero(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr7 = ROTR(7, x);
+  let rotr18 = ROTR(18, x);
+  let shr3 = SHR(3, x);
+
+  return rotr7.xor(rotr18).xor(shr3);
+}
+
+function DeltaOne(x: UInt32) {
+  let rotr17 = ROTR(17, x);
+  let rotr19 = ROTR(19, x);
+  let shr10 = SHR(10, x);
+  return rotr17.xor(rotr19).xor(shr10);
+}
+
+function ROTR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
+  return x.rotate(n, 'right');
+}
+
+function SHR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
+  let val = x.rightShift(n);
+  return val;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 6fe765e7db..ac59f5c78e 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -703,6 +703,10 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
+
+  addMod32(y: UInt32) {
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.addMod32(this.value, y.value));
+  }
   /**
    * Subtraction with underflow checking.
    */
@@ -732,7 +736,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   xor(x: UInt32) {
-    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS);
+    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -763,7 +767,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    */
   not() {
-    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false);
+    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -795,7 +799,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return Gadgets.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction);
+    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -818,7 +822,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift32(this.value, bits);
+    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.leftShift32(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -841,7 +845,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.rightShift64(this.value, bits);
+    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.rightShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -870,7 +874,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   and(x: UInt32) {
-    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS);
+    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**

From 35a15f5b43e05b9601524a6caf822bc2b6ab799a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 19:38:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0930/1786] add dummy api

---
 src/examples/sha256.ts     | 260 ++++++++-----------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts |   4 +
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts  | 131 +++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 261 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/sha256.ts
index 41ef423716..8b14e65e4a 100644
--- a/src/examples/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/sha256.ts
@@ -1,208 +1,58 @@
-// https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
-
-import { UInt32, Provable } from 'o1js';
-import { bitsToBytes } from 'src/bindings/lib/binable.js';
-
-export { SHA256 };
-
-function processStringToMessageBlocks(s: string) {
-  let msgBits = s
-    .split('')
-    .map((c) => {
-      let binary = c.charCodeAt(0).toString(2);
-      return '00000000'.substr(binary.length) + binary;
-    })
-    .join('');
-
-  let l = msgBits.length;
-  msgBits = msgBits + '1';
-  console.log('msgBits:', msgBits.length);
-
-  // calculate k in l + 1 +k = 448 mod 512
-  let remainder = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
-
-  let k = (remainder + 512) % 512;
-  console.log(k);
-  let padding = '0'.repeat(k);
-  msgBits = msgBits + padding;
-  let lBits = l.toString(2);
-  msgBits = msgBits + '0'.repeat(64 - lBits.length) + lBits;
-  console.log('msgBits:', msgBits.length);
-  let bitBlocks32 = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < msgBits.length; i += 32) {
-    bitBlocks32.push(UInt32.from(BigInt('0b' + msgBits.substr(i, 32))));
-  }
-
-  let lengthBlocks = bitBlocks32.length;
-  let blocks = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < lengthBlocks; i += 16) {
-    let block = bitBlocks32.slice(i, i + 16);
-    blocks.push(block);
-  }
-  return blocks;
-}
-
-// constants §4.2.2
-const K = [
-  0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
-  0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
-  0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
-  0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
-  0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
-  0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
-  0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
-  0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
-  0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
-  0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
-  0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
-].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
-
-// initial hash values §5.3.3
-const H = [
-  0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
-  0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
-].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
-
-const SHA256 = {
-  hash(msg: string) {
-    // preprocessing §6.2
-    // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
-    let messageBlocks = Provable.witness(
-      Provable.Array(Provable.Array(UInt32, 16), 6),
-      () => {
-        console.log('hashing <' + msg + '>');
-        return processStringToMessageBlocks(msg);
-      }
-    );
-
-    const N = messageBlocks.length;
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-      const M = messageBlocks[i];
-      // for each message block of 16 x 32 bytes do:
-      const W = new Array(64);
-
-      // prepare message block
-      for (let t = 0; t <= 15; t++) W[t] = M[t];
-      for (let t = 16; t <= 63; t++) {
-        W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
-          .addMod32(W[t - 7])
-          .addMod32(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).addMod32(W[t - 16]));
-      }
-      // initialize working variables
-      let a = H[0];
-      let b = H[1];
-      let c = H[2];
-      let d = H[3];
-      let e = H[4];
-      let f = H[5];
-      let g = H[6];
-      let h = H[7];
-
-      // main loop
-      for (let t = 0; t <= 63; t++) {
-        const T1 = h
-          .addMod32(SigmaOne(e))
-          .addMod32(Ch(e, f, g))
-          .addMod32(K[t])
-          .addMod32(W[t]);
-
-        const T2 = SigmaZero(a).addMod32(Maj(a, b, c));
-
-        h = g;
-        g = f;
-        f = e;
-        e = d.addMod32(T1);
-        d = c;
-        c = b;
-        b = a;
-        a = T1.addMod32(T2);
-      }
-
-      // new intermediate hash value
-
-      H[0] = H[0].addMod32(a);
-      H[1] = H[1].addMod32(b);
-      H[2] = H[2].addMod32(c);
-      H[3] = H[3].addMod32(d);
-      H[4] = H[4].addMod32(e);
-      H[5] = H[5].addMod32(f);
-      H[6] = H[6].addMod32(g);
-      H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
-    }
-
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      let hex = '';
-      for (let h = 0; h < H.length; h++)
-        hex = hex + ('00000000' + H[h].toBigint().toString(16)).slice(-8);
-      console.log('sha256 digest:', hex);
-    });
-  },
+import assert from 'assert';
+import { Gadgets, Provable, UInt32 } from 'o1js';
+
+const Parser = Gadgets.SHA256.processStringToMessageBlocks;
+
+const Hash = Gadgets.SHA256.hash;
+
+const run = (msg: string, expected: string) => {
+  let messageBlocks = Provable.witness(
+    Provable.Array(Provable.Array(UInt32, 16), 1),
+    () => Parser(msg)
+  );
+  let digest = Hash(messageBlocks);
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    let y = toHex(digest);
+    assert(expected === y, `expected ${expected} got ${y}`);
+  });
 };
 
-Provable.runAndCheck(() =>
-  SHA256.hash(
-    'testtesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttesttest'
-  )
-);
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => SHA256.hash('test'));
-console.log('rows:', cs.rows);
-/* function toUInt8(msg: string) {
-  return msg.split('').map((c) => UInt8.from(c.charCodeAt(0)));
-} */
-
-function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
-  let xAndY = x.and(y);
-  let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z);
-  return xAndY.xor(xNotAndZ);
-}
-
-function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
-  let xAndY = x.and(y);
-  let xAndZ = x.and(z);
-  let yAndZ = y.and(z);
-
-  return xAndY.xor(xAndZ).xor(yAndZ);
-}
-
-function SigmaZero(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr2 = ROTR(2, x);
-  let rotr13 = ROTR(13, x);
-  let rotr22 = ROTR(22, x);
-
-  return rotr2.xor(rotr13).xor(rotr22);
-}
-
-function SigmaOne(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr6 = ROTR(6, x);
-  let rotr11 = ROTR(11, x);
-  let rotr25 = ROTR(25, x);
-
-  return rotr6.xor(rotr11).xor(rotr25);
-}
-
-// lowercase sigma = delta to avoid confusing function names
-
-function DeltaZero(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr7 = ROTR(7, x);
-  let rotr18 = ROTR(18, x);
-  let shr3 = SHR(3, x);
-
-  return rotr7.xor(rotr18).xor(shr3);
-}
-
-function DeltaOne(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr17 = ROTR(17, x);
-  let rotr19 = ROTR(19, x);
-  let shr10 = SHR(10, x);
-  return rotr17.xor(rotr19).xor(shr10);
-}
-
-function ROTR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
-  return x.rotate(n, 'right');
-}
-
-function SHR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
-  let val = x.rightShift(n);
-  return val;
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  run(
+    'duck',
+    '2d2370db2447ff8cf4f3accd68c85aa119a9c893effd200a9b69176e9fc5eb98'
+  );
+  run(
+    'doggo',
+    '8aa89c66e2c453b71400ac832a345d872c33147150267be5402552ee19b3d4ce'
+  );
+  run(
+    'frog',
+    '74fa5327cc0f4e947789dd5e989a61a8242986a596f170640ac90337b1da1ee4'
+  );
+});
+
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
+  run(
+    'duck',
+    '2d2370db2447ff8cf4f3accd68c85aa119a9c893effd200a9b69176e9fc5eb98'
+  );
+  run(
+    'doggo',
+    '8aa89c66e2c453b71400ac832a345d872c33147150267be5402552ee19b3d4ce'
+  );
+  run(
+    'frog',
+    '74fa5327cc0f4e947789dd5e989a61a8242986a596f170640ac90337b1da1ee4'
+  );
+});
+
+console.log(cs);
+
+function toHex(xs: UInt32[]) {
+  let hex = '';
+  for (let h = 0; h < xs.length; h++)
+    hex = hex + ('00000000' + xs[h].toBigint().toString(16)).slice(-8);
+
+  return hex;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index d095184388..0e7b781f3a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { divMod32, addMod32 } from './arithmetic.js';
+import { SHA256 } from './sha256.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -668,6 +669,9 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * ```
    *    */
   addMod32,
+
+  // TODO: everything
+  SHA256: SHA256,
 };
 
 export namespace Gadgets {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 3693b82bb1..e78c5dfd37 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -5,72 +5,101 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
 
-// constants §4.2.2
-const K = [
-  0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
-  0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
-  0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
-  0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
-  0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
-  0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
-  0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
-  0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
-  0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
-  0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
-  0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
-].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
-
-// initial hash values §5.3.3
-const H = [
-  0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
-  0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
-].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
+function processStringToMessageBlocks(s: string) {
+  let msgBits = s
+    .split('')
+    .map((c) => {
+      let binary = c.charCodeAt(0).toString(2);
+      return '00000000'.substr(binary.length) + binary;
+    })
+    .join('');
+
+  let l = msgBits.length;
+  msgBits = msgBits + '1';
+
+  // calculate k in l + 1 +k = 448 mod 512
+  let remainder = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
+
+  let k = (remainder + 512) % 512;
+  let padding = '0'.repeat(k);
+  msgBits = msgBits + padding;
+  let lBits = l.toString(2);
+  msgBits = msgBits + '0'.repeat(64 - lBits.length) + lBits;
+
+  let bitBlocks32 = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < msgBits.length; i += 32) {
+    bitBlocks32.push(UInt32.from(BigInt('0b' + msgBits.substr(i, 32))));
+  }
+
+  let lengthBlocks = bitBlocks32.length;
+  let blocks = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < lengthBlocks; i += 16) {
+    let block = bitBlocks32.slice(i, i + 16);
+    blocks.push(block);
+  }
+  return blocks;
+}
 
 const SHA256 = {
-  hash(msg: string) {
-    // preprocessing §6.2
+  hash(data: UInt32[][]) {
+    // constants §4.2.2
+    const K = [
+      0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
+      0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
+      0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
+      0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
+      0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+      0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
+      0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
+      0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
+      0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
+      0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+      0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+    ].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
+
+    // initial hash values §5.3.3
+    const H = [
+      0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
+      0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
+    ].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
+
+    // TODO: correct dynamic preprocessing §6.2
     // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
-    let l = 8 * 8;
-    let k = 448 - (l + 1);
-    let padding = [1, ...new Array(k).fill(0)];
+    let messageBlocks = data;
 
-    let messageBlocks = [
-      // M1
-      new Array(16).fill(UInt32.from(1)),
-      new Array(16).fill(UInt32.from(1)),
-    ];
+    const N = messageBlocks.length;
 
-    for (let i = 0; i < messageBlocks.length; i++) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
       const M = messageBlocks[i];
       // for each message block of 16 x 32 bytes do:
       const W = new Array(64);
 
       // prepare message block
-      for (let t = 0; t < 16; t++) W[t] = M[t];
-      for (let t = 16; t < 64; t++) {
+      for (let t = 0; t <= 15; t++) W[t] = M[t];
+      for (let t = 16; t <= 63; t++) {
         W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
           .addMod32(W[t - 7])
-          .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).add(W[t - 16]));
+          .addMod32(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).addMod32(W[t - 16]));
       }
       // initialize working variables
-      let a = H[0],
-        b = H[1],
-        c = H[2],
-        d = H[3],
-        e = H[4],
-        f = H[5],
-        g = H[6],
-        h = H[7];
+      let a = H[0];
+      let b = H[1];
+      let c = H[2];
+      let d = H[3];
+      let e = H[4];
+      let f = H[5];
+      let g = H[6];
+      let h = H[7];
 
       // main loop
-      for (let t = 0; t < 64; t++) {
+      for (let t = 0; t <= 63; t++) {
         const T1 = h
           .addMod32(SigmaOne(e))
           .addMod32(Ch(e, f, g))
           .addMod32(K[t])
           .addMod32(W[t]);
 
-        const T2 = SigmaOne(a).addMod32(Maj(a, b, c));
+        const T2 = SigmaZero(a).addMod32(Maj(a, b, c));
 
         h = g;
         g = f;
@@ -94,21 +123,11 @@ const SHA256 = {
       H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
     }
 
-    /*
-    let hex = '';
-    for (let h = 0; h < H.length; h++)
-      hex = hex + ('00000000' + H[h].toBigint().toString(16)).slice(-8);
-    console.log(hex);
-    */
+    return H;
   },
+  processStringToMessageBlocks: processStringToMessageBlocks,
 };
 
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => SHA256.hash('abc'));
-console.log(cs);
-/* function toUInt8(msg: string) {
-  return msg.split('').map((c) => UInt8.from(c.charCodeAt(0)));
-} */
-
 function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
   let xAndY = x.and(y);
   let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z);

From a1e8f17b36a477e49d3fa070ae16b190f2d272cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 21:45:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0931/1786] maybe some improvements

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index e78c5dfd37..7ff6f96d01 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
 
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
 
@@ -72,15 +73,21 @@ const SHA256 = {
     for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
       const M = messageBlocks[i];
       // for each message block of 16 x 32 bytes do:
-      const W = new Array(64);
+      const W: UInt32[] = [];
 
       // prepare message block
       for (let t = 0; t <= 15; t++) W[t] = M[t];
       for (let t = 16; t <= 63; t++) {
-        W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
+        let temp = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
+          .value.add(W[t - 7].value)
+          .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).value.add(W[t - 16].value));
+
+        W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(temp).remainder);
+        /*         W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
           .addMod32(W[t - 7])
-          .addMod32(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).addMod32(W[t - 16]));
+          .addMod32(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).addMod32(W[t - 16])); */
       }
+
       // initialize working variables
       let a = H[0];
       let b = H[1];
@@ -93,13 +100,17 @@ const SHA256 = {
 
       // main loop
       for (let t = 0; t <= 63; t++) {
-        const T1 = h
-          .addMod32(SigmaOne(e))
-          .addMod32(Ch(e, f, g))
-          .addMod32(K[t])
-          .addMod32(W[t]);
-
-        const T2 = SigmaZero(a).addMod32(Maj(a, b, c));
+        const T1 = new UInt32(
+          Gadgets.divMod32(
+            h.value
+              .add(SigmaOne(e).value)
+              .add(Ch(e, f, g).value)
+              .add(K[t].value)
+              .add(W[t].value)
+          ).remainder
+        );
+
+        const unreducedT2 = SigmaZero(a).value.add(Maj(a, b, c).value);
 
         h = g;
         g = f;
@@ -108,7 +119,7 @@ const SHA256 = {
         d = c;
         c = b;
         b = a;
-        a = T1.addMod32(T2);
+        a = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(T1.value)).remainder);
       }
 
       // new intermediate hash value

From aa85082ebc85da7049927e37d5cf700038f082de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 21:59:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0932/1786] slight refac

---
 src/examples/sha256.ts | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/sha256.ts
index 8b14e65e4a..ac9dce1076 100644
--- a/src/examples/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/sha256.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,31 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 import { Gadgets, Provable, UInt32 } from 'o1js';
 
 const Parser = Gadgets.SHA256.processStringToMessageBlocks;
-
 const Hash = Gadgets.SHA256.hash;
 
+const testVectors = [
+  {
+    msg: '',
+    expected:
+      'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855',
+  },
+  {
+    msg: 'duck',
+    expected:
+      '2d2370db2447ff8cf4f3accd68c85aa119a9c893effd200a9b69176e9fc5eb98',
+  },
+  {
+    msg: 'doggo',
+    expected:
+      '8aa89c66e2c453b71400ac832a345d872c33147150267be5402552ee19b3d4ce',
+  },
+  {
+    msg: 'frog',
+    expected:
+      '74fa5327cc0f4e947789dd5e989a61a8242986a596f170640ac90337b1da1ee4',
+  },
+];
+
 const run = (msg: string, expected: string) => {
   let messageBlocks = Provable.witness(
     Provable.Array(Provable.Array(UInt32, 16), 1),
@@ -17,34 +39,23 @@ const run = (msg: string, expected: string) => {
   });
 };
 
+console.log('running plain');
+testVectors.forEach((v) => {
+  run(v.msg, v.expected);
+});
+
+console.log('run and check');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  run(
-    'duck',
-    '2d2370db2447ff8cf4f3accd68c85aa119a9c893effd200a9b69176e9fc5eb98'
-  );
-  run(
-    'doggo',
-    '8aa89c66e2c453b71400ac832a345d872c33147150267be5402552ee19b3d4ce'
-  );
-  run(
-    'frog',
-    '74fa5327cc0f4e947789dd5e989a61a8242986a596f170640ac90337b1da1ee4'
-  );
+  testVectors.forEach((v) => {
+    run(v.msg, v.expected);
+  });
 });
 
+console.log('constraint system');
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  run(
-    'duck',
-    '2d2370db2447ff8cf4f3accd68c85aa119a9c893effd200a9b69176e9fc5eb98'
-  );
-  run(
-    'doggo',
-    '8aa89c66e2c453b71400ac832a345d872c33147150267be5402552ee19b3d4ce'
-  );
-  run(
-    'frog',
-    '74fa5327cc0f4e947789dd5e989a61a8242986a596f170640ac90337b1da1ee4'
-  );
+  testVectors.forEach((v) => {
+    run(v.msg, v.expected);
+  });
 });
 
 console.log(cs);

From 880a4129ac375f48b76dc8e1c4ee8b9532f9b41b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 22:16:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0933/1786] more efficient hashing

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 27 +++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 7ff6f96d01..c85dc47ff3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -78,14 +78,11 @@ const SHA256 = {
       // prepare message block
       for (let t = 0; t <= 15; t++) W[t] = M[t];
       for (let t = 16; t <= 63; t++) {
-        let temp = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
+        let unreduced = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
           .value.add(W[t - 7].value)
           .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).value.add(W[t - 16].value));
 
-        W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(temp).remainder);
-        /*         W[t] = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
-          .addMod32(W[t - 7])
-          .addMod32(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).addMod32(W[t - 16])); */
+        W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreduced).remainder);
       }
 
       // initialize working variables
@@ -100,26 +97,24 @@ const SHA256 = {
 
       // main loop
       for (let t = 0; t <= 63; t++) {
-        const T1 = new UInt32(
-          Gadgets.divMod32(
-            h.value
-              .add(SigmaOne(e).value)
-              .add(Ch(e, f, g).value)
-              .add(K[t].value)
-              .add(W[t].value)
-          ).remainder
-        );
+        const unreducedT1 = h.value
+          .add(SigmaOne(e).value)
+          .add(Ch(e, f, g).value)
+          .add(K[t].value)
+          .add(W[t].value);
 
         const unreducedT2 = SigmaZero(a).value.add(Maj(a, b, c).value);
 
         h = g;
         g = f;
         f = e;
-        e = d.addMod32(T1);
+        e = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(d.value.add(unreducedT1)).remainder);
         d = c;
         c = b;
         b = a;
-        a = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(T1.value)).remainder);
+        a = UInt32.from(
+          Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(unreducedT1)).remainder
+        );
       }
 
       // new intermediate hash value

From 3132cdcb0533aa4d83c18b9906043295e22701e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 15:33:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0934/1786] foreign field: fix division type

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 55cd105160..06304095a7 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ class ForeignFieldWithMul extends ForeignField {
    * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
    * ```
    */
-  div(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+  div(y: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
     const p = this.modulus;
     let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, toLimbs(y, p), p);
     return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(z);

From 5e3d6a2853d9a8aebbdce934b5569b2d42b4e17b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 15:59:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0935/1786] type fix

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 7f16f4ae9f..691ebbcbee 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   rangeCheck64,
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
-import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };

From cc4d3fce0155f73540ecd17f8fbc02cb3632e7bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 10:38:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0936/1786] add range check 8 gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     | 11 +++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 20 ++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index b67ef58fd9..93f64cd482 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
   multiRangeCheck,
   rangeCheck64,
+  rangeCheck8,
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
@@ -39,6 +40,16 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^8).
+   *
+   * See {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8} for analogous details and usage examples.
+   */
+  rangeCheck8(x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheck8(x);
+  },
+
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
    * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 1e44afdaf9..147ef1a6a4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
+export { rangeCheck64, rangeCheck8, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
 export { l, l2, l3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
 /**
@@ -207,3 +207,19 @@ function rangeCheck1Helper(inputs: {
     [z20, z18, z16, x76, x64, y76, y64, z14, z12, z10, z8, z6, z4, z2, z0]
   );
 }
+
+function rangeCheck8(x: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      x.toBigInt() < 1n << 8n,
+      `rangeCheck8: expected field to fit in 8 bits, got ${x}`
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // check that x fits in 16 bits
+  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
+  // check that 2^8 x fits in 16 bits
+  let x256 = x.mul(1 << 8).seal();
+  x256.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x256);
+}

From 2edfa18bf75642eb5bf17922dc457c186e5d83dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 10:38:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0937/1786] range check 8 unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 47aafbf592..1caea18f17 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ constraintSystem(
   ifNotAllConstant(withoutGenerics(equals(['RangeCheck0'])))
 );
 
+constraintSystem(
+  'range check 8',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Gadgets.rangeCheck8,
+  ifNotAllConstant(withoutGenerics(equals(['EndoMulScalar', 'EndoMulScalar'])))
+);
+
 constraintSystem(
   'multi-range check',
   { from: [Field, Field, Field] },
@@ -72,6 +79,12 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
         Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
       },
     },
+    check8: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
+      },
+    },
     checkMulti: {
       privateInputs: [Field, Field, Field],
       method(x, y, z) {
@@ -91,8 +104,9 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
 await RangeCheck.compile();
 
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
+const runs = 2;
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     assert(x < 1n << 64n);
     return true;
@@ -103,9 +117,20 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(8)], to: boolean }, { runs })(
+  (x) => {
+    assert(x < 1n << 8n);
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await RangeCheck.check8(x);
+    return await RangeCheck.verify(proof);
+  }
+);
+
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint(l), uint(l), uint(l)], to: boolean },
-  { runs: 3 }
+  { runs }
 )(
   (x, y, z) => {
     assert(!(x >> l) && !(y >> l) && !(z >> l), 'multi: not out of range');
@@ -119,7 +144,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint(2n * l), uint(l)], to: boolean },
-  { runs: 3 }
+  { runs }
 )(
   (xy, z) => {
     assert(!(xy >> (2n * l)) && !(z >> l), 'compact: not out of range');

From 5312b014616f1ec914e67517d0c181c0473f0f63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 10:38:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0938/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dfd3e03aac..0f52c5178e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck8()` to assert that a value fits in 8 bits https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1288
+
 ### Changed
 
 - Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions.

From 02f5f270d2b3a913b1d42057610d1bfe7e75a9fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 11:04:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0939/1786] fix doccomment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 93f64cd482..7ee5f6c7c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
   /**
    * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^8).
    *
-   * See {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8} for analogous details and usage examples.
+   * See {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64} for analogous details and usage examples.
    */
   rangeCheck8(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck8(x);

From 7b807284a2c596f361ef0bcc0213b96e1997732c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 11:09:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0940/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1dd31581aa..13e06d7494 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1dd31581aacb3e6d76422063f052ea88c1451e1d
+Subproject commit 13e06d7494a14e5bda0e2f92204edb48939c7a68

From d0b09b9c1d86061a3f6bea97b9086a4caf33d792 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:29:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0941/1786] apply small review suggestions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts           |  4 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 30 ++++++++----------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts  |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 6d534ac377..dfff5f1de3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
   // witness result
   let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(i.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
 
-  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(i - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // we prove a === array[j] + z[j]*(i - j) for some z[j], for all j.
   // setting j = i, this implies a === array[i]
   // thanks to our assumption that the index i is within bounds, we know that j = i for some j
   let n = array.length;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
       );
       return zj ?? 0n;
     });
-    // prove that zj*(i - j) === a - array[j]
+    // prove that z[j]*(i - j) === a - array[j]
     // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
     // which is able to use the constant coefficient
     // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 9cbcbe4e7d..33c1f8ce6f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
   let privateKey = uniformForeignField(Curve.Scalar);
 
-  let pseudoSignature = record({
+  // correct signature shape, but independently random components, which will never form a valid signature
+  let badSignature = record({
     signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 
   let signature = map(
-    { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
+    { from: signatureInputs, to: badSignature },
     ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
       let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
       let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
@@ -63,14 +64,14 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [badSignature], to: bool })(
     () => false,
     verify,
     'invalid signature fails'
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature)], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, badSignature)], to: bool })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
       return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
@@ -102,20 +103,6 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
   publicOutput: Bool,
   methods: {
-    scale: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method() {
-        let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
-        let P = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
-        let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
-          Secp256k1,
-          [signature.s, signature.r],
-          [G, P],
-          [config.G, config.P]
-        );
-        return new Bool(true);
-      },
-    },
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
@@ -137,18 +124,17 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
     },
   },
 });
-let main = program.rawMethods.ecdsa;
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
-main();
+program.rawMethods.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
-Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+Provable.runAndCheck(program.rawMethods.ecdsa);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let cs = program.analyzeMethods().ecdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
 let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 20155c7e22..8077248e89 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, f: bigint) {
  * Details about the `config` parameter:
  * - For both the generator point `G` and public key `P`, `config` allows you to specify:
  *   - the `windowSize` which is used in scalar multiplication for this point.
- *     flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
+ *     this flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
  *     empirically, `windowSize=4` for constants and 3 for variables leads to the fewest constraints.
  *     our defaults reflect that the generator is always constant and the public key is variable in typical applications.
  *   - a table of multiples of those points, of length `2^windowSize`, which is used in the scalar multiplication gadget to speed up the computation.
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ function sliceField(
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
 
-  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous slizeField() call, we complete it
+  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous sliceField() call, we complete it
   if (leftover !== undefined) {
     let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
     let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);

From f68c1487a634fe0f1858aa2a1b0a5430c7ead34d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:41:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0942/1786] support for a!=0 in double gadget

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 8077248e89..49b6b7ef50 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
+function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
 
   // constant case
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
 
-  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
-  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1 + a
   let y1Times2 = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y1);
-  let x1x1Times3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  let x1x1Times3PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  if (a !== 0n) x1x1Times3PlusA = x1x1Times3PlusA.add(Field3.from(a));
+  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3PlusA, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
   let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
     // jointly double all points
     // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
+    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
   }
 
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ function getPointTable(
   table = [Point.from(Curve.zero), P];
   if (n === 2) return table;
 
-  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
   table.push(Pi);
   for (let i = 3; i < n; i++) {
     Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);

From 124d9180a8b201865ece92379ac48d799bbb6b44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:52:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0943/1786] move ff equals gadget and handle an edge case

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 66 ++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index a1583fe98f..42899a8655 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -73,34 +73,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
     ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
   },
 
-  /**
-   * check whether x = c mod f
-   *
-   * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
-   *
-   * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
-   */
-  equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
-    assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
-
-    // constant case
-    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
-      return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
-    }
-
-    // provable case
-    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
-    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
-    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
-    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
-
-    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
-    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
-    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
-    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
-
-    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
-  },
+  equals,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -410,6 +383,43 @@ function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * check whether x = c mod f
+ *
+ * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
+ *
+ * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
+ */
+function equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
+  assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+    return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  if (f >= 1n << l2) {
+    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
+    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
+    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
+
+    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
+    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
+    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
+    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
+
+    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
+  } else {
+    // if f < 2^2l, the approach above doesn't work (we don't know from x[2] = 0 that x < 2f),
+    // so in that case we assert that x < f and then check whether it's equal to c
+    ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    let x012 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)).add(x[2].mul(1n << l2)));
+    return x012.equals(c);
+  }
+}
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields

From 2495901b57c51958423f0694a514835590bc0f6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 12:56:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0944/1786] rename assertAlmostFieldElements

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts          |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                 | 40 +++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 49b6b7ef50..c1ff875509 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 42899a8655..f1929df99a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
   div: divide,
   assertMul,
 
-  assertAlmostFieldElements,
+  assertAlmostReduced,
 
   assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
     assert(f > 0n, 'assertLessThan: upper bound must be positive');
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
  * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
  * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
  */
-function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+function assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
   let bounds: Field[] = [];
 
   for (let x of xs) {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 2e9c4732f3..f722a39383 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   equivalent({ from: [big264], to: unit })(
     (x) => assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus),
-    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x], F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x], F.modulus)
   );
 
   // sumchain of 5
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
     mulWithBoundsCheck: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], F.modulus);
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y], F.modulus);
         return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 6f9f24b9a1..ce3a829a6a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field subtraction: `x - y mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
      *
      * @throws fails if `x - y < -f`, where the result cannot be brought back to a positive number by adding `f` once.
      */
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * **Note**: For 3 or more inputs, `sum()` uses fewer constraints than a sequence of `add()` and `sub()` calls,
      * because we can avoid range checks on intermediate results.
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * To do this, we use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
      * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
      *
-     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}.
+     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}.
      *
      * **Warning**: This gadget does not add the extra bound check on the result.
      * So, to use the result in another foreign field multiplication, you have to add the bound check on it yourself, again.
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 2n));
      *
      * // range check x, y and prove additional bounds x[2] <= f[2]
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y], f);
      *
      * // compute x * y mod f
      * let z = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field inverse: `x^(-1) mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      */
@@ -464,11 +464,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field division: `x * y^(-1) mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      *
-     * @throws Different than {@link ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
+     * @throws Different than {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
      */
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
@@ -477,13 +477,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Optimized multiplication of sums in a foreign field, for example: `(x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f`
      *
-     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
-     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
+     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} and {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.sub} separately to
+     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
      *
-     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.Sum}.
      * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
      *
-     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:
+     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul}:
      * - each summand's limbs are in the range [0, 2^88)
      * - summands that are part of a multiplication input satisfy `x[2] <= f[2]`
      *
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * // range-check x, y, z, a, b, c
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y, z], f);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(a);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(b);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(c);
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
 
     /**
      * Prove that each of the given {@link Field3} elements is "almost" reduced modulo f,
-     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
+     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
      * - each limb is in the range [0, 2^88)
      * - the most significant limb is less or equal than the modulus, x[2] <= f[2]
      *
@@ -535,18 +535,18 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
      * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y, z], f);
      *
      * // now we can use x, y, z as inputs to foreign field multiplication
      * let xy = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
      * let xyz = ForeignField.mul(xy, z, f);
      *
      * // since xy is an input to another multiplication, we need to prove that it is almost reduced again!
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
      * ```
      */
-    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
-      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(xs, f);
     },
   },
 
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
      *
      * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
      *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
      *   Curve.order
      * );
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
 
   export namespace ForeignField {
     /**
-     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }

From da21b199359c97aacba2b857dc29f2842f25d3ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:13:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0945/1786] fixup merge

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 3 ++-
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 8 +++-----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index fa13a29d5c..84cff2edd0 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    * Elliptic curve doubling.
    */
   double() {
-    let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), this.modulus);
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 1524e8b495..46e4678e95 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -153,10 +153,8 @@ class ForeignField {
     // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
     // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
     // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], this.modulus, {
-      skipMrc: true,
-    });
-    return this.Constructor.AlmostReduced.unsafeFrom(this);
+    let [x] = this.Constructor.assertAlmostReduced(this);
+    return x;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -168,7 +166,7 @@ class ForeignField {
   static assertAlmostReduced<T extends Tuple<ForeignField>>(
     ...xs: T
   ): TupleMap<T, AlmostForeignField> {
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
       xs.map((x) => x.value),
       this.modulus,
       { skipMrc: true }

From 132d8796ef3c5b5800d7b9f4210ce70f038c81cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:17:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0946/1786] support a!=0 in assert on curve

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts          |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 12 ++++++++----
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 84cff2edd0..7010f57838 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class ForeignCurve {
   }
 
   static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
-    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(toPoint(g), this.Bigint.modulus, this.Bigint.b);
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 0b9c985cb9..0f6e1cd7ee 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -147,16 +147,20 @@ function negate({ x, y }: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x, y: ForeignField.negate(y, f) };
 }
 
-function assertOnCurve(p: Point, f: bigint, b: bigint) {
-  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+function assertOnCurve(
+  p: Point,
+  { modulus: f, a, b }: { modulus: bigint; b: bigint; a: bigint }
+) {
   let { x, y } = p;
   let x2 = ForeignField.mul(x, x, f);
   let y2 = ForeignField.mul(y, y, f);
   let y2MinusB = ForeignField.Sum(y2).sub(Field3.from(b));
 
-  // x^2 * x = y^2 - b
+  // (x^2 + a) * x = y^2 - b
+  let x2PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x2);
+  if (a !== 0n) x2PlusA = x2PlusA.add(Field3.from(a));
   let message = `assertOnCurve(): (${x}, ${y}) is not on the curve.`;
-  ForeignField.assertMul(x2, x, y2MinusB, f, message);
+  ForeignField.assertMul(x2PlusA, x, y2MinusB, f, message);
 }
 
 /**

From d953a7061d2d5b0524587158f8b73c14cb41f818 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:36:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0947/1786] implement subgroup check

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts          | 28 +++++-----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 7010f57838..a14d7ef724 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -125,34 +125,18 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    */
   scale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
     let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
-    if (this.isConstant() && scalar_.isConstant()) {
-      let z = this.Constructor.Bigint.scale(
-        this.toBigint(),
-        scalar_.toBigInt()
-      );
-      return new this.Constructor(z);
-    }
-    let p = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
+    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(
       this.Constructor.Bigint,
-      [scalar_.value],
-      [toPoint(this)],
-      [{ windowSize: 3 }]
+      scalar_.value,
+      toPoint(this)
     );
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
   static assertInSubgroup(g: ForeignCurve) {
-    if (g.isConstant()) {
-      let isInGroup = this.Bigint.isInSubgroup(g.toBigint());
-      if (!isInGroup)
-        throw Error(
-          `${this.name}.assertInSubgroup(): ${JSON.stringify(
-            this.provable.toJSON(g)
-          )} is not in the target subgroup.`
-        );
-      return;
+    if (this.Bigint.hasCofactor) {
+      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(this.Bigint, toPoint(g));
     }
-    throw Error('unimplemented');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -173,7 +157,7 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     this.Field.check(g.x);
     this.Field.check(g.y);
     this.assertOnCurve(g);
-    if (this.Bigint.hasCofactor) this.assertInSubgroup(g);
+    this.assertInSubgroup(g);
   }
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 0f6e1cd7ee..aad4909424 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ const EllipticCurve = {
   negate,
   assertOnCurve,
   scale,
+  assertInSubgroup,
   multiScalarMul,
   initialAggregator,
 };
@@ -172,27 +173,35 @@ function scale(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   scalar: Field3,
   point: Point,
-  config: { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] } = { windowSize: 3 }
+  config: {
+    mode?: 'assert-nonzero' | 'assert-zero';
+    windowSize?: number;
+    multiples?: Point[];
+  } = { mode: 'assert-nonzero' }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (Field3.isConstant(scalar) && Point.isConstant(point)) {
     let scalar_ = Field3.toBigint(scalar);
     let p_ = Point.toBigint(point);
     let scaled = Curve.scale(p_, scalar_);
+    if (config.mode === 'assert-zero') {
+      assert(scaled.infinity, 'scale: expected zero result');
+      return Point.from(Curve.zero);
+    }
+    assert(!scaled.infinity, 'scale: expected non-zero result');
     return Point.from(scaled);
   }
 
   // provable case
-  return multiScalarMul(Curve, [scalar], [point], [config]);
+  config.windowSize ??= Point.isConstant(point) ? 4 : 3;
+  return multiScalarMul(Curve, [scalar], [point], [config], config.mode);
 }
 
 // checks whether the elliptic curve point g is in the subgroup defined by [order]g = 0
 function assertInSubgroup(Curve: CurveAffine, p: Point) {
   const order = Field3.from(Curve.order);
   // [order]g = 0
-  let orderG = scale(Curve, order, p);
-  // TODO support zero result from scale
-  throw Error('unimplemented');
+  scale(Curve, order, p, { mode: 'assert-zero' });
 }
 
 // check whether a point equals a constant point
@@ -261,6 +270,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     [u1, u2],
     [G, publicKey],
     config && [config.G, config.P],
+    'assert-nonzero',
     config?.ia
   );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
@@ -280,9 +290,14 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  *
  * s_0 * P_0 + ... + s_(n-1) * P_(n-1)
  *
- * where P_i are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
+ * where P_i are any points.
+ *
+ * By default, we prove that the result is not zero.
  *
- * We double all points together and leverage a precomputed table of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition.
+ * If you set the `mode` parameter to `'assert-zero'`, on the other hand,
+ * we assert that the result is zero and just return the constant zero point.
+ *
+ * Implementation: We double all points together and leverage a precomputed table of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition.
  *
  * Note: this algorithm targets a small number of points, like 2 needed for ECDSA verification.
  *
@@ -298,6 +313,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     | { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] }
     | undefined
   )[] = [],
+  mode: 'assert-nonzero' | 'assert-zero' = 'assert-nonzero',
   ia?: point
 ): Point {
   let n = points.length;
@@ -362,9 +378,15 @@ function multiScalarMul(
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
   let isZero = equals(sum, iaFinal, Curve.modulus);
-  isZero.assertFalse();
 
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
+  if (mode === 'assert-nonzero') {
+    isZero.assertFalse();
+    sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
+  } else {
+    isZero.assertTrue();
+    // for type consistency with the 'assert-nonzero' case
+    sum = Point.from(Curve.zero);
+  }
 
   return sum;
 }

From d7707dcd13c153cb39f9a7ab111eeb42aeacbd45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:39:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0948/1786] fix assert on curve

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index aad4909424..546a15e100 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -160,7 +160,10 @@ function assertOnCurve(
   // (x^2 + a) * x = y^2 - b
   let x2PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x2);
   if (a !== 0n) x2PlusA = x2PlusA.add(Field3.from(a));
-  let message = `assertOnCurve(): (${x}, ${y}) is not on the curve.`;
+  let message: string | undefined;
+  if (Point.isConstant(p)) {
+    message = `assertOnCurve(): (${x}, ${y}) is not on the curve.`;
+  }
   ForeignField.assertMul(x2PlusA, x, y2MinusB, f, message);
 }
 

From ec7131ea46c91b166e3d15c55ffd2d68341094a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:42:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0949/1786] not so slow anymore

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts | 7 +++----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 425679ebfb..1d2bb19534 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,11 +20,9 @@ function main() {
   Provable.assertEqual(Vesta.provable, h0, new Vesta(h));
 
   h0.assertOnCurve();
-  // TODO super slow
-  // h0.assertInSubgroup();
+  h0.assertInSubgroup();
 
   let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Fp.provable, () => new Fp(scalar));
-  // TODO super slow
   let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
   Provable.assertEqual(Vesta.provable, p0, new Vesta(p));
 }
@@ -38,10 +36,11 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(main);
 console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
 
 console.time('creating constraint system');
-let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let { gates, rows } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
 
 let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
+gateTypes['Total rows'] = rows;
 for (let gate of gates) {
   gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
   gateTypes[gate.type]++;

From 1f7e291f0ee560fb1e1df8cb0ff64b046b11219f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:53:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0950/1786] expose cs summary

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts | 21 ++++++++-------------
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts      |  8 +-------
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts       | 11 ++---------
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts       |  9 +--------
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts       |  9 +--------
 src/lib/provable-context.ts              | 11 ++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
index c785a32d90..cff76159a8 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-import { Scalar, vestaParams, Provable, createForeignField } from 'snarkyjs';
+import { Scalar, Crypto, Provable, createForeignField } from 'o1js';
 
-class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(vestaParams.modulus) {}
+class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(
+  Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1.modulus
+).AlmostReduced {}
 
 // TODO ForeignField.random()
 function random() {
@@ -8,8 +10,8 @@ function random() {
 }
 
 function main() {
-  let s = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar, random);
-  let t = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar, random);
+  let s = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar.provable, random);
+  let t = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar.provable, random);
   s.mul(t);
 }
 
@@ -17,19 +19,12 @@ console.time('running constant version');
 main();
 console.timeEnd('running constant version');
 
-// half of this time is spent in `field_to_bignum_bigint`, which is mostly addition of zarith bigints -.-
 console.time('running witness generation & checks');
 Provable.runAndCheck(main);
 console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
 
 console.time('creating constraint system');
-let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
 
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-for (let gate of gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-
-console.log(gateTypes);
+console.log(cs.summary());
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
index b1d502c7e9..a1c9618d79 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -18,13 +18,7 @@ console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-console.log(gateTypes);
+console.log(cs.summary());
 
 // compile and prove
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 1d2bb19534..9cdac03730 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -36,14 +36,7 @@ Provable.runAndCheck(main);
 console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
 
 console.time('creating constraint system');
-let { gates, rows } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
 
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = rows;
-for (let gate of gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-
-console.log(gateTypes);
+console.log(cs.summary());
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index afd1a06a6a..afd60415d3 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -38,11 +38,4 @@ console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-
-console.log(gateTypes);
+console.log(cs.summary());
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 33c1f8ce6f..d2b9e5b836 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -137,14 +137,7 @@ console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 let cs = program.analyzeMethods().ecdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-
-console.log(gateTypes);
+console.log(cs.summary());
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 await program.compile();
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index 0ce0030556..3b79562889 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { Gate, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { parseHexString } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
@@ -105,6 +105,15 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
       print() {
         printGates(gates);
       },
+      summary() {
+        let gateTypes: Partial<Record<GateType | 'Total rows', number>> = {};
+        gateTypes['Total rows'] = rows;
+        for (let gate of gates) {
+          gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+          gateTypes[gate.type]!++;
+        }
+        return gateTypes;
+      },
     };
   } catch (error) {
     throw prettifyStacktrace(error);

From 0122785e99c2c6db3b7e2b956cf94724068e3ab8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:53:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0951/1786] delete bad example

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts | 46 ------------------------
 1 file changed, 46 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c8178b7e3..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-curve.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-import { createForeignCurve, vestaParams, Provable, Field } from 'snarkyjs';
-
-class Vesta extends createForeignCurve(vestaParams) {}
-
-let g = new Vesta({ x: -1n, y: 2n });
-let scalar = Field.random();
-let h = g.add(Vesta.generator).double().negate();
-let p = h.scale(scalar.toBits());
-
-function main() {
-  Vesta.initialize();
-  let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => g);
-  let one = Provable.witness(Vesta, () => Vesta.generator);
-  let h0 = g0.add(one).double().negate();
-  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, h0, new Vesta(h));
-
-  h0.assertOnCurve();
-  // TODO super slow
-  // h0.assertInSubgroup();
-
-  let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Field, () => scalar).toBits();
-  // TODO super slow
-  let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
-  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta, p0, p);
-}
-
-console.time('running constant version');
-main();
-console.timeEnd('running constant version');
-
-// half of this time is spent in `field_to_bignum_bigint`, which is mostly addition of zarith bigints -.-
-console.time('running witness generation & checks');
-Provable.runAndCheck(main);
-console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
-
-console.time('creating constraint system');
-let { gates } = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
-console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
-
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-for (let gate of gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-
-console.log(gateTypes);

From 4b5af0b90f114dfb447cb067896ee9717d798504 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:59:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0952/1786] remove curve parameter limitations from foreign
 curve class

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index a14d7ef724..64e4bbecdb 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -229,8 +229,6 @@ function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
   class Scalar extends ScalarUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
 
   const BigintCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
-  assert(BigintCurve.a === 0n, 'a !=0 is not supported');
-  assert(!BigintCurve.hasCofactor, 'cofactor != 1 is not supported');
 
   class Curve extends ForeignCurve {
     static _Bigint = BigintCurve;

From 0ea7a425dda75605fa1463d57f5aea1ffa1b05d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 13:12:10 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0953/1786] Add comment to make piRoh more clear (hopefully)

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 15 +++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 1187d89b78..dc01bebc2d 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
 };
 
 // Second and third steps in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
-// B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
+// pi: A[x,y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
+// rho: A[x,y] = A'[y, 2x+3y mod KECCAK_DIM]
+// piRho: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
 // which is equivalent to the `rho` algorithm followed by the `pi` algorithm in the Keccak reference as follows:
 // rho:
 // A[0,0] = a[0,0]
@@ -212,4 +214,13 @@ function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
 const blockTransformation = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] =>
   permutation(state, ROUND_CONSTANTS);
 
-export { KECCAK_DIM, ROUND_CONSTANTS, theta, piRho, chi, iota, round, blockTransformation };
+export {
+  KECCAK_DIM,
+  ROUND_CONSTANTS,
+  theta,
+  piRho,
+  chi,
+  iota,
+  round,
+  blockTransformation,
+};

From e1282d18e429be50d0f6fb3543ff68408a579a9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 14:15:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0954/1786] cleanup comments, move redundant unit test to
 example

---
 src/examples/crypto/README.md                 |  1 +
 .../crypto/ecdsa.ts}                          |  5 +----
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts                      | 19 ++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 rename src/{lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts => examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts} (86%)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/README.md b/src/examples/crypto/README.md
index 60d0d50d51..c2f913defa 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/README.md
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/README.md
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
 These examples show how to use some of the crypto primitives that are supported in provable o1js code.
 
 - Non-native field arithmetic: `foreign-field.ts`
+- Non-native ECDSA verification: `ecdsa.ts`
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
similarity index 86%
rename from src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
rename to src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
index afd60415d3..eb94a06ba5 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-import { createEcdsa } from './foreign-ecdsa.js';
-import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Crypto } from './crypto.js';
+import { Crypto, createForeignCurve, createEcdsa, Provable } from 'o1js';
 
 class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 64e4bbecdb..c15a8a9cce 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     this.x = new this.Constructor.Field(g.x);
     this.y = new this.Constructor.Field(g.y);
     // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
-    if (this.isConstant()) this.assertOnCurve();
+    if (this.isConstant()) {
+      this.assertOnCurve();
+      this.assertInSubgroup();
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -203,24 +206,14 @@ class ForeignCurve {
  * Create a class representing an elliptic curve group, which is different from the native {@link Group}.
  *
  * ```ts
- * const Curve = createForeignCurve(secp256k1Params); // the elliptic curve 'secp256k1'
+ * const Curve = createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
  * ```
  *
  * `createForeignCurve(params)` takes the curve parameters {@link CurveParams} as input.
  * We support `modulus` and `order` to be prime numbers to 259 bits.
  *
  * The returned {@link ForeignCurve} class supports standard elliptic curve operations like point addition and scalar multiplication.
- * It also includes to associated foreign fields: `ForeignCurve.BaseField` and `ForeignCurve.Scalar`, see {@link createForeignField}.
- *
- * _Advanced usage:_
- *
- * To skip automatic validity checks when introducing curve points and scalars into provable code,
- * use the optional `{ unsafe: true }` configuration. See {@link createForeignField} for details.
- * This option is applied to both the scalar field and the base field.
- *
- * @param params parameters for the elliptic curve you are instantiating
- * @param options
- * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
+ * It also includes to associated foreign fields: `ForeignCurve.Field` and `ForeignCurve.Scalar`, see {@link createForeignField}.
  */
 function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
   const FieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);

From 1348779edfcad9e9ec5cedeb8353318b27fb4533 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 15:25:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0955/1786] examples fixup

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts            | 6 +++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 183ec3e7f1..810cb33e55 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
         msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
       ) {
         // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
           [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
           Secp256k1.order
         );
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index f6ca32bef4..f229d7923e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -575,11 +575,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
      *
      * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
-     * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}
+     * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}
      * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
      *
      * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
-     * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements} which adds that check itself.
+     * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} which adds that check itself.
      *
      * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
      *
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
       msgHash: Field3,
       publicKey: Point
     ) {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
     },
 
     /**

From 61008171bf97b91a668fd302c81589cd1988870a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 15:25:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0956/1786] make ecdsa class work

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts |  3 ++
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 77 ++++++++++++++--------------------------
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index c15a8a9cce..bb5e962bd2 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
 
+// internal API
+export { toPoint };
+
 type FlexiblePoint = {
   x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
   y: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 5c4dba5061..3128e88efc 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { ForeignCurve, createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { ForeignCurve, createForeignCurve, toPoint } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { verifyEcdsaConstant } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa };
@@ -29,18 +29,22 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
   class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
     static Curve = Curve0;
 
+    constructor(signature: {
+      r: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
+      s: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
+    }) {
+      super({ r: new Scalar(signature.r), s: new Scalar(signature.s) });
+    }
+
     /**
      * Coerce the input to a {@link EcdsaSignature}.
      */
     static from(signature: {
-      r: Scalar | bigint;
-      s: Scalar | bigint;
+      r: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
+      s: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
     }): EcdsaSignature {
-      if (signature instanceof EcdsaSignature) return signature;
-      return new EcdsaSignature({
-        r: Scalar.from(signature.r),
-        s: Scalar.from(signature.s),
-      });
+      if (signature instanceof this) return signature;
+      return new EcdsaSignature(signature);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -48,16 +52,8 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
      * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
      */
     static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
-      let prefix = rawSignature.slice(0, 2);
-      let signature = rawSignature.slice(2, 130);
-      if (prefix !== '0x' || signature.length < 128) {
-        throw Error(
-          `${this.name}.fromHex(): Invalid signature, expected hex string 0x... of length at least 130.`
-        );
-      }
-      let r = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(0, 64)}`);
-      let s = BigInt(`0x${signature.slice(64)}`);
-      return new EcdsaSignature({ r: Scalar.from(r), s: Scalar.from(s) });
+      let s = Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(rawSignature);
+      return new EcdsaSignature(s);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -68,38 +64,15 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
     verify(
       msgHash: Scalar | bigint,
       publicKey: Curve | { x: BaseField | bigint; y: BaseField | bigint }
-    ): void {
+    ) {
       let msgHash_ = Scalar.from(msgHash);
       let publicKey_ = Curve.from(publicKey);
-
-      if (Provable.isConstant(Signature, this)) {
-        let isValid = verifyEcdsaConstant(
-          Curve.Bigint,
-          { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() },
-          msgHash_.toBigInt(),
-          publicKey_.toBigint()
-        );
-        if (!isValid) {
-          throw Error(`${this.constructor.name}.verify(): Invalid signature.`);
-        }
-        return;
-      }
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check that r, s are valid scalars and both are non-zero
-     */
-    static check(signature: { r: Scalar; s: Scalar }) {
-      if (Provable.isConstant(Signature, signature)) {
-        super.check(signature); // check valid scalars
-        if (signature.r.toBigInt() === 0n)
-          throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): r must be non-zero`);
-        if (signature.s.toBigInt() === 0n)
-          throw Error(`${this.name}.check(): s must be non-zero`);
-        return;
-      }
-      throw Error('unimplemented');
+      return Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(
+        Curve.Bigint,
+        toObject(this),
+        msgHash_.value,
+        toPoint(publicKey_)
+      );
     }
 
     static dummy = new EcdsaSignature({ r: new Scalar(1), s: new Scalar(1) });
@@ -107,3 +80,7 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
 
   return EcdsaSignature;
 }
+
+function toObject(signature: Signature) {
+  return { r: signature.r.value, s: signature.s.value };
+}

From ecdeea72bb06fb9ba99c934b7ae6a3fce4420a99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 15:51:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0957/1786] move ecdsa class outside factory

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts |   2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts     |   2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts     | 157 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 3 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
index eb94a06ba5..276c6b7dec 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 function main() {
-  let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature, () => signature);
+  let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature.provable, () => signature);
   signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index bb5e962bd2..4b0aac1cc2 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
 
 // internal API
-export { toPoint };
+export { toPoint, FlexiblePoint };
 
 type FlexiblePoint = {
   x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 3128e88efc..6d35c81e39 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,98 @@
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { ForeignCurve, createForeignCurve, toPoint } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import {
+  FlexiblePoint,
+  ForeignCurve,
+  createForeignCurve,
+  toPoint,
+} from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa };
 
-type Signature = { r: AlmostForeignField; s: AlmostForeignField };
+type FlexibleSignature =
+  | EcdsaSignature
+  | {
+      r: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+      s: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    };
+
+class EcdsaSignature {
+  r: AlmostForeignField;
+  s: AlmostForeignField;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link EcdsaSignature} from an object containing the scalars r and s.
+   * @param signature
+   */
+  constructor(signature: {
+    r: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    s: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+  }) {
+    this.r = new this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar(signature.r);
+    this.s = new this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar(signature.s);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link EcdsaSignature}.
+   */
+  static from(signature: FlexibleSignature): EcdsaSignature {
+    if (signature instanceof this) return signature;
+    return new this(signature);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+   * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
+   */
+  static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
+    let s = Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(rawSignature);
+    return new this(s);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
+   *
+   * This method proves that the signature is valid, and throws if it isn't.
+   */
+  verify(msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint, publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
+    let msgHash_ = this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar.from(msgHash);
+    let publicKey_ = this.Constructor.Curve.from(publicKey);
+    return Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(
+      this.Constructor.Curve.Bigint,
+      toObject(this),
+      msgHash_.value,
+      toPoint(publicKey_)
+    );
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof EcdsaSignature;
+  }
+  static _Curve?: typeof ForeignCurve;
+  static _provable?: ProvableExtended<EcdsaSignature, { r: string; s: string }>;
+
+  /**
+   * Curve arithmetic on JS bigints.
+   */
+  static get Curve() {
+    assert(this._Curve !== undefined, 'EcdsaSignature not initialized');
+    return this._Curve;
+  }
+  /**
+   * `Provable<EcdsaSignature>`
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'EcdsaSignature not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
 
 /**
  * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to parse and verify ECDSA signature in provable code,
@@ -18,69 +102,18 @@ function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
   let Curve0: typeof ForeignCurve =
     'b' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}
-  class Scalar extends Curve.Scalar {}
-  class BaseField extends Curve.Field {}
-
-  const Signature: Struct<Signature> = Struct({
-    r: Scalar.provable,
-    s: Scalar.provable,
-  });
-
-  class EcdsaSignature extends Signature {
-    static Curve = Curve0;
-
-    constructor(signature: {
-      r: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
-      s: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
-    }) {
-      super({ r: new Scalar(signature.r), s: new Scalar(signature.s) });
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Coerce the input to a {@link EcdsaSignature}.
-     */
-    static from(signature: {
-      r: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
-      s: Scalar | Field3 | bigint;
-    }): EcdsaSignature {
-      if (signature instanceof this) return signature;
-      return new EcdsaSignature(signature);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
-     * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
-     */
-    static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
-      let s = Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(rawSignature);
-      return new EcdsaSignature(s);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
-     *
-     * This method proves that the signature is valid, and throws if it isn't.
-     */
-    verify(
-      msgHash: Scalar | bigint,
-      publicKey: Curve | { x: BaseField | bigint; y: BaseField | bigint }
-    ) {
-      let msgHash_ = Scalar.from(msgHash);
-      let publicKey_ = Curve.from(publicKey);
-      return Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(
-        Curve.Bigint,
-        toObject(this),
-        msgHash_.value,
-        toPoint(publicKey_)
-      );
-    }
 
-    static dummy = new EcdsaSignature({ r: new Scalar(1), s: new Scalar(1) });
+  class Signature extends EcdsaSignature {
+    static _Curve = Curve;
+    static _provable = provableFromClass(Signature, {
+      r: Curve.Scalar.provable,
+      s: Curve.Scalar.provable,
+    });
   }
 
-  return EcdsaSignature;
+  return Signature;
 }
 
-function toObject(signature: Signature) {
+function toObject(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
   return { r: signature.r.value, s: signature.s.value };
 }

From 9fe6e5955d8829536cdf79b3b8d7af3196087206 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:00:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0958/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1b0258a3b0..6c3e61f002 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1b0258a3b0e150a3b9a15b61c56115ef088a3865
+Subproject commit 6c3e61f002cf9c5dd3aa9374c3162a98786b3880

From 62902022a04f820773fe848b443d89fc79527c97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:07:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0959/1786] make type pure

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 7 +++++--
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 4b0aac1cc2..7367024a75 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
   createCurveAffine,
 } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import type { Group } from './group.js';
-import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
@@ -173,7 +173,10 @@ class ForeignCurve {
   static _Bigint?: CurveAffine;
   static _Field?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
   static _Scalar?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
-  static _provable?: ProvableExtended<ForeignCurve, { x: string; y: string }>;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<
+    ForeignCurve,
+    { x: string; y: string }
+  >;
 
   /**
    * Curve arithmetic on JS bigints.
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 6d35c81e39..a3cb80ad65 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   FlexiblePoint,
   ForeignCurve,
@@ -76,7 +76,10 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
     return this.constructor as typeof EcdsaSignature;
   }
   static _Curve?: typeof ForeignCurve;
-  static _provable?: ProvableExtended<EcdsaSignature, { r: string; s: string }>;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<
+    EcdsaSignature,
+    { r: string; s: string }
+  >;
 
   /**
    * Curve arithmetic on JS bigints.

From 9dea77f3c1ac2da764c532a6bd2b4dc1124fdee3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:18:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0960/1786] add ForeignField.random()

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 46e4678e95..662e575e3c 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { mod, Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import {
+  mod,
+  Fp,
+  FiniteField,
+  createField,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
@@ -19,9 +24,14 @@ export type {
 };
 
 class ForeignField {
+  static _Bigint: FiniteField | undefined = undefined;
   static _modulus: bigint | undefined = undefined;
 
   // static parameters
+  static get Bigint() {
+    assert(this._Bigint !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._Bigint;
+  }
   static get modulus() {
     assert(this._modulus !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
     return this._modulus;
@@ -389,6 +399,10 @@ class ForeignField {
     return new this.AlmostReduced([l0, l1, l2]);
   }
 
+  static random() {
+    return new this.Canonical(this.Bigint.random());
+  }
+
   /**
    * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
    */
@@ -607,7 +621,10 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof UnreducedForeignField {
     `ForeignField: modulus exceeds the max supported size of 2^${foreignFieldMaxBits}`
   );
 
+  let Bigint = createField(modulus);
+
   class UnreducedField extends UnreducedForeignField {
+    static _Bigint = Bigint;
     static _modulus = modulus;
     static _provable = provable(UnreducedField);
 
@@ -618,6 +635,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof UnreducedForeignField {
   }
 
   class AlmostField extends AlmostForeignField {
+    static _Bigint = Bigint;
     static _modulus = modulus;
     static _provable = provable(AlmostField);
 
@@ -629,6 +647,7 @@ function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof UnreducedForeignField {
   }
 
   class CanonicalField extends CanonicalForeignField {
+    static _Bigint = Bigint;
     static _modulus = modulus;
     static _provable = provable(CanonicalField);
 

From a3577b01a94ec66c561793b99af2b3b4db259aba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:18:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0961/1786] add Ecdsa.sign()

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index a3cb80ad65..1d5ab5ffc9 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} by signing a message hash with a private key.
+   */
+  static sign(msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+    let { r, s } = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(this.Curve.Bigint, msgHash, privateKey);
+    return new this({ r, s });
+  }
+
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   get Constructor() {
     return this.constructor as typeof EcdsaSignature;

From b35cc616019f1fdbb365c70c423006d1ab4f737c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:20:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0962/1786] rewrite ecdsa example using high level API

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 39 +++++++--------------------
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts   | 14 ++++------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 810cb33e55..8268117033 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,40 +1,21 @@
-import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct, Crypto } from 'o1js';
+import { ZkProgram, Crypto, createEcdsa, createForeignCurve, Bool } from 'o1js';
 
-export { ecdsaProgram, Point, Secp256k1 };
+export { ecdsaProgram, Secp256k1, Ecdsa };
 
-let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
-
-// TODO expose this as part of Gadgets.Curve
-
-class Point extends Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }) {
-  // point from bigints
-  static from({ x, y }: { x: bigint; y: bigint }) {
-    return new Point({ x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) });
-  }
-}
-
-const Secp256k1 = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
+class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
+class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
 
 const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: Point,
+  publicInput: Scalar.provable,
+  publicOutput: Bool,
 
   methods: {
     verifyEcdsa: {
-      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
-      method(
-        publicKey: Point,
-        signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
-        msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
-      ) {
-        // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-          [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-          Secp256k1.order
-        );
-
-        // verify signature
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
+      method(msgHash: Scalar, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+        return signature.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
index a1c9618d79..a2e49f7062 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-import { Gadgets } from 'o1js';
-import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
+import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 // create an example ecdsa signature
 
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
+let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
 
 // TODO use an actual keccak hash
 let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 
-let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
+let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageHash.toBigInt(), privateKey.toBigInt());
 
 // investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
 
@@ -27,11 +26,8 @@ await ecdsaProgram.compile();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(
-  Point.from(publicKey),
-  Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.from(signature),
-  Gadgets.Field3.from(messageHash)
-);
+let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(messageHash, signature, publicKey);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
 
+proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');
 assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');

From 5923fb08f7995e8159b1172949e9ea4d0dbdfda1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:26:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0963/1786] fix doccomment

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 06304095a7..d5ef7447b6 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
  * ```
  *
- * `createForeignField(p)` takes {@link AlmostForeignField} the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
+ * `createForeignField(p)` takes the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
  * We support prime moduli up to a size of 259 bits.
  *
  * The returned {@link ForeignField} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),

From 6fc4e86f0dadc84af6cb87cef57edc2695e1b0db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:39:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0964/1786] fixup vk test

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 183ec3e7f1..810cb33e55 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
         msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
       ) {
         // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
           [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
           Secp256k1.order
         );

From 5095fac473537f6c3f9292d84b92b5ad6c945347 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 16:51:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0965/1786] fix constraint system test flakiness

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 2922afa11d..1f8ad9ba52 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
   let fieldType = drawFieldType();
   switch (fieldType) {
     case FieldType.Constant: {
-      return FieldVar.constant(17n);
+      return FieldVar.constant(1n);
     }
     case FieldType.Var: {
       return [FieldType.Var, 0];
@@ -397,10 +397,14 @@ function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
     case FieldType.Add: {
       let x = drawFieldVar();
       let y = drawFieldVar();
+      // prevent blow-up of constant size
+      if (x[0] === FieldType.Constant && y[0] === FieldType.Constant) return x;
       return FieldVar.add(x, y);
     }
     case FieldType.Scale: {
       let x = drawFieldVar();
+      // prevent blow-up of constant size
+      if (x[0] === FieldType.Constant) return x;
       return FieldVar.scale(3n, x);
     }
   }

From 3e2990cf7c8d046a3c2e8d88e9eec62a2c473c17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 17:01:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0966/1786] collateral damage from using higher-level API

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 0297b30a04..7d90f28524 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "6e4078c6df944db119dc1656eb68e6c272c3f2e9cab6746913759537cbfcfa9",
+    "digest": "f89c0d140264e085d085f52999fc67d8e3db3909627d8e3e1a087c319853933",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38846,
-        "digest": "892b0a1fad0f13d92ba6099cd54e6780"
+        "rows": 38912,
+        "digest": "5729fe17ff1af33e643a2f7e08292232"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "21152043351405736424630704375244880683906889913335338686836578165782029001213"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "692488770088381683600018326540220594385299569804743037992171368071788655058"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From b84edbbd5f1febb8fe9c742ccaa281f7b00fd342 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 18:03:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0967/1786] Implement Keccak sponge

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts           | 385 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 133 +++++--------
 2 files changed, 416 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index dc01bebc2d..d01f0cfd97 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import { existsOne, exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
+import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+
+export { preNist, nistSha3, ethereum };
 
 // KECCAK CONSTANTS
 
@@ -64,14 +70,153 @@ const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
   0x8000000000008080n,
   0x0000000080000001n,
   0x8000000080008008n,
-].map(Field.from);
+];
+
+function checkBytesToWord(word: Field, wordBytes: Field[]): void {
+  let composition = wordBytes.reduce((acc, x, i) => {
+    const shift = Field.from(2n ** BigInt(8 * i));
+    return acc.add(x.mul(shift));
+  }, Field.from(0));
+
+  word.assertEquals(composition);
+}
 
 // Return a keccak state where all lanes are equal to 0
 const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
   Array.from(Array(KECCAK_DIM), (_) => Array(KECCAK_DIM).fill(Field.from(0)));
 
+// Converts a list of bytes to a matrix of Field elements
+function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
+  assert(bytestring.length === 200, 'improper bytestring length');
+
+  const bytestringArray = Array.from(bytestring);
+  const state: Field[][] = getKeccakStateZeros();
+
+  for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
+      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * y + x);
+      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [x,y]
+      const wordBytes = bytestringArray.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
+
+      for (let z = 0; z < BYTES_PER_WORD; z++) {
+        // Field element containing value 2^(8*z)
+        const shift = Field.from(2n ** BigInt(8 * z));
+        state[x][y] = state[x][y].add(shift.mul(wordBytes[z]));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return state;
+}
+
+// Converts a state of cvars to a list of bytes as cvars and creates constraints for it
+function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
+  const stateLengthInBytes = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
+  const bytestring: Field[] = Array.from(
+    { length: stateLengthInBytes },
+    (_, idx) =>
+      existsOne(() => {
+        // idx = z + 8 * ((dim * y) + x)
+        const z = idx % BYTES_PER_WORD;
+        const x = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD) % KECCAK_DIM;
+        const y = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD / KECCAK_DIM);
+        // [7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0] [x=0,y=1] [x=0,y=2] [x=0,y=3] [x=0,y=4]
+        //        [x=1,y=0] [x=1,y=1] [x=1,y=2] [x=1,y=3] [x=1,y=4]
+        //        [x=2,y=0] [x=2,y=1] [x=2,y=2] [x=2,y=3] [x=2,y=4]
+        //        [x=3,y=0] [x=3,y=1] [x=3,y=2] [x=3,y=3] [x=3,y=4]
+        //        [x=4,y=0] [x=4,y=1] [x=4,y=0] [x=4,y=3] [x=4,y=4]
+        const word = state[x][y].toBigInt();
+        const byte = (word >> BigInt(8 * z)) & BigInt('0xff');
+        return byte;
+      })
+  );
+
+  // Check all words are composed correctly from bytes
+  for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
+    for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
+      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * y + x);
+      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [x,y]
+      const word_bytes = bytestring.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
+      // Assert correct decomposition of bytes from state
+      checkBytesToWord(state[x][y], word_bytes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return bytestring;
+}
+
+function keccakStateXor(a: Field[][], b: Field[][]): Field[][] {
+  assert(
+    a.length === KECCAK_DIM && a[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
+    'Invalid input1 dimensions'
+  );
+  assert(
+    b.length === KECCAK_DIM && b[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
+    'Invalid input2 dimensions'
+  );
+
+  return a.map((row, rowIndex) =>
+    row.map((element, columnIndex) =>
+      Gadgets.xor(element, b[rowIndex][columnIndex], 64)
+    )
+  );
+}
+
 // KECCAK HASH FUNCTION
 
+// Computes the number of required extra bytes to pad a message of length bytes
+function bytesToPad(rate: number, length: number): number {
+  return Math.floor(rate / 8) - (length % Math.floor(rate / 8));
+}
+
+// Pads a message M as:
+// M || pad[x](|M|)
+// Padding rule 0x06 ..0*..1.
+// The padded message vector will start with the message vector
+// followed by the 0*1 rule to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes)
+// (This means a 0110 sequence, followed with as many 0s as needed, and a final 1 bit)
+function padNist(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
+  // Find out desired length of the padding in bytes
+  // If message is already rate bits, need to pad full rate again
+  const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
+
+  // 0x06 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x86
+  const lastField = BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7);
+  const last = Field.from(lastField);
+
+  // Create the padding vector
+  const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
+  pad[0] = Field.from(6);
+  pad[extraBytes - 1] = pad[extraBytes - 1].add(last);
+
+  // Return the padded message
+  return [...message, ...pad];
+}
+
+// Pads a message M as:
+// M || pad[x](|M|)
+// Padding rule 10*1.
+// The padded message vector will start with the message vector
+// followed by the 10*1 rule to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes)
+// (This means a 1 bit, followed with as many 0s as needed, and a final 1 bit)
+function pad101(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
+  // Find out desired length of the padding in bytes
+  // If message is already rate bits, need to pad full rate again
+  const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
+
+  // 0x01 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x81
+  const lastField = BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7);
+  const last = Field.from(lastField);
+
+  // Create the padding vector
+  const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
+  pad[0] = Field.from(1);
+  pad[extraBytes - 1] = pad[extraBytes - 1].add(last);
+
+  // Return the padded message
+  return [...message, ...pad];
+}
+
 // ROUND TRANSFORMATION
 
 // First algorithm in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
@@ -209,18 +354,230 @@ function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
   );
 }
 
-// TESTING
+// Absorb padded message into a keccak state with given rate and capacity
+function absorb(
+  paddedMessage: Field[],
+  capacity: number,
+  rate: number,
+  rc: Field[]
+): Field[][] {
+  let state = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
-const blockTransformation = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] =>
-  permutation(state, ROUND_CONSTANTS);
+  // split into blocks of rate bits
+  // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate/8 bytes
+  const chunks = [];
+  // (capacity / 8) zero bytes
+  const zeros = Array(capacity / 8).fill(Field.from(0));
 
-export {
-  KECCAK_DIM,
-  ROUND_CONSTANTS,
-  theta,
-  piRho,
-  chi,
-  iota,
-  round,
-  blockTransformation,
-};
+  for (let i = 0; i < paddedMessage.length; i += rate / 8) {
+    const block = paddedMessage.slice(i, i + rate / 8);
+    // pad the block with 0s to up to 1600 bits
+    const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
+    // padded with zeros each block until they are 1600 bit long
+    assert(
+      paddedBlock.length * 8 === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH,
+      'improper Keccak block length'
+    );
+    const blockState = getKeccakStateOfBytes(paddedBlock);
+    // xor the state with the padded block
+    const stateXor = keccakStateXor(state, blockState);
+    // apply the permutation function to the xored state
+    const statePerm = permutation(stateXor, rc);
+    state = statePerm;
+  }
+
+  return state;
+}
+
+// Squeeze state until it has a desired length in bits
+function squeeze(
+  state: Field[][],
+  length: number,
+  rate: number,
+  rc: Field[]
+): Field[] {
+  const copy = (
+    bytestring: Field[],
+    outputArray: Field[],
+    start: number,
+    length: number
+  ) => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      outputArray[start + i] = bytestring[i];
+    }
+  };
+
+  let newState = state;
+
+  // bytes per squeeze
+  const bytesPerSqueeze = rate / 8;
+  // number of squeezes
+  const squeezes = Math.floor(length / rate) + 1;
+  // multiple of rate that is larger than output_length, in bytes
+  const outputLength = squeezes * bytesPerSqueeze;
+  // array with sufficient space to store the output
+  const outputArray = Array(outputLength).fill(Field.from(0));
+  // first state to be squeezed
+  const bytestring = keccakStateToBytes(state);
+  const outputBytes = bytestring.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+  copy(outputBytes, outputArray, 0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+  // for the rest of squeezes
+  for (let i = 1; i < squeezes; i++) {
+    // apply the permutation function to the state
+    newState = permutation(newState, rc);
+    // append the output of the permutation function to the output
+    const bytestringI = keccakStateToBytes(state);
+    const outputBytesI = bytestringI.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+    copy(outputBytesI, outputArray, bytesPerSqueeze * i, bytesPerSqueeze);
+  }
+  // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength/8 bytes of the output array
+  const hashed = outputArray.slice(0, length / 8);
+
+  return hashed;
+}
+
+// Keccak sponge function for 1600 bits of state width
+// Need to split the message into blocks of 1088 bits.
+function sponge(
+  paddedMessage: Field[],
+  length: number,
+  capacity: number,
+  rate: number
+): Field[] {
+  // check that the padded message is a multiple of rate
+  if ((paddedMessage.length * 8) % rate !== 0) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid padded message length');
+  }
+
+  // setup cvars for round constants
+  let rc = exists(24, () => TupleN.fromArray(24, ROUND_CONSTANTS));
+
+  // absorb
+  const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, rc);
+
+  // squeeze
+  const hashed = squeeze(state, length, rate, rc);
+
+  return hashed;
+}
+
+// TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
+// Checks in the circuit that a list of cvars are at most 8 bits each
+function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
+  inputs.map(rangeCheck8);
+}
+
+// Keccak hash function with input message passed as list of Cvar bytes.
+// The message will be parsed as follows:
+// - the first byte of the message will be the least significant byte of the first word of the state (A[0][0])
+// - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
+// - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 1600 bits of the state.
+function hash(
+  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  byteChecks: boolean = false,
+  message: Field[] = [],
+  length: number,
+  capacity: number,
+  nistVersion: boolean
+): Field[] {
+  assert(capacity > 0, 'capacity must be positive');
+  assert(capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH, 'capacity must be less than 1600');
+  assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
+  assert(length % 8 === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
+
+  // Set input to Big Endian format
+  let messageFormatted = inpEndian === 'Big' ? message : message.reverse();
+
+  // Check each cvar input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
+  if (byteChecks) {
+    checkBytes(messageFormatted);
+  }
+
+  const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH - capacity;
+
+  let padded;
+  if (nistVersion) {
+    padded = padNist(messageFormatted, rate);
+  } else {
+    padded = pad101(messageFormatted, rate);
+  }
+
+  const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
+
+  // Check each cvar output is 8 bits at most. Always because they are created here
+  checkBytes(hash);
+
+  // Set input to desired endianness
+  const hashFormatted = outEndian === 'Big' ? hash : hash.reverse();
+
+  // Check each cvar output is 8 bits at most
+  return hashFormatted;
+}
+
+// Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
+// Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
+// Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
+function nistSha3(
+  len: number,
+  message: Field[],
+  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  byteChecks: boolean = false
+): Field[] {
+  let output: Field[];
+
+  switch (len) {
+    case 224:
+      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, true);
+      break;
+    case 256:
+      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, true);
+      break;
+    case 384:
+      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, true);
+      break;
+    case 512:
+      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 512, 1024, true);
+      break;
+    default:
+      throw new Error('Invalid length');
+  }
+
+  return output;
+}
+
+// Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
+// Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
+function ethereum(
+  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  byteChecks: boolean = false,
+  message: Field[] = []
+): Field[] {
+  return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, false);
+}
+
+// Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
+// Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
+// Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
+function preNist(
+  len: number,
+  message: Field[],
+  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+  byteChecks: boolean = false
+): Field[] {
+  switch (len) {
+    case 224:
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, false);
+    case 256:
+      return ethereum(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message);
+    case 384:
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, false);
+    case 512:
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 512, 1024, false);
+    default:
+      throw new Error('Invalid length');
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 1c20b2ec6f..cd477ddb5c 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,106 +1,63 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { preNist, nistSha3, ethereum } from './keccak.js';
+import { sha3_256, keccak_256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
-import { constraintSystem, print } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
-import {
-  KECCAK_DIM,
-  ROUND_CONSTANTS,
-  theta,
-  piRho,
-  chi,
-  iota,
-  round,
-  blockTransformation,
-} from './keccak.js';
 
-const KECCAK_TEST_STATE = [
-  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
-  [0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
-  [1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
-  [0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
-  [0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
-].map((row) => row.map((elem) => Field.from(elem)));
-
-let KeccakBlockTransformation = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'KeccakBlockTransformation',
-  publicInput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, KECCAK_DIM), KECCAK_DIM),
-  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Provable.Array(Field, KECCAK_DIM), KECCAK_DIM),
 
+let Keccak = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'keccak',
+  publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, 100),
+  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 32),
   methods: {
-    Theta: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method(input: Field[][]) {
-        return theta(input);
-      },
-    },
-    PiRho: {
+    preNist: {
       privateInputs: [],
-      method(input: Field[][]) {
-        return piRho(input);
+      method(preImage) {
+        return preNist(256, preImage);
       },
     },
-    Chi: {
+    nistSha3: {
       privateInputs: [],
-      method(input: Field[][]) {
-        return chi(input);
+      method(preImage) {
+        return nistSha3(256, preImage);
       },
     },
-    Iota: {
+    ethereum: {
       privateInputs: [],
-      method(input: Field[][]) {
-        return iota(input, ROUND_CONSTANTS[0]);
-      },
-    },
-    Round: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method(input: Field[][]) {
-        return round(input, ROUND_CONSTANTS[0]);
-      },
-    },
-    BlockTransformation: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method(input: Field[][]) {
-        return blockTransformation(input);
+      method(preImage) {
+        return ethereum(preImage);
       },
     },
   },
 });
 
-// constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
-//   KeccakBlockTransformation,
-//   'BlockTransformation',
-//   print
-// );
-
-console.log('KECCAK_TEST_STATE: ', KECCAK_TEST_STATE.toString());
-
-console.log('Compiling...');
-await KeccakBlockTransformation.compile();
-console.log('Done!');
-console.log('Generating proof...');
-let proof0 = await KeccakBlockTransformation.BlockTransformation(
-  KECCAK_TEST_STATE
-);
-console.log('Done!');
-console.log('Output:', proof0.publicOutput.toString());
-console.log('Verifying...');
-proof0.verify();
-console.log('Done!');
-
-/*
-[RUST IMPLEMENTATION OUTPUT](https://github.com/BaldyAsh/keccak-rust)
-
-INPUT:
-[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
- [0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
- [1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
- [0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
- [0, 1, 0, 0, 0]]
-
-OUTPUT:
-[[8771753707458093707, 14139250443469741764, 11827767624278131459, 2757454755833177578, 5758014717183214102],
-[3389583698920935946, 1287099063347104936, 15030403046357116816, 17185756281681305858, 9708367831595350450],
-[1416127551095004411, 16037937966823201128, 9518790688640222300, 1997971396112921437, 4893561083608951508],
-[8048617297177300085, 10306645194383020789, 2789881727527423094, 7603160281577405588, 12935834807086847890],
-[9476112750389234330, 13193683191463706918, 4460519148532423021, 7183125267124224670, 1393214916959060614]]
-*/
+console.log("compiling keccak");
+await Keccak.compile();
+console.log("done compiling keccak");
+
+const runs = 2;
+
+let preImage = [
+  236, 185, 24, 61, 138, 249, 61, 13, 226, 103, 152, 232, 104, 234, 170, 26,
+  46, 54, 157, 146, 17, 240, 10, 193, 214, 110, 134, 47, 97, 241, 172, 198,
+  80, 95, 136, 185, 62, 156, 246, 210, 207, 129, 93, 162, 215, 77, 3, 38,
+  194, 86, 75, 100, 64, 87, 6, 18, 4, 159, 235, 53, 87, 124, 216, 241, 179,
+  201, 111, 168, 72, 181, 28, 65, 142, 243, 224, 69, 58, 178, 114, 3, 112,
+  23, 15, 208, 103, 231, 114, 64, 89, 172, 240, 81, 27, 215, 129, 3, 16,
+  173, 133, 160,
+]
+
+let preNistProof = await Keccak.preNist(preImage.map(Field.from));
+console.log(preNistProof.publicOutput.toString());
+console.log(keccak_256(new Uint8Array(preImage)));
+let nistSha3Proof = await Keccak.nistSha3(preImage.map(Field.from));
+console.log(nistSha3Proof.publicOutput.toString());
+console.log(sha3_256(new Uint8Array(preImage)));
+let ethereumProof = await Keccak.ethereum(preImage.map(Field.from));
+console.log(ethereumProof.publicOutput.toString());
+
+console.log('verifying');
+preNistProof.verify();
+nistSha3Proof.verify();
+ethereumProof.verify();
+console.log('done verifying');

From 8530e25a4c1dd05d4740cc303ba0c155f43ac486 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tang Jiawei <tang@o1labs.org>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 03:15:01 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 0968/1786] update o1js bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 21ced18c8a..21cf4644f6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 21ced18c8a94a12f653ae85b94c28d9e0bf7f376
+Subproject commit 21cf4644f659998997a0a1a7efc0ed0e038003c2

From 621d2ef1bde826398e5a92fe3e58ced6a73d43e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 20:17:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0969/1786] fixups

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts         |  4 +--
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 52 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index d5ef7447b6..8b705d620f 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class ForeignField {
     // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
     // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
     // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([this.value], this.modulus, {
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([this.value], this.modulus, {
       skipMrc: true,
     });
     return this.Constructor.AlmostReduced.unsafeFrom(this);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class ForeignField {
   static assertAlmostReduced<T extends Tuple<ForeignField>>(
     ...xs: T
   ): TupleMap<T, AlmostForeignField> {
-    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
       xs.map((x) => x.value),
       this.modulus,
       { skipMrc: true }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 46dc63043b..1a8c0d8786 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
-import { Tuple, TupleN, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 4a2102bdcb..79bdaf5770 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -570,33 +570,33 @@ const Gadgets = {
     assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint, { skipMrc = false } = {}) {
       ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(xs, f, skipMrc);
     },
-  },
 
-  /**
-   * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
-   *
-   * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
-   * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}
-   * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
-   *
-   * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
-   * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements} which adds that check itself.
-   *
-   * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0x1235n));
-   *
-   *  // range check limbs of x
-   * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
-   *
-   * // prove that x is fully reduced mod f
-   * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
-   * ```
-   */
-  assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
-    ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    /**
+     * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
+     *
+     * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
+     * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}
+     * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
+     *
+     * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
+     * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} which adds that check itself.
+     *
+     * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0x1235n));
+     *
+     *  // range check limbs of x
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
+     *
+     * // prove that x is fully reduced mod f
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    },
   },
 
   /**

From e8918f05c667710c15973044a2de5ce22c3dfe5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Raphael Panic <raphael.panic@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 20:35:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0970/1786] Add vk hash to the return type of compile

---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 08adef5f68..c7948f22af 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
   compile: (options?: {
     cache?: Cache;
     forceRecompile?: boolean;
-  }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: string }>;
+  }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: { data: string, hash: Field } }>;
   verify: (
     proof: Proof<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ function ZkProgram<
       overrideWrapDomain: config.overrideWrapDomain,
     });
     compileOutput = { provers, verify };
-    return { verificationKey: verificationKey.data };
+    return { verificationKey };
   }
 
   function toProver<K extends keyof Types & string>(

From f9aa51e1bbeb0f96b78df63cb6a13678e0a20d91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Raphael Panic <raphael.panic@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 20:59:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0971/1786] Added changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md            | 4 ++++
 src/lib/proof_system.ts | 7 +++----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3f1b8d4af3..67e2bcd567 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+
 ### Added
 
 - **Foreign field arithmetic** exposed through the `createForeignField()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs/pull/985
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index c7948f22af..9d0a5fdcec 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -260,10 +260,9 @@ function ZkProgram<
   }
 ): {
   name: string;
-  compile: (options?: {
-    cache?: Cache;
-    forceRecompile?: boolean;
-  }) => Promise<{ verificationKey: { data: string, hash: Field } }>;
+  compile: (options?: { cache?: Cache; forceRecompile?: boolean }) => Promise<{
+    verificationKey: { data: string; hash: Field } 
+  }>;
   verify: (
     proof: Proof<
       InferProvableOrUndefined<Get<StatementType, 'publicInput'>>,

From e9c21b0f41aa26475a1a9a41825076606bc3922b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 21:49:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0972/1786] update benchmark

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts | 19 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
index cff76159a8..fb32439e0f 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
-import { Scalar, Crypto, Provable, createForeignField } from 'o1js';
+import { Crypto, Provable, createForeignField } from 'o1js';
 
 class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(
   Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1.modulus
-).AlmostReduced {}
-
-// TODO ForeignField.random()
-function random() {
-  return new ForeignScalar(Scalar.random().toBigInt());
-}
+) {}
 
 function main() {
-  let s = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar.provable, random);
-  let t = Provable.witness(ForeignScalar.provable, random);
+  let s = Provable.witness(
+    ForeignScalar.Canonical.provable,
+    ForeignScalar.random
+  );
+  let t = Provable.witness(
+    ForeignScalar.Canonical.provable,
+    ForeignScalar.random
+  );
   s.mul(t);
 }
 

From a668916de262ac459b30ecd1a8f796651d8708eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 21:51:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0973/1786] move ecdsa example to where it makes more sense

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts                  | 38 -------------------
 .../{zkprogram => crypto}/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts      |  0
 .../{zkprogram => crypto}/ecdsa/run.ts        |  0
 3 files changed, 38 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
 rename src/examples/{zkprogram => crypto}/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts (100%)
 rename src/examples/{zkprogram => crypto}/ecdsa/run.ts (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 276c6b7dec..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-import { Crypto, createForeignCurve, createEcdsa, Provable } from 'o1js';
-
-class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
-
-class EthSignature extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
-
-let publicKey = Secp256k1.from({
-  x: 49781623198970027997721070672560275063607048368575198229673025608762959476014n,
-  y: 44999051047832679156664607491606359183507784636787036192076848057884504239143n,
-});
-
-let signature = EthSignature.fromHex(
-  '0x82de9950cc5aac0dca7210cb4b77320ac9e844717d39b1781e9d941d920a12061da497b3c134f50b2fce514d66e20c5e43f9615f097395a5527041d14860a52f1b'
-);
-
-let msgHash =
-  Secp256k1.Scalar.from(
-    0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
-  );
-
-function main() {
-  let signature0 = Provable.witness(EthSignature.provable, () => signature);
-  signature0.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
-}
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
-main();
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
-Provable.runAndCheck(main);
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-
-console.log(cs.summary());
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
rename to src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
rename to src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts

From 8cc376f4b331598c4d348da536551c3db75f5cef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 21:55:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0974/1786] doccomment tweaks

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 1d5ab5ffc9..5e3050e4f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
   >;
 
   /**
-   * Curve arithmetic on JS bigints.
+   * The {@link ForeignCurve} on which the ECDSA signature is defined.
    */
   static get Curve() {
     assert(this._Curve !== undefined, 'EcdsaSignature not initialized');
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
 }
 
 /**
- * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to parse and verify ECDSA signature in provable code,
- * for the given curve.
+ * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to verify ECDSA signatures
+ * on the given curve, in provable code.
  */
 function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
   let Curve0: typeof ForeignCurve =

From 43337621a03b8b7566ee29cb103ef7e305af74ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 21:59:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0975/1786] revert unnecessary change

---
 src/lib/ml/fields.ts | 13 +------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/ml/fields.ts b/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
index 0c092dcdfc..4921e9272a 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import { Bool, BoolVar } from '../bool.js';
 import { ConstantField, Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
 import { MlArray } from './base.js';
-export { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray, MlBoolArray };
+export { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray };
 
 type MlFieldArray = MlArray<FieldVar>;
 const MlFieldArray = {
@@ -22,13 +21,3 @@ const MlFieldConstArray = {
     return arr.map((x) => new Field(x) as ConstantField);
   },
 };
-
-type MlBoolArray = MlArray<BoolVar>;
-const MlBoolArray = {
-  to(arr: Bool[]): MlArray<BoolVar> {
-    return MlArray.to(arr.map((x) => x.value));
-  },
-  from([, ...arr]: MlArray<BoolVar>) {
-    return arr.map((x) => new Bool(x));
-  },
-};

From c6c39ccc51c13cedfdf96c6c22e99b48f5e1f201 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 22:06:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0976/1786] save constraints

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts               |  4 ++--
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts               |  5 +++++
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 7367024a75..f8018e845b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    * - If the curve has cofactor unequal to 1, use {@link assertInSubgroup()}.
    */
   static check(g: ForeignCurve) {
-    this.Field.check(g.x);
-    this.Field.check(g.y);
+    // more efficient than the automatic check, which would do this for each field separately
+    this.Field.assertAlmostReduced(g.x, g.y);
     this.assertOnCurve(g);
     this.assertInSubgroup(g);
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 5e3050e4f1..0615853ccd 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -79,6 +79,11 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
     return new this({ r, s });
   }
 
+  static check(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
+    // more efficient than the automatic check, which would do this for each scalar separately
+    this.Curve.Scalar.assertAlmostReduced(signature.r, signature.s);
+  }
+
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   get Constructor() {
     return this.constructor as typeof EcdsaSignature;
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 7d90f28524..988a1bc731 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "f89c0d140264e085d085f52999fc67d8e3db3909627d8e3e1a087c319853933",
+    "digest": "36c90ec17088e536562b06f333be6fc1bed252b47a3cfb4e4c24aa22e7a1247b",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38912,
-        "digest": "5729fe17ff1af33e643a2f7e08292232"
+        "rows": 38888,
+        "digest": "70f148db469f028f1d8cb99e8e8e278a"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "692488770088381683600018326540220594385299569804743037992171368071788655058"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "5175094130394897519519312310597261032080672241911883655552182168739967574124"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index a051f21137..5d2c6d71e9 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
+import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions

From 9590840c5c969580f17bc755d7dd71e35e91c7d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 22:35:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0977/1786] add ec gadgets

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts |   5 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts        | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 546a15e100..1372ce5cef 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -202,9 +202,8 @@ function scale(
 
 // checks whether the elliptic curve point g is in the subgroup defined by [order]g = 0
 function assertInSubgroup(Curve: CurveAffine, p: Point) {
-  const order = Field3.from(Curve.order);
-  // [order]g = 0
-  scale(Curve, order, p, { mode: 'assert-zero' });
+  if (!Curve.hasCofactor) return;
+  scale(Curve, Field3.from(Curve.order), p, { mode: 'assert-zero' });
 }
 
 // check whether a point equals a constant point
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index f229d7923e..0be939bdce 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Ecdsa, EllipticCurve, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Crypto } from '../crypto.js';
 
@@ -599,11 +599,74 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Operations on elliptic curves in non-native arithmetic.
+   */
+  EllipticCurve: {
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve addition.
+     */
+    add(p: Point, q: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
+      return EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve.modulus);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve doubling.
+     */
+    double(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint }) {
+      return EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Elliptic curve negation.
+     */
+    negate(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
+      return EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve.modulus);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Scalar multiplication.
+     */
+    scale(scalar: Field3, p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
+      return EllipticCurve.scale(Curve, scalar, p);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Multi-scalar multiplication.
+     */
+    scaleMany(scalars: Field3[], points: Point[], Curve: CurveAffine) {
+      return EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(Curve, scalars, points);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Prove that the given point is on the given curve.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * Gadgets.ForeignCurve.assertPointOnCurve(point, Curve);
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertOnCurve(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
+      EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(p, Curve);
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Prove that the given point is in the prime-order subgroup of the given curve.
+     *
+     * @example
+     * ```ts
+     * Gadgets.ForeignCurve.assertInSubgroup(point, Curve);
+     * ```
+     */
+    assertInSubgroup(p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
+      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(Curve, p);
+    },
+  },
+
   /**
    * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
    */
   Ecdsa: {
-    // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve, and show in the example
     /**
      * Verify an ECDSA signature.
      *
@@ -620,6 +683,14 @@ const Gadgets = {
      *   Curve.order
      * );
      *
+     * // assert that the public key is valid
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
+     *   [publicKey.x, publicKey.y],
+     *   Curve.modulus
+     * );
+     * Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(publicKey, Curve);
+     * Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(publicKey, Curve);
+     *
      * // verify signature
      * let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
      * isValid.assertTrue();
@@ -674,6 +745,13 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
+   *
+   * The coordinates are represented as 3-limb bigints.
+   */
+  export type Point = Point_;
+
   export namespace Ecdsa {
     /**
      * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
@@ -683,5 +761,27 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
   }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
+type Point_ = Point;
 type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
 type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;
+
+function verify(signature: Ecdsa.Signature, msgHash: Field3, publicKey: Point) {
+  const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+  // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
+  Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
+    [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
+    Curve.order
+  );
+
+  // assert that the public key is valid
+  Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
+    [publicKey.x, publicKey.y],
+    Curve.modulus
+  );
+  Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(publicKey, Curve);
+  Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(publicKey, Curve);
+
+  // verify signature
+  let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+  isValid.assertTrue();
+}

From 49b98c53e98bbd49e3b171e5b950795d62480b81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 22:43:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0978/1786] adapt constant case in multiscalarmul, remove the
 one in scale

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 19 +++++--------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 1372ce5cef..dc8fba5eb0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -182,20 +182,6 @@ function scale(
     multiples?: Point[];
   } = { mode: 'assert-nonzero' }
 ) {
-  // constant case
-  if (Field3.isConstant(scalar) && Point.isConstant(point)) {
-    let scalar_ = Field3.toBigint(scalar);
-    let p_ = Point.toBigint(point);
-    let scaled = Curve.scale(p_, scalar_);
-    if (config.mode === 'assert-zero') {
-      assert(scaled.infinity, 'scale: expected zero result');
-      return Point.from(Curve.zero);
-    }
-    assert(!scaled.infinity, 'scale: expected non-zero result');
-    return Point.from(scaled);
-  }
-
-  // provable case
   config.windowSize ??= Point.isConstant(point) ? 4 : 3;
   return multiScalarMul(Curve, [scalar], [point], [config], config.mode);
 }
@@ -331,6 +317,11 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.scale(P[i], s[i]));
     }
+    if (mode === 'assert-zero') {
+      assert(sum.infinity, 'scalar multiplication: expected zero result');
+      return Point.from(Curve.zero);
+    }
+    assert(!sum.infinity, 'scalar multiplication: expected non-zero result');
     return Point.from(sum);
   }
 

From cbd335f6290ea61c9d65252494e96a0ad3e84c0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 22:45:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0979/1786] remove testing code

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 21 ---------------------
 1 file changed, 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 0be939bdce..064e63527e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -764,24 +764,3 @@ type Sum_ = Sum;
 type Point_ = Point;
 type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
 type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;
-
-function verify(signature: Ecdsa.Signature, msgHash: Field3, publicKey: Point) {
-  const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-  // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-  Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-    [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-    Curve.order
-  );
-
-  // assert that the public key is valid
-  Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-    [publicKey.x, publicKey.y],
-    Curve.modulus
-  );
-  Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(publicKey, Curve);
-  Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(publicKey, Curve);
-
-  // verify signature
-  let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-  isValid.assertTrue();
-}

From 9ebd5f3dc1cff27eb5de46b369e984d1f0b9521e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 4 Dec 2023 23:18:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0980/1786] start writing ec gadgets tests

---
 src/bindings                                |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts          |  6 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 34 ++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                  |  5 ++
 5 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 6c3e61f002..f9fc0b9115 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 6c3e61f002cf9c5dd3aa9374c3162a98786b3880
+Subproject commit f9fc0b91157f2cea3dad2acce256ad879cef86fa
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index d2b9e5b836..66789af22c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import {
   Ecdsa,
-  EllipticCurve,
   Point,
+  initialAggregator,
   verifyEcdsaConstant,
 } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
+import { foreignField, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
   Second,
   bool,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
+const ia = initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
 const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index dc8fba5eb0..894445019e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import { arrayGet } from './basic.js';
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
 
 // internal API
-export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
+export { verifyEcdsaConstant, initialAggregator, simpleMapToCurve };
 
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ const EllipticCurve = {
   scale,
   assertInSubgroup,
   multiScalarMul,
-  initialAggregator,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -475,6 +474,22 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine) {
   // use that as x coordinate
   const F = Curve.Field;
   let x = F.mod(bytesToBigInt(bytes));
+  return simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve);
+}
+
+function random(Curve: CurveAffine) {
+  let x = Curve.Field.random();
+  return simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given an x coordinate (base field element), increment it until we find one with
+ * a y coordinate that satisfies the curve equation, and return the point.
+ *
+ * If the curve has a cofactor, multiply by it to get a point in the correct subgroup.
+ */
+function simpleMapToCurve(x: bigint, Curve: CurveAffine) {
+  const F = Curve.Field;
   let y: bigint | undefined = undefined;
 
   // increment x until we find a y coordinate
@@ -485,7 +500,13 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine) {
     let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(Curve.a, x) + Curve.b);
     y = F.sqrt(y2);
   }
-  return { x, y, infinity: false };
+  let p = { x, y, infinity: false };
+
+  // clear cofactor
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor) {
+    p = Curve.scale(p, Curve.cofactor!);
+  }
+  return p;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -615,6 +636,13 @@ const Point = {
   },
   isConstant: (P: Point) => Provable.isConstant(Point.provable, P),
 
+  /**
+   * Random point on the curve.
+   */
+  random(Curve: CurveAffine) {
+    return Point.from(random(Curve));
+  },
+
   provable: provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9626d9c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { equivalentProvable, map, spec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { Point, simpleMapToCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { foreignField } from './test-utils.js';
+
+// provable equivalence tests
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
+const Vesta = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Vesta);
+let curves = [Secp256k1, Pallas, Vesta];
+
+for (let Curve of curves) {
+  // prepare test inputs
+  let field = foreignField(Curve.Field);
+  let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
+
+  // point shape, but with independently random components, which will never form a valid point
+  let badPoint = spec({
+    rng: Random.record({
+      x: field.rng,
+      y: field.rng,
+      infinity: Random.constant(false),
+    }),
+    there: Point.from,
+    back: Point.toBigint,
+    provable: Point.provable,
+  });
+
+  // valid random points
+  let point = map({ from: field, to: badPoint }, (x) =>
+    simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve)
+  );
+
+  // gadgets
+
+  // add
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point, point], to: point })(
+    Curve.add,
+    (p, q) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve),
+    'add'
+  );
+
+  // double
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point })(
+    Curve.double,
+    (p) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve),
+    'double'
+  );
+
+  // negate
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point })(
+    Curve.negate,
+    (p) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve),
+    'negate'
+  );
+
+  // scale
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point, scalar], to: point })(
+    Curve.scale,
+    (p, s) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.scale(s, p, Curve),
+    'scale'
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 064e63527e..051424d51d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -661,6 +661,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
     assertInSubgroup(p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
       EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(Curve, p);
     },
+
+    /**
+     * Non-provabe helper methods for interacting with elliptic curves.
+     */
+    Point,
   },
 
   /**

From 7acf19d0db962d78597f70f69a44035c96e33e4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 00:04:44 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0981/1786] 0.14.3

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index eff466f3fb..569c4587cc 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.14.2",
+  "version": "0.14.3",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.14.2",
+      "version": "0.14.3",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index b890fd3dba..6c3560c2d4 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.14.2",
+  "version": "0.14.3",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From fe359e3052e37ced27094bc31860f1a135cbcba6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 00:04:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 0982/1786] Update CHANGELOG for new version v0.14.3

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3f1b8d4af3..de16de9095 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/7acf19d0d...HEAD)
+
+## [0.14.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
 
 ### Added
 

From 07a1fde0392397b3864abd603b2612a23a7af8d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:35:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0983/1786] simplify build scripts

---
 package.json      | 6 ++----
 run-unit-tests.sh | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index b890fd3dba..c432bc9643 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -42,19 +42,17 @@
     "node": ">=16.4.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
+    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "make": "make -C ../../.. snarkyjs",
     "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
     "wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
     "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
-    "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
-    "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
+    "prepublish:node": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
     "prepublishOnly": "npm run prepublish:web && npm run prepublish:node",
     "dump-vks": "./run tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump",
     "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown **/*",
diff --git a/run-unit-tests.sh b/run-unit-tests.sh
index 44881eca5d..3e39307f36 100755
--- a/run-unit-tests.sh
+++ b/run-unit-tests.sh
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 set -e
 shopt -s globstar # to expand '**' into nested directories./
 
-# run the build:test
-npm run build:test
+npm run build
 
 # find all unit tests in dist/node and run them
 # TODO it would be nice to make this work on Mac

From 502a4979a62d119e5a0b543f29290a2186d5bd9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:36:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0984/1786] equivalent: add verbose option and onlyif
 combinator

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 183281bbba..cff488afca 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ export {
   array,
   record,
   map,
+  onlyIf,
   fromRandom,
   first,
   second,
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ function equivalentAsync<
 function equivalentProvable<
   In extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>,
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
->({ from: fromRaw, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+>({ from: fromRaw, to, verbose }: { from: In; to: Out; verbose?: boolean }) {
   let fromUnions = fromRaw.map(toUnion);
   return function run(
     f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
@@ -195,7 +196,9 @@ function equivalentProvable<
   ) {
     let generators = fromUnions.map((spec) => spec.rng);
     let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
-    test(...generators, (...args) => {
+
+    let start = performance.now();
+    let nRuns = test.custom({ minRuns: 5 })(...generators, (...args) => {
       args.pop();
 
       // figure out which spec to use for each argument
@@ -230,6 +233,11 @@ function equivalentProvable<
         );
       });
     });
+    if (verbose) {
+      let ms = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(1);
+      let runs = nRuns.toString().padStart(2, ' ');
+      console.log(`${label}:\t succeeded with ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`);
+    }
   };
 }
 
@@ -342,6 +350,10 @@ function map<T1, T2, S1, S2>(
   return { ...to, rng: Random.map(from.rng, there) };
 }
 
+function onlyIf<T, S>(spec: Spec<T, S>, onlyIf: (t: T) => boolean): Spec<T, S> {
+  return { ...spec, rng: Random.reject(spec.rng, (x) => !onlyIf(x)) };
+}
+
 function mapObject<K extends string, T, S>(
   t: { [k in K]: T },
   map: (t: T, k: K) => S

From 578a8adde2dafb8ef0b236e2b8c1ef39d4344a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:38:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0985/1786] fix ec test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index d9626d9c9b..69d1aa11c4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { equivalentProvable, map, spec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  array,
+  equivalentProvable,
+  map,
+  onlyIf,
+  spec,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { Point, simpleMapToCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { foreignField } from './test-utils.js';
@@ -29,37 +36,44 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     provable: Point.provable,
   });
 
-  // valid random points
+  // valid random point
   let point = map({ from: field, to: badPoint }, (x) =>
     simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve)
   );
 
+  // two random points that are not equal, so are a valid input to EC addition
+  let unequalPair = onlyIf(array(point, 2), ([p, q]) => !Curve.equal(p, q));
+
   // gadgets
 
   // add
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [point, point], to: point })(
-    Curve.add,
-    (p, q) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve),
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [unequalPair], to: point, verbose: true })(
+    ([p, q]) => Curve.add(p, q),
+    ([p, q]) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve),
     'add'
   );
 
   // double
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
     Curve.double,
     (p) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve),
     'double'
   );
 
   // negate
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
     Curve.negate,
     (p) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve),
     'negate'
   );
 
   // scale
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [point, scalar], to: point })(
-    Curve.scale,
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point, scalar], to: point, verbose: true })(
+    (p, s) => {
+      let sp = Curve.scale(p, s);
+      assert(!sp.infinity, 'expect nonzero');
+      return sp;
+    },
     (p, s) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.scale(s, p, Curve),
     'scale'
   );

From a7f997ba1b0cc8cac7de50d3dc932ae45d9a88b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:53:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0986/1786] add assert on curve

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 34 +++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 69d1aa11c4..6a16da5de7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import {
   map,
   onlyIf,
   spec,
+  unit,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { Point, simpleMapToCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { foreignField } from './test-utils.js';
+import { EllipticCurve, Point, simpleMapToCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { foreignField, throwError } from './test-utils.js';
 
 // provable equivalence tests
 const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
@@ -44,37 +44,39 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   // two random points that are not equal, so are a valid input to EC addition
   let unequalPair = onlyIf(array(point, 2), ([p, q]) => !Curve.equal(p, q));
 
-  // gadgets
+  // test ec gadgets witness generation
 
-  // add
   equivalentProvable({ from: [unequalPair], to: point, verbose: true })(
     ([p, q]) => Curve.add(p, q),
-    ([p, q]) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve),
-    'add'
+    ([p, q]) => EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve.modulus),
+    `${Curve.name} add`
   );
 
-  // double
   equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
     Curve.double,
-    (p) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve),
-    'double'
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve.modulus, Curve.a),
+    `${Curve.name} double`
   );
 
-  // negate
   equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
     Curve.negate,
-    (p) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve),
-    'negate'
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve.modulus),
+    `${Curve.name} negate`
+  );
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: unit, verbose: true })(
+    (p) => Curve.isOnCurve(p) || throwError('expect on curve'),
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(p, Curve),
+    `${Curve.name} on curve`
   );
 
-  // scale
   equivalentProvable({ from: [point, scalar], to: point, verbose: true })(
     (p, s) => {
       let sp = Curve.scale(p, s);
       assert(!sp.infinity, 'expect nonzero');
       return sp;
     },
-    (p, s) => Gadgets.EllipticCurve.scale(s, p, Curve),
-    'scale'
+    (p, s) => EllipticCurve.scale(Curve, s, p),
+    `${Curve.name} scale`
   );
 }

From 7e83c4373e58852f5b8624a464938559cefefd20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:53:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0987/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index cff488afca..a78a48f17a 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -236,7 +236,9 @@ function equivalentProvable<
     if (verbose) {
       let ms = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(1);
       let runs = nRuns.toString().padStart(2, ' ');
-      console.log(`${label}:\t succeeded with ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`);
+      console.log(
+        `${label.padEnd(20, ' ')}\t success on ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`
+      );
     }
   };
 }

From 43eadf711003f0435b1a74d4cf34fdb5ec0859bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:54:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0988/1786] minor console formatting

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index a78a48f17a..cef3029561 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ function equivalentProvable<
       let ms = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(1);
       let runs = nRuns.toString().padStart(2, ' ');
       console.log(
-        `${label.padEnd(20, ' ')}\t success on ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`
+        `${label.padEnd(20, ' ')}    success on ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`
       );
     }
   };

From 78e0c6369637616f7f6077117bdb82605d3174f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 09:08:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0989/1786] standardize ec gadgets inputs

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts                    | 14 +++----
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 43 +++++++++++----------
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts |  8 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                  | 12 +++---
 4 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index f8018e845b..a96f3fd8a9 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -93,8 +93,9 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    * Elliptic curve addition.
    */
   add(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
     let h_ = this.Constructor.from(h);
-    let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), this.modulus);
+    let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), Curve);
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    */
   double() {
     let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
-    let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
+    let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), Curve);
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
@@ -130,18 +131,15 @@ class ForeignCurve {
    * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a {@link ForeignField} element.
    */
   scale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
     let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
-    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(
-      this.Constructor.Bigint,
-      scalar_.value,
-      toPoint(this)
-    );
+    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(scalar_.value, toPoint(this), Curve);
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
   static assertInSubgroup(g: ForeignCurve) {
     if (this.Bigint.hasCofactor) {
-      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(this.Bigint, toPoint(g));
+      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 894445019e..426ce43aa3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -50,9 +50,10 @@ namespace Ecdsa {
   export type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 }
 
-function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
+function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
   let { x: x2, y: y2 } = p2;
+  let f = Curve.modulus;
 
   // constant case
   if (Point.isConstant(p1) && Point.isConstant(p2)) {
@@ -95,8 +96,9 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
+function double(p1: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint }) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
+  let f = Curve.modulus;
 
   // constant case
   if (Point.isConstant(p1)) {
@@ -128,7 +130,8 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
   // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1 + a
   let y1Times2 = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y1);
   let x1x1Times3PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  if (a !== 0n) x1x1Times3PlusA = x1x1Times3PlusA.add(Field3.from(a));
+  if (Curve.a !== 0n)
+    x1x1Times3PlusA = x1x1Times3PlusA.add(Field3.from(Curve.a));
   ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3PlusA, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
@@ -143,8 +146,8 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint, a: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function negate({ x, y }: Point, f: bigint) {
-  return { x, y: ForeignField.negate(y, f) };
+function negate({ x, y }: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
+  return { x, y: ForeignField.negate(y, Curve.modulus) };
 }
 
 function assertOnCurve(
@@ -172,9 +175,9 @@ function assertOnCurve(
  * The result is constrained to be not zero.
  */
 function scale(
-  Curve: CurveAffine,
   scalar: Field3,
   point: Point,
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
   config: {
     mode?: 'assert-nonzero' | 'assert-zero';
     windowSize?: number;
@@ -182,20 +185,20 @@ function scale(
   } = { mode: 'assert-nonzero' }
 ) {
   config.windowSize ??= Point.isConstant(point) ? 4 : 3;
-  return multiScalarMul(Curve, [scalar], [point], [config], config.mode);
+  return multiScalarMul([scalar], [point], Curve, [config], config.mode);
 }
 
 // checks whether the elliptic curve point g is in the subgroup defined by [order]g = 0
-function assertInSubgroup(Curve: CurveAffine, p: Point) {
+function assertInSubgroup(p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
   if (!Curve.hasCofactor) return;
-  scale(Curve, Field3.from(Curve.order), p, { mode: 'assert-zero' });
+  scale(Field3.from(Curve.order), p, Curve, { mode: 'assert-zero' });
 }
 
 // check whether a point equals a constant point
 // TODO implement the full case of two vars
-function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, f: bigint) {
-  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.x, p2.x, f);
-  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.y, p2.y, f);
+function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
+  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.x, p2.x, Curve.modulus);
+  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.y, p2.y, Curve.modulus);
   return xEquals.and(yEquals);
 }
 
@@ -253,9 +256,9 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
   let R = multiScalarMul(
-    Curve,
     [u1, u2],
     [G, publicKey],
+    Curve,
     config && [config.G, config.P],
     'assert-nonzero',
     config?.ia
@@ -293,9 +296,9 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
  * TODO: glv trick which cuts down ec doubles by half by splitting s*P = s0*P + s1*endo(P) with s0, s1 in [0, 2^128)
  */
 function multiScalarMul(
-  Curve: CurveAffine,
   scalars: Field3[],
   points: Point[],
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
   tableConfigs: (
     | { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] }
     | undefined
@@ -352,7 +355,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
             : arrayGetGeneric(Point.provable, tables[j], sj);
 
         // ec addition
-        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
+        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve);
 
         // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
         sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point.provable, sum, added);
@@ -363,17 +366,17 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
     // jointly double all points
     // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
+    sum = double(sum, Curve);
   }
 
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(b - 1));
-  let isZero = equals(sum, iaFinal, Curve.modulus);
+  let isZero = equals(sum, iaFinal, Curve);
 
   if (mode === 'assert-nonzero') {
     isZero.assertFalse();
-    sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
+    sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve);
   } else {
     isZero.assertTrue();
     // for type consistency with the 'assert-nonzero' case
@@ -443,10 +446,10 @@ function getPointTable(
   table = [Point.from(Curve.zero), P];
   if (n === 2) return table;
 
-  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve);
   table.push(Pi);
   for (let i = 3; i < n; i++) {
-    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);
+    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve);
     table.push(Pi);
   }
   return table;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 6a16da5de7..39a6d41ce0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -48,19 +48,19 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
 
   equivalentProvable({ from: [unequalPair], to: point, verbose: true })(
     ([p, q]) => Curve.add(p, q),
-    ([p, q]) => EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve.modulus),
+    ([p, q]) => EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve),
     `${Curve.name} add`
   );
 
   equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
     Curve.double,
-    (p) => EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve.modulus, Curve.a),
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve),
     `${Curve.name} double`
   );
 
   equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
     Curve.negate,
-    (p) => EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve.modulus),
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve),
     `${Curve.name} negate`
   );
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
       assert(!sp.infinity, 'expect nonzero');
       return sp;
     },
-    (p, s) => EllipticCurve.scale(Curve, s, p),
+    (p, s) => EllipticCurve.scale(s, p, Curve),
     `${Curve.name} scale`
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 051424d51d..43e5bc272f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -607,35 +607,35 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Elliptic curve addition.
      */
     add(p: Point, q: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
-      return EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve.modulus);
+      return EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve);
     },
 
     /**
      * Elliptic curve doubling.
      */
     double(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint }) {
-      return EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve.modulus, Curve.a);
+      return EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve);
     },
 
     /**
      * Elliptic curve negation.
      */
     negate(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
-      return EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve.modulus);
+      return EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve);
     },
 
     /**
      * Scalar multiplication.
      */
     scale(scalar: Field3, p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
-      return EllipticCurve.scale(Curve, scalar, p);
+      return EllipticCurve.scale(scalar, p, Curve);
     },
 
     /**
      * Multi-scalar multiplication.
      */
     scaleMany(scalars: Field3[], points: Point[], Curve: CurveAffine) {
-      return EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(Curve, scalars, points);
+      return EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(scalars, points, Curve);
     },
 
     /**
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * ```
      */
     assertInSubgroup(p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
-      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(Curve, p);
+      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(p, Curve);
     },
 
     /**

From d32ad75471c11e8295dcae4f3e833520522df496 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 09:17:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0990/1786] make record forward provable

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index cef3029561..82bdbbf2e0 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
@@ -338,10 +339,14 @@ function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
   { [k in keyof Specs]: First<Specs[k]> },
   { [k in keyof Specs]: Second<Specs[k]> }
 > {
+  let isProvable = Object.values(specs).every((spec) => spec.provable);
   return {
     rng: Random.record(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.rng)) as any,
     there: (x) => mapObject(specs, (spec, k) => spec.there(x[k])) as any,
     back: (x) => mapObject(specs, (spec, k) => spec.back(x[k])) as any,
+    provable: isProvable
+      ? provable(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.provable) as any)
+      : undefined,
   };
 }
 

From 24d3a320a1d0d5beff23c952a5f14095effce9e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 09:25:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0991/1786] add missing label

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 82bdbbf2e0..b4756df727 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -230,7 +230,8 @@ function equivalentProvable<
         handleErrors(
           () => f1(...inputs),
           () => f2(...inputWitnesses),
-          (x, y) => Provable.asProver(() => assertEqual(x, to.back(y), label))
+          (x, y) => Provable.asProver(() => assertEqual(x, to.back(y), label)),
+          label
         );
       });
     });

From c07857fe8a52edac14f8f222f3cb0e19c35925f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 09:25:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0992/1786] verbose ecdsa test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 16 ++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 66789af22c..6b47310d38 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -57,26 +57,30 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   };
 
   // positive test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: bool, verbose: true })(
     () => true,
     verify,
-    'valid signature verifies'
+    `${Curve.name}: valid signature verifies`
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [badSignature], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [badSignature], to: bool, verbose: true })(
     () => false,
     verify,
-    'invalid signature fails'
+    `${Curve.name}: invalid signature fails`
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [oneOf(signature, badSignature)], to: bool })(
+  equivalentProvable({
+    from: [oneOf(signature, badSignature)],
+    to: bool,
+    verbose: true,
+  })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
       return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
     verify,
-    'verify'
+    `${Curve.name}: verify`
   );
 }
 

From 80d10a661b198ed86d332adbadb8c3302887fdf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 09:32:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0993/1786] catch missing provable

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index b4756df727..e3e42d5551 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
@@ -185,11 +186,17 @@ function equivalentAsync<
 
 // equivalence tester for provable code
 
+function isProvable(spec: FromSpecUnion<any, any>) {
+  return spec.specs.some((spec) => spec.provable);
+}
+
 function equivalentProvable<
   In extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>,
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
 >({ from: fromRaw, to, verbose }: { from: In; to: Out; verbose?: boolean }) {
   let fromUnions = fromRaw.map(toUnion);
+  assert(fromUnions.some(isProvable), 'equivalentProvable: no provable input');
+
   return function run(
     f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
     f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,

From d29a9b5d9d0f17a38e5421f4bb79b024f5a42ed8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 09:53:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0994/1786] fix ecdsa unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 22 +++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 6b47310d38..78f83e6360 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import {
   Ecdsa,
+  EllipticCurve,
   Point,
   initialAggregator,
   verifyEcdsaConstant,
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { foreignField, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
+  First,
   Second,
   bool,
   equivalentProvable,
@@ -53,21 +55,34 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
 
   // provable method we want to test
   const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>) => {
+    // invalid public key can lead to either a failing constraint, or verify() returning false
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(s.publicKey, Curve);
     return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
   };
 
+  // input validation equivalent to the one implicit in verify()
+  const checkInputs = ({
+    signature: { r, s },
+    publicKey,
+  }: First<typeof signature>) => {
+    assert(r !== 0n && s !== 0n, 'invalid signature');
+    let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+    assert(Curve.isOnCurve(pk), 'invalid public key');
+    return true;
+  };
+
   // positive test
   equivalentProvable({ from: [signature], to: bool, verbose: true })(
     () => true,
     verify,
-    `${Curve.name}: valid signature verifies`
+    `${Curve.name}: verifies`
   );
 
   // negative test
   equivalentProvable({ from: [badSignature], to: bool, verbose: true })(
-    () => false,
+    (s) => checkInputs(s) && false,
     verify,
-    `${Curve.name}: invalid signature fails`
+    `${Curve.name}: fails`
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
@@ -77,6 +92,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     verbose: true,
   })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
+      checkInputs({ signature, publicKey, msg });
       return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
     verify,

From f36ac3d73b4a6d7103c3a60002a662011f15c50f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:19:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0995/1786] Update CHANGELOG.md

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 67e2bcd567..7ac14ae655 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
-- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1292 [@rpanic](https://github.com/rpanic)
 
 ### Added
 

From 09d9dd090ab24799adc3d72bfa17d8d355b1f371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:23:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0996/1786] trim down changelog and highlight contributor

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 7 ++-----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index de16de9095..d29aa26dab 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -28,14 +28,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Changed
 
-- Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions.
+- Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions. [@LuffySama-Dev](https://github.com/LuffySama-Dev)
   - `this.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
-  - `this.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
+  - `this.account.x.getAndAssertEquals(x)` is now `this.account.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.account.x.assertBetween()` is now `this.account.x.requireBetween()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
-  - `this.account.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.account.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
-  - `this.account.x.assertNothing()` is now `this.account.x.requireNothing()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
-  - `this.currentSlot.assertBetween(x,y)` is now `this.currentSlot.requireBetween(x,y)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
 
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)

From 40cb3740a8f355085923fc1a220fd260a3e53229 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:26:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0997/1786] remove use of build:node

---
 .github/workflows/build-action.yml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
index 3801f8ea78..43cea697ff 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git submodule update --init --recursive
           npm ci
-          npm run build:node
+          npm run build
           touch profiling.md
           sh run-ci-tests.sh
           cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git submodule update --init --recursive
           npm ci
-          npm run build:node
+          npm run build
       - name: Publish to NPM if version has changed
         uses: JS-DevTools/npm-publish@v1
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'

From ce826670531b49660ef5fabba9d135234662ae99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:27:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0998/1786] remove use of build:node

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index 05d8970d97..a84bad475a 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-name: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
-description: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
+name: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
+description: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
 inputs:
   mina-branch-name:
-    description: "Mina branch name in use by service container"
+    description: 'Mina branch name in use by service container'
     required: true
 runs:
-  using: "composite"
+  using: 'composite'
   steps:
     - name: Wait for Mina network readiness
       uses: o1-labs/wait-for-mina-network-action@v1
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ runs:
     - name: Setup Node
       uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       with:
-        node-version: "20"
+        node-version: '20'
     - name: Build o1js and execute tests
       env:
-        TEST_TYPE: "Live integration tests"
-        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: "true"
+        TEST_TYPE: 'Live integration tests'
+        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: 'true'
       run: |
         git submodule update --init --recursive
         npm ci
-        npm run build:node
+        npm run build
         touch profiling.md
         sh run-ci-tests.sh
         cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY

From 81d00472da44fb90dd09bf94f9836a97577f0032 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:49:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 0999/1786] improve comments

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 0615853ccd..ddfc08aa4e 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,32 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
   /**
    * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
    *
-   * This method proves that the signature is valid, and throws if it isn't.
+   * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
+   * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // create classes for your curve
+   * class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
+   * class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
+   * class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
+   *
+   * // outside provable code: create inputs
+   * let privateKey = Scalar.random();
+   * let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
+   * let messageHash = Scalar.random();
+   * let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageHash.toBigInt(), privateKey.toBigInt());
+   *
+   * // ...
+   * // in provable code: create input witnesses (or use method inputs, or constants)
+   * let pk = Provable.witness(Secp256k1.provable, () => publicKey);
+   * let msgHash = Provable.witness(Scalar.Canonical.provable, () => messageHash);
+   * let sig = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.provable, () => signature);
+   *
+   * // verify signature
+   * let isValid = sig.verify(msgHash, pk);
+   * isValid.assertTrue('signature verifies');
+   * ```
    */
   verify(msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint, publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
     let msgHash_ = this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar.from(msgHash);
@@ -73,6 +98,8 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
 
   /**
    * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} by signing a message hash with a private key.
+   *
+   * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
    */
   static sign(msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
     let { r, s } = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(this.Curve.Bigint, msgHash, privateKey);

From 818046c90859694251cad6af1f1843d1e7cff490 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 11:25:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1000/1786] flesh out doccomments

---
 src/index.ts             |  4 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 11 ++++--
 3 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 8d5750ef7e..bbe7d8bb74 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ export {
   AlmostForeignField,
   CanonicalForeignField,
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
-export { createForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
-export { createEcdsa } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
+export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
+export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index a96f3fd8a9..fe9a11668c 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -32,11 +32,14 @@ class ForeignCurve {
 
   /**
    * Create a new {@link ForeignCurve} from an object representing the (affine) x and y coordinates.
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * let x = new ForeignCurve({ x: 1n, y: 1n });
    * ```
    *
+   * **Important**: By design, there is no way for a `ForeignCurve` to represent the zero point.
+   *
    * **Warning**: This fails for a constant input which does not represent an actual point on the curve.
    */
   constructor(g: {
@@ -60,12 +63,21 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     return new this(g);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The constant generator point.
+   */
   static get generator() {
     return new this(this.Bigint.one);
   }
+  /**
+   * The size of the curve's base field.
+   */
   static get modulus() {
     return this.Bigint.modulus;
   }
+  /**
+   * The size of the curve's base field.
+   */
   get modulus() {
     return this.Constructor.Bigint.modulus;
   }
@@ -91,6 +103,21 @@ class ForeignCurve {
 
   /**
    * Elliptic curve addition.
+   *
+   * **Important**: this is _incomplete addition_ and does not handle any of the degenerate cases:
+   * - inputs are equal (where you need to use {@link double})
+   * - inputs are inverses of each other, so that the result is the zero point
+   * - the second input is constant and not on the curve
+   *
+   * In the case that both inputs are equal, the result of this method is garbage
+   * and can be manipulated arbitrarily by a malicious prover.
+   *
+   * @throws if the inputs are inverses of each other.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.add(q); // r = p + q
+   * ```
    */
   add(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
     let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
@@ -101,6 +128,11 @@ class ForeignCurve {
 
   /**
    * Elliptic curve doubling.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.double(); // r = 2 * p
+   * ```
    */
   double() {
     let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
@@ -110,33 +142,47 @@ class ForeignCurve {
 
   /**
    * Elliptic curve negation.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.negate(); // r = -p
+   * ```
    */
   negate(): ForeignCurve {
     return new this.Constructor({ x: this.x, y: this.y.neg() });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a {@link ForeignField} element.
+   *
+   * **Important**: this proves that the result of the scalar multiplication is not the zero point.
+   *
+   * @throws if the scalar multiplication results in the zero point; for example, if the scalar is zero.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.scale(s); // r = s * p
+   * ```
+   */
+  scale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
+    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(scalar_.value, toPoint(this), Curve);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
   static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
     EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this point lies on the elliptic curve, which means it satisfies the equation
-   * y^2 = x^3 + ax + b
+   * `y^2 = x^3 + ax + b`
    */
   assertOnCurve() {
     this.Constructor.assertOnCurve(this);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a {@link ForeignField} element.
-   */
-  scale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
-    let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
-    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(scalar_.value, toPoint(this), Curve);
-    return new this.Constructor(p);
-  }
-
   static assertInSubgroup(g: ForeignCurve) {
     if (this.Bigint.hasCofactor) {
       EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
@@ -144,8 +190,10 @@ class ForeignCurve {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Assert than this point lies in the subgroup defined by order*P = 0,
-   * by performing the scalar multiplication.
+   * Assert that this point lies in the subgroup defined by `order*P = 0`.
+   *
+   * Note: this is a no-op if the curve has cofactor equal to 1. Otherwise
+   * it performs the full scalar multiplication `order*P` and is expensive.
    */
   assertInSubgroup() {
     this.Constructor.assertInSubgroup(this);
@@ -213,11 +261,13 @@ class ForeignCurve {
  * const Curve = createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
  * ```
  *
- * `createForeignCurve(params)` takes the curve parameters {@link CurveParams} as input.
- * We support `modulus` and `order` to be prime numbers to 259 bits.
+ * `createForeignCurve(params)` takes curve parameters {@link CurveParams} as input.
+ * We support `modulus` and `order` to be prime numbers up to 259 bits.
+ *
+ * The returned {@link ForeignCurve} class represents a _non-zero curve point_ and supports standard
+ * elliptic curve operations like point addition and scalar multiplication.
  *
- * The returned {@link ForeignCurve} class supports standard elliptic curve operations like point addition and scalar multiplication.
- * It also includes to associated foreign fields: `ForeignCurve.Field` and `ForeignCurve.Scalar`, see {@link createForeignField}.
+ * {@link ForeignCurve} also includes to associated foreign fields: `ForeignCurve.Field` and `ForeignCurve.Scalar`, see {@link createForeignField}.
  */
 function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
   const FieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index ddfc08aa4e..6471831442 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 
 // external API
-export { createEcdsa };
+export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
 
 type FlexibleSignature =
   | EcdsaSignature
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
    * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
    *
+   * @throws if one of the signature scalars is zero or if the public key is not on the curve.
+   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * // create classes for your curve
@@ -138,10 +140,11 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
 }
 
 /**
- * Returns a class {@link EcdsaSignature} enabling to verify ECDSA signatures
- * on the given curve, in provable code.
+ * Create a class {@link EcdsaSignature} for verifying ECDSA signatures on the given curve.
  */
-function createEcdsa(curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve) {
+function createEcdsa(
+  curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve
+): typeof EcdsaSignature {
   let Curve0: typeof ForeignCurve =
     'b' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
   class Curve extends Curve0 {}

From 3d14a4edacad3864626010a02ed0c0cbdc9d126b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:14:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1001/1786] move dangerous foreign field equals

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 38 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 94f660eac1..9fe18eb993 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -341,25 +341,6 @@ class ForeignField {
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
-   * ```
-   */
-  equals(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    const p = this.modulus;
-    if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-      return new Bool(this.toBigInt() === mod(toBigInt(y), p));
-    }
-    return Provable.equal(
-      this.Constructor.provable,
-      this,
-      new this.Constructor(y)
-    );
-  }
-
   // bit packing
 
   /**
@@ -542,6 +523,25 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
   static unsafeFrom(x: ForeignField) {
     return new this(x.value);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * Note: This method only exists on canonical fields; on unreduced fields, it would be easy to
+   * misuse, because not being exactly equal does not imply being unequal modulo p.
+   */
+  equals(y: CanonicalForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    return Provable.equal(
+      this.Constructor.provable,
+      this,
+      new this.Constructor(y)
+    );
+  }
 }
 
 function toLimbs(

From dfc7e97251e23749c38b6494e2b882305cb91bd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:44:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1002/1786] change to safe equals() methods in foreign field,
 rename assertCanonical

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 35 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 9fe18eb993..ea85da47d2 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleMap, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { ForeignField as FF } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * For a more efficient version of this for multiple field elements, see {@link assertAlmostReduced}.
    *
    * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
-   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link assertCanonical}.
    * You should typically use {@link assertAlmostReduced} though, because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
    * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
    */
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    *
    * Returns the field element as a {@link CanonicalForeignField}.
    */
-  assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
+  assertCanonical() {
     this.assertLessThan(this.modulus);
     return this.Constructor.Canonical.unsafeFrom(this);
   }
@@ -493,6 +494,18 @@ class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
   static unsafeFrom(x: ForeignField) {
     return new this(x.value);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Check equality with a constant value.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
+   * ```
+   */
+  equals(y: bigint | number) {
+    return FF.equals(this.value, BigInt(y), this.modulus);
+  }
 }
 
 class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
@@ -512,7 +525,7 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
 
   static check(x: ForeignField) {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
-    x.assertCanonicalFieldElement();
+    x.assertCanonical();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -529,18 +542,18 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
+   * let isEqual = x.equals(y);
    * ```
    *
    * Note: This method only exists on canonical fields; on unreduced fields, it would be easy to
    * misuse, because not being exactly equal does not imply being unequal modulo p.
    */
   equals(y: CanonicalForeignField | bigint | number) {
-    return Provable.equal(
-      this.Constructor.provable,
-      this,
-      new this.Constructor(y)
-    );
+    let [x0, x1, x2] = this.value;
+    let [y0, y1, y2] = toLimbs(y, this.modulus);
+    let x01 = x0.add(x1.mul(1n << l)).seal();
+    let y01 = y0.add(y1.mul(1n << l)).seal();
+    return x01.equals(y01).and(x2.equals(y2));
   }
 }
 
@@ -600,10 +613,10 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * ```
  *
  * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced, "canonical" field elements.
- * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
+ * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link assertCanonical}:
  *
  * ```ts
- * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
+ * x.assertCanonical(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
  * ```
  * You will likely not need canonical fields most of the time.
  *

From 0403912d838152c7bc39e24404be250cdeca16cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:44:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1003/1786] add safe ec addition

---
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index fe9a11668c..08fb733bfd 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -104,20 +104,19 @@ class ForeignCurve {
   /**
    * Elliptic curve addition.
    *
-   * **Important**: this is _incomplete addition_ and does not handle any of the degenerate cases:
-   * - inputs are equal (where you need to use {@link double})
-   * - inputs are inverses of each other, so that the result is the zero point
-   * - the second input is constant and not on the curve
-   *
-   * In the case that both inputs are equal, the result of this method is garbage
-   * and can be manipulated arbitrarily by a malicious prover.
-   *
-   * @throws if the inputs are inverses of each other.
-   *
-   * @example
    * ```ts
    * let r = p.add(q); // r = p + q
    * ```
+   *
+   * **Important**: this is _incomplete addition_ and does not handle the degenerate cases:
+   * - Inputs are equal, `g = h` (where you would use {@link double}).
+   *   In this case, the result of this method is garbage and can be manipulated arbitrarily by a malicious prover.
+   * - Inputs are inverses of each other, `g = -h`, so that the result would be the zero point.
+   *   In this case, the proof fails.
+   *
+   * If you want guaranteed soundness regardless of the input, use {@link addSafe} instead.
+   *
+   * @throws if the inputs are inverses of each other.
    */
   add(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
     let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
@@ -126,6 +125,28 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Safe elliptic curve addition.
+   *
+   * This is the same as {@link add}, but additionally proves that the inputs are not equal.
+   * Therefore, the method is guaranteed to either fail or return a valid addition result.
+   *
+   * **Beware**: this is more expensive than {@link add}, and is still incomplete in that
+   * it does not succeed on equal or inverse inputs.
+   *
+   * @throws if the inputs are equal or inverses of each other.
+   */
+  addSafe(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    let h_ = this.Constructor.from(h);
+
+    // prove that we have x1 != x2 => g != +-h
+    let x1 = this.x.assertCanonical();
+    let x2 = h_.x.assertCanonical();
+    x1.equals(x2).assertFalse();
+
+    return this.add(h_);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Elliptic curve doubling.
    *

From abe4d56db51af734609a13481f2a58eade132527 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:47:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1004/1786] signature to bigint

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 6471831442..43943c8533 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -55,6 +55,13 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
     return new this(s);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Convert this signature to an object with bigint fields.
+   */
+  toBigInt() {
+    return { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() };
+  }
+
   /**
    * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
    *

From 3a3cce396ec2e675b5c8c1abad5264568c90653a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:50:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1005/1786] adapt unit test

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 5686b3ef49..26f85a5699 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(
   (x, y) => x.div(y)
 );
 
-// equality
-equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: bool })(
+// equality with a constant
+equivalent({ from: [f, first(f)], to: bool })(
   (x, y) => x === y,
   (x, y) => x.equals(y)
 );

From 9bcb6fd9ecbf333e5c8b6ba40883e60d2b39945e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:51:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1006/1786] delete ec and ecdsa gadgets namespaces

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts   |   8 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 148 -------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 152 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 43943c8533..235e284556 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { Ecdsa } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
    */
   static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
-    let s = Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(rawSignature);
+    let s = Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(rawSignature);
     return new this(s);
   }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
   verify(msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint, publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
     let msgHash_ = this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar.from(msgHash);
     let publicKey_ = this.Constructor.Curve.from(publicKey);
-    return Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(
+    return Ecdsa.verify(
       this.Constructor.Curve.Bigint,
       toObject(this),
       msgHash_.value,
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
    */
   static sign(msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
-    let { r, s } = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(this.Curve.Bigint, msgHash, privateKey);
+    let { r, s } = Ecdsa.sign(this.Curve.Bigint, msgHash, privateKey);
     return new this({ r, s });
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 43e5bc272f..5a6e819729 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -599,136 +599,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
   },
 
-  /**
-   * Operations on elliptic curves in non-native arithmetic.
-   */
-  EllipticCurve: {
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve addition.
-     */
-    add(p: Point, q: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
-      return EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve doubling.
-     */
-    double(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint }) {
-      return EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Elliptic curve negation.
-     */
-    negate(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
-      return EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Scalar multiplication.
-     */
-    scale(scalar: Field3, p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
-      return EllipticCurve.scale(scalar, p, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Multi-scalar multiplication.
-     */
-    scaleMany(scalars: Field3[], points: Point[], Curve: CurveAffine) {
-      return EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(scalars, points, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Prove that the given point is on the given curve.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * Gadgets.ForeignCurve.assertPointOnCurve(point, Curve);
-     * ```
-     */
-    assertOnCurve(p: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint; b: bigint }) {
-      EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(p, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Prove that the given point is in the prime-order subgroup of the given curve.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * Gadgets.ForeignCurve.assertInSubgroup(point, Curve);
-     * ```
-     */
-    assertInSubgroup(p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
-      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(p, Curve);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Non-provabe helper methods for interacting with elliptic curves.
-     */
-    Point,
-  },
-
-  /**
-   * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
-   */
-  Ecdsa: {
-    /**
-     * Verify an ECDSA signature.
-     *
-     * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
-     * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-     *
-     * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-     *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-     *   Curve.order
-     * );
-     *
-     * // assert that the public key is valid
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-     *   [publicKey.x, publicKey.y],
-     *   Curve.modulus
-     * );
-     * Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(publicKey, Curve);
-     * Gadgets.EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(publicKey, Curve);
-     *
-     * // verify signature
-     * let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-     * isValid.assertTrue();
-     * ```
-     */
-    verify(
-      Curve: CurveAffine,
-      signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-      msgHash: Field3,
-      publicKey: Point
-    ) {
-      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
-     *
-     * _This method is not provable._
-     */
-    sign(
-      Curve: Crypto.Curve,
-      msgHash: bigint,
-      privateKey: bigint
-    ): Ecdsa.signature {
-      return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Non-provable helper methods for interacting with ECDSA signatures.
-     */
-    Signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-  },
-
   /**
    * Helper methods to interact with 3-limb vectors of Fields.
    *
@@ -749,23 +619,5 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
-
-  /**
-   * Non-zero elliptic curve point in affine coordinates.
-   *
-   * The coordinates are represented as 3-limb bigints.
-   */
-  export type Point = Point_;
-
-  export namespace Ecdsa {
-    /**
-     * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
-     */
-    export type Signature = EcdsaSignature;
-    export type signature = ecdsaSignature;
-  }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
-type Point_ = Point;
-type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
-type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;

From 94e257a11f223efb31db88abaf66b0503fb21e35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:56:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1007/1786] 0.15.0

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 569c4587cc..69d02ed6c3 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.14.3",
+  "version": "0.15.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.14.3",
+      "version": "0.15.0",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 6c3560c2d4..11493385f7 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.14.3",
+  "version": "0.15.0",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From c6022cd57db51cbc678a59405c36fb7945fa4a76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 12:56:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1008/1786] minor bumpt because of breaking changes

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index be68db7628..a6fc3054c4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/7acf19d0d...HEAD)
 
-## [0.14.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
+## [0.15.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 

From 31282ea00f1fc37c44bbfcf9394bbe75c69fe0df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 13:57:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1009/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0b10f664f9..d29f89a009 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -26,8 +26,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - **Foreign field arithmetic** exposed through the `createForeignField()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs/pull/985
-- **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
-  - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
+- Non-native elliptic curve operations exposed through `createForeignCurve()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+- **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+  - For an example, see `./src/examples/crypto/ecdsa`
 - `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262

From 79068e350835575e906a1689dbc7973ba833c2b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 21:58:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1010/1786] faster rotation of 3 values at once

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index c85dc47ff3..84b267d325 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
-
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
@@ -149,18 +150,12 @@ function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
 }
 
 function SigmaZero(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr2 = ROTR(2, x);
-  let rotr13 = ROTR(13, x);
-  let rotr22 = ROTR(22, x);
-
+  let [rotr2, rotr13, rotr22] = ROTR3(x, [2, 13, 22]);
   return rotr2.xor(rotr13).xor(rotr22);
 }
 
 function SigmaOne(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr6 = ROTR(6, x);
-  let rotr11 = ROTR(11, x);
-  let rotr25 = ROTR(25, x);
-
+  let [rotr6, rotr11, rotr25] = ROTR3(x, [6, 11, 25]);
   return rotr6.xor(rotr11).xor(rotr25);
 }
 
@@ -189,3 +184,72 @@ function SHR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
   let val = x.rightShift(n);
   return val;
 }
+
+function ROTR3Simple(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
+  let [r0, r1, r2] = bits;
+  return [ROTR(r0, u), ROTR(r1, u), ROTR(r2, u)];
+}
+
+function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
+  if (u.isConstant()) return ROTR3Simple(u, bits);
+
+  let [r0, r1, r2] = bits; // TODO assert bits are sorted
+  let x = u.value;
+
+  let d0 = r0;
+  let d1 = r1 - r0;
+  let d2 = r2 - r1;
+  let d3 = 32 - r2;
+
+  // decompose x into 4 chunks of size d0, d1, d2, d3
+  let [x0, x1, x2, x3] = exists(4, () => {
+    let xx = x.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(xx, 0, d0),
+      bitSlice(xx, r0, d1),
+      bitSlice(xx, r1, d2),
+      bitSlice(xx, r2, d3),
+    ];
+  });
+
+  // range check each chunk
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x0, d0);
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x1, d1);
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x2, d2);
+  assert(d3 <= 16, 'expected d3 <= 16');
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x3, 16); // cheaper and sufficient
+
+  // prove x decomposition
+
+  // x === x0 + x1*2^d0 + x2*2^(d0+d1) + x3*2^(d0+d1+d2)
+  let x23 = x2.add(x3.mul(1 << d2)).seal();
+  let x123 = x1.add(x23.mul(1 << d1)).seal();
+  x0.add(x123.mul(1 << d0)).assertEquals(x);
+
+  // reassemble chunks into rotated values
+
+  // rotr(x, r0) = x1 + x2*2^d1 + x3*2^(d1+d2) + x0*2^(d1+d2+d3)
+  let xRotR0 = x123.add(x0.mul(1 << (d1 + d2 + d3))).seal();
+
+  // rotr(x, r1) = x2 + x3*2^d2 + x0*2^(d2+d3) + x1*2^(d2+d3+d0)
+  let x01 = x0.add(x1.mul(1 << d0)).seal();
+  let xRotR1 = x23.add(x01.mul(1 << (d2 + d3))).seal();
+
+  // rotr(x, r2) = x3 + x0*2^d3 + x1*2^(d3+d0) + x2*2^(d3+d0+d1)
+  let x012 = x01.add(x2.mul(1 << (d0 + d1))).seal();
+  let xRotR2 = x3.add(x012.mul(1 << d3)).seal();
+
+  return TupleN.map([xRotR0, xRotR1, xRotR2], (x) => UInt32.from(x));
+}
+
+function rangeCheckNSmall(x: Field, n: number) {
+  assert(n <= 16, 'expected n <= 16');
+
+  // x < 2^16
+  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
+  if (n === 16) return;
+
+  // 2^(16-n)*x < 2^16, which implies x < 2^n
+  let xScaled = x.mul(1 << (16 - n)).seal();
+  xScaled.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(xScaled);
+}

From e2bcd0dfa5dd54e53fa929efe56ec803641332f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 08:00:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1011/1786] save some range checks

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 16 +++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 84b267d325..61daa37ed2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ function ROTR3Simple(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
   return [ROTR(r0, u), ROTR(r1, u), ROTR(r2, u)];
 }
 
+// assumes that outputs are range-checked to 32 bits externally
 function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
   if (u.isConstant()) return ROTR3Simple(u, bits);
 
@@ -213,11 +214,12 @@ function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
   });
 
   // range check each chunk
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x0, d0);
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x1, d1);
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x2, d2);
-  assert(d3 <= 16, 'expected d3 <= 16');
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x3, 16); // cheaper and sufficient
+  // we only need to range check to 16 bits relying on the requirement that
+  // the rotated values are range-checked to 32 bits later; see comments below
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x0, 16);
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x1, 16);
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x2, 16);
+  rangeCheckNSmall(x3, 16);
 
   // prove x decomposition
 
@@ -225,19 +227,23 @@ function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
   let x23 = x2.add(x3.mul(1 << d2)).seal();
   let x123 = x1.add(x23.mul(1 << d1)).seal();
   x0.add(x123.mul(1 << d0)).assertEquals(x);
+  // ^ proves that 2^(32-d3)*x3 < x < 2^32 => x3 < 2^d3
 
   // reassemble chunks into rotated values
 
   // rotr(x, r0) = x1 + x2*2^d1 + x3*2^(d1+d2) + x0*2^(d1+d2+d3)
   let xRotR0 = x123.add(x0.mul(1 << (d1 + d2 + d3))).seal();
+  // ^ proves that 2^(32-d0)*x0 < xRotR0 => x0 < 2^d0 if we check xRotR0 < 2^32 later
 
   // rotr(x, r1) = x2 + x3*2^d2 + x0*2^(d2+d3) + x1*2^(d2+d3+d0)
   let x01 = x0.add(x1.mul(1 << d0)).seal();
   let xRotR1 = x23.add(x01.mul(1 << (d2 + d3))).seal();
+  // ^ proves that 2^(32-d1)*x1 < xRotR1 => x1 < 2^d1 if we check xRotR1 < 2^32 later
 
   // rotr(x, r2) = x3 + x0*2^d3 + x1*2^(d3+d0) + x2*2^(d3+d0+d1)
   let x012 = x01.add(x2.mul(1 << (d0 + d1))).seal();
   let xRotR2 = x3.add(x012.mul(1 << d3)).seal();
+  // ^ proves that 2^(32-d2)*x2 < xRotR2 => x2 < 2^d2 if we check xRotR2 < 2^32 later
 
   return TupleN.map([xRotR0, xRotR1, xRotR2], (x) => UInt32.from(x));
 }

From a82c63b7f805f7461237d1913035bca5c2ec4540 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 08:03:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1012/1786] clean up a bit

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 17 ++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 61daa37ed2..76e2a2f49e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -216,10 +216,10 @@ function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
   // range check each chunk
   // we only need to range check to 16 bits relying on the requirement that
   // the rotated values are range-checked to 32 bits later; see comments below
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x0, 16);
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x1, 16);
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x2, 16);
-  rangeCheckNSmall(x3, 16);
+  rangeCheck16(x0);
+  rangeCheck16(x1);
+  rangeCheck16(x2);
+  rangeCheck16(x3);
 
   // prove x decomposition
 
@@ -252,10 +252,13 @@ function rangeCheckNSmall(x: Field, n: number) {
   assert(n <= 16, 'expected n <= 16');
 
   // x < 2^16
-  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
+  rangeCheck16(x);
   if (n === 16) return;
 
   // 2^(16-n)*x < 2^16, which implies x < 2^n
-  let xScaled = x.mul(1 << (16 - n)).seal();
-  xScaled.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(xScaled);
+  rangeCheck16(x.mul(1 << (16 - n)).seal());
+}
+
+function rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
+  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
 }

From 17c7c88c4f349152ff971aebc9299ed5a944cf4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 08:33:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1013/1786] support Field as input to UInt32.xor

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index ac59f5c78e..f161e83187 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -735,8 +735,10 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * c.assertEquals(0b0110);
    * ```
    */
-  xor(x: UInt32) {
-    return UInt32.from(Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
+  xor(x: UInt32 | Field) {
+    return UInt32.from(
+      Gadgets.xor(this.value, UInt32.from(x).value, UInt32.NUM_BITS)
+    );
   }
 
   /**

From 62db5b27f5cb718255a34f4a9f545410246e9f53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 08:34:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1014/1786] cover delta0/1 with fast 3-rotation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 76e2a2f49e..eec0ca3949 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -150,30 +150,21 @@ function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
 }
 
 function SigmaZero(x: UInt32) {
-  let [rotr2, rotr13, rotr22] = ROTR3(x, [2, 13, 22]);
-  return rotr2.xor(rotr13).xor(rotr22);
+  return sigma(x, [2, 13, 22]);
 }
 
 function SigmaOne(x: UInt32) {
-  let [rotr6, rotr11, rotr25] = ROTR3(x, [6, 11, 25]);
-  return rotr6.xor(rotr11).xor(rotr25);
+  return sigma(x, [6, 11, 25]);
 }
 
 // lowercase sigma = delta to avoid confusing function names
 
 function DeltaZero(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr7 = ROTR(7, x);
-  let rotr18 = ROTR(18, x);
-  let shr3 = SHR(3, x);
-
-  return rotr7.xor(rotr18).xor(shr3);
+  return sigma(x, [3, 7, 18], true);
 }
 
 function DeltaOne(x: UInt32) {
-  let rotr17 = ROTR(17, x);
-  let rotr19 = ROTR(19, x);
-  let shr10 = SHR(10, x);
-  return rotr17.xor(rotr19).xor(shr10);
+  return sigma(x, [10, 17, 19], true);
 }
 
 function ROTR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
@@ -185,14 +176,16 @@ function SHR(n: number, x: UInt32) {
   return val;
 }
 
-function ROTR3Simple(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
+function sigmaSimple(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>, firstShifted = false) {
   let [r0, r1, r2] = bits;
-  return [ROTR(r0, u), ROTR(r1, u), ROTR(r2, u)];
+  let rot0 = firstShifted ? SHR(r0, u) : ROTR(r0, u);
+  let rot1 = ROTR(r1, u);
+  let rot2 = ROTR(r2, u);
+  return rot0.xor(rot1).xor(rot2);
 }
 
-// assumes that outputs are range-checked to 32 bits externally
-function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
-  if (u.isConstant()) return ROTR3Simple(u, bits);
+function sigma(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>, firstShifted = false) {
+  if (u.isConstant()) return sigmaSimple(u, bits, firstShifted);
 
   let [r0, r1, r2] = bits; // TODO assert bits are sorted
   let x = u.value;
@@ -231,9 +224,19 @@ function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
 
   // reassemble chunks into rotated values
 
-  // rotr(x, r0) = x1 + x2*2^d1 + x3*2^(d1+d2) + x0*2^(d1+d2+d3)
-  let xRotR0 = x123.add(x0.mul(1 << (d1 + d2 + d3))).seal();
-  // ^ proves that 2^(32-d0)*x0 < xRotR0 => x0 < 2^d0 if we check xRotR0 < 2^32 later
+  let xRotR0: Field;
+
+  if (!firstShifted) {
+    // rotr(x, r0) = x1 + x2*2^d1 + x3*2^(d1+d2) + x0*2^(d1+d2+d3)
+    xRotR0 = x123.add(x0.mul(1 << (d1 + d2 + d3))).seal();
+    // ^ proves that 2^(32-d0)*x0 < xRotR0 => x0 < 2^d0 if we check xRotR0 < 2^32 later
+  } else {
+    // shr(x, r0) = x1 + x2*2^d1 + x3*2^(d1+d2)
+    xRotR0 = x123;
+
+    // finish x0 < 2^d0 proof:
+    rangeCheck16(x0.mul(1 << (16 - d0)).seal());
+  }
 
   // rotr(x, r1) = x2 + x3*2^d2 + x0*2^(d2+d3) + x1*2^(d2+d3+d0)
   let x01 = x0.add(x1.mul(1 << d0)).seal();
@@ -245,7 +248,7 @@ function ROTR3(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>): TupleN<UInt32, 3> {
   let xRotR2 = x3.add(x012.mul(1 << d3)).seal();
   // ^ proves that 2^(32-d2)*x2 < xRotR2 => x2 < 2^d2 if we check xRotR2 < 2^32 later
 
-  return TupleN.map([xRotR0, xRotR1, xRotR2], (x) => UInt32.from(x));
+  return UInt32.from(xRotR0).xor(xRotR1).xor(xRotR2);
 }
 
 function rangeCheckNSmall(x: Field, n: number) {

From c783258449997831146fff5be5c2b0e538993476 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 08:38:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1015/1786] remove unused function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 11 -----------
 1 file changed, 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index eec0ca3949..d513b610f4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -251,17 +251,6 @@ function sigma(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>, firstShifted = false) {
   return UInt32.from(xRotR0).xor(xRotR1).xor(xRotR2);
 }
 
-function rangeCheckNSmall(x: Field, n: number) {
-  assert(n <= 16, 'expected n <= 16');
-
-  // x < 2^16
-  rangeCheck16(x);
-  if (n === 16) return;
-
-  // 2^(16-n)*x < 2^16, which implies x < 2^n
-  rangeCheck16(x.mul(1 << (16 - n)).seal());
-}
-
 function rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
   x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
 }

From ef874db7b8d3768ace200ba9f6f80a95e001e0a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 09:25:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1016/1786] express maj with fewer xors

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 196ca64e73..4f50bb1c27 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ export {
   witnessSlice,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
+  toBigints,
 };
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
@@ -60,6 +61,17 @@ function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
   return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Convert several Fields to bigints.
+ */
+function toBigints<
+  T extends Tuple<{ toBigInt(): bigint } | { toBigint(): bigint }>
+>(...fields: T) {
+  return Tuple.map(fields, (x) =>
+    'toBigInt' in x ? x.toBigInt() : x.toBigint()
+  );
+}
+
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string): asserts stmt {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index d513b610f4..3370250906 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { assert, bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
+import { bitSlice, exists, existsOne, toBigints } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
@@ -142,11 +142,22 @@ function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
 }
 
 function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
-  let xAndY = x.and(y);
-  let xAndZ = x.and(z);
-  let yAndZ = y.and(z);
+  if (x.isConstant() && y.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
+    let [x0, y0, z0] = toBigints(x, y, z);
+    return UInt32.from((x0 & y0) ^ (x0 & z0) ^ (y0 & z0));
+  }
+
+  let maj = existsOne(() => {
+    let [x0, y0, z0] = toBigints(x, y, z);
+    return (x0 & y0) ^ (x0 & z0) ^ (y0 & z0);
+  });
 
-  return xAndY.xor(xAndZ).xor(yAndZ);
+  // maj(x, y, z) = (x & y) ^ (x & z) ^ (y & z) can be alternatively expressed as
+  // x + y + z = 2*maj(x, y, z) + (x ^ y ^ z)
+  let sum = x.value.add(y.value).add(z.value).seal();
+  let xor = x.xor(y).xor(z);
+  maj.mul(2).add(xor.value).assertEquals(sum);
+  return UInt32.from(maj);
 }
 
 function SigmaZero(x: UInt32) {

From 0ba733ad28f408a9775b1c5b5e32e5a28953f524 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 09:48:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1017/1786] speed up Ch by replacing 1 XOR with addition

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 3370250906..47748b369b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -138,7 +138,9 @@ const SHA256 = {
 function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
   let xAndY = x.and(y);
   let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z);
-  return xAndY.xor(xNotAndZ);
+  // because of the occurence of x and ~x, the bits of (x & y) and (~x & z) are disjoint
+  // therefore, we can use + instead of XOR which is faster in a circuit
+  return UInt32.from(xAndY.value.add(xNotAndZ.value).seal());
 }
 
 function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {

From cf486594858ae1dad91acf4d07481fed355ee425 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 10:37:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1018/1786] simplify logic

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 29 ++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 47748b369b..b09e370218 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -136,29 +136,20 @@ const SHA256 = {
 };
 
 function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
-  let xAndY = x.and(y);
-  let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z);
-  // because of the occurence of x and ~x, the bits of (x & y) and (~x & z) are disjoint
-  // therefore, we can use + instead of XOR which is faster in a circuit
-  return UInt32.from(xAndY.value.add(xNotAndZ.value).seal());
+  // ch(x, y, z) = (x & y) ^ (~x & z)
+  //             = (x & y) + (~x & z) (since x & ~x = 0)
+  let xAndY = x.and(y).value;
+  let xNotAndZ = x.not().and(z).value;
+  let ch = xAndY.add(xNotAndZ).seal();
+  return UInt32.from(ch);
 }
 
 function Maj(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
-  if (x.isConstant() && y.isConstant() && z.isConstant()) {
-    let [x0, y0, z0] = toBigints(x, y, z);
-    return UInt32.from((x0 & y0) ^ (x0 & z0) ^ (y0 & z0));
-  }
-
-  let maj = existsOne(() => {
-    let [x0, y0, z0] = toBigints(x, y, z);
-    return (x0 & y0) ^ (x0 & z0) ^ (y0 & z0);
-  });
-
-  // maj(x, y, z) = (x & y) ^ (x & z) ^ (y & z) can be alternatively expressed as
-  // x + y + z = 2*maj(x, y, z) + (x ^ y ^ z)
+  // maj(x, y, z) = (x & y) ^ (x & z) ^ (y & z)
+  //              = (x + y + z - (x ^ y ^ z)) / 2
   let sum = x.value.add(y.value).add(z.value).seal();
-  let xor = x.xor(y).xor(z);
-  maj.mul(2).add(xor.value).assertEquals(sum);
+  let xor = x.xor(y).xor(z).value;
+  let maj = sum.sub(xor).div(2).seal();
   return UInt32.from(maj);
 }
 

From 3efe56f2e5e45df8cca2d5e3bdab1bee4e1f5954 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 10:39:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1019/1786] let's not introduce an unused function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 12 ------------
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 4f50bb1c27..196ca64e73 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ export {
   witnessSlice,
   witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
-  toBigints,
 };
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
@@ -61,17 +60,6 @@ function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
   return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
 }
 
-/**
- * Convert several Fields to bigints.
- */
-function toBigints<
-  T extends Tuple<{ toBigInt(): bigint } | { toBigint(): bigint }>
->(...fields: T) {
-  return Tuple.map(fields, (x) =>
-    'toBigInt' in x ? x.toBigInt() : x.toBigint()
-  );
-}
-
 function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string): asserts stmt {
   if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index b09e370218..caa43f80fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists, existsOne, toBigints } from './common.js';
+import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };

From ea98308fd5fe68bd85531540fe22b8986305af74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 11:30:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1020/1786] address misc feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts         | 6 +++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 5 ++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts       | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index fff909cec3..3fde1ed598 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -74,6 +74,10 @@ function assertBilinear(
   // b*x + c*y - z? + a*x*y + d === 0
   Gates.generic(
     { left: b, right: c, out: z === undefined ? 0n : -1n, mul: a, const: d },
-    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? x : z }
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? emptyCell() : z }
   );
 }
+
+function emptyCell() {
+  return existsOne(() => 0n);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index d9b24f8dd0..f5833a6854 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ const ForeignField = {
     // provable case
     // we can just use negation (f - 1) - x! because the result is range-checked, it proves that x < f:
     // `f - 1 - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x <= x + (f - 1 - x) = f - 1 < f`
-    // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0 or 1)
+    // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0)
     ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
   },
 };
@@ -604,6 +604,9 @@ class Sum {
     let overflows: Field[] = [];
     let xRef = Unconstrained.witness(() => Field3.toBigint(xs[0]));
 
+    // this loop mirrors the computation that a chain of ffadd gates does,
+    // but everything is done only on the lowest limb and using generic gates.
+    // the output is a sequence of low limbs (x0) and overflows, which will be wired to the ffadd results at each step.
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       // compute carry and overflow
       let [carry, overflow] = exists(2, () => {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 66ebc494ac..b8a31cb0a0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
      * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
      *
-     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * The sums passed into this method are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
      * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
      *
      * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:

From 74ff146b5a10da8846fc335d2e7162c7b62d9ce2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 11:38:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1021/1786] add negative unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 8dc7f1eb54..a3af9587cb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -93,6 +93,19 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
     'assertMul'
   );
+  // test for assertMul which mostly tests the negative case because for random inputs, we expect
+  // (x - y) * z != a + b
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f, f, f, f], to: unit })(
+    (x, y, z, a, b) => assert(F.mul(F.sub(x, y), z) === F.add(a, b)),
+    (x, y, z, a, b) =>
+      ForeignField.assertMul(
+        ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y),
+        z,
+        ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b),
+        F.modulus
+      ),
+    'assertMul negative'
+  );
 
   // tests with inputs that aren't reduced mod f
   let big264 = unreducedForeignField(264, F); // this is the max size supported by our range checks / ffadd

From 97013753936b89470f488c0ac64c9be11cd4b09a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 14:03:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1022/1786] change name that's too long

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index d5ef7447b6..706ec50648 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    * For a more efficient version of this for multiple field elements, see {@link assertAlmostReduced}.
    *
    * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
-   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}.
+   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link assertCanonical}.
    * You should typically use {@link assertAlmostReduced} though, because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
    * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
    */
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class ForeignField {
    *
    * Returns the field element as a {@link CanonicalForeignField}.
    */
-  assertCanonicalFieldElement() {
+  assertCanonical() {
     this.assertLessThan(this.modulus);
     return this.Constructor.Canonical.unsafeFrom(this);
   }
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
 
   static check(x: ForeignField) {
     Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
-    x.assertCanonicalFieldElement();
+    x.assertCanonical();
   }
 
   /**

From 237fca11821915ccd64d76ab38a89d8046d50852 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 14:17:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1023/1786] fix doccomments

---
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 706ec50648..11e97f6262 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -583,10 +583,10 @@ function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
  * ```
  *
  * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced, "canonical" field elements.
- * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link assertCanonicalFieldElement}:
+ * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonical}:
  *
  * ```ts
- * x.assertCanonicalFieldElement(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
+ * x.assertCanonical(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
  * ```
  * You will likely not need canonical fields most of the time.
  *

From b5b0ee444f71390d2590d3ac0fff3dc26cee3a43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 15:29:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1024/1786] Improved test and cleaned up implementation

---
 package-lock.json           |  13 +++
 package.json                |   1 +
 src/lib/keccak.ts           |  92 +++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 161 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 196 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index eff466f3fb..a518898026 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
         "snarky-run": "src/build/run.js"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
+        "@noble/hashes": "^1.3.2",
         "@playwright/test": "^1.25.2",
         "@types/isomorphic-fetch": "^0.0.36",
         "@types/jest": "^27.0.0",
@@ -1486,6 +1487,18 @@
         "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.10"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@noble/hashes": {
+      "version": "1.3.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@noble/hashes/-/hashes-1.3.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-MVC8EAQp7MvEcm30KWENFjgR+Mkmf+D189XJTkFIlwohU5hcBbn1ZkKq7KVTi2Hme3PMGF390DaL52beVrIihQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 16"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://paulmillr.com/funding/"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@nodelib/fs.scandir": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@nodelib/fs.scandir/-/fs.scandir-2.1.5.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index b890fd3dba..5b6a3f46f9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
   },
   "author": "O(1) Labs",
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.3.2",
     "@playwright/test": "^1.25.2",
     "@types/isomorphic-fetch": "^0.0.36",
     "@types/jest": "^27.0.0",
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index d01f0cfd97..c6b6db9ad3 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,39 @@ import { existsOne, exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
-export { preNist, nistSha3, ethereum };
+export { Keccak };
+
+const Keccak = {
+  /** TODO */
+  preNist(
+    len: number,
+    message: Field[],
+    inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+    outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+    byteChecks: boolean = false
+  ) {
+    return preNist(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  },
+  /** TODO */
+  nistSha3(
+    len: number,
+    message: Field[],
+    inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+    outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+    byteChecks: boolean = false
+  ) {
+    return nistSha3(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  },
+  /** TODO */
+  ethereum(
+    message: Field[],
+    inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+    outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
+    byteChecks: boolean = false
+  ) {
+    return ethereum(message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  },
+};
 
 // KECCAK CONSTANTS
 
@@ -72,6 +104,9 @@ const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
   0x8000000080008008n,
 ];
 
+// AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
+
+// Auxiliary function to check composition of 8 bytes into a 64-bit word
 function checkBytesToWord(word: Field, wordBytes: Field[]): void {
   let composition = wordBytes.reduce((acc, x, i) => {
     const shift = Field.from(2n ** BigInt(8 * i));
@@ -81,6 +116,8 @@ function checkBytesToWord(word: Field, wordBytes: Field[]): void {
   word.assertEquals(composition);
 }
 
+// KECCAK STATE FUNCTIONS
+
 // Return a keccak state where all lanes are equal to 0
 const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
   Array.from(Array(KECCAK_DIM), (_) => Array(KECCAK_DIM).fill(Field.from(0)));
@@ -105,11 +142,10 @@ function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
       }
     }
   }
-
   return state;
 }
 
-// Converts a state of cvars to a list of bytes as cvars and creates constraints for it
+// Converts a state of Fields to a list of bytes as Fields and creates constraints for it
 function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
   const stateLengthInBytes = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
   const bytestring: Field[] = Array.from(
@@ -141,20 +177,21 @@ function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
       checkBytesToWord(state[x][y], word_bytes);
     }
   }
-
   return bytestring;
 }
 
+// XOR two states together and return the result
 function keccakStateXor(a: Field[][], b: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   assert(
     a.length === KECCAK_DIM && a[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
-    'Invalid input1 dimensions'
+    'Invalid a dimensions'
   );
   assert(
     b.length === KECCAK_DIM && b[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
-    'Invalid input2 dimensions'
+    'Invalid b dimensions'
   );
 
+  // Calls Gadgets.xor on each pair (x,y) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
   return a.map((row, rowIndex) =>
     row.map((element, columnIndex) =>
       Gadgets.xor(element, b[rowIndex][columnIndex], 64)
@@ -181,8 +218,7 @@ function padNist(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
   const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
 
   // 0x06 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x86
-  const lastField = BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7);
-  const last = Field.from(lastField);
+  const last = Field.from(BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7));
 
   // Create the padding vector
   const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
@@ -205,8 +241,7 @@ function pad101(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
   const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
 
   // 0x01 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x81
-  const lastField = BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7);
-  const last = Field.from(lastField);
+  const last = Field.from(BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7));
 
   // Create the padding vector
   const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
@@ -354,6 +389,8 @@ function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
   );
 }
 
+// KECCAK SPONGE
+
 // Absorb padded message into a keccak state with given rate and capacity
 function absorb(
   paddedMessage: Field[],
@@ -363,13 +400,12 @@ function absorb(
 ): Field[][] {
   let state = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
-  // split into blocks of rate bits
-  // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate/8 bytes
-  const chunks = [];
   // (capacity / 8) zero bytes
   const zeros = Array(capacity / 8).fill(Field.from(0));
 
   for (let i = 0; i < paddedMessage.length; i += rate / 8) {
+    // split into blocks of rate bits
+    // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate/8 bytes
     const block = paddedMessage.slice(i, i + rate / 8);
     // pad the block with 0s to up to 1600 bits
     const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
@@ -385,7 +421,6 @@ function absorb(
     const statePerm = permutation(stateXor, rc);
     state = statePerm;
   }
-
   return state;
 }
 
@@ -396,6 +431,7 @@ function squeeze(
   rate: number,
   rc: Field[]
 ): Field[] {
+  // Copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
   const copy = (
     bytestring: Field[],
     outputArray: Field[],
@@ -421,6 +457,7 @@ function squeeze(
   const bytestring = keccakStateToBytes(state);
   const outputBytes = bytestring.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
   copy(outputBytes, outputArray, 0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+
   // for the rest of squeezes
   for (let i = 1; i < squeezes; i++) {
     // apply the permutation function to the state
@@ -430,9 +467,9 @@ function squeeze(
     const outputBytesI = bytestringI.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
     copy(outputBytesI, outputArray, bytesPerSqueeze * i, bytesPerSqueeze);
   }
+
   // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength/8 bytes of the output array
   const hashed = outputArray.slice(0, length / 8);
-
   return hashed;
 }
 
@@ -449,7 +486,7 @@ function sponge(
     throw new Error('Invalid padded message length');
   }
 
-  // setup cvars for round constants
+  // load round constants into Fields
   let rc = exists(24, () => TupleN.fromArray(24, ROUND_CONSTANTS));
 
   // absorb
@@ -462,12 +499,12 @@ function sponge(
 }
 
 // TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
-// Checks in the circuit that a list of cvars are at most 8 bits each
+// Checks in the circuit that a list of Fields are at most 8 bits each
 function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
   inputs.map(rangeCheck8);
 }
 
-// Keccak hash function with input message passed as list of Cvar bytes.
+// Keccak hash function with input message passed as list of Field bytes.
 // The message will be parsed as follows:
 // - the first byte of the message will be the least significant byte of the first word of the state (A[0][0])
 // - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
@@ -482,14 +519,17 @@ function hash(
   nistVersion: boolean
 ): Field[] {
   assert(capacity > 0, 'capacity must be positive');
-  assert(capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH, 'capacity must be less than 1600');
+  assert(
+    capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH,
+    'capacity must be less than KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH'
+  );
   assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
   assert(length % 8 === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
 
-  // Set input to Big Endian format
+  // Input endianness conversion
   let messageFormatted = inpEndian === 'Big' ? message : message.reverse();
 
-  // Check each cvar input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
+  // Check each Field input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
   if (byteChecks) {
     checkBytes(messageFormatted);
   }
@@ -505,19 +545,17 @@ function hash(
 
   const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
 
-  // Check each cvar output is 8 bits at most. Always because they are created here
+  // Always check each Field output is 8 bits at most because they are created here
   checkBytes(hash);
 
   // Set input to desired endianness
   const hashFormatted = outEndian === 'Big' ? hash : hash.reverse();
 
-  // Check each cvar output is 8 bits at most
   return hashFormatted;
 }
 
 // Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
 // Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
-// Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
 function nistSha3(
   len: number,
   message: Field[],
@@ -550,10 +588,10 @@ function nistSha3(
 // Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
 // Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
 function ethereum(
+  message: Field[] = [],
   inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-  byteChecks: boolean = false,
-  message: Field[] = []
+  byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
   return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, false);
 }
@@ -572,7 +610,7 @@ function preNist(
     case 224:
       return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, false);
     case 256:
-      return ethereum(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message);
+      return ethereum(message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
     case 384:
       return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, false);
     case 512:
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index cd477ddb5c..e72e655093 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,63 +1,136 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { preNist, nistSha3, ethereum } from './keccak.js';
-import { sha3_256, keccak_256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
+import { keccak_256, sha3_256, keccak_512, sha3_512 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
+import { Random } from './testing/random.js';
+import { array, equivalentAsync, fieldWithRng } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { constraintSystem, contains } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
 
+const PREIMAGE_LENGTH = 75;
+const RUNS = 1;
 
-let Keccak = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'keccak',
-  publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, 100),
+let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
+
+let Keccak256 = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'keccak256',
+  publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, PREIMAGE_LENGTH),
   publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 32),
   methods: {
-    preNist: {
+    ethereum: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method(preImage) {
-        return preNist(256, preImage);
+        return Keccak.ethereum(preImage);
       },
     },
+    // No need for preNist Keccak_256 because it's identical to ethereum
     nistSha3: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method(preImage) {
-        return nistSha3(256, preImage);
-      },
-    },
-    ethereum: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method(preImage) {
-        return ethereum(preImage);
+        return Keccak.nistSha3(256, preImage);
       },
     },
   },
 });
 
-console.log("compiling keccak");
-await Keccak.compile();
-console.log("done compiling keccak");
-
-const runs = 2;
-
-let preImage = [
-  236, 185, 24, 61, 138, 249, 61, 13, 226, 103, 152, 232, 104, 234, 170, 26,
-  46, 54, 157, 146, 17, 240, 10, 193, 214, 110, 134, 47, 97, 241, 172, 198,
-  80, 95, 136, 185, 62, 156, 246, 210, 207, 129, 93, 162, 215, 77, 3, 38,
-  194, 86, 75, 100, 64, 87, 6, 18, 4, 159, 235, 53, 87, 124, 216, 241, 179,
-  201, 111, 168, 72, 181, 28, 65, 142, 243, 224, 69, 58, 178, 114, 3, 112,
-  23, 15, 208, 103, 231, 114, 64, 89, 172, 240, 81, 27, 215, 129, 3, 16,
-  173, 133, 160,
-]
-
-let preNistProof = await Keccak.preNist(preImage.map(Field.from));
-console.log(preNistProof.publicOutput.toString());
-console.log(keccak_256(new Uint8Array(preImage)));
-let nistSha3Proof = await Keccak.nistSha3(preImage.map(Field.from));
-console.log(nistSha3Proof.publicOutput.toString());
-console.log(sha3_256(new Uint8Array(preImage)));
-let ethereumProof = await Keccak.ethereum(preImage.map(Field.from));
-console.log(ethereumProof.publicOutput.toString());
-
-console.log('verifying');
-preNistProof.verify();
-nistSha3Proof.verify();
-ethereumProof.verify();
-console.log('done verifying');
+await Keccak256.compile();
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  {
+    from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
+    to: array(uint(8), 32),
+  },
+  { runs: RUNS }
+)(
+  (x) => {
+    let uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
+    let result = keccak_256(uint8Array);
+    return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Keccak256.ethereum(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  {
+    from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
+    to: array(uint(8), 32),
+  },
+  { runs: RUNS }
+)(
+  (x) => {
+    let thing = x.map(Number);
+    let result = sha3_256(new Uint8Array(thing));
+    return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await Keccak256.nistSha3(x);
+    return proof.publicOutput;
+  }
+);
+
+// let Keccak512 = ZkProgram({
+//   name: 'keccak512',
+//   publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, PREIMAGE_LENGTH),
+//   publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 64),
+//   methods: {
+//     preNist: {
+//       privateInputs: [],
+//       method(preImage) {
+//         return Keccak.preNist(512, preImage, 'Big', 'Big', true);
+//       },
+//     },
+//     nistSha3: {
+//       privateInputs: [],
+//       method(preImage) {
+//         return Keccak.nistSha3(512, preImage, 'Big', 'Big', true);
+//       },
+//     },
+//   },
+// });
+
+// await Keccak512.compile();
+
+// await equivalentAsync(
+//   {
+//     from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
+//     to: array(uint(8), 64),
+//   },
+//   { runs: RUNS }
+// )(
+//   (x) => {
+//     let uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
+//     let result = keccak_512(uint8Array);
+//     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
+//   },
+//   async (x) => {
+//     let proof = await Keccak512.preNist(x);
+//     return proof.publicOutput;
+//   }
+// );
+
+// await equivalentAsync(
+//   {
+//     from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
+//     to: array(uint(8), 64),
+//   },
+//   { runs: RUNS }
+// )(
+//   (x) => {
+//     let thing = x.map(Number);
+//     let result = sha3_512(new Uint8Array(thing));
+//     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
+//   },
+//   async (x) => {
+//     let proof = await Keccak512.nistSha3(x);
+//     return proof.publicOutput;
+//   }
+// );
+
+constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+  Keccak256,
+  'ethereum',
+  contains([['Generic'], ['Xor16'], ['Zero'], ['Rot64'], ['RangeCheck0']])
+);

From 1b4279b32f1e825e9aae585af4f8e3f3f9c120fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 17:38:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1025/1786] do smaller range checks on the quotient for add mod
 32

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 13 +++++++++----
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts     |  8 +++++---
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 414ddfe814..31350bfa6a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { rangeCheck32 } from './range-check.js';
+import { rangeCheck32, rangeCheckN } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { divMod32, addMod32 };
 
-function divMod32(n: Field) {
+function divMod32(n: Field, quotientBits = 32) {
   if (n.isConstant()) {
     assert(
       n.toBigInt() < 1n << 64n,
@@ -32,7 +33,11 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
     }
   );
 
-  rangeCheck32(quotient);
+  if (quotientBits === 1) {
+    Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(quotient));
+  } else {
+    rangeCheckN(quotientBits, quotient);
+  }
   rangeCheck32(remainder);
 
   n.assertEquals(quotient.mul(1n << 32n).add(remainder));
@@ -44,5 +49,5 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
 }
 
 function addMod32(x: Field, y: Field) {
-  return divMod32(x.add(y)).remainder;
+  return divMod32(x.add(y), 1).remainder;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index caa43f80fa..5c389a9e52 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ const SHA256 = {
           .value.add(W[t - 7].value)
           .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).value.add(W[t - 16].value));
 
-        W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreduced).remainder);
+        W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreduced, 16).remainder);
       }
 
       // initialize working variables
@@ -109,12 +109,14 @@ const SHA256 = {
         h = g;
         g = f;
         f = e;
-        e = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(d.value.add(unreducedT1)).remainder);
+        e = UInt32.from(
+          Gadgets.divMod32(d.value.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder
+        );
         d = c;
         c = b;
         b = a;
         a = UInt32.from(
-          Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(unreducedT1)).remainder
+          Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder
         );
       }
 

From 27d93208b6e69fa3a74de6f56eca60b97d393669 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 19:29:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1026/1786] demo actions/reducer storage contract

---
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts | 179 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 179 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c212465134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import {
+  Field,
+  Struct,
+  method,
+  PrivateKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  Mina,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Reducer,
+  provable,
+  PublicKey,
+  Bool,
+  Poseidon,
+  Provable,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+class Option extends Struct({
+  isSome: Bool,
+  value: Field,
+}) {}
+
+const KeyValuePair = provable({
+  key: Field,
+  value: Field,
+});
+
+class StorageContract extends SmartContract {
+  reducer = Reducer({
+    actionType: KeyValuePair,
+  });
+
+  @method set(key: PublicKey, value: Field) {
+    this.reducer.dispatch({ key: Poseidon.hash(key.toFields()), value });
+  }
+
+  @method get(key: PublicKey): Option {
+    let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
+      fromActionState: Reducer.initialActionState,
+    });
+
+    let keyHash = Poseidon.hash(key.toFields());
+
+    let { state: optionValue } = this.reducer.reduce(
+      pendingActions,
+      Option,
+      (
+        _state: Option,
+        _action: {
+          key: Field;
+          value: Field;
+        }
+      ) => {
+        let currentMatch = keyHash.equals(_action.key);
+        return {
+          isSome: currentMatch.or(_state.isSome),
+          value: Provable.if(currentMatch, _action.value, _state.value),
+        };
+      },
+      {
+        state: Option.empty(),
+        actionState: Reducer.initialActionState,
+      },
+      { maxTransactionsWithActions: k }
+    );
+
+    return optionValue;
+  }
+}
+
+let k = 1 << 4;
+
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain();
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+let cs = StorageContract.analyzeMethods();
+
+console.log(`method size for a "mapping" contract with ${k} entries`);
+console.log('get rows:', cs['get'].rows);
+console.log('set rows:', cs['set'].rows);
+
+// a test account that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
+let feePayerKey = Local.testAccounts[0].privateKey;
+let feePayer = Local.testAccounts[0].publicKey;
+
+// the zkapp account
+let zkappKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
+  'EKEQc95PPQZnMY9d9p1vq1MWLeDJKtvKj4V75UDG3rjnf32BerWD'
+);
+let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
+let zkapp = new StorageContract(zkappAddress);
+
+await StorageContract.compile();
+
+let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
+  zkapp.deploy();
+});
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
+
+console.log('deployed');
+
+let map: { key: PublicKey; value: Field }[] = [];
+map[0] = {
+  key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+  value: Field(192),
+};
+map[1] = {
+  key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+  value: Field(151),
+};
+map[2] = {
+  key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+  value: Field(781),
+};
+
+let key = map[0].key;
+let value = map[0].value;
+console.log(`setting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  zkapp.set(key, value);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+key = map[1].key;
+value = map[1].value;
+console.log(`setting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  zkapp.set(key, value);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+key = map[2].key;
+value = map[2].value;
+console.log(`setting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  zkapp.set(key, value);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+key = map[0].key;
+value = map[0].value;
+console.log(`getting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+let result: any;
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  result = zkapp.get(key);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+console.log('found correct match?', result.isSome.toBoolean());
+console.log('matches expected value?', result.value.equals(value).toBoolean());
+
+key = map[1].key;
+value = map[1].value;
+console.log(`getting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  result = zkapp.get(key);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+console.log('found correct match?', result.isSome.toBoolean());
+console.log('matches expected value?', result.value.equals(value).toBoolean());
+
+console.log(`getting key invalid key`);
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  result = zkapp.get(PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+console.log('should be isSome(false)', result.isSome.toBoolean());

From 73dfdc540fbb2dc8c75134789e26315f8108401c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 19:31:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1027/1786] add comment

---
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
index c212465134..176a277732 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,27 @@ import {
   Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
 
+/*
+
+This contract emulates a "mapping" data structure, which is a key-value store, similar to a dictionary or hash table or `new Map<K, V>()` in JavaScript.
+In this example, the keys are public keys, and the values are arbitrary field elements.
+
+This utilizes the `Reducer` as an append online list of actions, which are then looked at to find the value corresponding to a specific key.
+
+
+```ts 
+// js
+const map = new Map<PublicKey, Field>();
+map.set(key, value);
+map.get(key);
+
+// contract
+zkApp.deploy(); // ... deploy the zkapp
+zkApp.set(key, value); // ... set a key-value pair
+zkApp.get(key); // ... get a value by key
+```
+*/
+
 class Option extends Struct({
   isSome: Bool,
   value: Field,

From f51e5c057152087529c97e6367da22422ee85c53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:28:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1028/1786] remove gadgets.ecdsa which ended up in a different
 final form

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 41 ----------------
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts   | 43 -----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts    |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts            | 67 ---------------------------
 4 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 152 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 810cb33e55..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct, Crypto } from 'o1js';
-
-export { ecdsaProgram, Point, Secp256k1 };
-
-let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
-
-// TODO expose this as part of Gadgets.Curve
-
-class Point extends Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }) {
-  // point from bigints
-  static from({ x, y }: { x: bigint; y: bigint }) {
-    return new Point({ x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) });
-  }
-}
-
-const Secp256k1 = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-
-const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: Point,
-
-  methods: {
-    verifyEcdsa: {
-      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
-      method(
-        publicKey: Point,
-        signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
-        msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
-      ) {
-        // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-          [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-          Secp256k1.order
-        );
-
-        // verify signature
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b1d502c7e9..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-import { Gadgets } from 'o1js';
-import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
-import assert from 'assert';
-
-// create an example ecdsa signature
-
-let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
-
-// TODO use an actual keccak hash
-let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-
-let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
-
-// investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-console.log(gateTypes);
-
-// compile and prove
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-await ecdsaProgram.compile();
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(
-  Point.from(publicKey),
-  Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.from(signature),
-  Gadgets.Field3.from(messageHash)
-);
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-
-assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 33c1f8ce6f..b8f28764b1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
+import { foreignField, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
   Second,
   bool,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bc5a64fee4..038646d03d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ import {
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Crypto } from '../crypto.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -599,60 +596,6 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
   },
 
-  /**
-   * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
-   */
-  Ecdsa: {
-    // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve, and show in the example
-    /**
-     * Verify an ECDSA signature.
-     *
-     * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
-     * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-     *
-     * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
-     *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-     *   Curve.order
-     * );
-     *
-     * // verify signature
-     * let isValid = Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-     * isValid.assertTrue();
-     * ```
-     */
-    verify(
-      Curve: CurveAffine,
-      signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-      msgHash: Field3,
-      publicKey: Point
-    ) {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
-     *
-     * _This method is not provable._
-     */
-    sign(
-      Curve: Crypto.Curve,
-      msgHash: bigint,
-      privateKey: bigint
-    ): Ecdsa.signature {
-      return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Non-provable helper methods for interacting with ECDSA signatures.
-     */
-    Signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-  },
-
   /**
    * Helper methods to interact with 3-limb vectors of Fields.
    *
@@ -673,15 +616,5 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
-
-  export namespace Ecdsa {
-    /**
-     * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
-     */
-    export type Signature = EcdsaSignature;
-    export type signature = ecdsaSignature;
-  }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
-type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
-type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;

From bbcfb17e2c5bd977b2bb2251ad838ed089d9f31e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:46:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1029/1786] fix build:examples while we're here

---
 package.json                                 | 2 +-
 src/build/copy-to-dist.js                    | 6 +++++-
 src/examples/api_exploration.ts              | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts    | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts         | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts         | 4 ++--
 src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts | 8 ++++----
 src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts            | 8 ++++----
 src/lib/account_update.ts                    | 3 +++
 9 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index b890fd3dba..c2b9510c5a 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
+    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
diff --git a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
index 96bc96937b..6218414713 100644
--- a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
+++ b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 import { copyFromTo } from './utils.js';
 
 await copyFromTo(
-  ['src/snarky.d.ts', 'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings'],
+  [
+    'src/snarky.d.ts',
+    'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings',
+    'src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.d.cts',
+  ],
   'src/',
   'dist/node/'
 );
diff --git a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
index a797656d2c..69e8f2db3b 100644
--- a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
+++ b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ console.assert(!signature.verify(pubKey, msg1).toBoolean());
 */
 
 /* You can initialize elements as literals as follows: */
-let g0 = new Group(-1, 2);
+let g0 = Group.from(-1, 2);
 let g1 = new Group({ x: -2, y: 2 });
 
 /* There is also a predefined generator. */
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
index 5608625689..993ed31e1a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ let events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0));
 console.log(events);
 console.log('---- emitted events: ----');
 // fetches all events from zkapp starting block height 0 and ending at block height 10
-events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0), UInt64.from(10));
+events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0), UInt32.from(10));
 console.log(events);
 console.log('---- emitted events: ----');
 // fetches all events
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
index 5175d011a1..9af8952ecf 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   isReady,
   Poseidon,
   Struct,
-  Circuit,
+  Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 export { Sudoku, SudokuZkApp };
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
index 1618914b3c..c4b0f6e6cd 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ export class Member extends CircuitValue {
     return this;
   }
 
-  static empty() {
-    return new Member(PublicKey.empty(), UInt64.zero);
+  static empty<T extends new (...args: any) => any>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return new Member(PublicKey.empty(), UInt64.zero) as any;
   }
 
   static from(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: UInt64) {
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
index 005cce1b14..83265082a2 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
 console.log('compiling MyProgram...');
 let { verificationKey } = await MyProgram.compile();
-console.log('verification key', verificationKey.slice(0, 10) + '..');
+console.log('verification key', verificationKey.data.slice(0, 10) + '..');
 
 console.log('proving base case...');
 let proof = await MyProgram.baseCase(Field(0));
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 proof satisfies Proof<Field, void>;
 
 console.log('verify...');
-let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(Field(1), proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(Field(2), proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 
 console.log('ok?', ok && proof.publicInput.toString() === '2');
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
index 40b5263854..0b75880b04 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
 console.log('compiling MyProgram...');
 let { verificationKey } = await MyProgram.compile();
-console.log('verification key', verificationKey.slice(0, 10) + '..');
+console.log('verification key', verificationKey.data.slice(0, 10) + '..');
 
 console.log('proving base case...');
 let proof = await MyProgram.baseCase();
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 proof satisfies Proof<undefined, Field>;
 
 console.log('verify...');
-let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey.data);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
 
 console.log('ok?', ok && proof.publicOutput.toString() === '2');
 
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c1938bd5e8..2ab0c5d50d 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1277,6 +1277,9 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return [{ lazyAuthorization, children, parent, id, label }, aux];
   }
   static toInput = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput;
+  static empty() {
+    return AccountUpdate.dummy();
+  }
   static check = Types.AccountUpdate.check;
   static fromFields(fields: Field[], [other, aux]: any[]): AccountUpdate {
     let accountUpdate = Types.AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, aux);

From 7ec8090f57a8b3ec71915516936961f58c77f0a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:52:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1030/1786] remove ecdsa from vk test for now

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 13 -------------
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 --
 2 files changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 0297b30a04..f60540c9f8 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -201,18 +201,5 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
-  },
-  "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "6e4078c6df944db119dc1656eb68e6c272c3f2e9cab6746913759537cbfcfa9",
-    "methods": {
-      "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 38846,
-        "digest": "892b0a1fad0f13d92ba6099cd54e6780"
-      }
-    },
-    "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "21152043351405736424630704375244880683906889913335338686836578165782029001213"
-    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index a051f21137..28a95542bd 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
-  ecdsaProgram,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From db8f63afd45ae80d3e8eaa3eb9bd21d38ff17766 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:53:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1031/1786] Revert "remove ecdsa from vk test for now"

This reverts commit 7ec8090f57a8b3ec71915516936961f58c77f0a6.
---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 13 +++++++++++++
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index f60540c9f8..0297b30a04 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -201,5 +201,18 @@
       "data": "",
       "hash": ""
     }
+  },
+  "ecdsa": {
+    "digest": "6e4078c6df944db119dc1656eb68e6c272c3f2e9cab6746913759537cbfcfa9",
+    "methods": {
+      "verifyEcdsa": {
+        "rows": 38846,
+        "digest": "892b0a1fad0f13d92ba6099cd54e6780"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "21152043351405736424630704375244880683906889913335338686836578165782029001213"
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index 28a95542bd..a051f21137 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
+import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
+  ecdsaProgram,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From 507a04be0b23ff3bb918536d328e37c0fa37fe64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 6 Dec 2023 20:58:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1032/1786] fixup

---
 package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index c2b9510c5a..8d37f38823 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
+    "build:examples": "npm run build && rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",

From 62091b8025ace31d7f001f21bbba7499b75d65ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 7 Dec 2023 08:12:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1033/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 988a1bc731..ee63f91f3a 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -203,16 +203,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "36c90ec17088e536562b06f333be6fc1bed252b47a3cfb4e4c24aa22e7a1247b",
+    "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
         "rows": 38888,
-        "digest": "70f148db469f028f1d8cb99e8e8e278a"
+        "digest": "f75dd9e49c88eb6097a7f3abbe543467"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "5175094130394897519519312310597261032080672241911883655552182168739967574124"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "10504586047480864396273137275551599454708712068910013426206550544367939284599"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 991008b8e56440bc28172223ac1a7424c108f0f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Dec 2023 10:50:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1034/1786] Cleaned up and made variable names consistent

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts           | 225 +++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts |  33 +++---
 2 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 136 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index c6b6db9ad3..813b53d576 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@ export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
   /** TODO */
-  preNist(
+  nistSha3(
     len: number,
     message: Field[],
     inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     byteChecks: boolean = false
-  ) {
-    return preNist(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  ): Field[] {
+    return nistSha3(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  nistSha3(
-    len: number,
+  ethereum(
     message: Field[],
     inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     byteChecks: boolean = false
-  ) {
-    return nistSha3(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  ): Field[] {
+    return ethereum(message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  ethereum(
+  preNist(
+    len: number,
     message: Field[],
     inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     byteChecks: boolean = false
-  ) {
-    return ethereum(message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  ): Field[] {
+    return preNist(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
   },
 };
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * KECCAK_WORD;
 const KECCAK_ROUNDS = 12 + 2 * KECCAK_ELL;
 
 // Creates the 5x5 table of rotation offset for Keccak modulo 64
-//  | x \ y |  0 |  1 |  2 |  3 |  4 |
+//  | i \ j |  0 |  1 |  2 |  3 |  4 |
 //  | ----- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
 //  | 0     |  0 | 36 |  3 | 41 | 18 |
 //  | 1     |  1 | 44 | 10 | 45 |  2 |
@@ -106,13 +106,14 @@ const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
 
 // AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
 
-// Auxiliary function to check composition of 8 bytes into a 64-bit word
-function checkBytesToWord(word: Field, wordBytes: Field[]): void {
-  let composition = wordBytes.reduce((acc, x, i) => {
-    const shift = Field.from(2n ** BigInt(8 * i));
-    return acc.add(x.mul(shift));
+// Auxiliary function to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
+function checkBytesToWord(wordBytes: Field[], word: Field): void {
+  const composition = wordBytes.reduce((acc, value, idx) => {
+    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
+    return acc.add(value.mul(shift));
   }, Field.from(0));
 
+  // Create constraints to check that the word is composed correctly from bytes
   word.assertEquals(composition);
 }
 
@@ -124,21 +125,24 @@ const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
 
 // Converts a list of bytes to a matrix of Field elements
 function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
-  assert(bytestring.length === 200, 'improper bytestring length');
+  assert(
+    bytestring.length === 200,
+    'improper bytestring length (should be 200)'
+  );
 
   const bytestringArray = Array.from(bytestring);
   const state: Field[][] = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
-  for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
-    for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
-      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * y + x);
-      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [x,y]
+  for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * j + i);
+      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [i,j]
       const wordBytes = bytestringArray.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
 
-      for (let z = 0; z < BYTES_PER_WORD; z++) {
-        // Field element containing value 2^(8*z)
-        const shift = Field.from(2n ** BigInt(8 * z));
-        state[x][y] = state[x][y].add(shift.mul(wordBytes[z]));
+      for (let k = 0; k < BYTES_PER_WORD; k++) {
+        // Field element containing value 2^(8*k)
+        const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * k);
+        state[i][j] = state[i][j].add(wordBytes[k].mul(shift));
       }
     }
   }
@@ -152,29 +156,24 @@ function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
     { length: stateLengthInBytes },
     (_, idx) =>
       existsOne(() => {
-        // idx = z + 8 * ((dim * y) + x)
-        const z = idx % BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        const x = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD) % KECCAK_DIM;
-        const y = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD / KECCAK_DIM);
-        // [7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0] [x=0,y=1] [x=0,y=2] [x=0,y=3] [x=0,y=4]
-        //        [x=1,y=0] [x=1,y=1] [x=1,y=2] [x=1,y=3] [x=1,y=4]
-        //        [x=2,y=0] [x=2,y=1] [x=2,y=2] [x=2,y=3] [x=2,y=4]
-        //        [x=3,y=0] [x=3,y=1] [x=3,y=2] [x=3,y=3] [x=3,y=4]
-        //        [x=4,y=0] [x=4,y=1] [x=4,y=0] [x=4,y=3] [x=4,y=4]
-        const word = state[x][y].toBigInt();
-        const byte = (word >> BigInt(8 * z)) & BigInt('0xff');
+        // idx = k + 8 * ((dim * j) + i)
+        const i = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD) % KECCAK_DIM;
+        const j = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD / KECCAK_DIM);
+        const k = idx % BYTES_PER_WORD;
+        const word = state[i][j].toBigInt();
+        const byte = (word >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn;
         return byte;
       })
   );
 
   // Check all words are composed correctly from bytes
-  for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
-    for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
-      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * y + x);
-      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [x,y]
+  for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * j + i);
+      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [i,j]
       const word_bytes = bytestring.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
       // Assert correct decomposition of bytes from state
-      checkBytesToWord(state[x][y], word_bytes);
+      checkBytesToWord(word_bytes, state[i][j]);
     }
   }
   return bytestring;
@@ -184,18 +183,16 @@ function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
 function keccakStateXor(a: Field[][], b: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   assert(
     a.length === KECCAK_DIM && a[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
-    'Invalid a dimensions'
+    `invalid \`a\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
   );
   assert(
     b.length === KECCAK_DIM && b[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
-    'Invalid b dimensions'
+    `invalid \`b\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
   );
 
-  // Calls Gadgets.xor on each pair (x,y) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
-  return a.map((row, rowIndex) =>
-    row.map((element, columnIndex) =>
-      Gadgets.xor(element, b[rowIndex][columnIndex], 64)
-    )
+  // Calls Gadgets.xor on each pair (i,j) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
+  return a.map((row, i) =>
+    row.map((value, j) => Gadgets.xor(value, b[i][j], 64))
   );
 }
 
@@ -255,21 +252,21 @@ function pad101(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
 // ROUND TRANSFORMATION
 
 // First algorithm in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
-// C[x] = A[x,0] xor A[x,1] xor A[x,2] xor A[x,3] xor A[x,4]
-// D[x] = C[x-1] xor ROT(C[x+1], 1)
-// E[x,y] = A[x,y] xor D[x]
+// C[i] = A[i,0] xor A[i,1] xor A[i,2] xor A[i,3] xor A[i,4]
+// D[i] = C[i-1] xor ROT(C[i+1], 1)
+// E[i,j] = A[i,j] xor D[i]
 // In the Keccak reference, it corresponds to the `theta` algorithm.
-// We use the first index of the state array as the x coordinate and the second index as the y coordinate.
+// We use the first index of the state array as the i coordinate and the second index as the j coordinate.
 const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
   const stateA = state;
 
   // XOR the elements of each row together
-  // for all x in {0..4}: C[x] = A[x,0] xor A[x,1] xor A[x,2] xor A[x,3] xor A[x,4]
+  // for all i in {0..4}: C[i] = A[i,0] xor A[i,1] xor A[i,2] xor A[i,3] xor A[i,4]
   const stateC = stateA.map((row) =>
-    row.reduce((acc, next) => Gadgets.xor(acc, next, KECCAK_WORD))
+    row.reduce((acc, value) => Gadgets.xor(acc, value, KECCAK_WORD))
   );
 
-  // for all x in {0..4}: D[x] = C[x-1] xor ROT(C[x+1], 1)
+  // for all i in {0..4}: D[i] = C[i-1] xor ROT(C[i+1], 1)
   const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, x) =>
     Gadgets.xor(
       stateC[(x + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
@@ -278,7 +275,7 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
     )
   );
 
-  // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: E[x,y] = A[x,y] xor D[x]
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: E[i,j] = A[i,j] xor D[i]
   const stateE = stateA.map((row, index) =>
     row.map((elem) => Gadgets.xor(elem, stateD[index], KECCAK_WORD))
   );
@@ -287,40 +284,40 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
 };
 
 // Second and third steps in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
-// pi: A[x,y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
-// rho: A[x,y] = A'[y, 2x+3y mod KECCAK_DIM]
-// piRho: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
+// pi: A[i,j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
+// rho: A[i,j] = A'[j, 2i+3j mod KECCAK_DIM]
+// piRho: B[j,2i+3j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
 // which is equivalent to the `rho` algorithm followed by the `pi` algorithm in the Keccak reference as follows:
 // rho:
 // A[0,0] = a[0,0]
-// | x |  =  | 1 |
-// | y |  =  | 0 |
+// | i |  =  | 1 |
+// | j |  =  | 0 |
 // for t = 0 to 23 do
-//   A[x,y] = ROT(a[x,y], (t+1)(t+2)/2 mod 64)))
-//   | x |  =  | 0  1 |   | x |
+//   A[i,j] = ROT(a[i,j], (t+1)(t+2)/2 mod 64)))
+//   | i |  =  | 0  1 |   | i |
 //   |   |  =  |      | * |   |
-//   | y |  =  | 2  3 |   | y |
+//   | j |  =  | 2  3 |   | j |
 // end for
 // pi:
-// for x = 0 to 4 do
-//   for y = 0 to 4 do
-//     | X |  =  | 0  1 |   | x |
+// for i = 0 to 4 do
+//   for j = 0 to 4 do
+//     | I |  =  | 0  1 |   | i |
 //     |   |  =  |      | * |   |
-//     | Y |  =  | 2  3 |   | y |
-//     A[X,Y] = a[x,y]
+//     | J |  =  | 2  3 |   | j |
+//     A[I,J] = a[i,j]
 //   end for
 // end for
-// We use the first index of the state array as the x coordinate and the second index as the y coordinate.
+// We use the first index of the state array as the i coordinate and the second index as the j coordinate.
 function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   const stateE = state;
   const stateB: Field[][] = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
-  // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[x,y], r[x,y])
-  for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
-    for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
-      stateB[y][(2 * x + 3 * y) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
-        stateE[x][y],
-        ROT_TABLE[x][y],
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
+  for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      stateB[j][(2 * i + 3 * j) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
+        stateE[i][j],
+        ROT_TABLE[i][j],
         'left'
       );
     }
@@ -330,26 +327,26 @@ function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
 }
 
 // Fourth step of the compression function of Keccak for 64-bit words.
-// F[x,y] = B[x,y] xor ((not B[x+1,y]) and B[x+2,y])
+// F[i,j] = B[i,j] xor ((not B[i+1,j]) and B[i+2,j])
 // It corresponds to the chi algorithm in the Keccak reference.
-// for y = 0 to 4 do
-//   for x = 0 to 4 do
-//     A[x,y] = a[x,y] xor ((not a[x+1,y]) and a[x+2,y])
+// for j = 0 to 4 do
+//   for i = 0 to 4 do
+//     A[i,j] = a[i,j] xor ((not a[i+1,j]) and a[i+2,j])
 //   end for
 // end for
 function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   const stateB = state;
   const stateF = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
-  // for all x in {0..4} and y in {0..4}: F[x,y] = B[x,y] xor ((not B[x+1,y]) and B[x+2,y])
-  for (let x = 0; x < KECCAK_DIM; x++) {
-    for (let y = 0; y < KECCAK_DIM; y++) {
-      stateF[x][y] = Gadgets.xor(
-        stateB[x][y],
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: F[i,j] = B[i,j] xor ((not B[i+1,j]) and B[i+2,j])
+  for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      stateF[i][j] = Gadgets.xor(
+        stateB[i][j],
         Gadgets.and(
           // We can use unchecked NOT because the length of the input is constrained to be 64 bits thanks to the fact that it is the output of a previous Xor64
-          Gadgets.not(stateB[(x + 1) % KECCAK_DIM][y], KECCAK_WORD, false),
-          stateB[(x + 2) % KECCAK_DIM][y],
+          Gadgets.not(stateB[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM][j], KECCAK_WORD, false),
+          stateB[(i + 2) % KECCAK_DIM][j],
           KECCAK_WORD
         ),
         KECCAK_WORD
@@ -383,10 +380,7 @@ function round(state: Field[][], rc: Field): Field[][] {
 
 // Keccak permutation function with a constant number of rounds
 function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
-  return rc.reduce(
-    (currentState, rcValue) => round(currentState, rcValue),
-    state
-  );
+  return rc.reduce((acc, value) => round(acc, value), state);
 }
 
 // KECCAK SPONGE
@@ -403,16 +397,16 @@ function absorb(
   // (capacity / 8) zero bytes
   const zeros = Array(capacity / 8).fill(Field.from(0));
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < paddedMessage.length; i += rate / 8) {
+  for (let idx = 0; idx < paddedMessage.length; idx += rate / 8) {
     // split into blocks of rate bits
     // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate/8 bytes
-    const block = paddedMessage.slice(i, i + rate / 8);
+    const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate / 8);
     // pad the block with 0s to up to 1600 bits
     const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
     // padded with zeros each block until they are 1600 bit long
     assert(
       paddedBlock.length * 8 === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH,
-      'improper Keccak block length'
+      `improper Keccak block length (should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH})`
     );
     const blockState = getKeccakStateOfBytes(paddedBlock);
     // xor the state with the padded block
@@ -438,8 +432,8 @@ function squeeze(
     start: number,
     length: number
   ) => {
-    for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      outputArray[start + i] = bytestring[i];
+    for (let idx = 0; idx < length; idx++) {
+      outputArray[start + idx] = bytestring[idx];
     }
   };
 
@@ -487,7 +481,7 @@ function sponge(
   }
 
   // load round constants into Fields
-  let rc = exists(24, () => TupleN.fromArray(24, ROUND_CONSTANTS));
+  const rc = exists(24, () => TupleN.fromArray(24, ROUND_CONSTANTS));
 
   // absorb
   const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, rc);
@@ -518,37 +512,34 @@ function hash(
   capacity: number,
   nistVersion: boolean
 ): Field[] {
+  // Throw errors if used improperly
   assert(capacity > 0, 'capacity must be positive');
   assert(
     capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH,
-    'capacity must be less than KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH'
+    `capacity must be less than ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH}`
   );
   assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
   assert(length % 8 === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
 
   // Input endianness conversion
-  let messageFormatted = inpEndian === 'Big' ? message : message.reverse();
+  const messageFormatted = inpEndian === 'Big' ? message : message.reverse();
 
   // Check each Field input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
-  if (byteChecks) {
-    checkBytes(messageFormatted);
-  }
+  byteChecks && checkBytes(messageFormatted);
 
   const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH - capacity;
 
-  let padded;
-  if (nistVersion) {
-    padded = padNist(messageFormatted, rate);
-  } else {
-    padded = pad101(messageFormatted, rate);
-  }
+  const padded =
+    nistVersion === true
+      ? padNist(messageFormatted, rate)
+      : pad101(messageFormatted, rate);
 
   const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
 
   // Always check each Field output is 8 bits at most because they are created here
   checkBytes(hash);
 
-  // Set input to desired endianness
+  // Output endianness conversion
   const hashFormatted = outEndian === 'Big' ? hash : hash.reverse();
 
   return hashFormatted;
@@ -563,26 +554,18 @@ function nistSha3(
   outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  let output: Field[];
-
   switch (len) {
     case 224:
-      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, true);
-      break;
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, true);
     case 256:
-      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, true);
-      break;
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, true);
     case 384:
-      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, true);
-      break;
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, true);
     case 512:
-      output = hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 512, 1024, true);
-      break;
+      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 512, 1024, true);
     default:
       throw new Error('Invalid length');
   }
-
-  return output;
 }
 
 // Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index e72e655093..34e497804e 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ import { Random } from './testing/random.js';
 import { array, equivalentAsync, fieldWithRng } from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import { constraintSystem, contains } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
 
+// TODO(jackryanservia): Add test to assert fail for byte that's larger than 255
+// TODO(jackryanservia): Add random length with three runs
+
 const PREIMAGE_LENGTH = 75;
 const RUNS = 1;
 
-let uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
+const uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
-let Keccak256 = ZkProgram({
+const Keccak256 = ZkProgram({
   name: 'keccak256',
   publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, PREIMAGE_LENGTH),
   publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 32),
@@ -43,12 +46,12 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: RUNS }
 )(
   (x) => {
-    let uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
-    let result = keccak_256(uint8Array);
+    const uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
+    const result = keccak_256(uint8Array);
     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Keccak256.ethereum(x);
+    const proof = await Keccak256.ethereum(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
@@ -61,17 +64,17 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   { runs: RUNS }
 )(
   (x) => {
-    let thing = x.map(Number);
-    let result = sha3_256(new Uint8Array(thing));
+    const thing = x.map(Number);
+    const result = sha3_256(new Uint8Array(thing));
     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    let proof = await Keccak256.nistSha3(x);
+    const proof = await Keccak256.nistSha3(x);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
 
-// let Keccak512 = ZkProgram({
+// const Keccak512 = ZkProgram({
 //   name: 'keccak512',
 //   publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, PREIMAGE_LENGTH),
 //   publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 64),
@@ -101,12 +104,12 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 //   { runs: RUNS }
 // )(
 //   (x) => {
-//     let uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
-//     let result = keccak_512(uint8Array);
+//     const uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
+//     const result = keccak_512(uint8Array);
 //     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
 //   },
 //   async (x) => {
-//     let proof = await Keccak512.preNist(x);
+//     const proof = await Keccak512.preNist(x);
 //     return proof.publicOutput;
 //   }
 // );
@@ -119,12 +122,12 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 //   { runs: RUNS }
 // )(
 //   (x) => {
-//     let thing = x.map(Number);
-//     let result = sha3_512(new Uint8Array(thing));
+//     const thing = x.map(Number);
+//     const result = sha3_512(new Uint8Array(thing));
 //     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
 //   },
 //   async (x) => {
-//     let proof = await Keccak512.nistSha3(x);
+//     const proof = await Keccak512.nistSha3(x);
 //     return proof.publicOutput;
 //   }
 // );

From 9d34c7fcf424ed38246c36ae5b60b9df0d00ded8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 7 Dec 2023 13:37:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1035/1786] make `verify()` backwards-compatible with old vk
 type

---
 src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts |  6 +++---
 src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts            |  6 +++---
 src/lib/proof_system.ts                      | 10 ++++++----
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
index 83265082a2..16aab5ab1c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 proof satisfies Proof<Field, void>;
 
 console.log('verify...');
-let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
+let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(Field(1), proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey.data);
+ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(Field(2), proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
+ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
 
 console.log('ok?', ok && proof.publicInput.toString() === '2');
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
index 0b75880b04..7cc09602b1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 proof satisfies Proof<undefined, Field>;
 
 console.log('verify...');
-let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
+let ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey.data);
+ok = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
 console.log('ok?', ok);
 
 console.log('verify alternative...');
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ proof = await MyProgram.inductiveCase(proof);
 proof = testJsonRoundtrip(MyProof, proof);
 
 console.log('verify...');
-ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey.data);
+ok = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
 
 console.log('ok?', ok && proof.publicOutput.toString() === '2');
 
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 1d3ace221a..59ebf57ec4 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Proof<Input, Output> {
 
 async function verify(
   proof: Proof<any, any> | JsonProof,
-  verificationKey: string
+  verificationKey: string | VerificationKey
 ) {
   let picklesProof: Pickles.Proof;
   let statement: Pickles.Statement<FieldConst>;
@@ -215,10 +215,12 @@ async function verify(
     let output = toFieldConsts(type.output, proof.publicOutput);
     statement = MlPair(input, output);
   }
+  let vk =
+    typeof verificationKey === 'string'
+      ? verificationKey
+      : verificationKey.data;
   return prettifyStacktracePromise(
-    withThreadPool(() =>
-      Pickles.verify(statement, picklesProof, verificationKey)
-    )
+    withThreadPool(() => Pickles.verify(statement, picklesProof, vk))
   );
 }
 

From 884dcffdd8cc4807b709552d5920a2eb9b192b24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 13:00:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1036/1786] reproduce bug

---
 src/examples/broken-proof.ts | 103 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/broken-proof.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f5310354b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Bool,
+  Mina,
+  PrivateKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  State,
+  UInt64,
+  method,
+  state,
+  ZkProgram,
+} from 'o1js';
+import { tic, toc } from './utils/tic-toc.node.js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+export const RealProof = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'real',
+  methods: {
+    make: {
+      privateInputs: [UInt64],
+
+      method(value: UInt64) {
+        let expected = UInt64.from(34);
+        value.assertEquals(expected);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+export const FakeProof = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'fake',
+  methods: {
+    make: {
+      privateInputs: [UInt64],
+
+      method(value: UInt64) {
+        Bool(true).assertTrue();
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+class BrokenProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(RealProof) {}
+
+class Broken extends SmartContract {
+  @state(Bool) isValid = State<Bool>();
+
+  init() {
+    super.init();
+    this.isValid.set(Bool(false));
+  }
+
+  @method setValid(proof: BrokenProof) {
+    proof.verify();
+
+    this.isValid.set(Bool(true));
+  }
+}
+
+const Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: true });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+let { privateKey: deployerKey, publicKey: deployerAccount } =
+  Local.testAccounts[0];
+let { privateKey: senderKey, publicKey: senderAccount } = Local.testAccounts[1];
+let zkAppPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
+let zkAppAddress = zkAppPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
+
+let zkApp = new Broken(zkAppAddress);
+
+tic('compile');
+await RealProof.compile();
+await FakeProof.compile();
+await Broken.compile();
+toc();
+
+// local deploy
+tic('deploy');
+const deployTxn = await Mina.transaction(deployerAccount, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(deployerAccount);
+  zkApp.deploy();
+});
+await deployTxn.prove();
+await deployTxn.sign([deployerKey, zkAppPrivateKey]).send();
+toc();
+
+// accepts a fake proof
+tic('fake proof');
+const value = UInt64.from(99999);
+const fakeProof = await FakeProof.make(value);
+toc();
+
+tic('set valid');
+const txn = await Mina.transaction(senderAccount, () => {
+  zkApp.setValid(fakeProof);
+});
+let proofs = await txn.prove();
+toc();
+console.log(proofs.find((p) => p !== undefined));
+await txn.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+const isValid = zkApp.isValid.get();
+assert(isValid);

From b02a695c8bf36d469350fd2e14537a7c535922ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 13:08:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1037/1786] can't reproduce with zkprogram!

---
 src/examples/broken-proof.ts | 52 +++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
index 4f5310354b..2c454f2633 100644
--- a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
+++ b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import {
-  AccountUpdate,
   Bool,
   Mina,
   PrivateKey,
@@ -9,11 +8,12 @@ import {
   method,
   state,
   ZkProgram,
+  verify,
 } from 'o1js';
 import { tic, toc } from './utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
-export const RealProof = ZkProgram({
+const RealProof = ZkProgram({
   name: 'real',
   methods: {
     make: {
@@ -27,21 +27,32 @@ export const RealProof = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-export const FakeProof = ZkProgram({
+const FakeProof = ZkProgram({
   name: 'fake',
   methods: {
     make: {
       privateInputs: [UInt64],
 
-      method(value: UInt64) {
-        Bool(true).assertTrue();
-      },
+      method(value: UInt64) {},
     },
   },
 });
 
 class BrokenProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(RealProof) {}
 
+const BrokenProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'broken',
+  methods: {
+    verifyReal: {
+      privateInputs: [BrokenProof],
+
+      method(proof: BrokenProof) {
+        proof.verify();
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
 class Broken extends SmartContract {
   @state(Bool) isValid = State<Bool>();
 
@@ -52,7 +63,6 @@ class Broken extends SmartContract {
 
   @method setValid(proof: BrokenProof) {
     proof.verify();
-
     this.isValid.set(Bool(true));
   }
 }
@@ -71,33 +81,15 @@ let zkApp = new Broken(zkAppAddress);
 tic('compile');
 await RealProof.compile();
 await FakeProof.compile();
-await Broken.compile();
-toc();
-
-// local deploy
-tic('deploy');
-const deployTxn = await Mina.transaction(deployerAccount, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(deployerAccount);
-  zkApp.deploy();
-});
-await deployTxn.prove();
-await deployTxn.sign([deployerKey, zkAppPrivateKey]).send();
+let { verificationKey } = await BrokenProgram.compile();
 toc();
 
-// accepts a fake proof
 tic('fake proof');
 const value = UInt64.from(99999);
 const fakeProof = await FakeProof.make(value);
 toc();
 
-tic('set valid');
-const txn = await Mina.transaction(senderAccount, () => {
-  zkApp.setValid(fakeProof);
-});
-let proofs = await txn.prove();
-toc();
-console.log(proofs.find((p) => p !== undefined));
-await txn.sign([senderKey]).send();
-
-const isValid = zkApp.isValid.get();
-assert(isValid);
+tic('broken proof');
+const brokenProof = await BrokenProgram.verifyReal(fakeProof);
+let ok = await verify(brokenProof, verificationKey.data);
+assert(ok);

From 4b01adcbf7cb034ec9cdd3c4aad6b1edb6252362 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 13:27:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1038/1786] make reproduction a proper test

---
 src/examples/broken-proof.ts | 52 ++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
index 2c454f2633..317a8e8eba 100644
--- a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
+++ b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 import {
-  Bool,
   Mina,
   PrivateKey,
   SmartContract,
-  State,
   UInt64,
   method,
-  state,
   ZkProgram,
   verify,
 } from 'o1js';
@@ -53,43 +50,40 @@ const BrokenProgram = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-class Broken extends SmartContract {
-  @state(Bool) isValid = State<Bool>();
-
-  init() {
-    super.init();
-    this.isValid.set(Bool(false));
-  }
-
-  @method setValid(proof: BrokenProof) {
+class BrokenContract extends SmartContract {
+  @method verifyReal(proof: BrokenProof) {
     proof.verify();
-    this.isValid.set(Bool(true));
   }
 }
 
-const Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: true });
-Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-
-let { privateKey: deployerKey, publicKey: deployerAccount } =
-  Local.testAccounts[0];
-let { privateKey: senderKey, publicKey: senderAccount } = Local.testAccounts[1];
-let zkAppPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
-let zkAppAddress = zkAppPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
-
-let zkApp = new Broken(zkAppAddress);
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Mina.LocalBlockchain());
+let zkApp = new BrokenContract(PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
 
 tic('compile');
 await RealProof.compile();
 await FakeProof.compile();
-let { verificationKey } = await BrokenProgram.compile();
+let { verificationKey: contractVk } = await BrokenContract.compile();
+let { verificationKey: programVk } = await BrokenProgram.compile();
 toc();
 
-tic('fake proof');
+tic('create fake proof');
 const value = UInt64.from(99999);
 const fakeProof = await FakeProof.make(value);
 toc();
 
-tic('broken proof');
-const brokenProof = await BrokenProgram.verifyReal(fakeProof);
-let ok = await verify(brokenProof, verificationKey.data);
-assert(ok);
+await assert.rejects(async () => {
+  tic('verify fake proof in program');
+  const brokenProof = await BrokenProgram.verifyReal(fakeProof);
+  assert(await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data));
+  toc();
+}, 'recursive program rejects fake proof');
+
+await assert.rejects(async () => {
+  tic('verify fake proof in contract');
+  let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(fakeProof));
+  let proof = (await tx.prove()).find((p) => p !== undefined);
+  assert(proof !== undefined);
+  console.dir(proof, { depth: 5 });
+  assert(await verify(proof, contractVk.data));
+  toc();
+}, 'recursive contract rejects fake proof');

From c694915eaaded880efc079783030b5cc6d1cf5f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 13:57:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1039/1786] fix: don't clone proofs so they can be mutated

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 3 ++-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts         | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 85793721b3..1a0f23ab84 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import type {
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
+import { Proof } from './proof_system.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -564,7 +565,7 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
   };
 }
 
-let primitives = new Set([Field, Bool, Scalar, Group]);
+let primitives = new Set([Field, Bool, Scalar, Group, Proof]);
 function isPrimitive(obj: any) {
   for (let P of primitives) {
     if (obj instanceof P) return true;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 45dd3a0424..6986966a3d 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
   provable,
-  Struct,
   toConstant,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Provable, getBlindingValue, memoizationContext } from './provable.js';
@@ -196,7 +195,8 @@ function wrapMethod(
             let id = memoizationContext.enter({ ...context, blindingValue });
             let result: unknown;
             try {
-              result = method.apply(this, actualArgs.map(cloneCircuitValue));
+              let clonedArgs = actualArgs.map(cloneCircuitValue);
+              result = method.apply(this, clonedArgs);
             } finally {
               memoizationContext.leave(id);
             }

From fa713077e0d6bd203ce8d70fd432af173c2b1307 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 13:58:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1040/1786] tweak test some more

---
 src/examples/broken-proof.ts | 53 +++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
index 317a8e8eba..60c5a66623 100644
--- a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
+++ b/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@ import {
 import { tic, toc } from './utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
-const RealProof = ZkProgram({
+const RealProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'real',
   methods: {
     make: {
       privateInputs: [UInt64],
-
       method(value: UInt64) {
         let expected = UInt64.from(34);
         value.assertEquals(expected);
@@ -24,66 +23,64 @@ const RealProof = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-const FakeProof = ZkProgram({
+const FakeProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'fake',
   methods: {
-    make: {
-      privateInputs: [UInt64],
-
-      method(value: UInt64) {},
-    },
+    make: { privateInputs: [UInt64], method(_: UInt64) {} },
   },
 });
 
-class BrokenProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(RealProof) {}
+class RealProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(RealProgram) {}
 
-const BrokenProgram = ZkProgram({
+const RecursiveProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'broken',
   methods: {
     verifyReal: {
-      privateInputs: [BrokenProof],
-
-      method(proof: BrokenProof) {
+      privateInputs: [RealProof],
+      method(proof: RealProof) {
         proof.verify();
       },
     },
   },
 });
 
-class BrokenContract extends SmartContract {
-  @method verifyReal(proof: BrokenProof) {
+class RecursiveContract extends SmartContract {
+  @method verifyReal(proof: RealProof) {
     proof.verify();
   }
 }
 
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Mina.LocalBlockchain());
-let zkApp = new BrokenContract(PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
 
 tic('compile');
-await RealProof.compile();
-await FakeProof.compile();
-let { verificationKey: contractVk } = await BrokenContract.compile();
-let { verificationKey: programVk } = await BrokenProgram.compile();
+await RealProgram.compile();
+await FakeProgram.compile();
+let { verificationKey: contractVk } = await RecursiveContract.compile();
+let { verificationKey: programVk } = await RecursiveProgram.compile();
 toc();
 
 tic('create fake proof');
 const value = UInt64.from(99999);
-const fakeProof = await FakeProof.make(value);
+const fakeProof = await FakeProgram.make(value);
 toc();
 
+tic('verify fake proof in program');
 await assert.rejects(async () => {
-  tic('verify fake proof in program');
-  const brokenProof = await BrokenProgram.verifyReal(fakeProof);
+  const brokenProof = await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(fakeProof);
   assert(await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data));
-  toc();
 }, 'recursive program rejects fake proof');
+toc();
 
+let publicKey = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
+let zkApp = new RecursiveContract(publicKey);
+
+tic('verify fake proof in contract');
 await assert.rejects(async () => {
-  tic('verify fake proof in contract');
-  let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(fakeProof));
+  let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => {
+    zkApp.verifyReal(fakeProof);
+  });
   let proof = (await tx.prove()).find((p) => p !== undefined);
   assert(proof !== undefined);
-  console.dir(proof, { depth: 5 });
   assert(await verify(proof, contractVk.data));
-  toc();
 }, 'recursive contract rejects fake proof');
+toc();

From 5efd81463a39b30563ff7ced8b80fc69fdd720ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 14:11:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1041/1786] move example to test folder and add more test cases

---
 .../broken-proof.ts => tests/fake-proof.ts}   | 61 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
 rename src/{examples/broken-proof.ts => tests/fake-proof.ts} (50%)

diff --git a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts b/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
similarity index 50%
rename from src/examples/broken-proof.ts
rename to src/tests/fake-proof.ts
index 60c5a66623..e06c1bd61d 100644
--- a/src/examples/broken-proof.ts
+++ b/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   ZkProgram,
   verify,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { tic, toc } from './utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 const RealProgram = ZkProgram({
@@ -51,36 +50,48 @@ class RecursiveContract extends SmartContract {
 }
 
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Mina.LocalBlockchain());
+let publicKey = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
+let zkApp = new RecursiveContract(publicKey);
 
-tic('compile');
 await RealProgram.compile();
 await FakeProgram.compile();
 let { verificationKey: contractVk } = await RecursiveContract.compile();
 let { verificationKey: programVk } = await RecursiveProgram.compile();
-toc();
 
-tic('create fake proof');
-const value = UInt64.from(99999);
-const fakeProof = await FakeProgram.make(value);
-toc();
+// proof that should be rejected
+const fakeProof = await FakeProgram.make(UInt64.from(99999));
+const dummyProof = await RealProof.dummy(undefined, undefined, 0);
 
-tic('verify fake proof in program');
-await assert.rejects(async () => {
-  const brokenProof = await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(fakeProof);
-  assert(await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data));
-}, 'recursive program rejects fake proof');
-toc();
+for (let proof of [fakeProof, dummyProof]) {
+  // zkprogram rejects proof
+  await assert.rejects(async () => {
+    const brokenProof = await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(proof);
+    assert(await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data));
+  }, 'recursive program rejects fake proof');
 
-let publicKey = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
-let zkApp = new RecursiveContract(publicKey);
+  // contract rejects proof
+  await assert.rejects(async () => {
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(proof));
+    await tx.prove();
+  }, 'recursive contract rejects fake proof');
+}
+
+// proof that should be accepted
+const realProof = await RealProgram.make(UInt64.from(34));
+
+// zkprogram accepts proof
+const brokenProof = await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(realProof);
+assert(
+  await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data),
+  'recursive program accepts real proof'
+);
+
+// contract rejects proof
+let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(realProof));
+let [contractProof] = await tx.prove();
+assert(
+  await verify(contractProof!, contractVk.data),
+  'recursive contract accepts real proof'
+);
 
-tic('verify fake proof in contract');
-await assert.rejects(async () => {
-  let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => {
-    zkApp.verifyReal(fakeProof);
-  });
-  let proof = (await tx.prove()).find((p) => p !== undefined);
-  assert(proof !== undefined);
-  assert(await verify(proof, contractVk.data));
-}, 'recursive contract rejects fake proof');
-toc();
+console.log('fake proof test passed 🎉');

From a43bd3cbbae04c8be6a2cddf1a37a5be5c986803 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 14:14:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1042/1786] add to integration tests

---
 run-ci-tests.sh | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index cfcdf2e4c0..1e2406df15 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
   ./run src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
+  ./run src/tests/fake-proofs.ts --bundle
   ;;
 
 "Voting integration tests")

From e2cf69951119e66f36066d71bcc923c1524b6538 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 14:14:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1043/1786] minor correction

---
 run-ci-tests.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index 1e2406df15..fc815491bc 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
   ./run src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
-  ./run src/tests/fake-proofs.ts --bundle
+  ./run src/tests/fake-proofs.ts
   ;;
 
 "Voting integration tests")

From 44c0024e1f7ab83ebc59c37b37c59f82c14b48bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 14:25:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1044/1786] fixup

---
 run-ci-tests.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index fc815491bc..4b19ebd25d 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
   ./run src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
-  ./run src/tests/fake-proofs.ts
+  ./run src/tests/fake-proof.ts
   ;;
 
 "Voting integration tests")

From 23edcf0c9f9ce439d74bb26189e66ee6865e29ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 14:29:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1045/1786] change fix to avoid import cycle

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 1a0f23ab84..6c4c540106 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
   };
 }
 
-let primitives = new Set([Field, Bool, Scalar, Group, Proof]);
+let primitives = new Set([Field, Bool, Scalar, Group]);
 function isPrimitive(obj: any) {
   for (let P of primitives) {
     if (obj instanceof P) return true;
@@ -598,10 +598,13 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
     ) as any as T;
   if (ArrayBuffer.isView(obj)) return new (obj.constructor as any)(obj);
 
-  // o1js primitives aren't cloned
+  // o1js primitives and proofs aren't cloned
   if (isPrimitive(obj)) {
     return obj;
   }
+  if (obj instanceof Proof) {
+    return obj;
+  }
 
   // cloning strategy that works for plain objects AND classes whose constructor only assigns properties
   let propertyDescriptors: Record<string, PropertyDescriptor> = {};

From 4b96d792fc1c45f5ab0970279f27c38ed1225c28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 14:50:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1046/1786] address feedback and remove unreachable test code

---
 src/tests/fake-proof.ts | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tests/fake-proof.ts b/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
index e06c1bd61d..3607494be1 100644
--- a/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
+++ b/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ const dummyProof = await RealProof.dummy(undefined, undefined, 0);
 for (let proof of [fakeProof, dummyProof]) {
   // zkprogram rejects proof
   await assert.rejects(async () => {
-    const brokenProof = await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(proof);
-    assert(await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data));
+    await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(proof);
   }, 'recursive program rejects fake proof');
 
   // contract rejects proof
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ assert(
   'recursive program accepts real proof'
 );
 
-// contract rejects proof
+// contract accepts proof
 let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(realProof));
 let [contractProof] = await tx.prove();
 assert(

From 37d871993172068b1469f3cf9ef2af9f18dbc953 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 15:40:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1047/1786] reuse some helper types

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 7 +------
 src/lib/util/types.ts         | 4 +++-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 183281bbba..2eb9ba305f 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
+import { AnyFunction, Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
@@ -433,12 +434,6 @@ function throwError(message?: string): any {
   throw Error(message);
 }
 
-// helper types
-
-type AnyFunction = (...args: any) => any;
-
-type Tuple<T> = [] | [T, ...T[]];
-
 // infer input types from specs
 
 type Param1<In extends OrUnion<any, any>> = In extends {
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index 7096aa4e73..3256e60476 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 
-export { Tuple, TupleN, AnyTuple, TupleMap };
+export { AnyFunction, Tuple, TupleN, AnyTuple, TupleMap };
+
+type AnyFunction = (...args: any) => any;
 
 type Tuple<T> = [T, ...T[]] | [];
 type AnyTuple = Tuple<any>;

From 13e3c978b362bb855266d6ea568294f9ac1b1f8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 16:19:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1048/1786] add unit test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 102 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 54b95e6d45..e1368c0c05 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,106 @@
-import { Field } from './core.js';
+import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
+import {
+  CompiledTag,
+  Empty,
+  Proof,
+  ZkProgram,
+  picklesRuleFromFunction,
+  sortMethodArguments,
+} from './proof_system.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
+import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { AnyFunction } from './util/types.js';
+import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
+import { it } from 'node:test';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { bool, equivalentAsync, field, record } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 
 const EmptyProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'empty',
   publicInput: Field,
-  methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method: (publicInput: Field) => {},
-    },
-  },
+  methods: { run: { privateInputs: [], method: (_) => {} } },
+});
+
+class EmptyProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(EmptyProgram) {}
+
+// unit-test zkprogram creation helpers:
+// -) sortMethodArguments
+// -) picklesRuleFromFunction
+
+it('pickles rule creation', async () => {
+  // a rule that verifies a proof conditionally, and returns the proof's input as output
+  function main(proof: EmptyProof, shouldVerify: Bool) {
+    proof.verifyIf(shouldVerify);
+    return proof.publicInput;
+  }
+  let privateInputs = [EmptyProof, Bool];
+
+  // collect method interface
+  let methodIntf = sortMethodArguments('mock', 'main', privateInputs, Proof);
+
+  expect(methodIntf).toEqual({
+    methodName: 'main',
+    witnessArgs: [Bool],
+    proofArgs: [EmptyProof],
+    allArgs: [
+      { type: 'proof', index: 0 },
+      { type: 'witness', index: 0 },
+    ],
+    genericArgs: [],
+  });
+
+  // store compiled tag
+  CompiledTag.store(EmptyProgram, 'mock tag');
+
+  // create pickles rule
+  let rule: Pickles.Rule = picklesRuleFromFunction(
+    Empty as ProvablePure<any>,
+    Field as ProvablePure<any>,
+    main as AnyFunction,
+    { name: 'mock' },
+    methodIntf,
+    []
+  );
+
+  await equivalentAsync(
+    { from: [field, bool], to: record({ field, bool }) },
+    { runs: 5 }
+  )(
+    (field, bool) => ({ field, bool }),
+    async (field, bool) => {
+      let dummy = await EmptyProof.dummy(field, undefined, 0);
+      let field_: FieldConst = [0, 0n];
+      let bool_: FieldConst = [0, 0n];
+
+      Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+        // put witnesses in snark context
+        snarkContext.get().witnesses = [dummy, bool];
+
+        // call pickles rule
+        let {
+          publicOutput: [, publicOutput],
+          shouldVerify: [, shouldVerify],
+        } = rule.main([0]);
+
+        // `publicOutput` and `shouldVerify` are as expected
+        Snarky.field.assertEqual(publicOutput, dummy.publicInput.value);
+        Snarky.field.assertEqual(shouldVerify, bool.value);
+
+        Provable.asProver(() => {
+          field_ = Snarky.field.readVar(publicOutput);
+          bool_ = Snarky.field.readVar(shouldVerify);
+        });
+      });
+
+      return { field: Field(field_), bool: Bool(FieldVar.constant(bool_)) };
+    }
+  );
 });
 
+// regression tests for some zkprograms
 const emptyMethodsMetadata = EmptyProgram.analyzeMethods();
 expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual(
   expect.objectContaining({

From 515b1c0b4670e4c3605a5e1b0d90520f591f8b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 16:25:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1049/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0c4e80dcab..7488208b26 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
 - `Provable.constraintSystem()` and `{ZkProgram,SmartContract}.analyzeMethods()` return a `print()` method for pretty-printing the constraint system https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix missing recursive verification of proofs in smart contracts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1302
+
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 6e477e260e9dc27ec3be4ee534695cfc76204a87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 18:48:44 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1050/1786] Fix round constants not constrained

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 17 ++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 813b53d576..48e71658d1 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { existsOne, exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
-import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
@@ -359,17 +358,17 @@ function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
 
 // Fifth step of the permutation function of Keccak for 64-bit words.
 // It takes the word located at the position (0,0) of the state and XORs it with the round constant.
-function iota(state: Field[][], rc: Field): Field[][] {
+function iota(state: Field[][], rc: bigint): Field[][] {
   const stateG = state;
 
-  stateG[0][0] = Gadgets.xor(stateG[0][0], rc, KECCAK_WORD);
+  stateG[0][0] = Gadgets.xor(stateG[0][0], Field.from(rc), KECCAK_WORD);
 
   return stateG;
 }
 
 // One round of the Keccak permutation function.
 // iota o chi o pi o rho o theta
-function round(state: Field[][], rc: Field): Field[][] {
+function round(state: Field[][], rc: bigint): Field[][] {
   const stateA = state;
   const stateE = theta(stateA);
   const stateB = piRho(stateE);
@@ -379,7 +378,7 @@ function round(state: Field[][], rc: Field): Field[][] {
 }
 
 // Keccak permutation function with a constant number of rounds
-function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: Field[]): Field[][] {
+function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: bigint[]): Field[][] {
   return rc.reduce((acc, value) => round(acc, value), state);
 }
 
@@ -390,7 +389,7 @@ function absorb(
   paddedMessage: Field[],
   capacity: number,
   rate: number,
-  rc: Field[]
+  rc: bigint[]
 ): Field[][] {
   let state = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
@@ -423,7 +422,7 @@ function squeeze(
   state: Field[][],
   length: number,
   rate: number,
-  rc: Field[]
+  rc: bigint[]
 ): Field[] {
   // Copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
   const copy = (
@@ -480,8 +479,8 @@ function sponge(
     throw new Error('Invalid padded message length');
   }
 
-  // load round constants into Fields
-  const rc = exists(24, () => TupleN.fromArray(24, ROUND_CONSTANTS));
+  // load round constants
+  const rc = ROUND_CONSTANTS;
 
   // absorb
   const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, rc);

From cc31b398bba5d9da83bb7f4fb07f68c19270b1e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 17:41:20 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1051/1786] feat(release.yml): add condition to run jobs only
 if RUN_JOB environment variable is set to 'true' to prevent unnecessary job
 runs

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 6b61097873..a3aa4226dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -51,15 +51,18 @@ jobs:
           echo "NEW_VERSION=$NEW_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Install npm dependencies
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: npm install
 
       - name: Update CHANGELOG.md
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: |
           npm run update-changelog
           git add CHANGELOG.md
           git commit -m "Update CHANGELOG for new version $NEW_VERSION"
 
       - name: Create new release branch
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: |
           NEW_BRANCH="release/${NEW_VERSION}"
           git checkout -b $NEW_BRANCH

From 601e07aed2e1f23dbfdb4cbf3bfd53e3f259e83a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 02:21:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1052/1786] Remove switch statements for length

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 34 ++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 48e71658d1..d7890353dd 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export { Keccak };
 const Keccak = {
   /** TODO */
   nistSha3(
-    len: number,
+    len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
     message: Field[],
     inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ const Keccak = {
   },
   /** TODO */
   preNist(
-    len: number,
+    len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
     message: Field[],
     inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
@@ -547,24 +547,13 @@ function hash(
 // Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
 // Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
 function nistSha3(
-  len: number,
+  len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
   message: Field[],
   inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  switch (len) {
-    case 224:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, true);
-    case 256:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, true);
-    case 384:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, true);
-    case 512:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 512, 1024, true);
-    default:
-      throw new Error('Invalid length');
-  }
+  return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, true);
 }
 
 // Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
@@ -582,22 +571,11 @@ function ethereum(
 // Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
 // Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
 function preNist(
-  len: number,
+  len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
   message: Field[],
   inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  switch (len) {
-    case 224:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 224, 448, false);
-    case 256:
-      return ethereum(message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
-    case 384:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 384, 768, false);
-    case 512:
-      return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 512, 1024, false);
-    default:
-      throw new Error('Invalid length');
-  }
+  return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, false);
 }

From 8fc218b96f6b8bf858d6d0b234667a58ea7752ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 02:42:46 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1053/1786] Remove endian conversion

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 55 +++++++++++------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index d7890353dd..585348c51a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { existsOne, exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { existsOne } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
@@ -11,30 +11,21 @@ const Keccak = {
   nistSha3(
     len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
     message: Field[],
-    inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-    outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     byteChecks: boolean = false
   ): Field[] {
-    return nistSha3(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+    return nistSha3(len, message, byteChecks);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  ethereum(
-    message: Field[],
-    inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-    outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-    byteChecks: boolean = false
-  ): Field[] {
-    return ethereum(message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+  ethereum(message: Field[], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
+    return ethereum(message, byteChecks);
   },
   /** TODO */
   preNist(
     len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
     message: Field[],
-    inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-    outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
     byteChecks: boolean = false
   ): Field[] {
-    return preNist(len, message, inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks);
+    return preNist(len, message, byteChecks);
   },
 };
 
@@ -503,8 +494,6 @@ function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
 // - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
 // - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 1600 bits of the state.
 function hash(
-  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   byteChecks: boolean = false,
   message: Field[] = [],
   length: number,
@@ -520,62 +509,42 @@ function hash(
   assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
   assert(length % 8 === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
 
-  // Input endianness conversion
-  const messageFormatted = inpEndian === 'Big' ? message : message.reverse();
-
   // Check each Field input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
-  byteChecks && checkBytes(messageFormatted);
+  byteChecks && checkBytes(message);
 
   const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH - capacity;
 
   const padded =
-    nistVersion === true
-      ? padNist(messageFormatted, rate)
-      : pad101(messageFormatted, rate);
+    nistVersion === true ? padNist(message, rate) : pad101(message, rate);
 
   const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
 
   // Always check each Field output is 8 bits at most because they are created here
   checkBytes(hash);
 
-  // Output endianness conversion
-  const hashFormatted = outEndian === 'Big' ? hash : hash.reverse();
-
-  return hashFormatted;
+  return hash;
 }
 
 // Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
-// Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
 function nistSha3(
   len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
   message: Field[],
-  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, true);
+  return hash(byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, true);
 }
 
 // Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
-// Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
-function ethereum(
-  message: Field[] = [],
-  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-  byteChecks: boolean = false
-): Field[] {
-  return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, 256, 512, false);
+function ethereum(message: Field[] = [], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
+  return hash(byteChecks, message, 256, 512, false);
 }
 
 // Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
-// Input and output endianness can be specified. Default is big endian.
 // Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
 function preNist(
   len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
   message: Field[],
-  inpEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
-  outEndian: 'Big' | 'Little' = 'Big',
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  return hash(inpEndian, outEndian, byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, false);
+  return hash(byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, false);
 }

From 86ccad775045801c02e9f7a4bae690c2bb34fdcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 02:50:17 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1054/1786] Replace copy in squeeze with splice builtin

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 18 ++++--------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 585348c51a..d64963b25c 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -415,18 +415,6 @@ function squeeze(
   rate: number,
   rc: bigint[]
 ): Field[] {
-  // Copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
-  const copy = (
-    bytestring: Field[],
-    outputArray: Field[],
-    start: number,
-    length: number
-  ) => {
-    for (let idx = 0; idx < length; idx++) {
-      outputArray[start + idx] = bytestring[idx];
-    }
-  };
-
   let newState = state;
 
   // bytes per squeeze
@@ -440,7 +428,8 @@ function squeeze(
   // first state to be squeezed
   const bytestring = keccakStateToBytes(state);
   const outputBytes = bytestring.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
-  copy(outputBytes, outputArray, 0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+  // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
+  outputArray.splice(0, bytesPerSqueeze, ...outputBytes);
 
   // for the rest of squeezes
   for (let i = 1; i < squeezes; i++) {
@@ -449,7 +438,8 @@ function squeeze(
     // append the output of the permutation function to the output
     const bytestringI = keccakStateToBytes(state);
     const outputBytesI = bytestringI.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
-    copy(outputBytesI, outputArray, bytesPerSqueeze * i, bytesPerSqueeze);
+    // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
+    outputArray.splice(bytesPerSqueeze * i, bytesPerSqueeze, ...outputBytesI);
   }
 
   // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength/8 bytes of the output array

From 3d3977fb28c313fa6d4d8c1578f2c620be03366b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 04:29:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1055/1786] Combines pad functions and change rate argument to
 bytes

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 42 +++++++++---------------------------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index d64963b25c..bac20da5d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -190,49 +190,26 @@ function keccakStateXor(a: Field[][], b: Field[][]): Field[][] {
 
 // Computes the number of required extra bytes to pad a message of length bytes
 function bytesToPad(rate: number, length: number): number {
-  return Math.floor(rate / 8) - (length % Math.floor(rate / 8));
+  return rate - (length % rate);
 }
 
 // Pads a message M as:
 // M || pad[x](|M|)
-// Padding rule 0x06 ..0*..1.
-// The padded message vector will start with the message vector
-// followed by the 0*1 rule to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes)
-// (This means a 0110 sequence, followed with as many 0s as needed, and a final 1 bit)
-function padNist(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
+// The padded message will begin with the message and end with the padding rule (below) to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes).
+// If nist is true, then the padding rule is 0x06 ..0*..1.
+// If nist is false, then the padding rule is 10*1.
+function pad(message: Field[], rate: number, nist: boolean): Field[] {
   // Find out desired length of the padding in bytes
   // If message is already rate bits, need to pad full rate again
   const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
 
   // 0x06 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x86
-  const last = Field.from(BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7));
+  const first = nist ? 0x06n : 0x01n;
+  const last = 0x80n;
 
   // Create the padding vector
   const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
-  pad[0] = Field.from(6);
-  pad[extraBytes - 1] = pad[extraBytes - 1].add(last);
-
-  // Return the padded message
-  return [...message, ...pad];
-}
-
-// Pads a message M as:
-// M || pad[x](|M|)
-// Padding rule 10*1.
-// The padded message vector will start with the message vector
-// followed by the 10*1 rule to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes)
-// (This means a 1 bit, followed with as many 0s as needed, and a final 1 bit)
-function pad101(message: Field[], rate: number): Field[] {
-  // Find out desired length of the padding in bytes
-  // If message is already rate bits, need to pad full rate again
-  const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
-
-  // 0x01 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x81
-  const last = Field.from(BigInt(2) ** BigInt(7));
-
-  // Create the padding vector
-  const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
-  pad[0] = Field.from(1);
+  pad[0] = Field.from(first);
   pad[extraBytes - 1] = pad[extraBytes - 1].add(last);
 
   // Return the padded message
@@ -504,8 +481,7 @@ function hash(
 
   const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH - capacity;
 
-  const padded =
-    nistVersion === true ? padNist(message, rate) : pad101(message, rate);
+  const padded = pad(message, rate, nistVersion);
 
   const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
 

From 45fb784290f2cdce18f36e69fc431aec71924df7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 07:06:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1056/1786] Changes all rate, length, and capacity units to
 bytes

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index bac20da5d8..55782214f3 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ const BYTES_PER_WORD = KECCAK_WORD / 8;
 // Length of the state in bits, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bits (1600)
 const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * KECCAK_WORD;
 
+// Length of the state in bytes, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bytes (200)
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
+
 // Number of rounds of the Keccak permutation function depending on the value `l` (24)
 const KECCAK_ROUNDS = 12 + 2 * KECCAK_ELL;
 
@@ -141,9 +144,8 @@ function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
 
 // Converts a state of Fields to a list of bytes as Fields and creates constraints for it
 function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
-  const stateLengthInBytes = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
   const bytestring: Field[] = Array.from(
-    { length: stateLengthInBytes },
+    { length: KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES },
     (_, idx) =>
       existsOne(() => {
         // idx = k + 8 * ((dim * j) + i)
@@ -361,19 +363,19 @@ function absorb(
 ): Field[][] {
   let state = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
-  // (capacity / 8) zero bytes
-  const zeros = Array(capacity / 8).fill(Field.from(0));
+  // array of capacity zero bytes
+  const zeros = Array(capacity).fill(Field.from(0));
 
-  for (let idx = 0; idx < paddedMessage.length; idx += rate / 8) {
+  for (let idx = 0; idx < paddedMessage.length; idx += rate) {
     // split into blocks of rate bits
-    // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate/8 bytes
-    const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate / 8);
-    // pad the block with 0s to up to 1600 bits
+    // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate bytes
+    const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate);
+    // pad the block with 0s to up to 200 bytes
     const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
-    // padded with zeros each block until they are 1600 bit long
+    // padded with zeros each block until they are 200 bytes long
     assert(
-      paddedBlock.length * 8 === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH,
-      `improper Keccak block length (should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH})`
+      paddedBlock.length === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES,
+      `improper Keccak block length (should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES})`
     );
     const blockState = getKeccakStateOfBytes(paddedBlock);
     // xor the state with the padded block
@@ -394,19 +396,17 @@ function squeeze(
 ): Field[] {
   let newState = state;
 
-  // bytes per squeeze
-  const bytesPerSqueeze = rate / 8;
   // number of squeezes
   const squeezes = Math.floor(length / rate) + 1;
   // multiple of rate that is larger than output_length, in bytes
-  const outputLength = squeezes * bytesPerSqueeze;
+  const outputLength = squeezes * rate;
   // array with sufficient space to store the output
   const outputArray = Array(outputLength).fill(Field.from(0));
   // first state to be squeezed
   const bytestring = keccakStateToBytes(state);
-  const outputBytes = bytestring.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+  const outputBytes = bytestring.slice(0, rate);
   // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
-  outputArray.splice(0, bytesPerSqueeze, ...outputBytes);
+  outputArray.splice(0, rate, ...outputBytes);
 
   // for the rest of squeezes
   for (let i = 1; i < squeezes; i++) {
@@ -414,18 +414,17 @@ function squeeze(
     newState = permutation(newState, rc);
     // append the output of the permutation function to the output
     const bytestringI = keccakStateToBytes(state);
-    const outputBytesI = bytestringI.slice(0, bytesPerSqueeze);
+    const outputBytesI = bytestringI.slice(0, rate);
     // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
-    outputArray.splice(bytesPerSqueeze * i, bytesPerSqueeze, ...outputBytesI);
+    outputArray.splice(rate * i, rate, ...outputBytesI);
   }
 
-  // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength/8 bytes of the output array
-  const hashed = outputArray.slice(0, length / 8);
+  // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength bytes of the output array
+  const hashed = outputArray.slice(0, length);
   return hashed;
 }
 
-// Keccak sponge function for 1600 bits of state width
-// Need to split the message into blocks of 1088 bits.
+// Keccak sponge function for 200 bytes of state width
 function sponge(
   paddedMessage: Field[],
   length: number,
@@ -433,7 +432,7 @@ function sponge(
   rate: number
 ): Field[] {
   // check that the padded message is a multiple of rate
-  if ((paddedMessage.length * 8) % rate !== 0) {
+  if (paddedMessage.length % rate !== 0) {
     throw new Error('Invalid padded message length');
   }
 
@@ -459,7 +458,7 @@ function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
 // The message will be parsed as follows:
 // - the first byte of the message will be the least significant byte of the first word of the state (A[0][0])
 // - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
-// - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 1600 bits of the state.
+// - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 200 bytes of the state.
 function hash(
   byteChecks: boolean = false,
   message: Field[] = [],
@@ -470,16 +469,15 @@ function hash(
   // Throw errors if used improperly
   assert(capacity > 0, 'capacity must be positive');
   assert(
-    capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH,
-    `capacity must be less than ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH}`
+    capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES,
+    `capacity must be less than ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES}`
   );
   assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
-  assert(length % 8 === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
 
   // Check each Field input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
   byteChecks && checkBytes(message);
 
-  const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH - capacity;
+  const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES - capacity;
 
   const padded = pad(message, rate, nistVersion);
 
@@ -497,12 +495,7 @@ function nistSha3(
   message: Field[],
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  return hash(byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, true);
-}
-
-// Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
-function ethereum(message: Field[] = [], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
-  return hash(byteChecks, message, 256, 512, false);
+  return hash(byteChecks, message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
 }
 
 // Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
@@ -512,5 +505,10 @@ function preNist(
   message: Field[],
   byteChecks: boolean = false
 ): Field[] {
-  return hash(byteChecks, message, len, 2 * len, false);
+  return hash(byteChecks, message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
+}
+
+// Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
+function ethereum(message: Field[] = [], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
+  return preNist(256, message, byteChecks);
 }

From 1003cc538c65f67f7bba914cd2ae0b6132dbe407 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 07:50:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1057/1786] Make Keccak test run for random preimage/digest
 length

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 152 +++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 34e497804e..69da64a7cf 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,139 +1,117 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
-import { keccak_256, sha3_256, keccak_512, sha3_512 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Random } from './testing/random.js';
 import { array, equivalentAsync, fieldWithRng } from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import { constraintSystem, contains } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
+import {
+  keccak_224,
+  keccak_256,
+  keccak_384,
+  keccak_512,
+  sha3_224,
+  sha3_256,
+  sha3_384,
+  sha3_512,
+} from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
 
-// TODO(jackryanservia): Add test to assert fail for byte that's larger than 255
-// TODO(jackryanservia): Add random length with three runs
-
-const PREIMAGE_LENGTH = 75;
 const RUNS = 1;
 
+const testImplementations = {
+  sha3: {
+    224: sha3_224,
+    256: sha3_256,
+    384: sha3_384,
+    512: sha3_512,
+  },
+  preNist: {
+    224: keccak_224,
+    256: keccak_256,
+    384: keccak_384,
+    512: keccak_512,
+  },
+};
+
 const uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
-const Keccak256 = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'keccak256',
-  publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, PREIMAGE_LENGTH),
-  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 32),
+// Choose a test length at random
+const digestLength = [224, 256, 384, 512][Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)] as
+  | 224
+  | 256
+  | 384
+  | 512;
+
+// Chose a random preimage length
+const preImageLength = digestLength / Math.floor(Math.random() * 4 + 2);
+
+// No need to test Ethereum because it's just a special case of preNist
+const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'keccak-test',
+  publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, preImageLength),
+  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, digestLength / 8),
   methods: {
-    ethereum: {
+    nistSha3: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method(preImage) {
-        return Keccak.ethereum(preImage);
+        return Keccak.nistSha3(digestLength, preImage);
       },
     },
-    // No need for preNist Keccak_256 because it's identical to ethereum
-    nistSha3: {
+    preNist: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method(preImage) {
-        return Keccak.nistSha3(256, preImage);
+        return Keccak.preNist(digestLength, preImage);
       },
     },
   },
 });
 
-await Keccak256.compile();
+await KeccakProgram.compile();
 
+// SHA-3
 await equivalentAsync(
   {
-    from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
-    to: array(uint(8), 32),
+    from: [array(uint(8), preImageLength)],
+    to: array(uint(8), digestLength / 8),
   },
   { runs: RUNS }
 )(
   (x) => {
-    const uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
-    const result = keccak_256(uint8Array);
+    const byteArray = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
+    const result = testImplementations.sha3[digestLength](byteArray);
     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    const proof = await Keccak256.ethereum(x);
+    const proof = await KeccakProgram.nistSha3(x);
+    await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
 
+// PreNIST Keccak
 await equivalentAsync(
   {
-    from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
-    to: array(uint(8), 32),
+    from: [array(uint(8), preImageLength)],
+    to: array(uint(8), digestLength / 8),
   },
   { runs: RUNS }
 )(
   (x) => {
-    const thing = x.map(Number);
-    const result = sha3_256(new Uint8Array(thing));
+    const byteArray = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
+    const result = testImplementations.preNist[digestLength](byteArray);
     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
   },
   async (x) => {
-    const proof = await Keccak256.nistSha3(x);
+    const proof = await KeccakProgram.preNist(x);
+    await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
 
-// const Keccak512 = ZkProgram({
-//   name: 'keccak512',
-//   publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, PREIMAGE_LENGTH),
-//   publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, 64),
-//   methods: {
-//     preNist: {
-//       privateInputs: [],
-//       method(preImage) {
-//         return Keccak.preNist(512, preImage, 'Big', 'Big', true);
-//       },
-//     },
-//     nistSha3: {
-//       privateInputs: [],
-//       method(preImage) {
-//         return Keccak.nistSha3(512, preImage, 'Big', 'Big', true);
-//       },
-//     },
-//   },
-// });
-
-// await Keccak512.compile();
-
-// await equivalentAsync(
-//   {
-//     from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
-//     to: array(uint(8), 64),
-//   },
-//   { runs: RUNS }
-// )(
-//   (x) => {
-//     const uint8Array = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
-//     const result = keccak_512(uint8Array);
-//     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
-//   },
-//   async (x) => {
-//     const proof = await Keccak512.preNist(x);
-//     return proof.publicOutput;
-//   }
+// This takes a while and doesn't do much, so I commented it out
+// Constraint system sanity check
+// constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
+//   KeccakTest,
+//   'preNist',
+//   contains([['Generic'], ['Xor16'], ['Zero'], ['Rot64'], ['RangeCheck0']])
 // );
-
-// await equivalentAsync(
-//   {
-//     from: [array(uint(8), PREIMAGE_LENGTH)],
-//     to: array(uint(8), 64),
-//   },
-//   { runs: RUNS }
-// )(
-//   (x) => {
-//     const thing = x.map(Number);
-//     const result = sha3_512(new Uint8Array(thing));
-//     return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
-//   },
-//   async (x) => {
-//     const proof = await Keccak512.nistSha3(x);
-//     return proof.publicOutput;
-//   }
-// );
-
-constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
-  Keccak256,
-  'ethereum',
-  contains([['Generic'], ['Xor16'], ['Zero'], ['Rot64'], ['RangeCheck0']])
-);

From bfb99e25988adab75bbf5e66d1eab05990f1bac9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 08:30:44 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1058/1786] Fixes random preImageLength in Keccak unit test

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 69da64a7cf..70aa377724 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -42,14 +42,17 @@ const digestLength = [224, 256, 384, 512][Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)] as
   | 384
   | 512;
 
+// Digest length in bytes
+const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;
+
 // Chose a random preimage length
-const preImageLength = digestLength / Math.floor(Math.random() * 4 + 2);
+const preImageLength = Math.floor(digestLength / (Math.random() * 4 + 2));
 
 // No need to test Ethereum because it's just a special case of preNist
 const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'keccak-test',
   publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, preImageLength),
-  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, digestLength / 8),
+  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, digestLengthBytes),
   methods: {
     nistSha3: {
       privateInputs: [],
@@ -72,7 +75,7 @@ await KeccakProgram.compile();
 await equivalentAsync(
   {
     from: [array(uint(8), preImageLength)],
-    to: array(uint(8), digestLength / 8),
+    to: array(uint(8), digestLengthBytes),
   },
   { runs: RUNS }
 )(
@@ -92,7 +95,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 await equivalentAsync(
   {
     from: [array(uint(8), preImageLength)],
-    to: array(uint(8), digestLength / 8),
+    to: array(uint(8), digestLengthBytes),
   },
   { runs: RUNS }
 )(

From 898e761767650d34202c814eae48c2e23bb22cd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 09:01:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1059/1786] Cleans up asserts

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 25 ++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 55782214f3..5c2e38b5bf 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -119,8 +119,10 @@ const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
 // Converts a list of bytes to a matrix of Field elements
 function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
   assert(
-    bytestring.length === 200,
-    'improper bytestring length (should be 200)'
+    bytestring.length === KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * BYTES_PER_WORD,
+    `improper bytestring length (should be ${
+      KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * BYTES_PER_WORD
+    }})`
   );
 
   const bytestringArray = Array.from(bytestring);
@@ -197,7 +199,7 @@ function bytesToPad(rate: number, length: number): number {
 
 // Pads a message M as:
 // M || pad[x](|M|)
-// The padded message will begin with the message and end with the padding rule (below) to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes).
+// The padded message will start with the message argument followed by the padding rule (below) to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes).
 // If nist is true, then the padding rule is 0x06 ..0*..1.
 // If nist is false, then the padding rule is 10*1.
 function pad(message: Field[], rate: number, nist: boolean): Field[] {
@@ -361,6 +363,15 @@ function absorb(
   rate: number,
   rc: bigint[]
 ): Field[][] {
+  assert(
+    rate + capacity === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES,
+    `invalid rate or capacity (rate + capacity should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES})`
+  );
+  assert(
+    paddedMessage.length % rate === 0,
+    'invalid padded message length (should be multiple of rate)'
+  );
+
   let state = getKeccakStateZeros();
 
   // array of capacity zero bytes
@@ -370,13 +381,9 @@ function absorb(
     // split into blocks of rate bits
     // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate bytes
     const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate);
-    // pad the block with 0s to up to 200 bytes
+    // pad the block with 0s to up to KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES bytes
     const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
-    // padded with zeros each block until they are 200 bytes long
-    assert(
-      paddedBlock.length === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES,
-      `improper Keccak block length (should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES})`
-    );
+    // convert the padded block byte array to a Keccak state
     const blockState = getKeccakStateOfBytes(paddedBlock);
     // xor the state with the padded block
     const stateXor = keccakStateXor(state, blockState);

From b45ba97022f1cd31d319df64e9a84d970782fadf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 09:09:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1060/1786] Removes loop in squeeze bc standard length+capacity
 only does one sequeeze

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 23 +++--------------------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 5c2e38b5bf..7a0ccb7db1 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -395,16 +395,10 @@ function absorb(
 }
 
 // Squeeze state until it has a desired length in bits
-function squeeze(
-  state: Field[][],
-  length: number,
-  rate: number,
-  rc: bigint[]
-): Field[] {
-  let newState = state;
-
+function squeeze(state: Field[][], length: number, rate: number): Field[] {
   // number of squeezes
   const squeezes = Math.floor(length / rate) + 1;
+  assert(squeezes === 1, 'squeezes should be 1');
   // multiple of rate that is larger than output_length, in bytes
   const outputLength = squeezes * rate;
   // array with sufficient space to store the output
@@ -415,17 +409,6 @@ function squeeze(
   // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
   outputArray.splice(0, rate, ...outputBytes);
 
-  // for the rest of squeezes
-  for (let i = 1; i < squeezes; i++) {
-    // apply the permutation function to the state
-    newState = permutation(newState, rc);
-    // append the output of the permutation function to the output
-    const bytestringI = keccakStateToBytes(state);
-    const outputBytesI = bytestringI.slice(0, rate);
-    // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
-    outputArray.splice(rate * i, rate, ...outputBytesI);
-  }
-
   // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength bytes of the output array
   const hashed = outputArray.slice(0, length);
   return hashed;
@@ -450,7 +433,7 @@ function sponge(
   const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, rc);
 
   // squeeze
-  const hashed = squeeze(state, length, rate, rc);
+  const hashed = squeeze(state, length, rate);
 
   return hashed;
 }

From ec9981da182c2d990c579025e13c922f33c971cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 10:51:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1061/1786] fix: remove non-public ecdsa from changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index f438d8d0f0..601e2a8b0f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - **Foreign field arithmetic** exposed through the `createForeignField()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs/pull/985
-- **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
-  - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
 - `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262

From 5cf87ede20d6d9733842fec9029d27c8c9320585 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:07:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1062/1786] Update README-dev.md

---
 README-dev.md | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index e77b02b95d..9be9eced61 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ The following branches are compatible:
 |            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
 |            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
+If you work on o1js, create a feature branch off of one of these base branches. It's encouraged to submit your work in progress as a draft to raise visibility!
+
+**Default to `main` as the base branch**.
+
+The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenarios where you want to adapt o1js to changes in the sibling repos on those other branches. Even then, consider whether it is feasible to land your changes to `main` and merge to `berkeley` and `develop` afterwards. Only changes in `main` will ever be released, so anything in the other branches has to be backported and reconciled with `main` eventually.
+
 ## Run the GitHub actions locally
 
 <!-- The test example should stay in sync with a real value set in .github/workflows/build-actions.yml -->

From 9fe14c11e9c002c9c5829b48a5a362e58c0127e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:08:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1063/1786] Update README-dev.md

---
 README-dev.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 9be9eced61..6c37bfefd2 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ The following branches are compatible:
 |            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
 |            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
-If you work on o1js, create a feature branch off of one of these base branches. It's encouraged to submit your work in progress as a draft to raise visibility!
+If you work on o1js, create a feature branch off of one of these base branches. It's encouraged to submit your work-in-progress as a draft PR to raise visibility!
 
 **Default to `main` as the base branch**.
 

From 00756fc4e92d1a6d9c2411c16b3b35ec8f463ac3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:13:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1064/1786] reduce duplication in bytes / word conversion

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 44 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 7a0ccb7db1..bed75174cf 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -97,19 +97,6 @@ const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
   0x8000000080008008n,
 ];
 
-// AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
-
-// Auxiliary function to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
-function checkBytesToWord(wordBytes: Field[], word: Field): void {
-  const composition = wordBytes.reduce((acc, value, idx) => {
-    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
-    return acc.add(value.mul(shift));
-  }, Field.from(0));
-
-  // Create constraints to check that the word is composed correctly from bytes
-  word.assertEquals(composition);
-}
-
 // KECCAK STATE FUNCTIONS
 
 // Return a keccak state where all lanes are equal to 0
@@ -133,12 +120,7 @@ function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
       const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * j + i);
       // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [i,j]
       const wordBytes = bytestringArray.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
-
-      for (let k = 0; k < BYTES_PER_WORD; k++) {
-        // Field element containing value 2^(8*k)
-        const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * k);
-        state[i][j] = state[i][j].add(wordBytes[k].mul(shift));
-      }
+      state[i][j] = bytesToWord(wordBytes);
     }
   }
   return state;
@@ -167,7 +149,7 @@ function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
       // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [i,j]
       const word_bytes = bytestring.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
       // Assert correct decomposition of bytes from state
-      checkBytesToWord(word_bytes, state[i][j]);
+      bytesToWord(word_bytes).assertEquals(state[i][j]);
     }
   }
   return bytestring;
@@ -438,12 +420,6 @@ function sponge(
   return hashed;
 }
 
-// TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
-// Checks in the circuit that a list of Fields are at most 8 bits each
-function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
-  inputs.map(rangeCheck8);
-}
-
 // Keccak hash function with input message passed as list of Field bytes.
 // The message will be parsed as follows:
 // - the first byte of the message will be the least significant byte of the first word of the state (A[0][0])
@@ -502,3 +478,19 @@ function preNist(
 function ethereum(message: Field[] = [], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
   return preNist(256, message, byteChecks);
 }
+
+// AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
+
+// TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
+// Checks in the circuit that a list of Fields are at most 8 bits each
+function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
+  inputs.map(rangeCheck8);
+}
+
+// Auxiliary function to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
+function bytesToWord(wordBytes: Field[]): Field {
+  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, value, idx) => {
+    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
+    return acc.add(value.mul(shift));
+  }, Field.from(0));
+}

From 9ad14b3ce7c30fa8a5d26520cfba542319b54a03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:18:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1065/1786] remove checkBytes argument

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 46 +++++++++++++---------------------------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index bed75174cf..6c6f254cae 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -8,24 +8,16 @@ export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
   /** TODO */
-  nistSha3(
-    len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
-    message: Field[],
-    byteChecks: boolean = false
-  ): Field[] {
-    return nistSha3(len, message, byteChecks);
+  nistSha3(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+    return nistSha3(len, message);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  ethereum(message: Field[], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
-    return ethereum(message, byteChecks);
+  ethereum(message: Field[]): Field[] {
+    return ethereum(message);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  preNist(
-    len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
-    message: Field[],
-    byteChecks: boolean = false
-  ): Field[] {
-    return preNist(len, message, byteChecks);
+  preNist(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+    return preNist(len, message);
   },
 };
 
@@ -426,8 +418,7 @@ function sponge(
 // - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
 // - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 200 bytes of the state.
 function hash(
-  byteChecks: boolean = false,
-  message: Field[] = [],
+  message: Field[],
   length: number,
   capacity: number,
   nistVersion: boolean
@@ -440,9 +431,6 @@ function hash(
   );
   assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
 
-  // Check each Field input is 8 bits at most if it was not done before at creation time
-  byteChecks && checkBytes(message);
-
   const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES - capacity;
 
   const padded = pad(message, rate, nistVersion);
@@ -456,27 +444,19 @@ function hash(
 }
 
 // Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
-function nistSha3(
-  len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
-  message: Field[],
-  byteChecks: boolean = false
-): Field[] {
-  return hash(byteChecks, message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
+function nistSha3(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  return hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
 }
 
 // Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
 // Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
-function preNist(
-  len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512,
-  message: Field[],
-  byteChecks: boolean = false
-): Field[] {
-  return hash(byteChecks, message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
+function preNist(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  return hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
 }
 
 // Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
-function ethereum(message: Field[] = [], byteChecks: boolean = false): Field[] {
-  return preNist(256, message, byteChecks);
+function ethereum(message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  return preNist(256, message);
 }
 
 // AUXILARY FUNCTIONS

From dfa64ad7e78744ef63270bfaaf5281568b13fa85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:19:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1066/1786] remove commented code

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 9 ---------
 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 70aa377724..f3fc6ab117 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Random } from './testing/random.js';
 import { array, equivalentAsync, fieldWithRng } from './testing/equivalent.js';
-import { constraintSystem, contains } from './testing/constraint-system.js';
 import {
   keccak_224,
   keccak_256,
@@ -110,11 +109,3 @@ await equivalentAsync(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-
-// This takes a while and doesn't do much, so I commented it out
-// Constraint system sanity check
-// constraintSystem.fromZkProgram(
-//   KeccakTest,
-//   'preNist',
-//   contains([['Generic'], ['Xor16'], ['Zero'], ['Rot64'], ['RangeCheck0']])
-// );

From d8a487cf66474853620a92383bc71a6e3dbf7495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:21:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1067/1786] remove unused constant

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 6c6f254cae..ff836a4aa0 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -41,9 +41,6 @@ const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * KECCAK_WORD;
 // Length of the state in bytes, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bytes (200)
 const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
 
-// Number of rounds of the Keccak permutation function depending on the value `l` (24)
-const KECCAK_ROUNDS = 12 + 2 * KECCAK_ELL;
-
 // Creates the 5x5 table of rotation offset for Keccak modulo 64
 //  | i \ j |  0 |  1 |  2 |  3 |  4 |
 //  | ----- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |

From 95ef9945fd0f482b1e3d5fa2babda42a62e0a1c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 12:21:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1068/1786] type tweak

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index f3fc6ab117..ead929350e 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -35,11 +35,9 @@ const testImplementations = {
 const uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
 // Choose a test length at random
-const digestLength = [224, 256, 384, 512][Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)] as
-  | 224
-  | 256
-  | 384
-  | 512;
+const digestLength = ([224, 256, 384, 512] as const)[
+  Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)
+];
 
 // Digest length in bytes
 const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;

From cb6756d283b662442527cbfec9a5502f40602a62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 13:18:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1069/1786] lift bytes handling outside sponge, into hash

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 249 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 129 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index ff836a4aa0..2f8f917595 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { existsOne } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
@@ -35,8 +35,11 @@ const KECCAK_WORD = 2 ** KECCAK_ELL;
 // Number of bytes that fit in a word (8)
 const BYTES_PER_WORD = KECCAK_WORD / 8;
 
+// Length of the state in words, 5x5 = 25
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS = KECCAK_DIM ** 2;
+
 // Length of the state in bits, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bits (1600)
-const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * KECCAK_WORD;
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS * KECCAK_WORD;
 
 // Length of the state in bytes, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bytes (200)
 const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
@@ -86,81 +89,6 @@ const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
   0x8000000080008008n,
 ];
 
-// KECCAK STATE FUNCTIONS
-
-// Return a keccak state where all lanes are equal to 0
-const getKeccakStateZeros = (): Field[][] =>
-  Array.from(Array(KECCAK_DIM), (_) => Array(KECCAK_DIM).fill(Field.from(0)));
-
-// Converts a list of bytes to a matrix of Field elements
-function getKeccakStateOfBytes(bytestring: Field[]): Field[][] {
-  assert(
-    bytestring.length === KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * BYTES_PER_WORD,
-    `improper bytestring length (should be ${
-      KECCAK_DIM ** 2 * BYTES_PER_WORD
-    }})`
-  );
-
-  const bytestringArray = Array.from(bytestring);
-  const state: Field[][] = getKeccakStateZeros();
-
-  for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
-      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * j + i);
-      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [i,j]
-      const wordBytes = bytestringArray.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
-      state[i][j] = bytesToWord(wordBytes);
-    }
-  }
-  return state;
-}
-
-// Converts a state of Fields to a list of bytes as Fields and creates constraints for it
-function keccakStateToBytes(state: Field[][]): Field[] {
-  const bytestring: Field[] = Array.from(
-    { length: KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES },
-    (_, idx) =>
-      existsOne(() => {
-        // idx = k + 8 * ((dim * j) + i)
-        const i = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD) % KECCAK_DIM;
-        const j = Math.floor(idx / BYTES_PER_WORD / KECCAK_DIM);
-        const k = idx % BYTES_PER_WORD;
-        const word = state[i][j].toBigInt();
-        const byte = (word >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn;
-        return byte;
-      })
-  );
-
-  // Check all words are composed correctly from bytes
-  for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
-      const idx = BYTES_PER_WORD * (KECCAK_DIM * j + i);
-      // Create an array containing the 8 bytes starting on idx that correspond to the word in [i,j]
-      const word_bytes = bytestring.slice(idx, idx + BYTES_PER_WORD);
-      // Assert correct decomposition of bytes from state
-      bytesToWord(word_bytes).assertEquals(state[i][j]);
-    }
-  }
-  return bytestring;
-}
-
-// XOR two states together and return the result
-function keccakStateXor(a: Field[][], b: Field[][]): Field[][] {
-  assert(
-    a.length === KECCAK_DIM && a[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
-    `invalid \`a\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
-  );
-  assert(
-    b.length === KECCAK_DIM && b[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
-    `invalid \`b\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
-  );
-
-  // Calls Gadgets.xor on each pair (i,j) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
-  return a.map((row, i) =>
-    row.map((value, j) => Gadgets.xor(value, b[i][j], 64))
-  );
-}
-
 // KECCAK HASH FUNCTION
 
 // Computes the number of required extra bytes to pad a message of length bytes
@@ -252,7 +180,7 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
 // We use the first index of the state array as the i coordinate and the second index as the j coordinate.
 function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   const stateE = state;
-  const stateB: Field[][] = getKeccakStateZeros();
+  const stateB = State.zeros();
 
   // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
   for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
@@ -278,7 +206,7 @@ function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
 // end for
 function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   const stateB = state;
-  const stateF = getKeccakStateZeros();
+  const stateF = State.zeros();
 
   // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: F[i,j] = B[i,j] xor ((not B[i+1,j]) and B[i+2,j])
   for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
@@ -333,17 +261,17 @@ function absorb(
   capacity: number,
   rate: number,
   rc: bigint[]
-): Field[][] {
+): State {
   assert(
-    rate + capacity === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES,
-    `invalid rate or capacity (rate + capacity should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES})`
+    rate + capacity === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS,
+    `invalid rate or capacity (rate + capacity should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS})`
   );
   assert(
     paddedMessage.length % rate === 0,
     'invalid padded message length (should be multiple of rate)'
   );
 
-  let state = getKeccakStateZeros();
+  let state = State.zeros();
 
   // array of capacity zero bytes
   const zeros = Array(capacity).fill(Field.from(0));
@@ -352,36 +280,29 @@ function absorb(
     // split into blocks of rate bits
     // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate bytes
     const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate);
-    // pad the block with 0s to up to KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES bytes
+    // pad the block with 0s to up to KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS words
     const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
-    // convert the padded block byte array to a Keccak state
-    const blockState = getKeccakStateOfBytes(paddedBlock);
+    // convert the padded block to a Keccak state
+    const blockState = State.fromWords(paddedBlock);
     // xor the state with the padded block
-    const stateXor = keccakStateXor(state, blockState);
+    const stateXor = State.xor(state, blockState);
     // apply the permutation function to the xored state
-    const statePerm = permutation(stateXor, rc);
-    state = statePerm;
+    state = permutation(stateXor, rc);
   }
   return state;
 }
 
-// Squeeze state until it has a desired length in bits
-function squeeze(state: Field[][], length: number, rate: number): Field[] {
+// Squeeze state until it has a desired length in words
+function squeeze(state: State, length: number, rate: number): Field[] {
   // number of squeezes
   const squeezes = Math.floor(length / rate) + 1;
   assert(squeezes === 1, 'squeezes should be 1');
-  // multiple of rate that is larger than output_length, in bytes
-  const outputLength = squeezes * rate;
-  // array with sufficient space to store the output
-  const outputArray = Array(outputLength).fill(Field.from(0));
+
   // first state to be squeezed
-  const bytestring = keccakStateToBytes(state);
-  const outputBytes = bytestring.slice(0, rate);
-  // copies a section of bytes in the bytestring into the output array
-  outputArray.splice(0, rate, ...outputBytes);
+  const words = State.toWords(state);
 
-  // Obtain the hash selecting the first bitlength bytes of the output array
-  const hashed = outputArray.slice(0, length);
+  // Obtain the hash selecting the first `length` words of the output array
+  const hashed = words.slice(0, length);
   return hashed;
 }
 
@@ -393,15 +314,10 @@ function sponge(
   rate: number
 ): Field[] {
   // check that the padded message is a multiple of rate
-  if (paddedMessage.length % rate !== 0) {
-    throw new Error('Invalid padded message length');
-  }
-
-  // load round constants
-  const rc = ROUND_CONSTANTS;
+  assert(paddedMessage.length % rate === 0, 'Invalid padded message length');
 
   // absorb
-  const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, rc);
+  const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, ROUND_CONSTANTS);
 
   // squeeze
   const hashed = squeeze(state, length, rate);
@@ -428,16 +344,22 @@ function hash(
   );
   assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
 
-  const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES - capacity;
+  // convert capacity and length to word units
+  assert(capacity % BYTES_PER_WORD === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
+  capacity /= BYTES_PER_WORD;
+  assert(length % BYTES_PER_WORD === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
+  length /= BYTES_PER_WORD;
 
-  const padded = pad(message, rate, nistVersion);
+  const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS - capacity;
 
-  const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
+  // apply padding, convert to words, and hash
+  const paddedBytes = pad(message, rate * BYTES_PER_WORD, nistVersion);
+  const padded = bytesToWords(paddedBytes);
 
-  // Always check each Field output is 8 bits at most because they are created here
-  checkBytes(hash);
+  const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
+  const hashBytes = wordsToBytes(hash);
 
-  return hash;
+  return hashBytes;
 }
 
 // Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
@@ -456,18 +378,105 @@ function ethereum(message: Field[]): Field[] {
   return preNist(256, message);
 }
 
+// FUNCTIONS ON KECCAK STATE
+
+type State = Field[][];
+const State = {
+  /**
+   * Create a state of all zeros
+   */
+  zeros(): State {
+    return Array.from(Array(KECCAK_DIM), (_) =>
+      Array(KECCAK_DIM).fill(Field.from(0))
+    );
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Flatten state to words
+   */
+  toWords(state: State): Field[] {
+    const words = Array<Field>(KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS);
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+        words[KECCAK_DIM * j + i] = state[i][j];
+      }
+    }
+    return words;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Compose words to state
+   */
+  fromWords(words: Field[]): State {
+    const state = State.zeros();
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+        state[i][j] = words[KECCAK_DIM * j + i];
+      }
+    }
+    return state;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * XOR two states together and return the result
+   */
+  xor(a: State, b: State): State {
+    assert(
+      a.length === KECCAK_DIM && a[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
+      `invalid \`a\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
+    );
+    assert(
+      b.length === KECCAK_DIM && b[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
+      `invalid \`b\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
+    );
+
+    // Calls Gadgets.xor on each pair (i,j) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
+    return a.map((row, i) =>
+      row.map((value, j) => Gadgets.xor(value, b[i][j], 64))
+    );
+  },
+};
+
 // AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
 
-// TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
-// Checks in the circuit that a list of Fields are at most 8 bits each
-function checkBytes(inputs: Field[]): void {
-  inputs.map(rangeCheck8);
-}
+// Auxiliary functions to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
 
-// Auxiliary function to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
 function bytesToWord(wordBytes: Field[]): Field {
   return wordBytes.reduce((acc, value, idx) => {
     const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
     return acc.add(value.mul(shift));
   }, Field.from(0));
 }
+
+function wordToBytes(word: Field): Field[] {
+  let bytes = exists(BYTES_PER_WORD, () => {
+    let w = word.toBigInt();
+    return Array.from(
+      { length: BYTES_PER_WORD },
+      (_, k) => (w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn
+    );
+  });
+  // range-check
+  // TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
+  bytes.forEach(rangeCheck8);
+
+  // check decomposition
+  bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
+
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+function bytesToWords(bytes: Field[]): Field[] {
+  return chunk(bytes, BYTES_PER_WORD).map(bytesToWord);
+}
+
+function wordsToBytes(words: Field[]): Field[] {
+  return words.flatMap(wordToBytes);
+}
+
+function chunk<T>(array: T[], size: number): T[][] {
+  assert(array.length % size === 0, 'invalid input length');
+  return Array.from({ length: array.length / size }, (_, i) =>
+    array.slice(size * i, size * (i + 1))
+  );
+}

From 8300ac15f897ea9b9ebb7509d0eed114680cf4c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 13:52:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1070/1786] don't support 224 for now because it needs extra
 work to pad to full words

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts           | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts |  4 +---
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 2f8f917595..5c9bcfc77a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
   /** TODO */
-  nistSha3(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
     return nistSha3(len, message);
   },
   /** TODO */
@@ -16,9 +16,38 @@ const Keccak = {
     return ethereum(message);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  preNist(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
     return preNist(len, message);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Low-level API to access Keccak operating on 64-bit words.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const message = [0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05].map(Field.from);
+   * const padded = Keccak.LowLevel.padMessage(message, 256, false);
+   * const hash = Keccak.LowLevel.hash(padded, 256);
+   * // hash is an array of 4 Field elements of 64 bits each
+   * ```
+   */
+  LowLevel: {
+    hash(paddedMessage: Field[], length: 256 | 384 | 512): Field[] {
+      length /= 64;
+      let capacity = length * 2;
+      let rate = 25 - capacity;
+      return sponge(paddedMessage, length, capacity, rate);
+    },
+
+    padMessage(
+      message: Field[],
+      length: 256 | 384 | 512,
+      isNist: boolean
+    ): Field[] {
+      let paddedBytes = pad(message, 200 - length / 4, isNist);
+      return bytesToWords(paddedBytes);
+    },
+  },
 };
 
 // KECCAK CONSTANTS
@@ -362,14 +391,14 @@ function hash(
   return hashBytes;
 }
 
-// Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
-function nistSha3(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+// Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 256/384/512.
+function nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
   return hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
 }
 
-// Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 224/256/384/512.
+// Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 256/384/512.
 // Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
-function preNist(len: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+function preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
   return hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index ead929350e..7caa5c166a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -35,9 +35,7 @@ const testImplementations = {
 const uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
 
 // Choose a test length at random
-const digestLength = ([224, 256, 384, 512] as const)[
-  Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)
-];
+const digestLength = ([256, 384, 512] as const)[Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)];
 
 // Digest length in bytes
 const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;

From e9ec0e8b9b8a8aa4eb0cc3e50d8d7596dbeed208 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 13:52:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1071/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1e14e50fe2..c09afcd2fc 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1e14e50fe270e8b401e88351b2c03a6e2ab5fa63
+Subproject commit c09afcd2fc902abb3db7c029740d401414f76f8b

From 25bd83bc2a8053efe3c09dc2cbef119d84de1019 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 15:22:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1072/1786] add keccak to ecdsa circuit

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 235e284556..a47c8142f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -8,9 +8,12 @@ import {
   toPoint,
 } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { assert, witnessSlice } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Ecdsa } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
+import { rangeCheck64 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
@@ -90,11 +93,14 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * let sig = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.provable, () => signature);
    *
    * // verify signature
-   * let isValid = sig.verify(msgHash, pk);
+   * let isValid = sig.verifySignedHash(msgHash, pk);
    * isValid.assertTrue('signature verifies');
    * ```
    */
-  verify(msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint, publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
+  verifySignedHash(
+    msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint,
+    publicKey: FlexiblePoint
+  ) {
     let msgHash_ = this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar.from(msgHash);
     let publicKey_ = this.Constructor.Curve.from(publicKey);
     return Ecdsa.verify(
@@ -170,3 +176,71 @@ function createEcdsa(
 function toObject(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
   return { r: signature.r.value, s: signature.s.value };
 }
+
+/**
+ * Provable method to convert keccak256 hash output to ECDSA scalar = "message hash"
+ *
+ * Spec from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm):
+ *
+ * > Let z be the L_n leftmost bits of e, where L_{n} is the bit length of the group order n.
+ * > (Note that z can be greater than n but not longer.)
+ *
+ * The output z is used as input to a multiplication:
+ *
+ * > Calculate u_1 = z s^(-1) mod n ...
+ *
+ * That means we don't need to reduce z mod n: The fact that it has bitlength <= n makes it
+ * almost reduced which is enough for the multiplication to be correct.
+ * (using a weaker notion of "almost reduced" than what we usually prove, but sufficient for all uses of it: `z < 2^ceil(log(n))`)
+ *
+ * In summary, this method:
+ * - takes 256 bits in 4x64 form
+ * - converts them to 3 limbs which collectively have L_n <= 256 bits,
+ *    by dropping the higher bits.
+ */
+function keccakOutputToLimbs(
+  hash: TupleN<Field, 4>,
+  Curve: typeof ForeignCurve
+) {
+  const L_n = Curve.Scalar.sizeInBits;
+  // keep it simple, avoid dealing with bits dropped from words other than the highest
+  assert(L_n > 3 * 64, `Scalar sizes ${L_n} <= ${3 * 64} not supported`);
+
+  // TODO confirm endianness
+  let [w0, w1, w2, w3] = hash;
+
+  // split w1 and w2 along the 88 bit boundaries
+  let [w10, w11] = split64(w1, 24); // 24 = 88 - 64; 40 = 64 - 24
+  let [w20, w21] = split64(w2, 48); // 48 = 88 - 40; 16 = 64 - 48
+
+  // if L_n < 256, drop higher part of w3 so that the total length is L_n
+  if (L_n < 256) {
+    let [w30] = split64(w3, L_n - 3 * 64);
+    w3 = w30;
+  }
+
+  // piece together into limbs
+  let x0 = w0.add(w10.mul(1n << 64n));
+  let x1 = w11.add(w20.mul(1n << 40n));
+  let x2 = w21.add(w3.mul(1n << 16n));
+
+  return new Curve.Scalar.AlmostReduced([x0, x1, x2]);
+}
+
+// split 64-bit field into two pieces of lengths n and 64-n
+function split64(x: Field, n: number) {
+  let x0 = witnessSlice(x, 0, n);
+  let x1 = witnessSlice(x, n, 64);
+
+  // prove decomposition
+  let nn = BigInt(n);
+  x0.add(x1.mul(1n << nn)).assertEquals(x);
+
+  // prove ranges: x0 in [0, 2^n), x1 in [0, 2^(64-n))
+  rangeCheck64(x0);
+  rangeCheck64(x0.mul(1n << (64n - nn)));
+  rangeCheck64(x1);
+  // note: x1 < 2^(64-n) is implied by x0 + x1 * 2^n = x < 2^64
+
+  return [x0, x1];
+}

From a5ca0b396174f0e3b6647880706c74adc3f81f80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 16:32:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1073/1786] change conversion to take bytes

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 69 ++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index a47c8142f1..c894b881af 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -8,12 +8,11 @@ import {
   toPoint,
 } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { assert, witnessSlice } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Ecdsa } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field } from './field.js';
-import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
-import { rangeCheck64 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
@@ -193,54 +192,34 @@ function toObject(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
  * almost reduced which is enough for the multiplication to be correct.
  * (using a weaker notion of "almost reduced" than what we usually prove, but sufficient for all uses of it: `z < 2^ceil(log(n))`)
  *
- * In summary, this method:
- * - takes 256 bits in 4x64 form
- * - converts them to 3 limbs which collectively have L_n <= 256 bits,
- *    by dropping the higher bits.
+ * In summary, this method just:
+ * - takes a 32 bytes hash
+ * - converts them to 3 limbs which collectively have L_n <= 256 bits
  */
-function keccakOutputToLimbs(
-  hash: TupleN<Field, 4>,
-  Curve: typeof ForeignCurve
-) {
+function keccakOutputToLimbs(hash: Field[], Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
   const L_n = Curve.Scalar.sizeInBits;
-  // keep it simple, avoid dealing with bits dropped from words other than the highest
-  assert(L_n > 3 * 64, `Scalar sizes ${L_n} <= ${3 * 64} not supported`);
-
-  // TODO confirm endianness
-  let [w0, w1, w2, w3] = hash;
-
-  // split w1 and w2 along the 88 bit boundaries
-  let [w10, w11] = split64(w1, 24); // 24 = 88 - 64; 40 = 64 - 24
-  let [w20, w21] = split64(w2, 48); // 48 = 88 - 40; 16 = 64 - 48
-
-  // if L_n < 256, drop higher part of w3 so that the total length is L_n
-  if (L_n < 256) {
-    let [w30] = split64(w3, L_n - 3 * 64);
-    w3 = w30;
-  }
+  // keep it simple for now, avoid dealing with dropping bits
+  // TODO: what does "leftmost bits" mean? big-endian or little-endian?
+  // @noble/curves uses a right shift, dropping the least significant bits:
+  // https://github.com/paulmillr/noble-curves/blob/4007ee975bcc6410c2e7b504febc1d5d625ed1a4/src/abstract/weierstrass.ts#L933
+  assert(L_n === 256, `Scalar sizes ${L_n} !== 256 not supported`);
+  assert(hash.length === 32, `hash length ${hash.length} !== 32 not supported`);
 
   // piece together into limbs
-  let x0 = w0.add(w10.mul(1n << 64n));
-  let x1 = w11.add(w20.mul(1n << 40n));
-  let x2 = w21.add(w3.mul(1n << 16n));
+  // bytes are big-endian, so the first byte is the most significant
+  assert(l === 88n);
+  let x2 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.slice(0, 10));
+  let x1 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.slice(10, 21));
+  let x0 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.slice(21, 32));
 
   return new Curve.Scalar.AlmostReduced([x0, x1, x2]);
 }
 
-// split 64-bit field into two pieces of lengths n and 64-n
-function split64(x: Field, n: number) {
-  let x0 = witnessSlice(x, 0, n);
-  let x1 = witnessSlice(x, n, 64);
-
-  // prove decomposition
-  let nn = BigInt(n);
-  x0.add(x1.mul(1n << nn)).assertEquals(x);
-
-  // prove ranges: x0 in [0, 2^n), x1 in [0, 2^(64-n))
-  rangeCheck64(x0);
-  rangeCheck64(x0.mul(1n << (64n - nn)));
-  rangeCheck64(x1);
-  // note: x1 < 2^(64-n) is implied by x0 + x1 * 2^n = x < 2^64
-
-  return [x0, x1];
+function bytesToLimbBE(bytes: Field[]) {
+  let n = bytes.length;
+  let limb = bytes[0];
+  for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+    limb = limb.mul(1n << 8n).add(bytes[i]);
+  }
+  return limb.seal();
 }

From fa5861d86da568e47072d8e4398cd89923520eca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 16:54:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1074/1786] use keccak in ECDSA verify / sign

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index c894b881af..d5d941745c 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Ecdsa } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
+   * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message (an array of bytes) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
    *
    * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
    * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
@@ -79,23 +80,38 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
    * class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
    *
+   * let message = 'my message';
+   * let messageBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(message);
+   *
    * // outside provable code: create inputs
    * let privateKey = Scalar.random();
    * let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
-   * let messageHash = Scalar.random();
-   * let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageHash.toBigInt(), privateKey.toBigInt());
+   * let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageBytes, privateKey.toBigInt());
    *
    * // ...
    * // in provable code: create input witnesses (or use method inputs, or constants)
    * let pk = Provable.witness(Secp256k1.provable, () => publicKey);
-   * let msgHash = Provable.witness(Scalar.Canonical.provable, () => messageHash);
+   * let msg = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 9), () => messageBytes.map(Field));
    * let sig = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.provable, () => signature);
    *
    * // verify signature
-   * let isValid = sig.verifySignedHash(msgHash, pk);
+   * let isValid = sig.verify(msg, pk);
    * isValid.assertTrue('signature verifies');
    * ```
    */
+  verify(message: Field[], publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
+    let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(message);
+    let msgHash = keccakOutputToScalar(msgHashBytes, this.Constructor.Curve);
+    return this.verifySignedHash(msgHash, publicKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
+   *
+   * This is a building block of {@link EcdsaSignature.verify}, where the input message is also hashed.
+   * In contrast, this method just takes the message hash (a curve scalar) as input, giving you flexibility in
+   * choosing the hashing algorithm.
+   */
   verifySignedHash(
     msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint,
     publicKey: FlexiblePoint
@@ -110,12 +126,28 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} by signing a message with a private key.
+   *
+   * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
+   */
+  static sign(message: (bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array, privateKey: bigint) {
+    let msgFields = [...message].map(Field.from);
+    let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(msgFields);
+    let msgHash = keccakOutputToScalar(msgHashBytes, this.Curve);
+    return this.signHash(msgHash.toBigInt(), privateKey);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} by signing a message hash with a private key.
    *
+   * This is a building block of {@link EcdsaSignature.sign}, where the input message is also hashed.
+   * In contrast, this method just takes the message hash (a curve scalar) as input, giving you flexibility in
+   * choosing the hashing algorithm.
+   *
    * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
    */
-  static sign(msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+  static signHash(msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
     let { r, s } = Ecdsa.sign(this.Curve.Bigint, msgHash, privateKey);
     return new this({ r, s });
   }
@@ -196,7 +228,7 @@ function toObject(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
  * - takes a 32 bytes hash
  * - converts them to 3 limbs which collectively have L_n <= 256 bits
  */
-function keccakOutputToLimbs(hash: Field[], Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
+function keccakOutputToScalar(hash: Field[], Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
   const L_n = Curve.Scalar.sizeInBits;
   // keep it simple for now, avoid dealing with dropping bits
   // TODO: what does "leftmost bits" mean? big-endian or little-endian?

From ff7770b6ac991da6f16eb905a101192604869d6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 17:12:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1075/1786] fix: support out of circuit call

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 5c9bcfc77a..da64a42694 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
 
@@ -478,11 +478,10 @@ function bytesToWord(wordBytes: Field[]): Field {
 }
 
 function wordToBytes(word: Field): Field[] {
-  let bytes = exists(BYTES_PER_WORD, () => {
+  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, BYTES_PER_WORD), () => {
     let w = word.toBigInt();
-    return Array.from(
-      { length: BYTES_PER_WORD },
-      (_, k) => (w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn
+    return Array.from({ length: BYTES_PER_WORD }, (_, k) =>
+      Field.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
     );
   });
   // range-check

From b7ecd5be709c9f06d3cec91bb718286439202ce7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 17:12:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1076/1786] use keccak in example

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts   | 32 +++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 8268117033..0e2987fe43 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,54 @@
-import { ZkProgram, Crypto, createEcdsa, createForeignCurve, Bool } from 'o1js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+import {
+  ZkProgram,
+  Crypto,
+  createEcdsa,
+  createForeignCurve,
+  Bool,
+  Struct,
+  Provable,
+  Field,
+} from 'o1js';
 
-export { ecdsaProgram, Secp256k1, Ecdsa };
+export { keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Secp256k1, Ecdsa, Message };
 
 class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
 class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
 class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
 
-const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
+// a message of 8 bytes
+class Message extends Struct({ array: Provable.Array(Field, 8) }) {
+  static from(message: Uint8Array) {
+    assert(message.length === 8, 'message must be 8 bytes');
+    return new Message({ array: [...message].map(Field) });
+  }
+}
+
+const keccakAndEcdsa = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicInput: Message,
+  publicOutput: Bool,
+
+  methods: {
+    verify: {
+      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
+      method(message: Message, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+        return signature.verify(message.array, publicKey);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+const ecdsa = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa-only',
   publicInput: Scalar.provable,
   publicOutput: Bool,
 
   methods: {
-    verifyEcdsa: {
+    verifySignedHash: {
       privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
-      method(msgHash: Scalar, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
-        return signature.verify(msgHash, publicKey);
+      method(message: Scalar, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+        return signature.verifySignedHash(message, publicKey);
       },
     },
   },
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
index a2e49f7062..f4983cbc80 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
+import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, keccakAndEcdsa, Message, ecdsa } from './ecdsa.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 // create an example ecdsa signature
@@ -6,28 +6,32 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
 
-// TODO use an actual keccak hash
-let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
+let messageBytes = new TextEncoder().encode('whats up');
 
-let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageHash.toBigInt(), privateKey.toBigInt());
+let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageBytes, privateKey.toBigInt());
 
 // investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
 
-console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+console.time('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
+let csOnly = ecdsa.analyzeMethods().verifySignedHash;
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
+console.log(csOnly.summary());
 
+console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().verify;
+console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 console.log(cs.summary());
 
 // compile and prove
 
-console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-await ecdsaProgram.compile();
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
+console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (compile)');
+await keccakAndEcdsa.compile();
+console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (compile)');
 
-console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(messageHash, signature, publicKey);
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
+console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (prove)');
+let message = Message.from(messageBytes);
+let proof = await keccakAndEcdsa.verify(message, signature, publicKey);
+console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (prove)');
 
 proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');
-assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
+assert(await keccakAndEcdsa.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');

From a664fa3104fd60abd8e75937228e569446d98fcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 17:54:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1077/1786] expose keccak

---
 src/index.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index bbe7d8bb74..9f63303560 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ export {
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
+
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
   ProvableExtended,

From a041bc9bd343f97c7e0f3a1e2f0357299c297210 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 17:55:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1078/1786] change example to do ecdsa and keccak together and
 separately

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts   | 20 ++++++-----
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 0e2987fe43..cf2407df35 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import assert from 'assert';
 import {
   ZkProgram,
   Crypto,
@@ -8,34 +7,37 @@ import {
   Struct,
   Provable,
   Field,
+  Keccak,
+  Gadgets,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-export { keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Secp256k1, Ecdsa, Message };
+export { keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Secp256k1, Ecdsa, Message32 };
 
 class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
 class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
 class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
-
-// a message of 8 bytes
-class Message extends Struct({ array: Provable.Array(Field, 8) }) {
-  static from(message: Uint8Array) {
-    assert(message.length === 8, 'message must be 8 bytes');
-    return new Message({ array: [...message].map(Field) });
-  }
-}
+class Message32 extends Message(32) {}
 
 const keccakAndEcdsa = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: Message,
+  publicInput: Message32,
   publicOutput: Bool,
 
   methods: {
-    verify: {
+    verifyEcdsa: {
       privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
-      method(message: Message, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+      method(message: Message32, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
         return signature.verify(message.array, publicKey);
       },
     },
+
+    sha3: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(message: Message32) {
+        Keccak.nistSha3(256, message.array);
+        return Bool(true);
+      },
+    },
   },
 });
 
@@ -53,3 +55,31 @@ const ecdsa = ZkProgram({
     },
   },
 });
+
+// helper: class for a message of n bytes
+
+function Message(lengthInBytes: number) {
+  return class Message extends Struct({
+    array: Provable.Array(Field, lengthInBytes),
+  }) {
+    static from(message: string | Uint8Array) {
+      if (typeof message === 'string') {
+        message = new TextEncoder().encode(message);
+      }
+      let padded = new Uint8Array(32);
+      padded.set(message);
+      return new this({ array: [...padded].map(Field) });
+    }
+
+    toBytes() {
+      return Uint8Array.from(this.array.map((f) => Number(f)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Important: check that inputs are, in fact, bytes
+     */
+    static check(msg: { array: Field[] }) {
+      msg.array.forEach(Gadgets.rangeCheck8);
+    }
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
index f4983cbc80..377e18d50a 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, keccakAndEcdsa, Message, ecdsa } from './ecdsa.js';
+import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, keccakAndEcdsa, Message32, ecdsa } from './ecdsa.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 // create an example ecdsa signature
@@ -6,19 +6,24 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
 
-let messageBytes = new TextEncoder().encode('whats up');
+let message = Message32.from("what's up");
 
-let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageBytes, privateKey.toBigInt());
+let signature = Ecdsa.sign(message.toBytes(), privateKey.toBigInt());
 
 // investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
-let csOnly = ecdsa.analyzeMethods().verifySignedHash;
+let csEcdsa = ecdsa.analyzeMethods().verifySignedHash;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
-console.log(csOnly.summary());
+console.log(csEcdsa.summary());
+
+console.time('keccak only (build constraint system)');
+let csKeccak = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().sha3;
+console.timeEnd('keccak only (build constraint system)');
+console.log(csKeccak.summary());
 
 console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().verify;
+let cs = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
 console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 console.log(cs.summary());
 
@@ -29,8 +34,7 @@ await keccakAndEcdsa.compile();
 console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (compile)');
 
 console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (prove)');
-let message = Message.from(messageBytes);
-let proof = await keccakAndEcdsa.verify(message, signature, publicKey);
+let proof = await keccakAndEcdsa.verifyEcdsa(message, signature, publicKey);
 console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (prove)');
 
 proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');

From 9c68226d81333a892b57b4e1ffc6ac524a6b392c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 18:02:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1079/1786] vk regression

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 21 +++++++++++++++++++--
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index ee63f91f3a..bd1167cb56 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@
       "hash": ""
     }
   },
-  "ecdsa": {
+  "ecdsa-only": {
     "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
     "methods": {
-      "verifyEcdsa": {
+      "verifySignedHash": {
         "rows": 38888,
         "digest": "f75dd9e49c88eb6097a7f3abbe543467"
       }
@@ -214,5 +214,22 @@
       "data": "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",
       "hash": "10504586047480864396273137275551599454708712068910013426206550544367939284599"
     }
+  },
+  "ecdsa": {
+    "digest": "2c5e8b21a7b92454614abcf51fb039271f617767d53c11a28e0967ff8f7eda4b",
+    "methods": {
+      "sha3": {
+        "rows": 14660,
+        "digest": "80edbd7c3b18635749d8ea72c7c3fa25"
+      },
+      "verifyEcdsa": {
+        "rows": 53552,
+        "digest": "19e415d0e19f292917fa6aa81133ac87"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "3521012537060428516113870265561264404353424949985428093281747073703754036558"
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index 5d2c6d71e9..c23433b6dc 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
+import {
+  ecdsa,
+  keccakAndEcdsa,
+} from '../../src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -39,7 +42,8 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
-  ecdsaProgram,
+  ecdsa,
+  keccakAndEcdsa,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From 0cdf3d97b186b2829d263bdadbf0b77653a44b6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 18:03:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1080/1786] remove useless low-level module

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 29 -----------------------------
 1 file changed, 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index da64a42694..70d6416355 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -19,35 +19,6 @@ const Keccak = {
   preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
     return preNist(len, message);
   },
-
-  /**
-   * Low-level API to access Keccak operating on 64-bit words.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const message = [0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05].map(Field.from);
-   * const padded = Keccak.LowLevel.padMessage(message, 256, false);
-   * const hash = Keccak.LowLevel.hash(padded, 256);
-   * // hash is an array of 4 Field elements of 64 bits each
-   * ```
-   */
-  LowLevel: {
-    hash(paddedMessage: Field[], length: 256 | 384 | 512): Field[] {
-      length /= 64;
-      let capacity = length * 2;
-      let rate = 25 - capacity;
-      return sponge(paddedMessage, length, capacity, rate);
-    },
-
-    padMessage(
-      message: Field[],
-      length: 256 | 384 | 512,
-      isNist: boolean
-    ): Field[] {
-      let paddedBytes = pad(message, 200 - length / 4, isNist);
-      return bytesToWords(paddedBytes);
-    },
-  },
 };
 
 // KECCAK CONSTANTS

From 0f17c6a0ff53821a60162401782eaa1676fa9926 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Todd Chapman <6946868+TtheBC01@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 11:45:34 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1081/1786] Update README-dev.md

added small helper hint to README-dev.md that could save others some time
---
 README-dev.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 6c37bfefd2..7bb5623c74 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@
 
 This README includes information that is helpful for o1js core contributors.
 
+## Setting up the repo on your local
+
+```sh
+git clone https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js.git
+cd o1js
+git submodule update --init --recursive
+```
+
 ## Run examples using Node.js
 
 ```sh

From 169a4f8468bad31f31e4bd657292cb005cf8f255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Todd Chapman <6946868+TtheBC01@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2023 11:46:24 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1082/1786] Update README-dev.md

text
---
 README-dev.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 7bb5623c74..651359df05 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ This README includes information that is helpful for o1js core contributors.
 
 ## Setting up the repo on your local
 
+After cloning the repo, you must fetch external submodules for the following examples to work. 
+
 ```sh
 git clone https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js.git
 cd o1js

From 5b185aab9f3db5a2c714524f76ff2f80e8f6b8e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 08:18:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1083/1786] avoid a few constraints for xoring with 0

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 11 ++------
 src/lib/keccak.ts          | 52 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 027d996488..4c930de649 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -61,15 +61,8 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(
-      a.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
-
-    assert(
-      b.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
 
     return new Field(a.toBigInt() ^ b.toBigInt());
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 70d6416355..9d99e9fd4f 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -132,22 +132,19 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
 
   // XOR the elements of each row together
   // for all i in {0..4}: C[i] = A[i,0] xor A[i,1] xor A[i,2] xor A[i,3] xor A[i,4]
-  const stateC = stateA.map((row) =>
-    row.reduce((acc, value) => Gadgets.xor(acc, value, KECCAK_WORD))
-  );
+  const stateC = stateA.map((row) => row.reduce(xor));
 
   // for all i in {0..4}: D[i] = C[i-1] xor ROT(C[i+1], 1)
-  const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, x) =>
-    Gadgets.xor(
-      stateC[(x + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
-      Gadgets.rotate(stateC[(x + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left'),
-      KECCAK_WORD
+  const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, i) =>
+    xor(
+      stateC[(i + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
+      Gadgets.rotate(stateC[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left')
     )
   );
 
   // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: E[i,j] = A[i,j] xor D[i]
   const stateE = stateA.map((row, index) =>
-    row.map((elem) => Gadgets.xor(elem, stateD[index], KECCAK_WORD))
+    row.map((elem) => xor(elem, stateD[index]))
   );
 
   return stateE;
@@ -182,7 +179,7 @@ function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   const stateE = state;
   const stateB = State.zeros();
 
-  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: B[y,2x+3y] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: B[j,2i+3j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
   for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
     for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
       stateB[j][(2 * i + 3 * j) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
@@ -211,15 +208,14 @@ function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: F[i,j] = B[i,j] xor ((not B[i+1,j]) and B[i+2,j])
   for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
     for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
-      stateF[i][j] = Gadgets.xor(
+      stateF[i][j] = xor(
         stateB[i][j],
         Gadgets.and(
           // We can use unchecked NOT because the length of the input is constrained to be 64 bits thanks to the fact that it is the output of a previous Xor64
           Gadgets.not(stateB[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM][j], KECCAK_WORD, false),
           stateB[(i + 2) % KECCAK_DIM][j],
           KECCAK_WORD
-        ),
-        KECCAK_WORD
+        )
       );
     }
   }
@@ -232,7 +228,7 @@ function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
 function iota(state: Field[][], rc: bigint): Field[][] {
   const stateG = state;
 
-  stateG[0][0] = Gadgets.xor(stateG[0][0], Field.from(rc), KECCAK_WORD);
+  stateG[0][0] = xor(stateG[0][0], Field.from(rc));
 
   return stateG;
 }
@@ -249,8 +245,8 @@ function round(state: Field[][], rc: bigint): Field[][] {
 }
 
 // Keccak permutation function with a constant number of rounds
-function permutation(state: Field[][], rc: bigint[]): Field[][] {
-  return rc.reduce((acc, value) => round(acc, value), state);
+function permutation(state: Field[][], rcs: bigint[]): Field[][] {
+  return rcs.reduce((state, rc) => round(state, rc), state);
 }
 
 // KECCAK SPONGE
@@ -273,12 +269,11 @@ function absorb(
 
   let state = State.zeros();
 
-  // array of capacity zero bytes
+  // array of capacity zero words
   const zeros = Array(capacity).fill(Field.from(0));
 
   for (let idx = 0; idx < paddedMessage.length; idx += rate) {
-    // split into blocks of rate bits
-    // for each block of rate bits in the padded message -> this is rate bytes
+    // split into blocks of rate words
     const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate);
     // pad the block with 0s to up to KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS words
     const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
@@ -298,10 +293,8 @@ function squeeze(state: State, length: number, rate: number): Field[] {
   const squeezes = Math.floor(length / rate) + 1;
   assert(squeezes === 1, 'squeezes should be 1');
 
-  // first state to be squeezed
-  const words = State.toWords(state);
-
   // Obtain the hash selecting the first `length` words of the output array
+  const words = State.toWords(state);
   const hashed = words.slice(0, length);
   return hashed;
 }
@@ -321,7 +314,6 @@ function sponge(
 
   // squeeze
   const hashed = squeeze(state, length, rate);
-
   return hashed;
 }
 
@@ -430,10 +422,8 @@ const State = {
       `invalid \`b\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
     );
 
-    // Calls Gadgets.xor on each pair (i,j) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
-    return a.map((row, i) =>
-      row.map((value, j) => Gadgets.xor(value, b[i][j], 64))
-    );
+    // Calls xor() on each pair (i,j) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
+    return a.map((row, i) => row.map((x, j) => xor(x, b[i][j])));
   },
 };
 
@@ -479,3 +469,11 @@ function chunk<T>(array: T[], size: number): T[][] {
     array.slice(size * i, size * (i + 1))
   );
 }
+
+// xor which avoids doing anything on 0 inputs
+// (but doesn't range-check the other input in that case)
+function xor(x: Field, y: Field): Field {
+  if (x.isConstant() && x.toBigInt() === 0n) return y;
+  if (y.isConstant() && y.toBigInt() === 0n) return x;
+  return Gadgets.xor(x, y, 64);
+}

From 60783a5ee8d33a556c124253132ed61e484cab12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 08:47:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1084/1786] vk regression

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index bd1167cb56..657960f923 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -216,20 +216,20 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "2c5e8b21a7b92454614abcf51fb039271f617767d53c11a28e0967ff8f7eda4b",
+    "digest": "baf90de64c1b6b5b5938a0b80a8fdb70bdbbc84a292dd7eccfdbce470c10b4c",
     "methods": {
       "sha3": {
-        "rows": 14660,
-        "digest": "80edbd7c3b18635749d8ea72c7c3fa25"
+        "rows": 14494,
+        "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
       },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 53552,
-        "digest": "19e415d0e19f292917fa6aa81133ac87"
+        "rows": 53386,
+        "digest": "5a234cff8ea48ce653cbd7efa2e1c241"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "3521012537060428516113870265561264404353424949985428093281747073703754036558"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "24853426911779666983119365864639019692354940105641954611250992067926077919455"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 08448a8261797b98e3b0a67ac7d5a75c4b83f9b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:05:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1085/1786] missing from merge

---
 src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts               | 278 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts  |  48 ++-
 2 files changed, 324 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c934bcf15e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { Hash } from './hash.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+let RandomUInt8 = Random.map(Random.uint8, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+// Test constructor
+test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
+  let z = new UInt8(x);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert(z.toString() === x.toString());
+  assert(z.isConstant());
+
+  assert((z = new UInt8(x)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+
+  z = new UInt8(y);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toString() === y.toString());
+  assert(z.toJSON() === y.toString());
+});
+
+// handles all numbers up to 2^8
+test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
+  assert(UInt8.from(n).toString() === String(n));
+});
+
+// throws on negative numbers
+test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+// throws on numbers >= 2^8
+test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+runHashFunctionTests();
+console.log('OCaml tests pass! 🎉');
+
+// test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
+checkHashInCircuit();
+console.log('hashing digest conversions matches! 🎉');
+
+// check in-circuit
+function checkHashInCircuit() {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    let data = Random.array(RandomUInt8, Random.nat(32))
+      .create()()
+      .map((x) => Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x)));
+
+    checkHashConversions(data);
+  });
+}
+
+function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[]) {
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA224.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA256.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA384.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA512.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.Keccak256.hash(data));
+  });
+}
+
+function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
+  const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
+  expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
+}
+
+function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
+  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Based off the following unit tests from the OCaml implementation:
+ * https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/69d6ea4a3b7ca1690cf8f41d4598cb7484359e1d/src/lib/crypto/kimchi_backend/gadgets/keccak.ml#L646
+ */
+function runHashFunctionTests() {
+  // Positive Tests
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: '30',
+    expected:
+      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: true,
+    length: 512,
+    message: '30',
+    expected:
+      '2d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
+    expected:
+      '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    expected:
+      '560deb1d387f72dba729f0bd0231ad45998dda4b53951645322cf95c7b6261d9',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: true,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    expected:
+      '1784354c4bbfa5f54e5db23041089e65a807a7b970e3cfdba95e2fbe63b1c0e4',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+    expected:
+      '7d5655391ede9ca2945f32ad9696f464be8004389151ce444c89f688278f2e1d',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      'ff391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+    expected:
+      '37694fd4ba137be747eb25a85b259af5563e0a7a3010d42bd15963ac631b9d3f',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+    expected:
+      'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message:
+      '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+    expected:
+      'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: 'a2c0',
+    expected:
+      '9856642c690c036527b8274db1b6f58c0429a88d9f3b9298597645991f4f58f0',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: '0a2c',
+    expected:
+      '295b48ad49eff61c3abfd399c672232434d89a4ef3ca763b9dbebb60dbb32a8b',
+  });
+
+  testExpected({
+    nist: false,
+    length: 256,
+    message: '00',
+    expected:
+      'bc36789e7a1e281436464229828f817d6612f7b477d66591ff96a9e064bcc98a',
+  });
+
+  // Negative tests
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: 'a2c',
+      expected:
+        '07f02d241eeba9c909a1be75e08d9e8ac3e61d9e24fa452a6785083e1527c467',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '0',
+      expected:
+        'f39f4526920bb4c096e5722d64161ea0eb6dbd0b4ff0d812f31d56fb96142084',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '30',
+      expected:
+        'f9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e4',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+
+  try {
+    testExpected({
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
+      expected:
+        '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    });
+    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
+  } catch (e) {}
+}
+
+function testExpected({
+  message,
+  expected,
+  nist = false,
+  length = 256,
+}: {
+  message: string;
+  expected: string;
+  nist: boolean;
+  length: number;
+}) {
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    assert(message.length % 2 === 0);
+
+    let fields = UInt8.fromHex(message);
+    let expectedHash = UInt8.fromHex(expected);
+
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      if (nist) {
+        let hashed;
+        switch (length) {
+          case 224:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA224.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          case 256:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA256.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          case 384:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA384.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          case 512:
+            hashed = Hash.SHA512.hash(fields);
+            break;
+          default:
+            assert(false);
+        }
+        equals(hashed!, expectedHash);
+      } else {
+        let hashed = Hash.Keccak256.hash(fields);
+        equals(hashed, expectedHash);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index b5d0c1f447..20bf05fa12 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar, Hash, UInt8 } from 'o1js';
 
-export { GroupCS, BitwiseCS };
+export { GroupCS, BitwiseCS, HashCS };
 
 const GroupCS = constraintSystem('Group Primitive', {
   add() {
@@ -84,6 +84,50 @@ const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
   },
 });
 
+const HashCS = constraintSystem('Hashes', {
+  SHA224() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA224.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA256() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA256.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA384() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA384.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA512() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.SHA512.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  Keccak256() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
+    );
+    Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  Poseidon() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(x))
+    );
+    Hash.Poseidon.hash(xs);
+  },
+});
+
 // mock ZkProgram API for testing
 
 function constraintSystem(

From 8ff8380b9ceca1b8433802659002d9df1bdc52be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ursulafe <152976968+Ursulafe@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 08:40:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1086/1786] typo fix

---
 src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts b/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
index 6f7af3a68a..dc3b95b530 100644
--- a/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
+++ b/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ expect(accountUpdateRecovered.lazyAuthorization).not.toEqual(
 /**
  * Provable.runAndCheck() can be used to run a circuit in "prover mode".
  * That means
- * -) witness() and asProver() blocks are excuted
+ * -) witness() and asProver() blocks are executed
  * -) constraints are checked; failing assertions throw an error
  */
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {

From adf7d22cf170ded1c951ce43124d006079b1aa87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ursulafe <152976968+Ursulafe@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 08:40:48 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1087/1786] typo fix

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 3d0b3a4a25..b18ba43dea 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
     zkapp.requireSignature();
   }
 
-  // for letting a zkapp do whatever it wants, as long as no tokens are transfered
+  // for letting a zkapp do whatever it wants, as long as no tokens are transferred
   // TODO: atm, we have to restrict the zkapp to have no children
   //       -> need to be able to witness a general layout of account updates
   @method approveZkapp(callback: Experimental.Callback<any>) {

From bed1b498a5c373d40f86abb3081ba173b62385b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ursulafe <152976968+Ursulafe@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 08:41:49 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1088/1786] typo fix

---
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts
index 946ae73d57..c8dccfab59 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export class ElectionPreconditions {
 
 export class ParticipantPreconditions {
   minMina: UInt64;
-  maxMina: UInt64; // have to make this "generic" so it applys for both candidate and voter instances
+  maxMina: UInt64; // have to make this "generic" so it applies for both candidate and voter instances
 
   static get default(): ParticipantPreconditions {
     return new ParticipantPreconditions(UInt64.zero, UInt64.MAXINT());

From 763d38f2886cefd156173141d7c17fa40d9c1a48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 11:10:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1089/1786] remove some unnecessary changes

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts | 36 +++--------------------------
 src/index.ts                        |  2 +-
 src/provable/field-bigint.ts        |  4 +---
 src/snarky.d.ts                     | 13 +----------
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
index 308cf48bce..e593afae35 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
@@ -8,44 +8,14 @@ import {
   method,
   Permissions,
   Struct,
-} from 'snarkyjs';
+  Provable,
+} from 'o1js';
 
 let initialCommitment: Field = Field(0);
 
 // 32 UInts
 export class HashInput extends Struct({
-  data: [
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-    UInt8,
-  ],
+  data: Provable.Array(UInt8, 32),
 }) {}
 
 export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 9a5868e59c..bbd5bbc558 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export {
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
-export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
+export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign, UInt8 } from './lib/int.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
diff --git a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
index 06ff9fa327..c23e0e0bc4 100644
--- a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
@@ -6,12 +6,11 @@ import {
   ProvableBigint,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 
-export { Field, Bool, UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Sign };
+export { Field, Bool, UInt32, UInt64, Sign };
 export { pseudoClass, sizeInBits, checkRange, checkField };
 
 type Field = bigint;
 type Bool = 0n | 1n;
-type UInt8 = bigint;
 type UInt32 = bigint;
 type UInt64 = bigint;
 
@@ -98,7 +97,6 @@ function Unsigned(bits: number) {
     }
   );
 }
-const UInt8 = Unsigned(8);
 const UInt32 = Unsigned(32);
 const UInt64 = Unsigned(64);
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 2a496454a7..871fbeecaf 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -525,18 +525,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     };
   };
 
-  sha: {
-    create(
-      message: MlArray<FieldVar>,
-      nist: boolean,
-      length: number
-    ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
-
-    fieldBytesFromHex(hex: string): MlArray<FieldVar>;
-
-    checkBits(value: FieldVar, bits: number): void;
-  };
-
+  // TODO: implement in TS
   poseidon: {
     update(
       state: MlArray<FieldVar>,

From 6fd370dedc7d0bdbc75ec07deb900347daeab3bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 11:48:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1090/1786] work on uint8 and make it compile

---
 src/lib/int.ts         | 189 ++++++++++++++---------------------------
 src/lib/keccak.ts      |   8 +-
 src/lib/util/arrays.ts |  14 +++
 3 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/arrays.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 6b9d46b7d4..d4947493ed 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { withMessage } from './field.js';
+import { chunkString } from './util/arrays.js';
 
 // external API
 export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
@@ -976,28 +978,12 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * Coerce anything "field-like" (bigint, number, string, and {@link Field}) to a {@link UInt8}.
    * The max value of a {@link UInt8} is `2^8 - 1 = 255`.
    *
-   *
    * **Warning**: Cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
    */
   constructor(x: number | bigint | string | Field | UInt8) {
-    if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
-
+    if (x instanceof UInt8) x = x.value;
     super({ value: Field(x) });
-    this.check();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Static method to create a {@link UInt8} with value `0`.
-   */
-  static get zero() {
-    return UInt8.from(0);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Static method to create a {@link UInt8} with value `1`.
-   */
-  static get one() {
-    return UInt8.from(1);
+    UInt8.checkConstant(this.value);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1158,27 +1144,15 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
    *
    * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
+  lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8): Bool {
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
       return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
-    } else {
-      // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
-      // let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
-      // UInt8.#rangeCheck(xMinusY);
-
-      // let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      // UInt8.#rangeCheck(yMinusX);
-
-      // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
-      // return yMinusX;
-
-      // TODO: Remove this when rangeCheck works in proofs
-      return this.value.lessThanOrEqual(y.value);
     }
+    throw Error('Not implemented');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1193,14 +1167,15 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
    *
    * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  lessThan(value: UInt8) {
-    return this.lessThanOrEqual(value).and(
-      this.value.equals(value.value).not()
-    );
+  lessThan(y: UInt8): Bool {
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
+      return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() < y.value.toBigInt());
+    }
+    throw Error('Not implemented');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1213,11 +1188,22 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertLessThan(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    this.lessThan(value).assertEquals(true, message);
+  assertLessThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
+      let x0 = this.value.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y.value.toBigInt();
+      if (x0 >= y0) {
+        if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
+        throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThan: expected ${x0} < ${y0}`);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    // x < y  <=>  x + 1 <= y
+    let xPlus1 = new UInt8(this.value.add(1));
+    xPlus1.assertLessThanOrEqual(y, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1230,25 +1216,26 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertLessThanOrEqual(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    if (this.value.isConstant() && value.value.isConstant()) {
+  assertLessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
       let x0 = this.value.toBigInt();
-      let y0 = value.value.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y.value.toBigInt();
       if (x0 > y0) {
         if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
         throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThanOrEqual: expected ${x0} <= ${y0}`);
       }
       return;
     }
-    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
-    // let yMinusX = value.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(yMinusX);
-
-    // TODO: Remove this when rangeCheck works in proofs
-    return this.lessThanOrEqual(value).assertEquals(true, message);
+    try {
+      // x <= y  <=>  y - x >= 0  <=>  y - x in [0, 2^8)
+      let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
+      Gadgets.rangeCheck8(yMinusX);
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw withMessage(err, message);
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1263,12 +1250,12 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods currently only support Field elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
    *
    * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  greaterThan(value: UInt8) {
-    return value.lessThan(this);
+  greaterThan(y: UInt8) {
+    return y.lessThan(this);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1283,12 +1270,12 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link Field}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link Field}.
    *
    * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  greaterThanOrEqual(value: UInt8) {
-    return this.lessThan(value).not();
+  greaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
+    return this.lessThan(y).not();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1301,11 +1288,11 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertGreaterThan(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    value.assertLessThan(this, message);
+  assertGreaterThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    y.assertLessThan(this, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1318,11 +1305,11 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
    * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertGreaterThanOrEqual(value: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    value.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
+  assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1330,11 +1317,11 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    *
    * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
    *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertEquals(value: number | bigint | UInt8, message?: string) {
-    let y_ = new UInt8(value);
+  assertEquals(y: number | bigint | UInt8, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
     this.toField().assertEquals(y_.toField(), message);
   }
 
@@ -1395,23 +1382,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    *
    * @param value - the {@link UInt8} element to check.
    */
-  check() {
-    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
-    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(this.value);
-    this.value.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Implementation of {@link Provable.fromFields} for the {@link UInt8} type.
-   *
-   * **Warning**: This function is designed for internal use. It is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
-   *
-   * @param fields - an array of {@link UInt8} serialized from {@link Field} elements.
-   *
-   * @return An array of {@link UInt8} elements of the given array.
-   */
-  fromFields(xs: Field[]): UInt8[] {
-    return xs.map((x) => new UInt8(x));
+  static check(x: { value: Field }) {
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x.value);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1443,9 +1415,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * @return A {@link UInt32} equivalent to the {@link UInt8}.
    */
   toUInt32(): UInt32 {
-    let uint32 = new UInt32(this.value);
-    UInt32.check(uint32);
-    return uint32;
+    return new UInt32(this.value);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1460,9 +1430,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * @return A {@link UInt64} equivalent to the {@link UInt8}.
    * */
   toUInt64(): UInt64 {
-    let uint64 = new UInt64(this.value);
-    UInt64.check(uint64);
-    return uint64;
+    return new UInt64(this.value);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1487,59 +1455,34 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return this.value.isConstant();
   }
 
+  // TODO: these might be better on a separate `Bytes` class
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
-    return Snarky.sha
-      .fieldBytesFromHex(xs)
-      .map((x) => UInt8.from(Field(x)))
-      .slice(1);
+    let bytes = chunkString(xs, 2).map((s) => parseInt(s, 16));
+    return bytes.map(UInt8.from);
   }
-
   static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
-    return xs
-      .map((x) => x.value)
-      .map((f) => Field.toBytes(f)[0].toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
-      .join('');
+    return xs.map((x) => x.toBigInt().toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
   }
 
   /**
    * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
    */
   static MAXINT() {
-    return new UInt8(Field((1n << BigInt(this.NUM_BITS)) - 1n));
+    return new UInt8(Field((1n << BigInt(UInt8.NUM_BITS)) - 1n));
   }
 
   /**
    * Creates a new {@link UInt8}.
    */
-  static from(
-    x: UInt8 | UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | string | bigint | number[]
-  ) {
+  static from(x: UInt8 | UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | bigint) {
     if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof UInt8)
       x = x.value;
-
-    if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-      return new this(Field.fromBytes(x));
-    }
-
-    return new this(this.checkConstant(Field(x)));
+    return new UInt8(UInt8.checkConstant(Field(x)));
   }
 
   private static checkConstant(x: Field) {
     if (!x.isConstant()) return x;
-    x.toBits(UInt8.NUM_BITS);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
     return x;
   }
-
-  // TODO: rangeCheck does not prove as of yet, waiting on https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/pull/12524 to merge.
-  static #rangeCheck(x: UInt8 | Field) {
-    if (isUInt8(x)) x = x.value;
-    if (x.isConstant()) this.checkConstant(x);
-
-    // Throws an error if the value is not in the range [0, 2^UInt8.NUM_BITS - 1]
-    Snarky.sha.checkBits(x.value, UInt8.NUM_BITS);
-  }
-}
-
-function isUInt8(x: unknown): x is UInt8 {
-  return x instanceof UInt8;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 9d99e9fd4f..a1e4bb8728 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { chunk } from './util/arrays.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
 
@@ -463,13 +464,6 @@ function wordsToBytes(words: Field[]): Field[] {
   return words.flatMap(wordToBytes);
 }
 
-function chunk<T>(array: T[], size: number): T[][] {
-  assert(array.length % size === 0, 'invalid input length');
-  return Array.from({ length: array.length / size }, (_, i) =>
-    array.slice(size * i, size * (i + 1))
-  );
-}
-
 // xor which avoids doing anything on 0 inputs
 // (but doesn't range-check the other input in that case)
 function xor(x: Field, y: Field): Field {
diff --git a/src/lib/util/arrays.ts b/src/lib/util/arrays.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a1a913eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/arrays.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+
+export { chunk, chunkString };
+
+function chunk<T>(array: T[], size: number): T[][] {
+  assert(array.length % size === 0, 'invalid input length');
+  return Array.from({ length: array.length / size }, (_, i) =>
+    array.slice(size * i, size * (i + 1))
+  );
+}
+
+function chunkString(str: string, size: number): string[] {
+  return chunk([...str], size).map((c) => c.join(''));
+}

From 900a3449bd9379a693de073f72dcfe8f85c81d4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 12:02:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1091/1786] export Hash, rename old Hash to HashHelpers

---
 src/bindings                    |  2 +-
 src/index.ts                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts                 | 28 +++-------------------------
 src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c09afcd2fc..7946599c5f 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c09afcd2fc902abb3db7c029740d401414f76f8b
+Subproject commit 7946599c5f1636576519601dbd2c20aecc90a502
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index bbd5bbc558..4b896dd901 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export {
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash } from './lib/hash.js';
 export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
 
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index bf14707f7c..d986d7ea47 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { createHashHelpers } from './hash-generic.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
-import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash };
@@ -208,29 +207,8 @@ function toBigints(fields: Field[]) {
   return fields.map((x) => x.toBigInt());
 }
 
-function buildSHA(length: 224 | 256 | 384 | 512, nist: boolean) {
-  return {
-    hash(message: UInt8[]): UInt8[] {
-      return Snarky.sha
-        .create(MlArray.to(message.map((f) => f.toField().value)), nist, length)
-        .map((f) => UInt8.from(Field(f)))
-        .slice(1);
-    },
-  };
-}
-
 const Hash = {
   hash: Poseidon.hash,
-
-  Poseidon: Poseidon,
-
-  SHA224: buildSHA(224, true),
-
-  SHA256: buildSHA(256, true),
-
-  SHA384: buildSHA(384, true),
-
-  SHA512: buildSHA(512, true),
-
-  Keccak256: buildSHA(256, false),
+  Poseidon,
+  Keccak,
 };
diff --git a/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts b/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts
index 2ef684d585..906ab2a2d5 100644
--- a/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { createHashHelpers } from '../lib/hash-generic.js';
 
 export {
   Poseidon,
-  Hash,
+  HashHelpers,
   HashInput,
   prefixes,
   packToFields,
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ export {
 
 type HashInput = GenericHashInput<Field>;
 const HashInput = createHashInput<Field>();
-const Hash = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
-let { hashWithPrefix } = Hash;
+const HashHelpers = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
+let { hashWithPrefix } = HashHelpers;
 
 const HashLegacy = createHashHelpers(Field, PoseidonLegacy);
 

From 3bbd4544dfa731423bb9da6001e11e9d166805fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 12:18:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1092/1786] add rangeCheck16

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts     | 10 ++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 038646d03d..27cae55bf7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
   multiRangeCheck,
+  rangeCheck16,
   rangeCheck64,
   rangeCheck8,
 } from './range-check.js';
@@ -41,6 +42,15 @@ const Gadgets = {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^16).
+   *
+   * See {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64} for analogous details and usage examples.
+   */
+  rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheck16(x);
+  },
+
   /**
    * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^8).
    *
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 147ef1a6a4..d53d8f5e51 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
 
-export { rangeCheck64, rangeCheck8, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
+export {
+  rangeCheck64,
+  rangeCheck8,
+  rangeCheck16,
+  multiRangeCheck,
+  compactMultiRangeCheck,
+};
 export { l, l2, l3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
 /**
@@ -208,6 +214,18 @@ function rangeCheck1Helper(inputs: {
   );
 }
 
+function rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      x.toBigInt() < 1n << 16n,
+      `rangeCheck16: expected field to fit in 8 bits, got ${x}`
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  // check that x fits in 16 bits
+  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
+}
+
 function rangeCheck8(x: Field) {
   if (x.isConstant()) {
     assert(

From 0e0480727a0ee0d5c824d49465c9f1348648d6d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 12:19:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1093/1786] fix divMod

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 37 ++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index d4947493ed..c5787c3143 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1090,45 +1090,36 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   /**
    * Get the quotient and remainder of a {@link UInt8} value divided by another {@link UInt8} element.
    *
-   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} to get the quotient and remainder of another {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param y - a {@link UInt8} to get the quotient and remainder of another {@link UInt8}.
    *
    * @return The quotient and remainder of the two values.
    */
-  divMod(value: UInt8 | number) {
+  divMod(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let x = this.value;
-    let y_ = UInt8.from(value).value;
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y).value.seal();
 
     if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.isConstant()) {
       let xn = x.toBigInt();
       let yn = y_.toBigInt();
       let q = xn / yn;
       let r = xn - q * yn;
-      return {
-        quotient: UInt8.from(Field(q)),
-        rest: UInt8.from(Field(r)),
-      };
+      return { quotient: UInt8.from(q), rest: UInt8.from(r) };
     }
 
-    y_ = y_.seal();
-    let q = Provable.witness(
-      Field,
-      () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
-    );
-
-    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
-    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(q);
-
-    // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
+    // prove that x === q * y + r, where 0 <= r < y
+    let q = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt()));
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
 
-    // TODO: Enable when rangeCheck works in proofs
-    // UInt8.#rangeCheck(r);
+    // q, r being 16 bits is enough for them to be 8 bits,
+    // thanks to the === x check and the r < y check below
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck16(q);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck16(r);
 
-    let r_ = UInt8.from(r);
-    let q_ = UInt8.from(q);
+    let rest = UInt8.from(r);
+    let quotient = UInt8.from(q);
 
-    r_.assertLessThan(UInt8.from(y_));
-    return { quotient: q_, rest: r_ };
+    rest.assertLessThan(UInt8.from(y_));
+    return { quotient, rest };
   }
 
   /**

From 5da4f727397ee15841ed2a97d1335f06af9321af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 13:02:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1094/1786] fix and polish uint8

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 359 +++++++++++++++----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+), 251 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index c5787c3143..a365b07919 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
-import { withMessage } from './field.js';
+import { FieldVar, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { chunkString } from './util/arrays.js';
 
 // external API
@@ -980,119 +980,103 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    *
    * **Warning**: Cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
    */
-  constructor(x: number | bigint | string | Field | UInt8) {
-    if (x instanceof UInt8) x = x.value;
+  constructor(x: number | bigint | string | FieldVar | UInt8) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt8) x = x.value.value;
     super({ value: Field(x) });
     UInt8.checkConstant(this.value);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Add a {@link UInt8} value to another {@link UInt8} element.
+   * Add a {@link UInt8} to another {@link UInt8} without allowing overflow.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = UInt8.from(3);
-   * const sum = x.add(UInt8.from(5));
-   *
-   * sum.assertEquals(UInt8.from(8));
+   * const sum = x.add(5);
+   * sum.assertEquals(8);
    * ```
    *
-   * **Warning**: This operation cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
-   *
-   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to add to the {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the sum of the two values.
+   * @throws if the result is greater than 255.
    */
-  add(value: UInt8 | number) {
-    return UInt8.from(this.value.add(UInt8.from(value).value));
+  add(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let z = this.value.add(UInt8.from(y).value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    return UInt8.from(z);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Subtract a {@link UInt8} value by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   * Subtract a {@link UInt8} from another {@link UInt8} without allowing underflow.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = UInt8.from(8);
-   * const difference = x.sub(UInt8.from(5));
-   *
-   * difference.assertEquals(UInt8.from(3));
+   * const difference = x.sub(5);
+   * difference.assertEquals(3);
    * ```
    *
-   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to subtract from the {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the difference of the two values.
+   * @throws if the result is less than 0.
    */
-  sub(value: UInt8 | number) {
-    return UInt8.from(this.value.sub(UInt8.from(value).value));
+  sub(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let z = this.value.sub(UInt8.from(y).value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    return UInt8.from(z);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Multiply a {@link UInt8} value by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   * Multiply a {@link UInt8} by another {@link UInt8} without allowing overflow.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = UInt8.from(3);
-   * const product = x.mul(UInt8.from(5));
-   *
-   * product.assertEquals(UInt8.from(15));
+   * const product = x.mul(5);
+   * product.assertEquals(15);
    * ```
    *
-   * **Warning**: This operation cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
-   *
-   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to multiply with the {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the product of the two values.
+   * @throws if the result is greater than 255.
    */
-  mul(value: UInt8 | number) {
-    return UInt8.from(this.value.mul(UInt8.from(value).value));
+  mul(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let z = this.value.mul(UInt8.from(y).value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    return UInt8.from(z);
   }
 
   /**
-   * Divide a {@link UInt8} value by another {@link UInt8} element.
-   *
-   * Proves that the denominator is non-zero, or throws a "Division by zero" error.
+   * Divide a {@link UInt8} by another {@link UInt8}.
+   * This is integer division that rounds down.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const x = UInt8.from(6);
-   * const quotient = x.div(UInt8.from(3));
-   *
-   * quotient.assertEquals(UInt8.from(2));
+   * const x = UInt8.from(7);
+   * const quotient = x.div(2);
+   * quotient.assertEquals(3);
    * ```
-   *
-   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} value to divide with the {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the division of the two values.
    */
-  div(value: UInt8 | number) {
-    return this.divMod(value).quotient;
+  div(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return this.divMod(y).quotient;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Get the remainder a {@link UInt8} value of division of another {@link UInt8} element.
+   * Get the remainder a {@link UInt8} of division of another {@link UInt8}.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const x = UInt8.from(50);
-   * const mod = x.mod(UInt8.from(30));
-   *
-   * mod.assertEquals(UInt8.from(18));
+   * const mod = x.mod(30);
+   * mod.assertEquals(20);
    * ```
-   *
-   * @param value - a {@link UInt8} to get the modulus with another {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt8} element that is the modulus of the two values.
    */
-  mod(value: UInt8 | number) {
-    return this.divMod(value).rest;
+  mod(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return this.divMod(y).remainder;
   }
 
   /**
-   * Get the quotient and remainder of a {@link UInt8} value divided by another {@link UInt8} element.
+   * Get the quotient and remainder of a {@link UInt8} divided by another {@link UInt8}:
+   *
+   * `x == y * q + r`, where `0 <= r < y`.
    *
    * @param y - a {@link UInt8} to get the quotient and remainder of another {@link UInt8}.
    *
-   * @return The quotient and remainder of the two values.
+   * @return The quotient `q` and remainder `r`.
    */
   divMod(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let x = this.value;
@@ -1103,7 +1087,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       let yn = y_.toBigInt();
       let q = xn / yn;
       let r = xn - q * yn;
-      return { quotient: UInt8.from(q), rest: UInt8.from(r) };
+      return { quotient: UInt8.from(q), remainder: UInt8.from(r) };
     }
 
     // prove that x === q * y + r, where 0 <= r < y
@@ -1115,77 +1099,60 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     Gadgets.rangeCheck16(q);
     Gadgets.rangeCheck16(r);
 
-    let rest = UInt8.from(r);
+    let remainder = UInt8.from(r);
     let quotient = UInt8.from(q);
 
-    rest.assertLessThan(UInt8.from(y_));
-    return { quotient, rest };
+    remainder.assertLessThan(y);
+    return { quotient, remainder };
   }
 
   /**
    * Check if this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used to prove the validity of this statement.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * UInt8.from(3).lessThanOrEqual(UInt8.from(5)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * UInt8.from(3).lessThanOrEqual(UInt8.from(5));
    * ```
-   *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
-   *
-   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8): Bool {
-    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
-      return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() <= y.value.toBigInt());
+  lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8 | bigint | number): Bool {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      return Bool(this.toBigInt() <= y_.toBigInt());
     }
     throw Error('Not implemented');
   }
 
   /**
    * Check if this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used prove to the validity of this statement.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * UInt8.from(2).lessThan(UInt8.from(3)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * UInt8.from(2).lessThan(UInt8.from(3));
    * ```
-   *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
-   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  lessThan(y: UInt8): Bool {
-    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
-      return Bool(this.value.toBigInt() < y.value.toBigInt());
+  lessThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number): Bool {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      return Bool(this.toBigInt() < y_.toBigInt());
     }
     throw Error('Not implemented');
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).lessThan(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
-   * See {@link UInt8.lessThan} for more details.
    *
    * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
    *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
    * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertLessThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
-      let x0 = this.value.toBigInt();
-      let y0 = y.value.toBigInt();
+  assertLessThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      let x0 = this.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y_.toBigInt();
       if (x0 >= y0) {
         if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
         throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThan: expected ${x0} < ${y0}`);
@@ -1193,27 +1160,23 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       return;
     }
     // x < y  <=>  x + 1 <= y
-    let xPlus1 = new UInt8(this.value.add(1));
+    let xPlus1 = new UInt8(this.value.add(1).value);
     xPlus1.assertLessThanOrEqual(y, message);
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).lessThanOrEqual(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
-   * See {@link UInt8.lessThanOrEqual} for more details.
    *
    * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
    *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
    * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertLessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    if (this.value.isConstant() && y.value.isConstant()) {
-      let x0 = this.value.toBigInt();
-      let y0 = y.value.toBigInt();
+  assertLessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      let x0 = this.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y_.toBigInt();
       if (x0 > y0) {
         if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
         throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThanOrEqual: expected ${x0} <= ${y0}`);
@@ -1221,86 +1184,64 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
       return;
     }
     try {
-      // x <= y  <=>  y - x >= 0  <=>  y - x in [0, 2^8)
-      let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-      Gadgets.rangeCheck8(yMinusX);
+      // x <= y  <=>  y - x >= 0  which is implied by  y - x in [0, 2^16)
+      let yMinusX = y_.value.sub(this.value).seal();
+      Gadgets.rangeCheck16(yMinusX);
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
   }
 
   /**
-   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used to prove the validity of this statement.
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8}.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * UInt8.from(5).greaterThan(UInt8.from(3)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * // 5 > 3
+   * UInt8.from(5).greaterThan(3);
    * ```
-   *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods currently only support Field elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
-   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link UInt8}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  greaterThan(y: UInt8) {
-    return y.lessThan(this);
+  greaterThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(y).lessThan(this);
   }
 
   /**
    * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used to prove the validity of this statement.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * UInt8.from(3).greaterThanOrEqual(UInt8.from(3)).assertEquals(Bool(true));
+   * // 3 >= 3
+   * UInt8.from(3).greaterThanOrEqual(3);
    * ```
-   *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
-   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare with this {@link Field}.
-   *
-   * @return A {@link Bool} representing if this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
    */
-  greaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8) {
-    return this.lessThan(y).not();
+  greaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(y).lessThanOrEqual(this);
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).greaterThan(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
-   * See {@link UInt8.greaterThan} for more details.
    *
    * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
    *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
    * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertGreaterThan(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    y.assertLessThan(this, message);
+  assertGreaterThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    UInt8.from(y).assertLessThan(this, message);
   }
 
   /**
    * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
-   * Calling this function is equivalent to `UInt8(...).greaterThanOrEqual(...).assertEquals(Bool(true))`.
-   * See {@link UInt8.greaterThanOrEqual} for more details.
    *
    * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
    *
-   * **Warning**: Comparison methods only support UInt8 elements of size <= 8 bits in provable code.
-   * The method will throw if one of the inputs exceeds 8 bits.
-   *
    * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
   assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
-    y.assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
+    UInt8.from(y).assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1311,23 +1252,15 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
    * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
    */
-  assertEquals(y: number | bigint | UInt8, message?: string) {
-    let y_ = new UInt8(y);
-    this.toField().assertEquals(y_.toField(), message);
+  assertEquals(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    this.value.assertEquals(y_.value, message);
   }
 
   /**
    * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a string, e.g. for printing.
    *
-   * **Warning**: This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the {@link UInt8}. Use the operation only during debugging.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
-   * console.log(someUInt8 .toString());
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A string equivalent to the string representation of the {@link UInt8}.
+   * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
    */
   toString() {
     return this.value.toString();
@@ -1336,74 +1269,23 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   /**
    * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a bigint, e.g. for printing.
    *
-   * **Warning**: This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the bigint representation of the {@link UInt8}. Use the operation only during debugging.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
-   * console.log(someUInt8.toBigInt());
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A bigint equivalent to the bigint representation of the {@link UInt8}.
+   * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
    */
   toBigInt() {
     return this.value.toBigInt();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a {@link Field}.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
-   * console.log(someUInt8.toField());
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A {@link Field} equivalent to the bigint representation of the {@link UInt8}.
+   * {@link Provable.check} for {@link UInt8}.
+   * Proves that the input is in the [0, 255] range.
    */
-  toField() {
-    return this.value;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This function is the implementation of {@link Provable.check} in {@link UInt8} type.
-   *
-   * This function is called by {@link Provable.check} to check if the {@link UInt8} is valid.
-   * To check if a {@link UInt8} is valid, we need to check if the value fits in {@link UInt8.NUM_BITS} bits.
-   *
-   * @param value - the {@link UInt8} element to check.
-   */
-  static check(x: { value: Field }) {
+  static check(x: { value: Field } | Field) {
+    if (x instanceof Field) x = { value: x };
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x.value);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a JSON string, e.g. for printing.
-   *
-   * **Warning**: This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the JSON string representation of the {@link UInt8}. Use the operation only during debugging.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
-   * console.log(someUInt8 .toJSON());
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A string equivalent to the JSON representation of the {@link Field}.
-   */
-  toJSON(): string {
-    return this.value.toString();
-  }
-
   /**
    * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt32}.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
-   * const someUInt32 = someUInt8.toUInt32();
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt32} equivalent to the {@link UInt8}.
    */
   toUInt32(): UInt32 {
     return new UInt32(this.value);
@@ -1411,41 +1293,11 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
 
   /**
    * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt64}.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const someUInt8 = UInt8.from(42);
-   * const someUInt64 = someUInt8.toUInt64();
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A {@link UInt64} equivalent to the {@link UInt8}.
-   * */
+   */
   toUInt64(): UInt64 {
     return new UInt64(this.value);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Check whether this {@link UInt8} element is a hard-coded constant in the constraint system.
-   * If a {@link UInt8} is constructed outside a zkApp method, it is a constant.
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * console.log(UInt8.from(42).isConstant()); // true
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * \@method myMethod(x: UInt8) {
-   *    console.log(x.isConstant()); // false
-   * }
-   * ```
-   *
-   * @return A `boolean` showing if this {@link UInt8} is a constant or not.
-   */
-  isConstant() {
-    return this.value.isConstant();
-  }
-
   // TODO: these might be better on a separate `Bytes` class
   static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
     let bytes = chunkString(xs, 2).map((s) => parseInt(s, 16));
@@ -1459,21 +1311,26 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
    */
   static MAXINT() {
-    return new UInt8(Field((1n << BigInt(UInt8.NUM_BITS)) - 1n));
+    return new UInt8((1n << BigInt(UInt8.NUM_BITS)) - 1n);
   }
 
   /**
    * Creates a new {@link UInt8}.
    */
   static from(x: UInt8 | UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | bigint) {
-    if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof UInt8)
-      x = x.value;
-    return new UInt8(UInt8.checkConstant(Field(x)));
+    if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
+    if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof Field) {
+      // if the input could be larger than 8 bits, we have to prove that it is not
+      let xx = x instanceof Field ? { value: x } : x;
+      UInt8.check(xx);
+      return new UInt8(xx.value.value);
+    }
+    return new UInt8(x);
   }
 
   private static checkConstant(x: Field) {
-    if (!x.isConstant()) return x;
+    if (!x.isConstant()) return x.value;
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
-    return x;
+    return x.value;
   }
 }

From ac58ebd1092f9fbf7718a36ca112efcc15312b58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 13:32:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1095/1786] add doc comments

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 82 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 9d99e9fd4f..c6f660d15c 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -7,15 +7,94 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
-  /** TODO */
+  /**
+   * Implementation of [NIST SHA-3](https://www.nist.gov/publications/sha-3-derived-functions-cshake-kmac-tuplehash-and-parallelhash) Hash Function.
+   * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
+   *
+   * Functionality:
+   * - Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
+   * - Flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   *
+   * Input Expectations:
+   * - The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input.
+   * - Input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function.
+   *
+   * Output Expectations:
+   * - Ensures that the hash output conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * - The output is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
+   * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
+   *
+   * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
+   * let digest256 = Keccak.nistSha3(256, preimage);
+   * let digest384 = Keccak.nistSha3(384, preimage);
+   * let digest512= Keccak.nistSha3(512, preimage);
+   * ```
+   *
+   */
   nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
     return nistSha3(len, message);
   },
-  /** TODO */
+  /**
+   * Ethereum-Compatible Keccak-256 Hash Function.
+   * This is a specialized variant of {@link Keccak.preNist} configured for a 256-bit output length.
+   *
+   * Primarily used in Ethereum for hashing transactions, messages, and other types of payloads.
+   *
+   * Input Expectations:
+   * - Expects an input as a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
+   * - The input should be range checked before calling this function, as this function does not perform internal range checking. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * Output Specifications:
+   * - Produces an output which is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
+   * - Ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
+   * let digest = Keccak.ethereum(preimage);
+   * ```
+   */
   ethereum(message: Field[]): Field[] {
     return ethereum(message);
   },
-  /** TODO */
+  /**
+   * Implementation of [pre-NIST SHA-3](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final) Hash Function.
+   * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
+   *
+   * Pre-NIST SHA-3 is a variant of the Keccak hash function, which was standardized by NIST in 2015.
+   * This variant was used in Ethereum before the NIST standardization, by specifying `len` as 256 bits you can obtain the same hash function as used by Ethereum {@link Keccak.ethereum}.
+   *
+   * Functionality:
+   * - Applies the pre-SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
+   * - Flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   *
+   * Input Expectations:
+   * - The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input.
+   * - Input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function.
+   *
+   * Output Expectations:
+   * - Ensures that the hash output conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * - The output is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
+   * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
+   *
+   * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
+   * let digest256 = Keccak.preNist(256, preimage);
+   * let digest384 = Keccak.preNist(384, preimage);
+   * let digest512= Keccak.preNist(512, preimage);
+   * ```
+   *
+   */
   preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
     return preNist(len, message);
   },

From 025cc9aaf806c3ec9e82b286afd47e49bdea13da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 13:37:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1096/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 33 +++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index c6f660d15c..c71c5b3730 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -11,17 +11,11 @@ const Keccak = {
    * Implementation of [NIST SHA-3](https://www.nist.gov/publications/sha-3-derived-functions-cshake-kmac-tuplehash-and-parallelhash) Hash Function.
    * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
    *
-   * Functionality:
-   * - Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
-   * - Flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   * Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
-   * Input Expectations:
-   * - The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input.
-   * - Input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function.
+   * The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, the input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
-   * Output Expectations:
-   * - Ensures that the hash output conforms to the chosen bit length.
-   * - The output is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
    * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
@@ -45,13 +39,10 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * Primarily used in Ethereum for hashing transactions, messages, and other types of payloads.
    *
-   * Input Expectations:
-   * - Expects an input as a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
-   * - The input should be range checked before calling this function, as this function does not perform internal range checking. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The function expects an input as a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements. However, the input should be range checked before calling this function,
+   * as this function does not perform internal range checking. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
-   * Output Specifications:
-   * - Produces an output which is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
-   * - Ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * Produces an output which is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
@@ -70,17 +61,11 @@ const Keccak = {
    * Pre-NIST SHA-3 is a variant of the Keccak hash function, which was standardized by NIST in 2015.
    * This variant was used in Ethereum before the NIST standardization, by specifying `len` as 256 bits you can obtain the same hash function as used by Ethereum {@link Keccak.ethereum}.
    *
-   * Functionality:
-   * - Applies the pre-SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements.
-   * - Flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   * The function applies the pre-SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
-   * Input Expectations:
-   * - The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input.
-   * - Input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function.
+   * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
-   * Output Expectations:
-   * - Ensures that the hash output conforms to the chosen bit length.
-   * - The output is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The hash output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
    * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.

From 7caffae60c427d4325c7d607a709dbe27d1aa920 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 13:41:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1097/1786] provable bytes type

---
 src/lib/int.ts                           |  22 +++--
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts          | 103 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts |  18 ++++
 3 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a365b07919..a4cc974c4c 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { FieldVar, withMessage } from './field.js';
-import { chunkString } from './util/arrays.js';
-
 // external API
 export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
 
@@ -1267,7 +1265,16 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   /**
-   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a bigint, e.g. for printing.
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a number.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
+   */
+  toNumber() {
+    return Number(this.value.toBigInt());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a bigint.
    *
    * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
    */
@@ -1298,15 +1305,6 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     return new UInt64(this.value);
   }
 
-  // TODO: these might be better on a separate `Bytes` class
-  static fromHex(xs: string): UInt8[] {
-    let bytes = chunkString(xs, 2).map((s) => parseInt(s, 16));
-    return bytes.map(UInt8.from);
-  }
-  static toHex(xs: UInt8[]): string {
-    return xs.map((x) => x.toBigInt().toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
-  }
-
   /**
    * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce678970c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+
+export { Bytes, createBytes };
+
+/**
+ * A provable type representing an array of bytes.
+ */
+class Bytes {
+  data: UInt8[];
+
+  constructor(data: UInt8[]) {
+    let size = (this.constructor as typeof Bytes).size;
+
+    // assert that data is not too long
+    assert(
+      data.length < size,
+      `Expected at most ${size} bytes, got ${data.length}`
+    );
+
+    // pad the data with zeros
+    let padding = Array.from(
+      { length: size - data.length },
+      () => new UInt8(0)
+    );
+    this.data = data.concat(padding);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to {@link Bytes}.
+   *
+   * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
+   */
+  static from(data: (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array) {
+    return new this([...data].map(UInt8.from));
+  }
+
+  toBytes(): Uint8Array {
+    return Uint8Array.from(this.data.map((x) => x.toNumber()));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create {@link Bytes} from a string.
+   *
+   * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
+   */
+  static fromString(s: string) {
+    let bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(s);
+    return this.from(bytes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create {@link Bytes} from a hex string.
+   *
+   * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
+   */
+  static fromHex(xs: string): Bytes {
+    let bytes = chunkString(xs, 2).map((s) => parseInt(s, 16));
+    return this.from(bytes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert {@link Bytes} to a hex string.
+   */
+  toHex(xs: Bytes): string {
+    return xs.data
+      .map((x) => x.toBigInt().toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+      .join('');
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _size?: number;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<Bytes, { data: { value: string }[] }>;
+
+  /**
+   * The size of the {@link Bytes}.
+   */
+  static get size() {
+    assert(this._size !== undefined, 'Bytes not initialized');
+    return this._size;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `Provable<Bytes>`
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Bytes not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
+
+function createBytes(size: number): typeof Bytes {
+  return class Bytes_ extends Bytes {
+    static _size = size;
+    static _provable = provableFromClass(Bytes_, {
+      data: Provable.Array(UInt8, size),
+    });
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..717b9b0988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { Bytes as InternalBytes, createBytes } from './bytes.js';
+
+export { Bytes };
+
+type Bytes = InternalBytes;
+
+/**
+ * A provable type representing an array of bytes.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
+ *
+ * let bytes = Bytes32.fromHex('deadbeef');
+ * ```
+ */
+function Bytes(size: number) {
+  return createBytes(size);
+}

From fca04f80b0890d4d6bdae2ecb4178c9be128e328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 14:05:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1098/1786] use bytes as keccak input

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index a1e4bb8728..1b6f48a31b 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { rangeCheck8 } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { chunk } from './util/arrays.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
   /** TODO */
-  nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes) {
     return nistSha3(len, message);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  ethereum(message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  ethereum(message: Bytes) {
     return ethereum(message);
   },
   /** TODO */
-  preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
+  preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes) {
     return preNist(len, message);
   },
 };
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ function bytesToPad(rate: number, length: number): number {
 // The padded message will start with the message argument followed by the padding rule (below) to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes).
 // If nist is true, then the padding rule is 0x06 ..0*..1.
 // If nist is false, then the padding rule is 10*1.
-function pad(message: Field[], rate: number, nist: boolean): Field[] {
+function pad(message: UInt8[], rate: number, nist: boolean): UInt8[] {
   // Find out desired length of the padding in bytes
   // If message is already rate bits, need to pad full rate again
   const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
@@ -112,8 +113,8 @@ function pad(message: Field[], rate: number, nist: boolean): Field[] {
   const last = 0x80n;
 
   // Create the padding vector
-  const pad = Array(extraBytes).fill(Field.from(0));
-  pad[0] = Field.from(first);
+  const pad = Array<UInt8>(extraBytes).fill(UInt8.from(0));
+  pad[0] = UInt8.from(first);
   pad[extraBytes - 1] = pad[extraBytes - 1].add(last);
 
   // Return the padded message
@@ -324,11 +325,11 @@ function sponge(
 // - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
 // - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 200 bytes of the state.
 function hash(
-  message: Field[],
+  message: Bytes,
   length: number,
   capacity: number,
   nistVersion: boolean
-): Field[] {
+): UInt8[] {
   // Throw errors if used improperly
   assert(capacity > 0, 'capacity must be positive');
   assert(
@@ -346,7 +347,7 @@ function hash(
   const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS - capacity;
 
   // apply padding, convert to words, and hash
-  const paddedBytes = pad(message, rate * BYTES_PER_WORD, nistVersion);
+  const paddedBytes = pad(message.data, rate * BYTES_PER_WORD, nistVersion);
   const padded = bytesToWords(paddedBytes);
 
   const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
@@ -356,18 +357,20 @@ function hash(
 }
 
 // Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 256/384/512.
-function nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
-  return hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
+function nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes): Bytes {
+  let bytes = hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
+  return BytesOfBitlength[len].from(bytes);
 }
 
 // Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 256/384/512.
 // Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
-function preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Field[]): Field[] {
-  return hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
+function preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes): Bytes {
+  let bytes = hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
+  return BytesOfBitlength[len].from(bytes);
 }
 
 // Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
-function ethereum(message: Field[]): Field[] {
+function ethereum(message: Bytes): Bytes {
   return preNist(256, message);
 }
 
@@ -428,27 +431,36 @@ const State = {
   },
 };
 
+// AUXILIARY TYPES
+
+class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
+class Bytes48 extends Bytes(48) {}
+class Bytes64 extends Bytes(64) {}
+
+const BytesOfBitlength = {
+  256: Bytes32,
+  384: Bytes48,
+  512: Bytes64,
+};
+
 // AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
 
 // Auxiliary functions to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
 
-function bytesToWord(wordBytes: Field[]): Field {
-  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, value, idx) => {
+function bytesToWord(wordBytes: UInt8[]): Field {
+  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, byte, idx) => {
     const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
-    return acc.add(value.mul(shift));
+    return acc.add(byte.value.mul(shift));
   }, Field.from(0));
 }
 
-function wordToBytes(word: Field): Field[] {
-  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, BYTES_PER_WORD), () => {
+function wordToBytes(word: Field): UInt8[] {
+  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(UInt8, BYTES_PER_WORD), () => {
     let w = word.toBigInt();
     return Array.from({ length: BYTES_PER_WORD }, (_, k) =>
-      Field.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
+      UInt8.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
     );
   });
-  // range-check
-  // TODO(jackryanservia): Use lookup argument once issue is resolved
-  bytes.forEach(rangeCheck8);
 
   // check decomposition
   bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
@@ -456,11 +468,11 @@ function wordToBytes(word: Field): Field[] {
   return bytes;
 }
 
-function bytesToWords(bytes: Field[]): Field[] {
+function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[]): Field[] {
   return chunk(bytes, BYTES_PER_WORD).map(bytesToWord);
 }
 
-function wordsToBytes(words: Field[]): Field[] {
+function wordsToBytes(words: Field[]): UInt8[] {
   return words.flatMap(wordToBytes);
 }
 

From da919b70b6fbd4c513198bf45617693f19f11147 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:00:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1099/1786] tweaks to bytes type

---
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts          | 38 ++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts |  1 +
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index ce678970c0..7cb3763d74 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -5,29 +5,31 @@ import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 
-export { Bytes, createBytes };
+export { Bytes, createBytes, FlexibleBytes };
+
+type FlexibleBytes = Bytes | (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array;
 
 /**
  * A provable type representing an array of bytes.
  */
 class Bytes {
-  data: UInt8[];
+  bytes: UInt8[];
 
-  constructor(data: UInt8[]) {
+  constructor(bytes: UInt8[]) {
     let size = (this.constructor as typeof Bytes).size;
 
     // assert that data is not too long
     assert(
-      data.length < size,
-      `Expected at most ${size} bytes, got ${data.length}`
+      bytes.length < size,
+      `Expected at most ${size} bytes, got ${bytes.length}`
     );
 
     // pad the data with zeros
     let padding = Array.from(
-      { length: size - data.length },
+      { length: size - bytes.length },
       () => new UInt8(0)
     );
-    this.data = data.concat(padding);
+    this.bytes = bytes.concat(padding);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -35,12 +37,17 @@ class Bytes {
    *
    * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
    */
-  static from(data: (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array) {
+  static from(data: (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array | Bytes): Bytes {
+    if (data instanceof Bytes) return data;
+    if (this._size === undefined) {
+      let Bytes_ = createBytes(data.length);
+      return Bytes_.from(data);
+    }
     return new this([...data].map(UInt8.from));
   }
 
   toBytes(): Uint8Array {
-    return Uint8Array.from(this.data.map((x) => x.toNumber()));
+    return Uint8Array.from(this.bytes.map((x) => x.toNumber()));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -67,14 +74,17 @@ class Bytes {
    * Convert {@link Bytes} to a hex string.
    */
   toHex(xs: Bytes): string {
-    return xs.data
+    return xs.bytes
       .map((x) => x.toBigInt().toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
       .join('');
   }
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _size?: number;
-  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<Bytes, { data: { value: string }[] }>;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<
+    Bytes,
+    { bytes: { value: string }[] }
+  >;
 
   /**
    * The size of the {@link Bytes}.
@@ -84,6 +94,10 @@ class Bytes {
     return this._size;
   }
 
+  get length() {
+    return this.bytes.length;
+  }
+
   /**
    * `Provable<Bytes>`
    */
@@ -97,7 +111,7 @@ function createBytes(size: number): typeof Bytes {
   return class Bytes_ extends Bytes {
     static _size = size;
     static _provable = provableFromClass(Bytes_, {
-      data: Provable.Array(UInt8, size),
+      bytes: Provable.Array(UInt8, size),
     });
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
index 717b9b0988..1d850aa3c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
@@ -16,3 +16,4 @@ type Bytes = InternalBytes;
 function Bytes(size: number) {
   return createBytes(size);
 }
+Bytes.from = InternalBytes.from;

From 3d8dbbd9f9695d1b15549a5cc5a5c10f628ed96e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:01:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1100/1786] adapt bytes consumers

---
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts | 19 ++++++++++---------
 src/lib/keccak.ts        | 17 +++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index d5d941745c..bccbaa77ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { Ecdsa } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
-import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * isValid.assertTrue('signature verifies');
    * ```
    */
-  verify(message: Field[], publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
+  verify(message: Bytes, publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
     let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(message);
     let msgHash = keccakOutputToScalar(msgHashBytes, this.Constructor.Curve);
     return this.verifySignedHash(msgHash, publicKey);
@@ -132,8 +133,7 @@ class EcdsaSignature {
    * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
    */
   static sign(message: (bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array, privateKey: bigint) {
-    let msgFields = [...message].map(Field.from);
-    let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(msgFields);
+    let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(message);
     let msgHash = keccakOutputToScalar(msgHashBytes, this.Curve);
     return this.signHash(msgHash.toBigInt(), privateKey);
   }
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ function toObject(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
  * - takes a 32 bytes hash
  * - converts them to 3 limbs which collectively have L_n <= 256 bits
  */
-function keccakOutputToScalar(hash: Field[], Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
+function keccakOutputToScalar(hash: Bytes, Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
   const L_n = Curve.Scalar.sizeInBits;
   // keep it simple for now, avoid dealing with dropping bits
   // TODO: what does "leftmost bits" mean? big-endian or little-endian?
@@ -240,14 +240,15 @@ function keccakOutputToScalar(hash: Field[], Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
   // piece together into limbs
   // bytes are big-endian, so the first byte is the most significant
   assert(l === 88n);
-  let x2 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.slice(0, 10));
-  let x1 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.slice(10, 21));
-  let x0 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.slice(21, 32));
+  let x2 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.bytes.slice(0, 10));
+  let x1 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.bytes.slice(10, 21));
+  let x0 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.bytes.slice(21, 32));
 
   return new Curve.Scalar.AlmostReduced([x0, x1, x2]);
 }
 
-function bytesToLimbBE(bytes: Field[]) {
+function bytesToLimbBE(bytes_: UInt8[]) {
+  let bytes = bytes_.map((x) => x.value);
   let n = bytes.length;
   let limb = bytes[0];
   for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) {
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 1b6f48a31b..5def838e39 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -3,23 +3,24 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { chunk } from './util/arrays.js';
-import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { FlexibleBytes } from './provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
   /** TODO */
-  nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes) {
-    return nistSha3(len, message);
+  nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: FlexibleBytes) {
+    return nistSha3(len, Bytes.from(message));
   },
   /** TODO */
-  ethereum(message: Bytes) {
-    return ethereum(message);
+  ethereum(message: FlexibleBytes) {
+    return ethereum(Bytes.from(message));
   },
   /** TODO */
-  preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes) {
-    return preNist(len, message);
+  preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: FlexibleBytes) {
+    return preNist(len, Bytes.from(message));
   },
 };
 
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@ function hash(
   const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS - capacity;
 
   // apply padding, convert to words, and hash
-  const paddedBytes = pad(message.data, rate * BYTES_PER_WORD, nistVersion);
+  const paddedBytes = pad(message.bytes, rate * BYTES_PER_WORD, nistVersion);
   const padded = bytesToWords(paddedBytes);
 
   const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);

From 644f2790bc93a121d44fc8efa2b6bfb63f8be9b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:06:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1101/1786] fix import cycle

---
 src/index.ts    | 13 +++++++++++--
 src/lib/hash.ts | 17 +++++------------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 4b896dd901..3f29a8059f 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,17 @@ export {
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash } from './lib/hash.js';
-export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
+export { TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+
+import { Poseidon } from './lib/hash.js';
+import { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
+
+const Hash = {
+  hash: Poseidon.hash,
+  Poseidon,
+  Keccak,
+};
+export { Poseidon, Keccak, Hash };
 
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index d986d7ea47..39fd993774 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 
 // external API
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, Hash };
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
 
 // internal API
 export {
@@ -24,19 +23,19 @@ export {
 };
 
 class Sponge {
-  private sponge: unknown;
+  #sponge: unknown;
 
   constructor() {
     let isChecked = Provable.inCheckedComputation();
-    this.sponge = Snarky.poseidon.sponge.create(isChecked);
+    this.#sponge = Snarky.poseidon.sponge.create(isChecked);
   }
 
   absorb(x: Field) {
-    Snarky.poseidon.sponge.absorb(this.sponge, x.value);
+    Snarky.poseidon.sponge.absorb(this.#sponge, x.value);
   }
 
   squeeze(): Field {
-    return Field(Snarky.poseidon.sponge.squeeze(this.sponge));
+    return Field(Snarky.poseidon.sponge.squeeze(this.#sponge));
   }
 }
 
@@ -206,9 +205,3 @@ function isConstant(fields: Field[]) {
 function toBigints(fields: Field[]) {
   return fields.map((x) => x.toBigInt());
 }
-
-const Hash = {
-  hash: Poseidon.hash,
-  Poseidon,
-  Keccak,
-};

From eadb423e24e91264bf94e4bb924d6569c9604b31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:06:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1102/1786] adapt keccak unit test

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 67 +++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 7caa5c166a..3b1b163772 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import { Field } from './field.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Random } from './testing/random.js';
-import { array, equivalentAsync, fieldWithRng } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { equivalentAsync, spec } from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import {
   keccak_224,
   keccak_256,
@@ -14,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   sha3_384,
   sha3_512,
 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
 
 const RUNS = 1;
 
@@ -32,8 +31,6 @@ const testImplementations = {
   },
 };
 
-const uint = (length: number) => fieldWithRng(Random.biguint(length));
-
 // Choose a test length at random
 const digestLength = ([256, 384, 512] as const)[Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)];
 
@@ -46,18 +43,18 @@ const preImageLength = Math.floor(digestLength / (Math.random() * 4 + 2));
 // No need to test Ethereum because it's just a special case of preNist
 const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'keccak-test',
-  publicInput: Provable.Array(Field, preImageLength),
-  publicOutput: Provable.Array(Field, digestLengthBytes),
+  publicInput: Bytes(preImageLength).provable,
+  publicOutput: Bytes(digestLengthBytes).provable,
   methods: {
     nistSha3: {
       privateInputs: [],
-      method(preImage) {
+      method(preImage: Bytes) {
         return Keccak.nistSha3(digestLength, preImage);
       },
     },
     preNist: {
       privateInputs: [],
-      method(preImage) {
+      method(preImage: Bytes) {
         return Keccak.preNist(digestLength, preImage);
       },
     },
@@ -66,42 +63,38 @@ const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
 
 await KeccakProgram.compile();
 
+const bytes = (length: number) => {
+  const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
+  return spec<Uint8Array, Bytes>({
+    rng: Random.map(Random.bytes(length), (x) => Uint8Array.from(x)),
+    there: Bytes_.from,
+    back: (x) => x.toBytes(),
+    provable: Bytes_.provable,
+  });
+};
+
 // SHA-3
 await equivalentAsync(
   {
-    from: [array(uint(8), preImageLength)],
-    to: array(uint(8), digestLengthBytes),
+    from: [bytes(preImageLength)],
+    to: bytes(digestLengthBytes),
   },
   { runs: RUNS }
-)(
-  (x) => {
-    const byteArray = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
-    const result = testImplementations.sha3[digestLength](byteArray);
-    return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    const proof = await KeccakProgram.nistSha3(x);
-    await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
-    return proof.publicOutput;
-  }
-);
+)(testImplementations.sha3[digestLength], async (x) => {
+  const proof = await KeccakProgram.nistSha3(x);
+  await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
+  return proof.publicOutput;
+});
 
 // PreNIST Keccak
 await equivalentAsync(
   {
-    from: [array(uint(8), preImageLength)],
-    to: array(uint(8), digestLengthBytes),
+    from: [bytes(preImageLength)],
+    to: bytes(digestLengthBytes),
   },
   { runs: RUNS }
-)(
-  (x) => {
-    const byteArray = new Uint8Array(x.map(Number));
-    const result = testImplementations.preNist[digestLength](byteArray);
-    return Array.from(result).map(BigInt);
-  },
-  async (x) => {
-    const proof = await KeccakProgram.preNist(x);
-    await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
-    return proof.publicOutput;
-  }
-);
+)(testImplementations.preNist[digestLength], async (x) => {
+  const proof = await KeccakProgram.preNist(x);
+  await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
+  return proof.publicOutput;
+});

From 3ee7d192e3887ee639ae97574c6b0649bfd271d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:15:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1103/1786] fix length assertion

---
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index 7cb3763d74..8c0b08b289 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Bytes {
 
     // assert that data is not too long
     assert(
-      bytes.length < size,
+      bytes.length <= size,
       `Expected at most ${size} bytes, got ${bytes.length}`
     );
 

From 8b4344a4d3da49ef9031c4c1a86225915274f63a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:20:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1104/1786] fix something very stupid

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 3b1b163772..7aa16f024f 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const testImplementations = {
 };
 
 // Choose a test length at random
-const digestLength = ([256, 384, 512] as const)[Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)];
+const digestLength = ([256, 384, 512] as const)[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)];
 
 // Digest length in bytes
 const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;

From 0a896bd7f6fc765aa4bb9b3fcb11e8583c6d5c8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:32:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1105/1786] add constant tests

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 7aa16f024f..454874cdcb 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
-import { Random } from './testing/random.js';
-import { equivalentAsync, spec } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random, sample } from './testing/random.js';
+import {
+  equivalentAsync,
+  equivalentProvable,
+  spec,
+} from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import {
   keccak_224,
   keccak_256,
@@ -31,8 +35,41 @@ const testImplementations = {
   },
 };
 
+const lengths = [256, 384, 512] as const;
+
+// witness construction checks
+
+const bytes = (length: number) => {
+  const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
+  return spec<Uint8Array, Bytes>({
+    rng: Random.map(Random.bytes(length), (x) => Uint8Array.from(x)),
+    there: Bytes_.from,
+    back: (x) => x.toBytes(),
+    provable: Bytes_.provable,
+  });
+};
+
+for (let length of lengths) {
+  let [preimageLength] = sample(Random.nat(100), 1);
+  console.log(`Testing ${length} with preimage length ${preimageLength}`);
+  let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
+  let outputBytes = bytes(length / 8);
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+    testImplementations.sha3[length],
+    (x) => Keccak.nistSha3(length, x),
+    `sha3 ${length}`
+  );
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+    testImplementations.preNist[length],
+    (x) => Keccak.preNist(length, x),
+    `keccak ${length}`
+  );
+}
+
 // Choose a test length at random
-const digestLength = ([256, 384, 512] as const)[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)];
+const digestLength = lengths[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)];
 
 // Digest length in bytes
 const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;
@@ -63,16 +100,6 @@ const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
 
 await KeccakProgram.compile();
 
-const bytes = (length: number) => {
-  const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
-  return spec<Uint8Array, Bytes>({
-    rng: Random.map(Random.bytes(length), (x) => Uint8Array.from(x)),
-    there: Bytes_.from,
-    back: (x) => x.toBytes(),
-    provable: Bytes_.provable,
-  });
-};
-
 // SHA-3
 await equivalentAsync(
   {

From 5d151417bc1e22ecdb2931e43524b3c4e53ef085 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:53:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1106/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index c71c5b3730..ef71911f11 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export { Keccak };
 
 const Keccak = {
   /**
-   * Implementation of [NIST SHA-3](https://www.nist.gov/publications/sha-3-derived-functions-cshake-kmac-tuplehash-and-parallelhash) Hash Function.
+   * Implementation of [NIST SHA-3](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final) Hash Function.
    * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
    *
    * Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.

From aa1bb04fe871a134e9e4730138885b57e7fcf450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:53:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1107/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index ef71911f11..5849c06dbd 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
    * let digest256 = Keccak.nistSha3(256, preimage);
    * let digest384 = Keccak.nistSha3(384, preimage);
-   * let digest512= Keccak.nistSha3(512, preimage);
+   * let digest512 = Keccak.nistSha3(512, preimage);
    * ```
    *
    */

From 25bcd0c7d688d2bb2844700f54091dbb1537c03e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:53:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1108/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 5849c06dbd..458bbb491c 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * Implementation of [NIST SHA-3](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final) Hash Function.
    * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
    *
-   * Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   * Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
    * The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, the input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *

From bb4f5bdaa74495a8e24de43f11ceccdd840134e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:53:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1109/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 458bbb491c..c1c2a2b02a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, the input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
-   * The output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
    * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.

From 008df1899cdcf82cf288ea13e6b202a2f90b20ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:53:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1110/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index c1c2a2b02a..24ee74ec7e 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * Primarily used in Ethereum for hashing transactions, messages, and other types of payloads.
    *
-   * The function expects an input as a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements. However, the input should be range checked before calling this function,
+   * The function expects an input as a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements. However, the input should be range checked before calling this function,
    * as this function does not perform internal range checking. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * Produces an output which is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.

From fc7a8616603325184d4a1c8f902aab61ae278b0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:55:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1111/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 24ee74ec7e..190abdcc9a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * The function expects an input as a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements. However, the input should be range checked before calling this function,
    * as this function does not perform internal range checking. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
-   * Produces an output which is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * Produces an output which is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements and ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *

From 0651999914f9f32c6812f35799bf87d539d47193 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:55:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1112/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 190abdcc9a..559e4422c1 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * Pre-NIST SHA-3 is a variant of the Keccak hash function, which was standardized by NIST in 2015.
    * This variant was used in Ethereum before the NIST standardization, by specifying `len` as 256 bits you can obtain the same hash function as used by Ethereum {@link Keccak.ethereum}.
    *
-   * The function applies the pre-SHA-3 hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   * The function applies the pre-NIST Keccak hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
    * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *

From 542ce92d3679af35ed7c01131de69cd30f052967 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:56:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1113/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 559e4422c1..04a01f565b 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
-   * The hash output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The hash output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
    * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.

From 1e390260f6e294859ba689e9cfd7fd2c5d11b0a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:56:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1114/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 04a01f565b..149c1e075d 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * Produces an output which is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements and ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
+   * @param message - Big-endian list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
+   *
    * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * ```ts

From 82e58473a0788c91105be77eb327c59de54ab521 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:56:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1115/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 149c1e075d..e646628491 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * The output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
-   * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
+   * @param message - Big-endian list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
    *
    * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *

From 51226affeafdfdabb2b9b4714e6bbfb4e9fb1376 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:56:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1116/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index e646628491..6e38f73946 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * The hash output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
-   * @param message - List of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
+   * @param message - Big-endian list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
    *
    * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *

From b97b1aac7e490ee65c182cc23ba74de2af20cb4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:56:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1117/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 6e38f73946..6d2d20b05a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const Keccak = {
     return ethereum(message);
   },
   /**
-   * Implementation of [pre-NIST SHA-3](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final) Hash Function.
+   * Implementation of [pre-NIST Keccak](https://keccak.team/keccak.html) hash function.
    * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
    *
    * Pre-NIST SHA-3 is a variant of the Keccak hash function, which was standardized by NIST in 2015.

From ad69dbb76b0370bfbcb70eb239d540956546f791 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:57:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1118/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 6d2d20b05a..a361627eca 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    * Implementation of [pre-NIST Keccak](https://keccak.team/keccak.html) hash function.
    * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
    *
-   * Pre-NIST SHA-3 is a variant of the Keccak hash function, which was standardized by NIST in 2015.
+   * Keccak won the SHA-3 competition and was slightly altered before being standardized as SHA-3 by NIST in 2015.
    * This variant was used in Ethereum before the NIST standardization, by specifying `len` as 256 bits you can obtain the same hash function as used by Ethereum {@link Keccak.ethereum}.
    *
    * The function applies the pre-NIST Keccak hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.

From 489db6b455ecd5104f035515fb12d5fc142afbe8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:57:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1119/1786] Update src/lib/keccak.ts

Co-authored-by: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index a361627eca..d43ee8fc28 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * The function applies the pre-NIST Keccak hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
-   * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *
    * The hash output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
    *

From ca1c02e7295f7eefc31790812fed26707f96724f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 15:59:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1120/1786] add verbose argument to nonprovable equivalence
 test

---
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 2e8384d7da..7a0f20fd7d 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ function toUnion<T1, T2>(spec: OrUnion<T1, T2>): FromSpecUnion<T1, T2> {
 function equivalent<
   In extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>,
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
->({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+>({ from, to, verbose }: { from: In; to: Out; verbose?: boolean }) {
   return function run(
     f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
     f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
@@ -130,7 +130,8 @@ function equivalent<
   ) {
     let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
     let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
-    test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
+    let start = performance.now();
+    let nRuns = test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
       args.pop();
       let inputs = args as Params1<In>;
       handleErrors(
@@ -143,6 +144,14 @@ function equivalent<
         label
       );
     });
+
+    if (verbose) {
+      let ms = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(1);
+      let runs = nRuns.toString().padStart(2, ' ');
+      console.log(
+        `${label.padEnd(20, ' ')}    success on ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`
+      );
+    }
   };
 }
 

From 0fbc626ff9a284b51099368bc70fc89f8d465fc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 16:00:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1121/1786] run keccak unit tests outside circuit for now

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 18 +++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 454874cdcb..a811b018d9 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Random, sample } from './testing/random.js';
-import {
-  equivalentAsync,
-  equivalentProvable,
-  spec,
-} from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { equivalent, equivalentAsync, spec } from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import {
   keccak_224,
   keccak_256,
@@ -37,7 +33,8 @@ const testImplementations = {
 
 const lengths = [256, 384, 512] as const;
 
-// witness construction checks
+// checks outside circuit
+// TODO: fix witness generation slowness
 
 const bytes = (length: number) => {
   const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
@@ -55,13 +52,13 @@ for (let length of lengths) {
   let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
   let outputBytes = bytes(length / 8);
 
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
     testImplementations.sha3[length],
     (x) => Keccak.nistSha3(length, x),
     `sha3 ${length}`
   );
 
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
     testImplementations.preNist[length],
     (x) => Keccak.preNist(length, x),
     `keccak ${length}`
@@ -74,12 +71,11 @@ const digestLength = lengths[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)];
 // Digest length in bytes
 const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;
 
-// Chose a random preimage length
-const preImageLength = Math.floor(digestLength / (Math.random() * 4 + 2));
+const preImageLength = 32;
 
 // No need to test Ethereum because it's just a special case of preNist
 const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'keccak-test',
+  name: `keccak-test-${digestLength}`,
   publicInput: Bytes(preImageLength).provable,
   publicOutput: Bytes(digestLengthBytes).provable,
   methods: {

From c3fa6cee0771aec959b993c6e8d0d533f0c7688c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 16:24:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1122/1786] reduce witnessing time in xor by calling exists
 fewer times

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 105 ++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts  |   5 --
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 4c930de649..21ed00af11 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ import {
   MAX_BITS,
   assert,
   witnessSlice,
-  witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
   toVar,
+  exists,
+  bitSlice,
 } from './common.js';
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
@@ -81,66 +82,71 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
 }
 
 // builds a xor chain
-function buildXor(
-  a: Field,
-  b: Field,
-  expectedOutput: Field,
-  padLength: number
-) {
+function buildXor(a: Field, b: Field, out: Field, padLength: number) {
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {
     // slices the inputs into 4x 4bit-sized chunks
-    // slices of a
-    let in1_0 = witnessSlice(a, 0, 4);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlice(a, 4, 4);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlice(a, 8, 4);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlice(a, 12, 4);
-
-    // slices of b
-    let in2_0 = witnessSlice(b, 0, 4);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlice(b, 4, 4);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlice(b, 8, 4);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlice(b, 12, 4);
-
-    // slices of expected output
-    let out0 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
-    let out1 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 4, 4);
-    let out2 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 8, 4);
-    let out3 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 12, 4);
+    let slices = exists(15, () => {
+      let a0 = a.toBigInt();
+      let b0 = b.toBigInt();
+      let out0 = out.toBigInt();
+      return [
+        // slices of a
+        bitSlice(a0, 0, 4),
+        bitSlice(a0, 4, 4),
+        bitSlice(a0, 8, 4),
+        bitSlice(a0, 12, 4),
+
+        // slices of b
+        bitSlice(b0, 0, 4),
+        bitSlice(b0, 4, 4),
+        bitSlice(b0, 8, 4),
+        bitSlice(b0, 12, 4),
+
+        // slices of expected output
+        bitSlice(out0, 0, 4),
+        bitSlice(out0, 4, 4),
+        bitSlice(out0, 8, 4),
+        bitSlice(out0, 12, 4),
+
+        // next values
+        a0 >> 16n,
+        b0 >> 16n,
+        out0 >> 16n,
+      ];
+    });
+
+    // prettier-ignore
+    let [
+      in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3,
+      in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3,
+      out0, out1, out2, out3,
+      aNext, bNext, outNext
+    ] = slices;
 
     // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
+    // prettier-ignore
     Gates.xor(
-      a,
-      b,
-      expectedOutput,
-      in1_0,
-      in1_1,
-      in1_2,
-      in1_3,
-      in2_0,
-      in2_1,
-      in2_2,
-      in2_3,
-      out0,
-      out1,
-      out2,
-      out3
+      a, b, out,
+      in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3,
+      in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3,
+      out0, out1, out2, out3
     );
 
     // update the values for the next loop iteration
-    a = witnessNextValue(a);
-    b = witnessNextValue(b);
-    expectedOutput = witnessNextValue(expectedOutput);
+    a = aNext;
+    b = bNext;
+    out = outNext;
     padLength = padLength - 16;
   }
 
   // inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check - we reached the end of our chain
-  Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
+  Gates.zero(a, b, out);
 
   let zero = new Field(0);
   zero.assertEquals(a);
   zero.assertEquals(b);
-  zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
+  zero.assertEquals(out);
 }
 
 function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
@@ -160,15 +166,8 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(
-      a.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
-
-    assert(
-      b.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
 
     return new Field(a.toBigInt() & b.toBigInt());
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index e6e6c873cc..7d2057972f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ export {
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   witnessSlice,
-  witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
 };
 
@@ -84,10 +83,6 @@ function witnessSlice(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
   });
 }
 
-function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
-}
-
 function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
   const quotient = numerator / denominator;
   const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;

From cab7839893efc24fae784defdffce19022808b6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 16:38:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1123/1786] pad witnesses in raw gate to avoid try-catch in
 plonk_constraint_system

---
 src/lib/gates.ts | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/snarky.d.ts  | 23 +----------------------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 5d620066c5..a8900cfe49 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { KimchiGateType, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
+import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ export {
   generic,
   foreignFieldAdd,
   foreignFieldMul,
+  KimchiGateType,
 };
 
 const Gates = {
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ function generic(
 }
 
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
-  Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
+  raw(KimchiGateType.Zero, [a, b, c], []);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -234,9 +236,32 @@ function foreignFieldMul(inputs: {
 }
 
 function raw(kind: KimchiGateType, values: Field[], coefficients: bigint[]) {
+  let n = values.length;
+  let padding = exists(15 - n, () => Array(15 - n).fill(0n));
   Snarky.gates.raw(
     kind,
-    MlArray.to(values.map((x) => x.value)),
+    MlArray.to(values.concat(padding).map((x) => x.value)),
     MlArray.to(coefficients.map(FieldConst.fromBigint))
   );
 }
+
+enum KimchiGateType {
+  Zero,
+  Generic,
+  Poseidon,
+  CompleteAdd,
+  VarBaseMul,
+  EndoMul,
+  EndoMulScalar,
+  Lookup,
+  CairoClaim,
+  CairoInstruction,
+  CairoFlags,
+  CairoTransition,
+  RangeCheck0,
+  RangeCheck1,
+  ForeignFieldAdd,
+  ForeignFieldMul,
+  Xor16,
+  Rot64,
+}
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 871fbeecaf..2c47b9dc63 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import type {
   WasmFpSrs,
   WasmFqSrs,
 } from './bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
+import type { KimchiGateType } from './lib/gates.ts';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType, getWasm };
 
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ export {
   Snarky,
   Test,
   JsonGate,
-  KimchiGateType,
   MlPublicKey,
   MlPublicKeyVar,
   FeatureFlags,
@@ -542,27 +542,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 };
 
-declare enum KimchiGateType {
-  Zero,
-  Generic,
-  Poseidon,
-  CompleteAdd,
-  VarBaseMul,
-  EndoMul,
-  EndoMulScalar,
-  Lookup,
-  CairoClaim,
-  CairoInstruction,
-  CairoFlags,
-  CairoTransition,
-  RangeCheck0,
-  RangeCheck1,
-  ForeignFieldAdd,
-  ForeignFieldMul,
-  Xor16,
-  Rot64,
-}
-
 type GateType =
   | 'Zero'
   | 'Generic'

From d3dec8d8c82dcc92aeb4951317f0e898089de3b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 16:44:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1124/1786] remove witness slice altogether

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts  | 11 -----------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 21ed00af11..f4bb9551db 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import {
   MAX_BITS,
   assert,
-  witnessSlice,
   divideWithRemainder,
   toVar,
   exists,
@@ -243,27 +242,34 @@ function rot(
   // TODO this is an abstraction leak, but not clear to me how to improve
   toVar(0n);
 
+  // slice the bound into chunks
+  let boundSlices = exists(12, () => {
+    let bound0 = bound.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(bound0, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
+      bitSlice(bound0, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
+      bitSlice(bound0, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
+      bitSlice(bound0, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
+
+      bitSlice(bound0, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
+      bitSlice(bound0, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
+      bitSlice(bound0, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
+      bitSlice(bound0, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
+      bitSlice(bound0, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
+      bitSlice(bound0, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
+      bitSlice(bound0, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
+      bitSlice(bound0, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
+    ];
+  });
+  let [b52, b40, b28, b16, b14, b12, b10, b8, b6, b4, b2, b0] = boundSlices;
+
   // Compute current row
   Gates.rotate(
     field,
     rotated,
     excess,
-    [
-      witnessSlice(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
-      witnessSlice(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
-      witnessSlice(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
-      witnessSlice(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
-    ],
-    [
-      witnessSlice(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
-      witnessSlice(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
-      witnessSlice(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
-      witnessSlice(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
-      witnessSlice(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
-      witnessSlice(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
-      witnessSlice(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
-      witnessSlice(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
-    ],
+    [b52, b40, b28, b16],
+    [b14, b12, b10, b8, b6, b4, b2, b0],
     big2PowerRot
   );
   // Compute next row
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 7d2057972f..9da4490723 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ export {
   isVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
-  witnessSlice,
   divideWithRemainder,
 };
 
@@ -74,15 +72,6 @@ function bitSlice(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
   return (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n);
 }
 
-function witnessSlice(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
-
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
-  });
-}
-
 function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
   const quotient = numerator / denominator;
   const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;

From e5810f48625d1702f738e3d5a0bb8843e6cf0fcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 17:01:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1125/1786] make old unit tests work

---
 src/index.ts                             | 14 ++------
 src/lib/hashes-combined.ts               | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts          | 44 ++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts          |  4 +--
 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts |  1 +
 5 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/hashes-combined.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 3f29a8059f..4a440bf143 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,17 +9,9 @@ export {
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
-export { TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
-
-import { Poseidon } from './lib/hash.js';
-import { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
-
-const Hash = {
-  hash: Poseidon.hash,
-  Poseidon,
-  Keccak,
-};
-export { Poseidon, Keccak, Hash };
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
+export { Hash } from './lib/hashes-combined.js';
 
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
diff --git a/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5608627e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+
+export { Hash };
+
+// TODO do we want this?
+const Hash = {
+  hash: Poseidon.hash,
+  Poseidon,
+  SHA3_256: {
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.nistSha3(256, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+  SHA3_384: {
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.nistSha3(384, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+  SHA3_512: {
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.nistSha3(512, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+  Keccak256: {
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.preNist(256, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+  Keccak384: {
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.preNist(384, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+  Keccak512: {
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.preNist(512, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
index c934bcf15e..a39179f60a 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
 import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
-import { Hash } from './hash.js';
+import { Hash } from './hashes-combined.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import assert from 'assert';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
 
 let RandomUInt8 = Random.map(Random.uint8, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
 
@@ -13,16 +14,14 @@ test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
   assert(z instanceof UInt8);
   assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
   assert(z.toString() === x.toString());
-  assert(z.isConstant());
 
   assert((z = new UInt8(x)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
   assert((z = new UInt8(z)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
-  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
 
   z = new UInt8(y);
   assert(z instanceof UInt8);
   assert(z.toString() === y.toString());
-  assert(z.toJSON() === y.toString());
 });
 
 // handles all numbers up to 2^8
@@ -50,29 +49,27 @@ function checkHashInCircuit() {
       .create()()
       .map((x) => Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x)));
 
-    checkHashConversions(data);
+    checkHashConversions(Bytes.from(data));
   });
 }
 
-function checkHashConversions(data: UInt8[]) {
+function checkHashConversions(data: Bytes) {
   Provable.asProver(() => {
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA224.hash(data));
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA256.hash(data));
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA384.hash(data));
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA512.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA3_256.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA3_384.hash(data));
+    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA3_512.hash(data));
     expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.Keccak256.hash(data));
   });
 }
 
-function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: UInt8[]) {
-  const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-  expect(equals(digest, UInt8.fromHex(hex))).toBe(true);
+function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: Bytes) {
+  const hex = digest.toHex();
+  expect(digest).toEqual(Bytes.fromHex(hex));
 }
 
-function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
+function equals(a: Bytes, b: Bytes): boolean {
   if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
-
+  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a.bytes[i].assertEquals(b.bytes[i]);
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -246,24 +243,21 @@ function testExpected({
   Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
     assert(message.length % 2 === 0);
 
-    let fields = UInt8.fromHex(message);
-    let expectedHash = UInt8.fromHex(expected);
+    let fields = Bytes.fromHex(message);
+    let expectedHash = Bytes.fromHex(expected);
 
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       if (nist) {
-        let hashed;
+        let hashed: Bytes;
         switch (length) {
-          case 224:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA224.hash(fields);
-            break;
           case 256:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA256.hash(fields);
+            hashed = Hash.SHA3_256.hash(fields);
             break;
           case 384:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA384.hash(fields);
+            hashed = Hash.SHA3_384.hash(fields);
             break;
           case 512:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA512.hash(fields);
+            hashed = Hash.SHA3_512.hash(fields);
             break;
           default:
             assert(false);
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index 8c0b08b289..ddbe6873aa 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ class Bytes {
   /**
    * Convert {@link Bytes} to a hex string.
    */
-  toHex(xs: Bytes): string {
-    return xs.bytes
+  toHex(): string {
+    return this.bytes
       .map((x) => x.toBigInt().toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
       .join('');
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
index 1d850aa3c5..cd4c2ed2f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
@@ -17,3 +17,4 @@ function Bytes(size: number) {
   return createBytes(size);
 }
 Bytes.from = InternalBytes.from;
+Bytes.fromHex = InternalBytes.fromHex;

From f96c1694ef170ef65bb76404f7b73ba41cfa4766 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 17:38:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1126/1786] fix unit test flake

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 13 +++++++++----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index b4dc64f25f..135fca61a1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import {
+  allConstant,
   and,
   constraintSystem,
   contains,
   equals,
   ifNotAllConstant,
   not,
+  or,
   repeat,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
@@ -326,10 +328,13 @@ constraintSystem(
   'assert mul',
   from2,
   (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
-  and(
-    contains([addChain(1), addChain(1), addChainedIntoMul]),
-    // assertMul() doesn't use any range checks besides on internal values and the quotient
-    containsNTimes(2, mrc)
+  or(
+    and(
+      contains([addChain(2), addChain(2), addChainedIntoMul]),
+      // assertMul() doesn't use any range checks besides on internal values and the quotient
+      containsNTimes(2, mrc)
+    ),
+    allConstant
   )
 );
 

From 45b7b74bc26ffd54f63e78b0acd570dc51f122e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 17:38:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1127/1786] add run-debug script

---
 run       | 2 +-
 run-debug | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100755 run-debug

diff --git a/run b/run
index b039136688..5011793494 100755
--- a/run
+++ b/run
@@ -1 +1 @@
-node --enable-source-maps --stack-trace-limit=1000 src/build/run.js $@
+node --enable-source-maps src/build/run.js $@
diff --git a/run-debug b/run-debug
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..05642ff1c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/run-debug
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+node --inspect-brk --enable-source-maps src/build/run.js $@

From 1cb8b0be3fe56941dd054d01752a66909fbc4b1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 18:02:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1128/1786] add toFields and expose Bytes

---
 src/index.ts                    | 1 +
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts | 4 ++++
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 4a440bf143..b82033e1dd 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export {
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign, UInt8 } from './lib/int.js';
+export { Bytes } from './lib/provable-types/provable-types.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index ddbe6873aa..992e10bd1f 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ class Bytes {
     return Uint8Array.from(this.bytes.map((x) => x.toNumber()));
   }
 
+  toFields() {
+    return this.bytes.map((x) => x.value);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create {@link Bytes} from a string.
    *

From 4729c8bb3e7ab232aee84789fa4eff6ce67fa8e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 18:03:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1129/1786] fix examples

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts  | 47 ++++-----------------
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts    |  4 +-
 src/examples/keccak.ts              | 64 -----------------------------
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts | 39 ++++++------------
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts  | 23 ++---------
 5 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 151 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/keccak.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index cf2407df35..45639c41cb 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -4,37 +4,34 @@ import {
   createEcdsa,
   createForeignCurve,
   Bool,
-  Struct,
-  Provable,
-  Field,
   Keccak,
-  Gadgets,
+  Bytes,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-export { keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Secp256k1, Ecdsa, Message32 };
+export { keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Secp256k1, Ecdsa, Bytes32 };
 
 class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
 class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
 class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
-class Message32 extends Message(32) {}
+class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
 
 const keccakAndEcdsa = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: Message32,
+  publicInput: Bytes32.provable,
   publicOutput: Bool,
 
   methods: {
     verifyEcdsa: {
       privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
-      method(message: Message32, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
-        return signature.verify(message.array, publicKey);
+      method(message: Bytes32, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+        return signature.verify(message, publicKey);
       },
     },
 
     sha3: {
       privateInputs: [],
-      method(message: Message32) {
-        Keccak.nistSha3(256, message.array);
+      method(message: Bytes32) {
+        Keccak.nistSha3(256, message);
         return Bool(true);
       },
     },
@@ -55,31 +52,3 @@ const ecdsa = ZkProgram({
     },
   },
 });
-
-// helper: class for a message of n bytes
-
-function Message(lengthInBytes: number) {
-  return class Message extends Struct({
-    array: Provable.Array(Field, lengthInBytes),
-  }) {
-    static from(message: string | Uint8Array) {
-      if (typeof message === 'string') {
-        message = new TextEncoder().encode(message);
-      }
-      let padded = new Uint8Array(32);
-      padded.set(message);
-      return new this({ array: [...padded].map(Field) });
-    }
-
-    toBytes() {
-      return Uint8Array.from(this.array.map((f) => Number(f)));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Important: check that inputs are, in fact, bytes
-     */
-    static check(msg: { array: Field[] }) {
-      msg.array.forEach(Gadgets.rangeCheck8);
-    }
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
index 377e18d50a..2a497de373 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, keccakAndEcdsa, Message32, ecdsa } from './ecdsa.js';
+import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Bytes32 } from './ecdsa.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 
 // create an example ecdsa signature
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import assert from 'assert';
 let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
 let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
 
-let message = Message32.from("what's up");
+let message = Bytes32.fromString("what's up");
 
 let signature = Ecdsa.sign(message.toBytes(), privateKey.toBigInt());
 
diff --git a/src/examples/keccak.ts b/src/examples/keccak.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 243b64996e..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/keccak.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-import { Field, Provable, Hash, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
-
-function equals(a: UInt8[], b: UInt8[]): boolean {
-  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i].assertEquals(b[i]);
-  return true;
-}
-
-function checkDigestHexConversion(digest: UInt8[]) {
-  console.log('Checking hex->digest, digest->hex matches');
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    const hex = UInt8.toHex(digest);
-    const expected = UInt8.fromHex(hex);
-    if (equals(digest, expected)) {
-      console.log('✅ Digest matches');
-    } else {
-      Provable.log(`hex: ${hex}\ndigest: ${digest}\nexpected:${expected}`);
-      console.log('❌ Digest does not match');
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-console.log('Running SHA224 test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA224.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
-  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
-});
-
-console.log('Running SHA256 test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
-  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
-});
-
-console.log('Running SHA384 test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA384.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
-  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
-});
-
-// TODO: This test fails
-console.log('Running SHA512 test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.SHA512.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
-  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
-});
-
-console.log('Running keccak hash test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Keccak256.hash([new UInt8(1), new UInt8(2), new UInt8(3)]);
-  checkDigestHexConversion(digest);
-});
-
-console.log('Running Poseidon test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.Poseidon.hash([Field(1), Field(2), Field(3)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
-});
-
-console.log('Running default hash test');
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Hash.hash([Field(1), Field(2), Field(3)]);
-  Provable.log(digest);
-});
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
index e593afae35..9ad9947dfa 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,16 @@
 import {
   Hash,
-  UInt8,
   Field,
   SmartContract,
   state,
   State,
   method,
   Permissions,
-  Struct,
-  Provable,
+  Bytes,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 let initialCommitment: Field = Field(0);
 
-// 32 UInts
-export class HashInput extends Struct({
-  data: Provable.Array(UInt8, 32),
-}) {}
-
 export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
   @state(Field) commitment = State<Field>();
 
@@ -30,33 +23,27 @@ export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
     this.commitment.set(initialCommitment);
   }
 
-  @method SHA224(xs: HashInput) {
-    const shaHash = Hash.SHA224.hash(xs.data);
-    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
-    this.commitment.set(commitment);
-  }
-
-  @method SHA256(xs: HashInput) {
-    const shaHash = Hash.SHA256.hash(xs.data);
-    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+  @method SHA256(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_256.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 
-  @method SHA384(xs: HashInput) {
-    const shaHash = Hash.SHA384.hash(xs.data);
-    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+  @method SHA384(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_384.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 
-  @method SHA512(xs: HashInput) {
-    const shaHash = Hash.SHA512.hash(xs.data);
-    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+  @method SHA512(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_512.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 
-  @method Keccak256(xs: HashInput) {
-    const shaHash = Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs.data);
-    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.map((f) => f.toField()));
+  @method Keccak256(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
index b413cd09db..9350211d68 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-import { HashStorage, HashInput } from './hash.js';
-import { Mina, PrivateKey, AccountUpdate, UInt8 } from 'snarkyjs';
-import { getProfiler } from '../../profiler.js';
-
-const HashProfier = getProfiler('Hash');
-HashProfier.start('Hash test flow');
+import { HashStorage } from './hash.js';
+import { Mina, PrivateKey, AccountUpdate, Bytes } from 'o1js';
 
 let txn;
 let proofsEnabled = true;
@@ -25,9 +21,7 @@ const zkAppAddress = zkAppPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
 const zkAppInstance = new HashStorage(zkAppAddress);
 
 // 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 32
-const hashData = new HashInput({
-  data: Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) => UInt8.from(x)),
-});
+const hashData = Bytes.from(Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i));
 
 console.log('Deploying Hash Example....');
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
@@ -42,15 +36,6 @@ const initialState =
 let currentState;
 console.log('Initial State', initialState);
 
-console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA224 ...`);
-txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
-  zkAppInstance.SHA224(hashData);
-});
-await txn.prove();
-await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
-currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
-console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
-
 console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA256 ...`);
 txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.SHA256(hashData);
@@ -86,5 +71,3 @@ await txn.prove();
 await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
-
-HashProfier.stop().store();

From 0769e6a8a32c39b2576bb4cfe0ca3aee9a9c1459 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 18:09:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1130/1786] fix cs example

---
 .../vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts  | 34 ++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index 20bf05fa12..67176a9f75 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar, Hash, UInt8 } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar, Hash, Bytes } from 'o1js';
 
 export { GroupCS, BitwiseCS, HashCS };
 
@@ -84,39 +84,27 @@ const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
   },
 });
 
-const HashCS = constraintSystem('Hashes', {
-  SHA224() {
-    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
-      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
-    );
-    Hash.SHA224.hash(xs);
-  },
+const Bytes32 = Bytes(32);
+const bytes32 = Bytes32.from([]);
 
+const HashCS = constraintSystem('Hashes', {
   SHA256() {
-    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
-      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
-    );
-    Hash.SHA256.hash(xs);
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.SHA3_256.hash(xs);
   },
 
   SHA384() {
-    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
-      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
-    );
-    Hash.SHA384.hash(xs);
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.SHA3_384.hash(xs);
   },
 
   SHA512() {
-    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
-      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
-    );
-    Hash.SHA512.hash(xs);
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.SHA3_512.hash(xs);
   },
 
   Keccak256() {
-    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
-      Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x))
-    );
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
     Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
   },
 

From 231e87c10c32ef66c7b16735ce8e77f6a9c16321 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 18:09:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1131/1786] vk regression

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 657960f923..1c3ae041bf 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -202,6 +202,35 @@
       "hash": ""
     }
   },
+  "Hashes": {
+    "digest": "Hashes",
+    "methods": {
+      "SHA256": {
+        "rows": 14494,
+        "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
+      },
+      "SHA384": {
+        "rows": 14541,
+        "digest": "93dedf5824cab797d48e7a98c53c6bf3"
+      },
+      "SHA512": {
+        "rows": 14588,
+        "digest": "3756008585b30a3951ed6455a7fbcdb0"
+      },
+      "Keccak256": {
+        "rows": 14493,
+        "digest": "1ab08bd64002a0dd0a82f74df445de05"
+      },
+      "Poseidon": {
+        "rows": 208,
+        "digest": "afa1f9920f1f657ab015c02f9b2f6c52"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "",
+      "hash": ""
+    }
+  },
   "ecdsa-only": {
     "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
     "methods": {

From 6af37c4abc4a5aefa52c35abc28d8c59736482dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:29:43 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1132/1786] chore(mina): update mina submodule to latest commit
 for up-to-date features and bug fixes

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index ae94ff0180..d4314b0920 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ae94ff0180d9e4653cbfb32c527fa7ab22423f19
+Subproject commit d4314b0920fe06d7ba9f790fb803142da6883570

From 299244bbd65b1957b1fc2f220c806696860aa782 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:30:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1133/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 latest version for up-to-date dependencies and features

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 98eb83e34f..7ea6187ab6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 98eb83e34f2a7f99c3b5983b458dacf89211c93e
+Subproject commit 7ea6187ab61508b913da741e385fdfc52661e224

From 3a81547fd712d6e7ee3a9666d1cd1132904d0545 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:31:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1134/1786] chore(bindings): update bindings subproject to
 latest commit for up-to-date functionality

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7ea6187ab6..c111dca28e 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7ea6187ab61508b913da741e385fdfc52661e224
+Subproject commit c111dca28ebcb548ded32a7a55c6c91e333b90c3

From 5c533a1fcef01df5759fe8bbb410884ef8fcf052 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:33:00 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1135/1786] fix(README-dev.md): specify info for installing
 deps

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 README-dev.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 35f0bd2d88..b3a79abf44 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ Before starting, ensure you have the following tools installed:
 
 - [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
 - [Node.js and npm](https://nodejs.org/)
-- [Dune](https://github.com/ocaml/dune)
-- [Cargo](https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started)
+- [Dune](https://github.com/ocaml/dune) (only needed when compiling o1js from source)
+- [Cargo](https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started) (only needed when compiling o1js from source)
 
 After cloning the repository, you need to fetch the submodules:
 

From 028e38de6d6ec5295bfc290d02586a57dc4619d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:33:18 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1136/1786] feat(README-dev.md): spelling mistake

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 README-dev.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index b3a79abf44..7ba9796c39 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The comp
 
 If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
 
-o1js depends on OCaml code that is transplied to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyhttps://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyhttps://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
 
 The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
 

From 0979c1032041029ff289d217df2970738f3a7465 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:33:30 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1137/1786] Update README-dev.md

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 README-dev.md | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 7ba9796c39..ec6e00b673 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ To compile the wasm code, a combination of Cargo and Dune is used. Both build fi
 
 For the wasm build, the output files are:
 
-- `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition files describing the types of .wasm or .js files.
-- `plonk_wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition file for plonk_wasm.js.
 - `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm`: The compiled WebAssembly binary.
+- `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition files describing the types of .wasm or .js files.
 - `plonk_wasm.js`: JavaScript file that wraps the WASM code for use in Node.js.
+- `plonk_wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition file for plonk_wasm.js.
 
 ### Generated Constant Types
 

From 12f0b2dd20029315311d01c4ac6b05f16e768d9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 18:42:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1138/1786] add toInput

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a4cc974c4c..84a38a4b53 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1291,6 +1291,10 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x.value);
   }
 
+  static toInput(x: { value: Field }): HashInput {
+    return { packed: [[x.value, 8]] };
+  }
+
   /**
    * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt32}.
    */

From cb6190dfa76ef5f9937789105e5f584c9ecdea16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 09:53:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1139/1786] refactor(package.json): streamline script commands
 for better readability and maintainability feat(package.json): add new build
 commands for bindings, update-bindings, and wasm chore(src/bindings): update
 subproject commit hash for latest changes

---
 package.json | 7 +++----
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 283a7e21c2..adc279b9ec 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -43,11 +43,10 @@
   },
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
-    "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
-    "wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
-    "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
-    "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
+    "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/build-snarkyjs-node.sh",
+    "build:update-bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
+    "build:wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
     "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
     "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c111dca28e..7cffd8b827 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c111dca28ebcb548ded32a7a55c6c91e333b90c3
+Subproject commit 7cffd8b827d6b7f217627d996367f615db4b6476

From e6fceba0b16e95824f89b553d821a60fcd5f72bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 10:32:35 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1140/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 4b453f0caf2db1d0469b38a3478cc08c756610be for latest changes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7cffd8b827..4b453f0caf 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7cffd8b827d6b7f217627d996367f615db4b6476
+Subproject commit 4b453f0caf2db1d0469b38a3478cc08c756610be

From aeeae041fa25ef56272f053bbe55779c0f9a1119 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 11:38:33 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1141/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 225dd0ad25a8bf7469ba3b8dfbdb7ab72f5036c3 for latest changes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 4b453f0caf..225dd0ad25 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4b453f0caf2db1d0469b38a3478cc08c756610be
+Subproject commit 225dd0ad25a8bf7469ba3b8dfbdb7ab72f5036c3

From 7b305fbe5e09bf235034ba18b9983a393053bc47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 11:35:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1142/1786] support bytes from string without constructing type
 of specific length

---
 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
index cd4c2ed2f1..ad11e446b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
@@ -18,3 +18,4 @@ function Bytes(size: number) {
 }
 Bytes.from = InternalBytes.from;
 Bytes.fromHex = InternalBytes.fromHex;
+Bytes.fromString = InternalBytes.fromString;

From 9d444b9aec3f5556d7db837dab6b21a8f154dc63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 11:35:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1143/1786] adapt keccak doccomments to bytes input

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 36 +++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index 76597dbe6d..ac63ceecb1 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
-   * The function accepts a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, the input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The function accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]` of `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
    *
-   * The output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} that conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
-   * @param message - Big-endian list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
-   *
-   * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * @param message - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
    *
    * ```ts
-   * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
    * let digest256 = Keccak.nistSha3(256, preimage);
    * let digest384 = Keccak.nistSha3(384, preimage);
    * let digest512 = Keccak.nistSha3(512, preimage);
@@ -42,17 +42,15 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * Primarily used in Ethereum for hashing transactions, messages, and other types of payloads.
    *
-   * The function expects an input as a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements. However, the input should be range checked before calling this function,
-   * as this function does not perform internal range checking. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
-   *
-   * Produces an output which is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements and ensures output is within the specified range using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * The function accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]` of `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
    *
-   * @param message - Big-endian list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} of length 32. Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
    *
-   * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * @param message - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
    *
    * ```ts
-   * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
    * let digest = Keccak.ethereum(preimage);
    * ```
    */
@@ -68,17 +66,17 @@ const Keccak = {
    *
    * The function applies the pre-NIST Keccak hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
    *
-   * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements as its input. However, input values should be range-checked externally before being passed to this function. This can be done using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]` of `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
    *
-   * The hash output is ensured to conform to the chosen bit length and is a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} that conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
    *
    * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
-   * @param message - Big-endian list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements representing the message to hash.
-   *
-   * _Note:_ This function does not perform internal range checking on the input, this can be done by using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}.
+   * @param message - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
    *
    * ```ts
-   * let preimage = [5, 6, 19, 28, 19].map(Field);
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
    * let digest256 = Keccak.preNist(256, preimage);
    * let digest384 = Keccak.preNist(384, preimage);
    * let digest512= Keccak.preNist(512, preimage);

From 3be3ac59d20f3746a48e3ddb7dc994bc78fd4d45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 12:04:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1144/1786] Hash doccomments

---
 src/lib/hashes-combined.ts | 88 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
index 5608627e43..8440a25b32 100644
--- a/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
@@ -4,36 +4,122 @@ import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
 
 export { Hash };
 
-// TODO do we want this?
+/**
+ * A collection of hash functions which can be used in provable code.
+ */
 const Hash = {
+  /**
+   * Hashes the given field elements using [Poseidon](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf). Alias for `Poseidon.hash()`.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let hash = Hash.hash([a, b, c]);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Important:** This is by far the most efficient hash function o1js has available in provable code.
+   * Use it by default, if no compatibility concerns require you to use a different hash function.
+   *
+   * The Poseidon implementation operates over the native [Pallas base field](https://electriccoin.co/blog/the-pasta-curves-for-halo-2-and-beyond/)
+   * and uses parameters generated specifically for the [Mina](https://minaprotocol.com) blockchain.
+   *
+   * We use a `rate` of 2, which means that 2 field elements are hashed per permutation.
+   * A permutation causes 11 rows in the constraint system.
+   *
+   * You can find the full set of Poseidon parameters [here](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/crypto/constants.ts).
+   */
   hash: Poseidon.hash,
+
+  /**
+   * The [Poseidon](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf) hash function.
+   *
+   * See {@link Hash.hash} for details and usage examples.
+   */
   Poseidon,
+
+  /**
+   * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 256 bits.
+   */
   SHA3_256: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA3-256.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.nistSha3(256, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.nistSha3} for details and usage examples.
+     */
     hash(bytes: Bytes) {
       return Keccak.nistSha3(256, bytes);
     },
   },
+
+  /**
+   * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 384 bits.
+   */
   SHA3_384: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA3-384.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.nistSha3(384, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.nistSha3} for details and usage examples.
+     */
     hash(bytes: Bytes) {
       return Keccak.nistSha3(384, bytes);
     },
   },
+
+  /**
+   * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 512 bits.
+   */
   SHA3_512: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA3-512.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.nistSha3(512, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.nistSha3} for details and usage examples.
+     */
     hash(bytes: Bytes) {
       return Keccak.nistSha3(512, bytes);
     },
   },
+
+  /**
+   * The pre-NIST Keccak hash function with an output length of 256 bits.
+   */
   Keccak256: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using Keccak-256.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.preNist(256, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.preNist} for details and usage examples.
+     */
     hash(bytes: Bytes) {
       return Keccak.preNist(256, bytes);
     },
   },
+
+  /**
+   * The pre-NIST Keccak hash function with an output length of 384 bits.
+   */
   Keccak384: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using Keccak-384.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.preNist(384, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.preNist} for details and usage examples.
+     */
     hash(bytes: Bytes) {
       return Keccak.preNist(384, bytes);
     },
   },
+
+  /**
+   * The pre-NIST Keccak hash function with an output length of 512 bits.
+   */
   Keccak512: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using Keccak-512.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.preNist(512, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.preNist} for details and usage examples.
+     */
     hash(bytes: Bytes) {
       return Keccak.preNist(512, bytes);
     },

From 4ad851e79143175c85c46d9c8057a21c4d65f085 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 12:14:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1145/1786] don't double-constrain uint8 results

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 84a38a4b53..4daf746f42 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -984,6 +984,12 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     UInt8.checkConstant(this.value);
   }
 
+  static Unsafe = {
+    fromField(x: Field) {
+      return new UInt8(x.value);
+    },
+  };
+
   /**
    * Add a {@link UInt8} to another {@link UInt8} without allowing overflow.
    *
@@ -999,7 +1005,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   add(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt8.from(y).value);
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
-    return UInt8.from(z);
+    return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1017,7 +1023,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   sub(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt8.from(y).value);
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
-    return UInt8.from(z);
+    return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1035,7 +1041,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   mul(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt8.from(y).value);
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
-    return UInt8.from(z);
+    return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1097,8 +1103,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     Gadgets.rangeCheck16(q);
     Gadgets.rangeCheck16(r);
 
-    let remainder = UInt8.from(r);
-    let quotient = UInt8.from(q);
+    let remainder = UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(r);
+    let quotient = UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(q);
 
     remainder.assertLessThan(y);
     return { quotient, remainder };
@@ -1331,8 +1337,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   }
 
   private static checkConstant(x: Field) {
-    if (!x.isConstant()) return x.value;
+    if (!x.isConstant()) return;
     Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
-    return x.value;
   }
 }

From 7ac389a9dff77a20a7041a5841ae0562e7464314 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 12:20:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1146/1786] improve uint8 docs

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 10 ++++++++--
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 4daf746f42..13c2553101 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -973,18 +973,24 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
   static NUM_BITS = 8;
 
   /**
-   * Coerce anything "field-like" (bigint, number, string, and {@link Field}) to a {@link UInt8}.
+   * Create a {@link UInt8} from a bigint or number.
    * The max value of a {@link UInt8} is `2^8 - 1 = 255`.
    *
    * **Warning**: Cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
    */
-  constructor(x: number | bigint | string | FieldVar | UInt8) {
+  constructor(x: number | bigint | FieldVar | UInt8) {
     if (x instanceof UInt8) x = x.value.value;
     super({ value: Field(x) });
     UInt8.checkConstant(this.value);
   }
 
   static Unsafe = {
+    /**
+     * Create a {@link UInt8} from a {@link Field} without constraining its range.
+     *
+     * **Warning**: This is unsafe, because it does not prove that the input {@link Field} actually fits in 8 bits.\
+     * Only use this if you know what you are doing, otherwise use the safe {@link UInt8.from}.
+     */
     fromField(x: Field) {
       return new UInt8(x.value);
     },

From accc779542c3c7211bee63fed77730ddbb192595 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 12:30:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1147/1786] fix int test

---
 src/lib/int.test.ts | 355 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 154 insertions(+), 201 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.test.ts b/src/lib/int.test.ts
index 7fd38e496e..1914a9fede 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.test.ts
@@ -2146,9 +2146,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1+1=2', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              x.add(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.add(y).assertEquals(2);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2156,15 +2156,15 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('100+100=200', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              x.add(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(200)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              x.add(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(200));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
         it('(MAXINT/2+MAXINT/2) adds to MAXINT', () => {
-          const n = Field((((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n).toString());
+          const n = ((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n;
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(n));
@@ -2178,7 +2178,7 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.add(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2189,9 +2189,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1-1=0', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2199,9 +2199,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('100-50=50', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(50)));
-              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(50)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(50));
+              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(50));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2209,8 +2209,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('should throw on sub if results in negative number', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.sub(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2221,9 +2221,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1x2=2', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
-              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(2));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2231,9 +2231,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1x0=0', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
-              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2241,9 +2241,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('12x20=240', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(12)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(20)));
-              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(240)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(12));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(20));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(240));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2252,7 +2252,7 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.mul(y).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2262,7 +2262,7 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
               x.mul(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2273,9 +2273,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('2/1=2', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(2));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2283,9 +2283,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('0/1=0', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2293,9 +2293,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('20/10=2', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(20)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
-              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(20));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(2));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2304,7 +2304,7 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.div(y).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2314,7 +2314,7 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
               x.div(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2325,9 +2325,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1%1=0', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(0)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2335,9 +2335,9 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('50%32=18', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(50)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(32)));
-              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(18)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(50));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(32));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(18));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2346,8 +2346,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(7)));
-              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(3)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(7));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(3));
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
@@ -2356,8 +2356,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
               const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(0)));
-              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(1));
             });
           }).toThrow();
         });
@@ -2367,8 +2367,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1<2=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
               x.assertLessThan(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2377,8 +2377,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1<1=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertLessThan(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2387,8 +2387,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('2<1=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertLessThan(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2397,8 +2397,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('10<100=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
               x.assertLessThan(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2407,8 +2407,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('100<10=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
               x.assertLessThan(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2429,8 +2429,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1<=1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2439,8 +2439,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('2<=1=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2449,8 +2449,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('10<=100=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
               x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2459,8 +2459,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('100<=10=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
               x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2481,8 +2481,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('2>1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertGreaterThan(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2491,8 +2491,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1>1=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertGreaterThan(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2501,8 +2501,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1>2=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
               x.assertGreaterThan(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2511,8 +2511,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('100>10=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
               x.assertGreaterThan(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2521,8 +2521,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('10>100=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1000)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100000)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1000));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100000));
               x.assertGreaterThan(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2543,8 +2543,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1<=1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
               x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2553,8 +2553,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('1>=2=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(2)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
               x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2563,8 +2563,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('100>=10=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
               x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2573,8 +2573,8 @@ describe('int', () => {
         it('10>=100=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
             Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(10)));
-              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(100)));
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
               x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
             });
           }).toThrow();
@@ -2597,18 +2597,7 @@ describe('int', () => {
             expect(() => {
               Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
                 const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(1));
-                const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
-                x.assertEquals(y);
-              });
-            }).not.toThrow();
-          });
-        });
-        describe('fromString()', () => {
-          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
-            expect(() => {
-              Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-                const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from('1'));
-                const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(Field(1)));
+                const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
                 x.assertEquals(y);
               });
             }).not.toThrow();
@@ -2620,20 +2609,17 @@ describe('int', () => {
     describe('Outside of circuit', () => {
       describe('add', () => {
         it('1+1=2', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).add(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
+          expect(new UInt8(1).add(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
         });
 
         it('50+50=100', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(50)).add(50).toString()).toEqual('100');
+          expect(new UInt8(50).add(50).toString()).toEqual('100');
         });
 
         it('(MAXINT/2+MAXINT/2) adds to MAXINT', () => {
-          const value = Field((((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n).toString());
+          const value = ((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n;
           expect(
-            new UInt8(value)
-              .add(new UInt8(value))
-              .add(new UInt8(Field(1)))
-              .toString()
+            new UInt8(value).add(new UInt8(value)).add(new UInt8(1)).toString()
           ).toEqual(UInt8.MAXINT().toString());
         });
 
@@ -2646,11 +2632,11 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('sub', () => {
         it('1-1=0', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).sub(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+          expect(new UInt8(1).sub(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
         });
 
         it('100-50=50', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(100)).sub(50).toString()).toEqual('50');
+          expect(new UInt8(100).sub(50).toString()).toEqual('50');
         });
 
         it('should throw on sub if results in negative number', () => {
@@ -2662,15 +2648,15 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('mul', () => {
         it('1x2=2', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).mul(2).toString()).toEqual('2');
+          expect(new UInt8(1).mul(2).toString()).toEqual('2');
         });
 
         it('1x0=0', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).mul(0).toString()).toEqual('0');
+          expect(new UInt8(1).mul(0).toString()).toEqual('0');
         });
 
         it('12x20=240', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(12)).mul(20).toString()).toEqual('240');
+          expect(new UInt8(12).mul(20).toString()).toEqual('240');
         });
 
         it('MAXINTx1=MAXINT', () => {
@@ -2688,15 +2674,15 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('div', () => {
         it('2/1=2', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(2)).div(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
+          expect(new UInt8(2).div(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
         });
 
         it('0/1=0', () => {
-          expect(new UInt32(Field(0)).div(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+          expect(new UInt8(0).div(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
         });
 
         it('20/10=2', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(20)).div(10).toString()).toEqual('2');
+          expect(new UInt8(20).div(10).toString()).toEqual('2');
         });
 
         it('MAXINT/1=MAXINT', () => {
@@ -2714,11 +2700,11 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('mod', () => {
         it('1%1=0', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).mod(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+          expect(new UInt8(1).mod(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
         });
 
         it('50%32=18', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(50)).mod(32).toString()).toEqual('18');
+          expect(new UInt8(50).mod(32).toString()).toEqual('18');
         });
 
         it('MAXINT%7=3', () => {
@@ -2734,33 +2720,23 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('lessThan', () => {
         it('1<2=true', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(2)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(true)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(1).lessThan(new UInt8(2))).toEqual(Bool(true));
         });
 
         it('1<1=false', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(false)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(1).lessThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(false));
         });
 
         it('2<1=false', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(2)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(false)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(2).lessThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(false));
         });
 
         it('10<100=true', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(10)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(100)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(true)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(10).lessThan(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(Bool(true));
         });
 
         it('100<10=false', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(100)).lessThan(new UInt8(Field(10)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(false)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(100).lessThan(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(Bool(false));
         });
 
         it('MAXINT<MAXINT=false', () => {
@@ -2770,27 +2746,27 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('lessThanOrEqual', () => {
         it('1<=1=true', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(1)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+          expect(new UInt8(1).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
         });
 
         it('2<=1=false', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(2)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+          expect(new UInt8(2).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
         });
 
         it('10<=100=true', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(10)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(100)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+          expect(new UInt8(10).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
         });
 
         it('100<=10=false', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(100)).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(10)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+          expect(new UInt8(100).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
         });
 
         it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
@@ -2803,25 +2779,25 @@ describe('int', () => {
       describe('assertLessThanOrEqual', () => {
         it('1<=1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(1)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            new UInt8(1).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
         it('2<=1=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(2)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            new UInt8(2).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
           }).toThrow();
         });
 
         it('10<=100=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(10)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(100)));
+            new UInt8(10).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
         it('100<=10=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(100)).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(10)));
+            new UInt8(100).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10));
           }).toThrow();
         });
 
@@ -2834,33 +2810,25 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('greaterThan', () => {
         it('2>1=true', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(2)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(true)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(2).greaterThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(true));
         });
 
         it('1>1=false', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(false)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(false));
         });
 
         it('1>2=false', () => {
-          expect(new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(2)))).toEqual(
-            Bool(false)
-          );
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThan(new UInt8(2))).toEqual(Bool(false));
         });
 
         it('100>10=true', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(100)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(10)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+          expect(new UInt8(100).greaterThan(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(Bool(true));
         });
 
         it('10>100=false', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(10)).greaterThan(new UInt8(Field(100)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+          expect(new UInt8(10).greaterThan(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
         });
 
         it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
@@ -2873,25 +2841,25 @@ describe('int', () => {
       describe('assertGreaterThan', () => {
         it('1>1=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(1)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            new UInt8(1).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(1));
           }).toThrow();
         });
 
         it('2>1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(2)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            new UInt8(2).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(1));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
         it('10>100=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(10)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(100)));
+            new UInt8(10).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(100));
           }).toThrow();
         });
 
         it('100000>1000=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(100)).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(Field(10)));
+            new UInt8(100).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(10));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
@@ -2904,33 +2872,33 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('greaterThanOrEqual', () => {
         it('2>=1=true', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(2)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+          expect(new UInt8(2).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
         });
 
         it('1>=1=true', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
         });
 
         it('1>=2=false', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(1)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(2)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(2))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
         });
 
         it('100>=10=true', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(100)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(10)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(true));
+          expect(new UInt8(100).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
         });
 
         it('10>=100=false', () => {
-          expect(
-            new UInt8(Field(10)).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(100)))
-          ).toEqual(Bool(false));
+          expect(new UInt8(10).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
         });
 
         it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
@@ -2943,29 +2911,25 @@ describe('int', () => {
       describe('assertGreaterThanOrEqual', () => {
         it('1>=1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(1)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            new UInt8(1).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
         it('2>=1=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(2)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(Field(1)));
+            new UInt8(2).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
         it('10>=100=false', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(10)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(
-              new UInt8(Field(100))
-            );
+            new UInt8(10).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100));
           }).toThrow();
         });
 
         it('100>=10=true', () => {
           expect(() => {
-            new UInt8(Field(100)).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(
-              new UInt8(Field(10))
-            );
+            new UInt8(100).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10));
           }).not.toThrow();
         });
 
@@ -2978,12 +2942,12 @@ describe('int', () => {
 
       describe('toString()', () => {
         it('should be the same as Field(0)', async () => {
-          const x = new UInt8(Field(0));
+          const x = new UInt8(0);
           const y = Field(0);
           expect(x.toString()).toEqual(y.toString());
         });
         it('should be the same as 2^8-1', async () => {
-          const x = new UInt8(Field(String(NUMBERMAX)));
+          const x = new UInt8(NUMBERMAX.toBigInt());
           const y = Field(String(NUMBERMAX));
           expect(x.toString()).toEqual(y.toString());
         });
@@ -3008,23 +2972,12 @@ describe('int', () => {
         describe('fromNumber()', () => {
           it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
             const x = UInt8.from(1);
-            expect(x.value).toEqual(new UInt32(Field(1)).value);
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(Field(1));
           });
 
           it('should be the same as 2^53-1', () => {
             const x = UInt8.from(NUMBERMAX);
-            expect(x.value).toEqual(Field(String(NUMBERMAX)));
-          });
-        });
-        describe('fromString()', () => {
-          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
-            const x = UInt8.from('1');
-            expect(x.value).toEqual(new UInt32(Field(1)).value);
-          });
-
-          it('should be the same as 2^53-1', () => {
-            const x = UInt8.from(String(NUMBERMAX));
-            expect(x.value).toEqual(Field(String(NUMBERMAX)));
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(NUMBERMAX);
           });
         });
       });

From 7b6ace4f3d5be77440eee8451004e27323993134 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 12:56:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1148/1786] bytes to test utils

---
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
index 309dac6161..96c78866e3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { ProvableSpec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { ProvableSpec, spec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 
-export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, uniformForeignField, throwError };
+export {
+  foreignField,
+  unreducedForeignField,
+  uniformForeignField,
+  bytes,
+  throwError,
+};
 
 const { Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -49,6 +56,16 @@ function uniformForeignField(
   };
 }
 
+function bytes(length: number) {
+  const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
+  return spec<Uint8Array, Bytes>({
+    rng: Random.map(Random.bytes(length), (x) => Uint8Array.from(x)),
+    there: Bytes_.from,
+    back: (x) => x.toBytes(),
+    provable: Bytes_.provable,
+  });
+}
+
 // helper
 
 function throwError<T>(message: string): T {

From 8d52779bc144fb3edf66c178e4119851c00e1532 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 13:02:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1149/1786] merge old and new unit tests

---
 src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts | 272 --------------------------------
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts     | 168 ++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 156 insertions(+), 284 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a39179f60a..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/keccak-old.unit-test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,272 +0,0 @@
-import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
-import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
-import { Hash } from './hashes-combined.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { expect } from 'expect';
-import assert from 'assert';
-import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
-
-let RandomUInt8 = Random.map(Random.uint8, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
-
-// Test constructor
-test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
-  let z = new UInt8(x);
-  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
-  assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
-  assert(z.toString() === x.toString());
-
-  assert((z = new UInt8(x)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
-  assert((z = new UInt8(z)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
-  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
-
-  z = new UInt8(y);
-  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
-  assert(z.toString() === y.toString());
-});
-
-// handles all numbers up to 2^8
-test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
-  assert(UInt8.from(n).toString() === String(n));
-});
-
-// throws on negative numbers
-test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => UInt8.from(x));
-
-// throws on numbers >= 2^8
-test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
-
-runHashFunctionTests();
-console.log('OCaml tests pass! 🎉');
-
-// test digest->hex and hex->digest conversions
-checkHashInCircuit();
-console.log('hashing digest conversions matches! 🎉');
-
-// check in-circuit
-function checkHashInCircuit() {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    let data = Random.array(RandomUInt8, Random.nat(32))
-      .create()()
-      .map((x) => Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(x)));
-
-    checkHashConversions(Bytes.from(data));
-  });
-}
-
-function checkHashConversions(data: Bytes) {
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA3_256.hash(data));
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA3_384.hash(data));
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.SHA3_512.hash(data));
-    expectDigestToEqualHex(Hash.Keccak256.hash(data));
-  });
-}
-
-function expectDigestToEqualHex(digest: Bytes) {
-  const hex = digest.toHex();
-  expect(digest).toEqual(Bytes.fromHex(hex));
-}
-
-function equals(a: Bytes, b: Bytes): boolean {
-  if (a.length !== b.length) return false;
-  for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a.bytes[i].assertEquals(b.bytes[i]);
-  return true;
-}
-
-/**
- * Based off the following unit tests from the OCaml implementation:
- * https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/69d6ea4a3b7ca1690cf8f41d4598cb7484359e1d/src/lib/crypto/kimchi_backend/gadgets/keccak.ml#L646
- */
-function runHashFunctionTests() {
-  // Positive Tests
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message: '30',
-    expected:
-      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: true,
-    length: 512,
-    message: '30',
-    expected:
-      '2d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
-    expected:
-      '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
-    expected:
-      '560deb1d387f72dba729f0bd0231ad45998dda4b53951645322cf95c7b6261d9',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: true,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
-    expected:
-      '1784354c4bbfa5f54e5db23041089e65a807a7b970e3cfdba95e2fbe63b1c0e4',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      '391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
-    expected:
-      '7d5655391ede9ca2945f32ad9696f464be8004389151ce444c89f688278f2e1d',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      'ff391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
-    expected:
-      '37694fd4ba137be747eb25a85b259af5563e0a7a3010d42bd15963ac631b9d3f',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
-    expected:
-      'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message:
-      '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
-    expected:
-      'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message: 'a2c0',
-    expected:
-      '9856642c690c036527b8274db1b6f58c0429a88d9f3b9298597645991f4f58f0',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message: '0a2c',
-    expected:
-      '295b48ad49eff61c3abfd399c672232434d89a4ef3ca763b9dbebb60dbb32a8b',
-  });
-
-  testExpected({
-    nist: false,
-    length: 256,
-    message: '00',
-    expected:
-      'bc36789e7a1e281436464229828f817d6612f7b477d66591ff96a9e064bcc98a',
-  });
-
-  // Negative tests
-  try {
-    testExpected({
-      nist: false,
-      length: 256,
-      message: 'a2c',
-      expected:
-        '07f02d241eeba9c909a1be75e08d9e8ac3e61d9e24fa452a6785083e1527c467',
-    });
-    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
-  } catch (e) {}
-
-  try {
-    testExpected({
-      nist: true,
-      length: 256,
-      message: '0',
-      expected:
-        'f39f4526920bb4c096e5722d64161ea0eb6dbd0b4ff0d812f31d56fb96142084',
-    });
-    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
-  } catch (e) {}
-
-  try {
-    testExpected({
-      nist: true,
-      length: 256,
-      message: '30',
-      expected:
-        'f9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e4',
-    });
-    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
-  } catch (e) {}
-
-  try {
-    testExpected({
-      nist: true,
-      length: 256,
-      message:
-        '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
-      expected:
-        '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
-    });
-    assert(false, 'Expected to throw');
-  } catch (e) {}
-}
-
-function testExpected({
-  message,
-  expected,
-  nist = false,
-  length = 256,
-}: {
-  message: string;
-  expected: string;
-  nist: boolean;
-  length: number;
-}) {
-  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-    assert(message.length % 2 === 0);
-
-    let fields = Bytes.fromHex(message);
-    let expectedHash = Bytes.fromHex(expected);
-
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      if (nist) {
-        let hashed: Bytes;
-        switch (length) {
-          case 256:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA3_256.hash(fields);
-            break;
-          case 384:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA3_384.hash(fields);
-            break;
-          case 512:
-            hashed = Hash.SHA3_512.hash(fields);
-            break;
-          default:
-            assert(false);
-        }
-        equals(hashed!, expectedHash);
-      } else {
-        let hashed = Hash.Keccak256.hash(fields);
-        equals(hashed, expectedHash);
-      }
-    });
-  });
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index a811b018d9..2e4c160b3f 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
-import { Random, sample } from './testing/random.js';
-import { equivalent, equivalentAsync, spec } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { equivalent, equivalentAsync } from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import {
   keccak_224,
   keccak_256,
@@ -13,6 +12,10 @@ import {
   sha3_512,
 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
 import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { bytes } from './gadgets/test-utils.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { test, Random, sample } from './testing/property.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 const RUNS = 1;
 
@@ -33,19 +36,11 @@ const testImplementations = {
 
 const lengths = [256, 384, 512] as const;
 
+// EQUIVALENCE TESTS AGAINST REF IMPLEMENTATION
+
 // checks outside circuit
 // TODO: fix witness generation slowness
 
-const bytes = (length: number) => {
-  const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
-  return spec<Uint8Array, Bytes>({
-    rng: Random.map(Random.bytes(length), (x) => Uint8Array.from(x)),
-    there: Bytes_.from,
-    back: (x) => x.toBytes(),
-    provable: Bytes_.provable,
-  });
-};
-
 for (let length of lengths) {
   let [preimageLength] = sample(Random.nat(100), 1);
   console.log(`Testing ${length} with preimage length ${preimageLength}`);
@@ -63,8 +58,54 @@ for (let length of lengths) {
     (x) => Keccak.preNist(length, x),
     `keccak ${length}`
   );
+
+  // bytes to hex roundtrip
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: inputBytes })(
+    (x) => x,
+    (x) => Bytes.fromHex(x.toHex()),
+    `Bytes toHex`
+  );
 }
 
+// EQUIVALENCE TESTS AGAINST TEST VECTORS (at the bottom)
+
+for (let { nist, length, message, expected } of testVectors()) {
+  let Hash = nist ? Keccak.nistSha3 : Keccak.preNist;
+  let actual = Hash(length, Bytes.fromHex(message));
+  expect(actual).toEqual(Bytes.fromHex(expected));
+}
+
+// MISC QUICK TESTS
+
+// Test constructor
+test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
+  let z = new UInt8(x);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert(z.toString() === x.toString());
+
+  assert((z = new UInt8(x)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+
+  z = new UInt8(y);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toString() === y.toString());
+});
+
+// handles all numbers up to 2^8
+test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
+  assert(UInt8.from(n).toString() === String(n));
+});
+
+// throws on negative numbers
+test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+// throws on numbers >= 2^8
+test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+// PROOF TESTS
+
 // Choose a test length at random
 const digestLength = lengths[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)];
 
@@ -121,3 +162,106 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
   return proof.publicOutput;
 });
+
+// TEST VECTORS
+
+function testVectors(): {
+  nist: boolean;
+  length: 256 | 384 | 512;
+  message: string;
+  expected: string;
+}[] {
+  return [
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '30',
+      expected:
+        '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: true,
+      length: 512,
+      message: '30',
+      expected:
+        '2d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
+      expected:
+        '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+      expected:
+        '560deb1d387f72dba729f0bd0231ad45998dda4b53951645322cf95c7b6261d9',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+      expected:
+        '1784354c4bbfa5f54e5db23041089e65a807a7b970e3cfdba95e2fbe63b1c0e4',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+      expected:
+        '7d5655391ede9ca2945f32ad9696f464be8004389151ce444c89f688278f2e1d',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        'ff391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+      expected:
+        '37694fd4ba137be747eb25a85b259af5563e0a7a3010d42bd15963ac631b9d3f',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+      expected:
+        'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+      expected:
+        'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: 'a2c0',
+      expected:
+        '9856642c690c036527b8274db1b6f58c0429a88d9f3b9298597645991f4f58f0',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '0a2c',
+      expected:
+        '295b48ad49eff61c3abfd399c672232434d89a4ef3ca763b9dbebb60dbb32a8b',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '00',
+      expected:
+        'bc36789e7a1e281436464229828f817d6612f7b477d66591ff96a9e064bcc98a',
+    },
+  ];
+}

From d2d5105b2575861031c7451ff135079281504f45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 13:36:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1150/1786] minor, comment fix

---
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts | 33 +++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
index 176a277732..8e04cd1cc4 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
@@ -98,14 +98,12 @@ console.log(`method size for a "mapping" contract with ${k} entries`);
 console.log('get rows:', cs['get'].rows);
 console.log('set rows:', cs['set'].rows);
 
-// a test account that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
+// a test account that pays all the fees
 let feePayerKey = Local.testAccounts[0].privateKey;
 let feePayer = Local.testAccounts[0].publicKey;
 
 // the zkapp account
-let zkappKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(
-  'EKEQc95PPQZnMY9d9p1vq1MWLeDJKtvKj4V75UDG3rjnf32BerWD'
-);
+let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
 let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
 let zkapp = new StorageContract(zkappAddress);
 
@@ -119,19 +117,20 @@ await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
 
 console.log('deployed');
 
-let map: { key: PublicKey; value: Field }[] = [];
-map[0] = {
-  key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
-  value: Field(192),
-};
-map[1] = {
-  key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
-  value: Field(151),
-};
-map[2] = {
-  key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
-  value: Field(781),
-};
+let map: { key: PublicKey; value: Field }[] = [
+  {
+    key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+    value: Field(192),
+  },
+  {
+    key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+    value: Field(151),
+  },
+  {
+    key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+    value: Field(781),
+  },
+];
 
 let key = map[0].key;
 let value = map[0].value;

From f84a6e0d2e0c8285308a661352ef59df9e1ddb18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 13:40:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1151/1786] remove _, auto type inference

---
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts | 14 ++++----------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
index 8e04cd1cc4..890555be92 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
@@ -64,17 +64,11 @@ class StorageContract extends SmartContract {
     let { state: optionValue } = this.reducer.reduce(
       pendingActions,
       Option,
-      (
-        _state: Option,
-        _action: {
-          key: Field;
-          value: Field;
-        }
-      ) => {
-        let currentMatch = keyHash.equals(_action.key);
+      (state, action) => {
+        let currentMatch = keyHash.equals(action.key);
         return {
-          isSome: currentMatch.or(_state.isSome),
-          value: Provable.if(currentMatch, _action.value, _state.value),
+          isSome: currentMatch.or(state.isSome),
+          value: Provable.if(currentMatch, action.value, state.value),
         };
       },
       {

From a02888e3ba172713b3a90bf2dfeecc49b439611b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 15:05:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1152/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7946599c5f..61c75c037d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7946599c5f1636576519601dbd2c20aecc90a502
+Subproject commit 61c75c037db058231f4e1b13a4743178b95d0aa0

From c5a54fd45b261287cfd6f9fb6961b88e1152adc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:25:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1153/1786] remove private class field from Field

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 226689979f..9c33016624 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class Field {
    * Coerce anything "field-like" (bigint, number, string, and {@link Field}) to a Field.
    */
   constructor(x: bigint | number | string | Field | FieldVar | FieldConst) {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Field) {
       this.value = x.value;
       return;
     }
@@ -176,21 +176,9 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   // helpers
-  static #isField(
-    x: bigint | number | string | Field | FieldVar | FieldConst
-  ): x is Field {
-    return x instanceof Field;
-  }
-  static #toConst(x: bigint | number | string | ConstantField): FieldConst {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) return x.value[1];
-    return FieldConst.fromBigint(Fp(x));
-  }
-  static #toVar(x: bigint | number | string | Field): FieldVar {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) return x.value;
-    return FieldVar.constant(Fp(x));
-  }
+
   static from(x: bigint | number | string | Field): Field {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) return x;
+    if (x instanceof Field) return x;
     return new Field(x);
   }
 
@@ -216,10 +204,6 @@ class Field {
     return this.value[0] === FieldType.Constant;
   }
 
-  #toConstant(name: string): ConstantField {
-    return toConstantField(this, name, 'x', 'field element');
-  }
-
   /**
    * Create a {@link Field} element equivalent to this {@link Field} element's value,
    * but is a constant.
@@ -234,7 +218,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A constant {@link Field} element equivalent to this {@link Field} element.
    */
   toConstant(): ConstantField {
-    return this.#toConstant('toConstant');
+    return toConstant(this, 'toConstant');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -251,7 +235,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A bigint equivalent to the bigint representation of the Field.
    */
   toBigInt() {
-    let x = this.#toConstant('toBigInt');
+    let x = toConstant(this, 'toBigInt');
     return FieldConst.toBigint(x.value[1]);
   }
 
@@ -269,7 +253,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A string equivalent to the string representation of the Field.
    */
   toString() {
-    return this.#toConstant('toString').toBigInt().toString();
+    return toConstant(this, 'toString').toBigInt().toString();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -290,7 +274,7 @@ class Field {
         }
         return;
       }
-      Snarky.field.assertEqual(this.value, Field.#toVar(y));
+      Snarky.field.assertEqual(this.value, toFieldVar(y));
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -329,7 +313,7 @@ class Field {
       return new Field(Fp.add(this.toBigInt(), toFp(y)));
     }
     // return new AST node Add(x, y)
-    let z = Snarky.field.add(this.value, Field.#toVar(y));
+    let z = Snarky.field.add(this.value, toFieldVar(y));
     return new Field(z);
   }
 
@@ -456,7 +440,7 @@ class Field {
     }
     // if one of the factors is constant, return Scale AST node
     if (isConstant(y)) {
-      let z = Snarky.field.scale(Field.#toConst(y), this.value);
+      let z = Snarky.field.scale(toFieldConst(y), this.value);
       return new Field(z);
     }
     if (this.isConstant()) {
@@ -664,24 +648,6 @@ class Field {
     return new Field(xMinusY).isZero();
   }
 
-  // internal base method for all comparisons
-  #compare(y: FieldVar) {
-    // TODO: support all bit lengths
-    let maxLength = Fp.sizeInBits - 2;
-    asProver(() => {
-      let actualLength = Math.max(
-        this.toBigInt().toString(2).length,
-        new Field(y).toBigInt().toString(2).length
-      );
-      if (actualLength > maxLength)
-        throw Error(
-          `Provable comparison functions can only be used on Fields of size <= ${maxLength} bits, got ${actualLength} bits.`
-        );
-    });
-    let [, less, lessOrEqual] = Snarky.field.compare(maxLength, this.value, y);
-    return { less: new Bool(less), lessOrEqual: new Bool(lessOrEqual) };
-  }
-
   /**
    * Check if this {@link Field} is less than another "field-like" value.
    * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used prove to the validity of this statement.
@@ -709,7 +675,7 @@ class Field {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBigInt() < toFp(y));
     }
-    return this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y)).less;
+    return compare(this, toFieldVar(y)).less;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -739,7 +705,7 @@ class Field {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBigInt() <= toFp(y));
     }
-    return this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y)).lessOrEqual;
+    return compare(this, toFieldVar(y)).lessOrEqual;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -817,7 +783,7 @@ class Field {
         }
         return;
       }
-      let { less } = this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y));
+      let { less } = compare(this, toFieldVar(y));
       less.assertTrue();
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
@@ -845,7 +811,7 @@ class Field {
         }
         return;
       }
-      let { lessOrEqual } = this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y));
+      let { lessOrEqual } = compare(this, toFieldVar(y));
       lessOrEqual.assertTrue();
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
@@ -1165,7 +1131,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A string equivalent to the JSON representation of the {@link Field}.
    */
   toJSON() {
-    return this.#toConstant('toJSON').toString();
+    return toConstant(this, 'toJSON').toString();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1279,6 +1245,8 @@ const FieldBinable = defineBinable({
   },
 });
 
+// internal helper functions
+
 function isField(x: unknown): x is Field {
   return x instanceof Field;
 }
@@ -1301,12 +1269,40 @@ function toFp(x: bigint | number | string | Field): Fp {
   return (x as Field).toBigInt();
 }
 
+function toFieldConst(x: bigint | number | string | ConstantField): FieldConst {
+  if (x instanceof Field) return x.value[1];
+  return FieldConst.fromBigint(Fp(x));
+}
+
+function toFieldVar(x: bigint | number | string | Field): FieldVar {
+  if (x instanceof Field) return x.value;
+  return FieldVar.constant(Fp(x));
+}
+
 function withMessage(error: unknown, message?: string) {
   if (message === undefined || !(error instanceof Error)) return error;
   error.message = `${message}\n${error.message}`;
   return error;
 }
 
+// internal base method for all comparisons
+function compare(x: Field, y: FieldVar) {
+  // TODO: support all bit lengths
+  let maxLength = Fp.sizeInBits - 2;
+  asProver(() => {
+    let actualLength = Math.max(
+      x.toBigInt().toString(2).length,
+      new Field(y).toBigInt().toString(2).length
+    );
+    if (actualLength > maxLength)
+      throw Error(
+        `Provable comparison functions can only be used on Fields of size <= ${maxLength} bits, got ${actualLength} bits.`
+      );
+  });
+  let [, less, lessOrEqual] = Snarky.field.compare(maxLength, x.value, y);
+  return { less: new Bool(less), lessOrEqual: new Bool(lessOrEqual) };
+}
+
 function checkBitLength(
   name: string,
   length: number,
@@ -1320,6 +1316,10 @@ function checkBitLength(
     throw Error(`${name}: bit length must be non-negative, got ${length}`);
 }
 
+function toConstant(x: Field, name: string): ConstantField {
+  return toConstantField(x, name, 'x', 'field element');
+}
+
 function toConstantField(
   x: Field,
   methodName: string,

From bce7914ca64b7badd654e14797fc5b2debd6af9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:27:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1154/1786] remove unnecessary helper functions

---
 src/lib/bool.ts     | 6 +-----
 src/lib/field.ts    | 5 -----
 src/lib/group.ts    | 6 +++---
 src/lib/provable.ts | 8 +-------
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 9d7fee9e4d..85d4fab607 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { defineBinable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver } from './provable-context.js';
 
-export { BoolVar, Bool, isBool };
+export { BoolVar, Bool };
 
 // same representation, but use a different name to communicate intent / constraints
 type BoolVar = FieldVar;
@@ -370,10 +370,6 @@ function isConstant(x: boolean | Bool): x is boolean | ConstantBool {
   return x.isConstant();
 }
 
-function isBool(x: unknown) {
-  return x instanceof Bool;
-}
-
 function toBoolean(x: boolean | Bool): boolean {
   if (typeof x === 'boolean') {
     return x;
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 9c33016624..891390619d 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ export {
   ConstantField,
   VarField,
   VarFieldVar,
-  isField,
   withMessage,
   readVarMessage,
   toConstantField,
@@ -1247,10 +1246,6 @@ const FieldBinable = defineBinable({
 
 // internal helper functions
 
-function isField(x: unknown): x is Field {
-  return x instanceof Field;
-}
-
 function isConstant(
   x: bigint | number | string | Field
 ): x is bigint | number | string | ConstantField {
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 6178032df6..4cd6d9e147 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Field, FieldVar, isField } from './field.js';
+import { Field, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class Group {
     x: FieldVar | Field | number | string | bigint;
     y: FieldVar | Field | number | string | bigint;
   }) {
-    this.x = isField(x) ? x : new Field(x);
-    this.y = isField(y) ? y : new Field(y);
+    this.x = x instanceof Field ? x : new Field(x);
+    this.y = y instanceof Field ? y : new Field(y);
 
     if (this.#isConstant()) {
       // we also check the zero element (0, 0) here
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 534818f16f..8094bcf89e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import {
   InferProvable,
   InferredProvable,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { isField } from './field.js';
 import {
   inCheckedComputation,
   inProver,
@@ -23,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   runUnchecked,
   constraintSystem,
 } from './provable-context.js';
-import { isBool } from './bool.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Provable };
@@ -345,11 +343,7 @@ function ifImplicit<T extends ToFieldable>(condition: Bool, x: T, y: T): T {
     );
   // TODO remove second condition once we have consolidated field class back into one
   // if (type !== y.constructor) {
-  if (
-    type !== y.constructor &&
-    !(isField(x) && isField(y)) &&
-    !(isBool(x) && isBool(y))
-  ) {
+  if (type !== y.constructor) {
     throw Error(
       'Provable.if: Mismatched argument types. Try using an explicit type argument:\n' +
         `Provable.if(bool, MyType, x, y)`

From 4ba40a12695c528cf0a265853a845b3f37f717db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:30:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1155/1786] remove private class fields from Bool

---
 src/lib/bool.ts | 38 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 85d4fab607..8957e89d53 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Bool {
   value: BoolVar;
 
   constructor(x: boolean | Bool | BoolVar) {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       this.value = x.value;
       return;
     }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class Bool {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBoolean() && toBoolean(y));
     }
-    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.and(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y)));
+    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.and(this.value, toFieldVar(y)));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Bool {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBoolean() || toBoolean(y));
     }
-    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.or(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y)));
+    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.or(this.value, toFieldVar(y)));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class Bool {
         }
         return;
       }
-      Snarky.bool.assertEqual(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y));
+      Snarky.bool.assertEqual(this.value, toFieldVar(y));
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Bool {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBoolean() === toBoolean(y));
     }
-    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.equals(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y)));
+    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.equals(this.value, toFieldVar(y)));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -194,14 +194,14 @@ class Bool {
   }
 
   static toField(x: Bool | boolean): Field {
-    return new Field(Bool.#toVar(x));
+    return new Field(toFieldVar(x));
   }
 
   /**
    * Boolean negation.
    */
   static not(x: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.not();
     }
     return new Bool(!x);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Boolean AND operation.
    */
   static and(x: Bool | boolean, y: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.and(y);
     }
     return new Bool(x).and(y);
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Boolean OR operation.
    */
   static or(x: Bool | boolean, y: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.or(y);
     }
     return new Bool(x).or(y);
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Asserts if both {@link Bool} are equal.
    */
   static assertEqual(x: Bool, y: Bool | boolean): void {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       x.assertEquals(y);
       return;
     }
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Checks two {@link Bool} for equality.
    */
   static equal(x: Bool | boolean, y: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.equals(y);
     }
     return new Bool(x).equals(y);
@@ -342,15 +342,6 @@ class Bool {
       return new Bool(x.value);
     },
   };
-
-  static #isBool(x: boolean | Bool | BoolVar): x is Bool {
-    return x instanceof Bool;
-  }
-
-  static #toVar(x: boolean | Bool): BoolVar {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) return x.value;
-    return FieldVar.constant(B(x));
-  }
 }
 
 const BoolBinable = defineBinable({
@@ -362,6 +353,8 @@ const BoolBinable = defineBinable({
   },
 });
 
+// internal helper functions
+
 function isConstant(x: boolean | Bool): x is boolean | ConstantBool {
   if (typeof x === 'boolean') {
     return true;
@@ -377,6 +370,11 @@ function toBoolean(x: boolean | Bool): boolean {
   return x.toBoolean();
 }
 
+function toFieldVar(x: boolean | Bool): BoolVar {
+  if (x instanceof Bool) return x.value;
+  return FieldVar.constant(B(x));
+}
+
 // TODO: This is duplicated
 function withMessage(error: unknown, message?: string) {
   if (message === undefined || !(error instanceof Error)) return error;

From 4f75418988263124f5f854311f1a65dcad7e6f1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:37:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1156/1786] remove private class fields from Group

---
 src/lib/group.ts | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 4cd6d9e147..67b021097e 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class Group {
     this.x = x instanceof Field ? x : new Field(x);
     this.y = y instanceof Field ? y : new Field(y);
 
-    if (this.#isConstant()) {
+    if (isConstant(this)) {
       // we also check the zero element (0, 0) here
       if (this.x.equals(0).and(this.y.equals(0)).toBoolean()) return;
 
@@ -72,31 +72,6 @@ class Group {
     }
   }
 
-  // helpers
-  static #fromAffine({ x, y, infinity }: GroupAffine) {
-    return infinity ? Group.zero : new Group({ x, y });
-  }
-
-  static #fromProjective({ x, y, z }: { x: bigint; y: bigint; z: bigint }) {
-    return this.#fromAffine(Pallas.toAffine({ x, y, z }));
-  }
-
-  #toTuple(): [0, FieldVar, FieldVar] {
-    return [0, this.x.value, this.y.value];
-  }
-
-  #isConstant() {
-    return this.x.isConstant() && this.y.isConstant();
-  }
-
-  #toProjective() {
-    return Pallas.fromAffine({
-      x: this.x.toBigInt(),
-      y: this.y.toBigInt(),
-      infinity: false,
-    });
-  }
-
   /**
    * Checks if this element is the `zero` element `{x: 0, y: 0}`.
    */
@@ -114,15 +89,15 @@ class Group {
    * ```
    */
   add(g: Group) {
-    if (this.#isConstant() && g.#isConstant()) {
+    if (isConstant(this) && isConstant(g)) {
       // we check if either operand is zero, because adding zero to g just results in g (and vise versa)
       if (this.isZero().toBoolean()) {
         return g;
       } else if (g.isZero().toBoolean()) {
         return this;
       } else {
-        let g_proj = Pallas.add(this.#toProjective(), g.#toProjective());
-        return Group.#fromProjective(g_proj);
+        let g_proj = Pallas.add(toProjective(this), toProjective(g));
+        return fromProjective(g_proj);
       }
     } else {
       const { x: x1, y: y1 } = this;
@@ -163,9 +138,9 @@ class Group {
       });
 
       let [, x, y] = Snarky.gates.ecAdd(
-        Group.from(x1.seal(), y1.seal()).#toTuple(),
-        Group.from(x2.seal(), y2.seal()).#toTuple(),
-        Group.from(x3, y3).#toTuple(),
+        toTuple(Group.from(x1.seal(), y1.seal())),
+        toTuple(Group.from(x2.seal(), y2.seal())),
+        toTuple(Group.from(x3, y3)),
         inf.toField().value,
         same_x.value,
         s.value,
@@ -216,13 +191,13 @@ class Group {
   scale(s: Scalar | number | bigint) {
     let scalar = Scalar.from(s);
 
-    if (this.#isConstant() && scalar.isConstant()) {
-      let g_proj = Pallas.scale(this.#toProjective(), scalar.toBigInt());
-      return Group.#fromProjective(g_proj);
+    if (isConstant(this) && scalar.isConstant()) {
+      let g_proj = Pallas.scale(toProjective(this), scalar.toBigInt());
+      return fromProjective(g_proj);
     } else {
       let [, ...bits] = scalar.value;
       bits.reverse();
-      let [, x, y] = Snarky.group.scale(this.#toTuple(), [0, ...bits]);
+      let [, x, y] = Snarky.group.scale(toTuple(this), [0, ...bits]);
       return new Group({ x, y });
     }
   }
@@ -448,3 +423,29 @@ class Group {
     }
   }
 }
+
+// internal helpers
+
+function isConstant(g: Group) {
+  return g.x.isConstant() && g.y.isConstant();
+}
+
+function toTuple(g: Group): [0, FieldVar, FieldVar] {
+  return [0, g.x.value, g.y.value];
+}
+
+function toProjective(g: Group) {
+  return Pallas.fromAffine({
+    x: g.x.toBigInt(),
+    y: g.y.toBigInt(),
+    infinity: false,
+  });
+}
+
+function fromProjective({ x, y, z }: { x: bigint; y: bigint; z: bigint }) {
+  return fromAffine(Pallas.toAffine({ x, y, z }));
+}
+
+function fromAffine({ x, y, infinity }: GroupAffine) {
+  return infinity ? Group.zero : new Group({ x, y });
+}

From 9690a5b42eca15e32081ba539d35652917198c80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:44:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1157/1786] remove private class Fields from Scalar

---
 src/lib/scalar.ts | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/scalar.ts b/src/lib/scalar.ts
index 176478947f..d54f20c209 100644
--- a/src/lib/scalar.ts
+++ b/src/lib/scalar.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class Scalar {
    * Convert this {@link Scalar} into a bigint
    */
   toBigInt() {
-    return this.#assertConstant('toBigInt');
+    return assertConstant(this, 'toBigInt');
   }
 
   // TODO: fix this API. we should represent "shifted status" internally and use
@@ -112,17 +112,13 @@ class Scalar {
 
   // operations on constant scalars
 
-  #assertConstant(name: string) {
-    return constantScalarToBigint(this, `Scalar.${name}`);
-  }
-
   /**
    * Negate a scalar field element.
    *
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   neg() {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('neg');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'neg');
     let z = Fq.negate(x);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -133,8 +129,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   add(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('add');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('add');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'add');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'add');
     let z = Fq.add(x, y0);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -145,8 +141,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   sub(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('sub');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('sub');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'sub');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'sub');
     let z = Fq.sub(x, y0);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -157,8 +153,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   mul(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('mul');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('mul');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'mul');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'mul');
     let z = Fq.mul(x, y0);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -170,8 +166,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   div(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('div');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('div');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'div');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'div');
     let z = Fq.div(x, y0);
     if (z === undefined) throw Error('Scalar.div(): Division by zero');
     return Scalar.from(z);
@@ -179,11 +175,11 @@ class Scalar {
 
   // TODO don't leak 'shifting' to the user and remove these methods
   shift() {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('shift');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'shift');
     return Scalar.from(shift(x));
   }
   unshift() {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('unshift');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'unshift');
     return Scalar.from(unshift(x));
   }
 
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ class Scalar {
    * is needed to represent all Scalars. However, for a random Scalar, the high bit will be `false` with overwhelming probability.
    */
   toFieldsCompressed(): { field: Field; highBit: Bool } {
-    let s = this.#assertConstant('toFieldsCompressed');
+    let s = assertConstant(this, 'toFieldsCompressed');
     let lowBitSize = BigInt(Fq.sizeInBits - 1);
     let lowBitMask = (1n << lowBitSize) - 1n;
     return {
@@ -292,7 +288,7 @@ class Scalar {
    * This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the Scalar.
    */
   static toJSON(x: Scalar) {
-    let s = x.#assertConstant('toJSON');
+    let s = assertConstant(x, 'toJSON');
     return s.toString();
   }
 
@@ -312,6 +308,12 @@ class Scalar {
   }
 }
 
+// internal helpers
+
+function assertConstant(x: Scalar, name: string) {
+  return constantScalarToBigint(x, `Scalar.${name}`);
+}
+
 function toConstantScalar([, ...bits]: MlArray<BoolVar>): Fq | undefined {
   if (bits.length !== Fq.sizeInBits)
     throw Error(

From 96c756a1f95ebe1f932954db51f01285065fd178 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 16:54:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1158/1786] remove private class fields from SmartContract

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 6986966a3d..77387d367f 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ class SmartContract {
   address: PublicKey;
   tokenId: Field;
 
-  #executionState: ExecutionState | undefined;
+  private _executionState: ExecutionState | undefined;
 
   // here we store various metadata associated with a SmartContract subclass.
   // by initializing all of these to `undefined`, we ensure that
@@ -758,8 +758,8 @@ class SmartContract {
     else this.init();
     let initUpdate = this.self;
     // switch back to the deploy account update so the user can make modifications to it
-    this.#executionState = {
-      transactionId: this.#executionState!.transactionId,
+    this._executionState = {
+      transactionId: this._executionState!.transactionId,
       accountUpdate,
     };
     // check if the entire state was overwritten, show a warning if not
@@ -853,10 +853,10 @@ super.init();
     // it won't create new updates and add them to a transaction implicitly
     if (inSmartContract && inSmartContract.this === this) {
       let accountUpdate = inSmartContract.selfUpdate;
-      this.#executionState = { accountUpdate, transactionId };
+      this._executionState = { accountUpdate, transactionId };
       return accountUpdate;
     }
-    let executionState = this.#executionState;
+    let executionState = this._executionState;
     if (
       executionState !== undefined &&
       executionState.transactionId === transactionId
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ super.init();
     // if in a transaction, but outside a @method call, we implicitly create an account update
     // which is stable during the current transaction -- as long as it doesn't get overridden by a method call
     let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this);
-    this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
+    this._executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }
   // same as this.self, but explicitly creates a _new_ account update
@@ -877,11 +877,11 @@ super.init();
     let inTransaction = Mina.currentTransaction.has();
     let transactionId = inTransaction ? Mina.currentTransaction.id() : NaN;
     let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this);
-    this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
+    this._executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }
 
-  #_senderState: { sender: PublicKey; transactionId: number };
+  private _senderState: { sender: PublicKey; transactionId: number };
 
   /**
    * The public key of the current transaction's sender account.
@@ -900,11 +900,11 @@ super.init();
       );
     }
     let transactionId = Mina.currentTransaction.id();
-    if (this.#_senderState?.transactionId === transactionId) {
-      return this.#_senderState.sender;
+    if (this._senderState?.transactionId === transactionId) {
+      return this._senderState.sender;
     } else {
       let sender = Provable.witness(PublicKey, () => Mina.sender());
-      this.#_senderState = { transactionId, sender };
+      this._senderState = { transactionId, sender };
       return sender;
     }
   }
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ super.init();
                 publicInput,
                 ...args
               );
-              accountUpdate = instance.#executionState!.accountUpdate;
+              accountUpdate = instance._executionState!.accountUpdate;
               return result;
             }
           );

From c40e3f1a661f696c4f1f35515696f3e82a2ad99b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 18:00:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1159/1786] Revert "remove private class fields from
 SmartContract"

This reverts commit 96c756a1f95ebe1f932954db51f01285065fd178.
---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 77387d367f..6986966a3d 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ class SmartContract {
   address: PublicKey;
   tokenId: Field;
 
-  private _executionState: ExecutionState | undefined;
+  #executionState: ExecutionState | undefined;
 
   // here we store various metadata associated with a SmartContract subclass.
   // by initializing all of these to `undefined`, we ensure that
@@ -758,8 +758,8 @@ class SmartContract {
     else this.init();
     let initUpdate = this.self;
     // switch back to the deploy account update so the user can make modifications to it
-    this._executionState = {
-      transactionId: this._executionState!.transactionId,
+    this.#executionState = {
+      transactionId: this.#executionState!.transactionId,
       accountUpdate,
     };
     // check if the entire state was overwritten, show a warning if not
@@ -853,10 +853,10 @@ super.init();
     // it won't create new updates and add them to a transaction implicitly
     if (inSmartContract && inSmartContract.this === this) {
       let accountUpdate = inSmartContract.selfUpdate;
-      this._executionState = { accountUpdate, transactionId };
+      this.#executionState = { accountUpdate, transactionId };
       return accountUpdate;
     }
-    let executionState = this._executionState;
+    let executionState = this.#executionState;
     if (
       executionState !== undefined &&
       executionState.transactionId === transactionId
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ super.init();
     // if in a transaction, but outside a @method call, we implicitly create an account update
     // which is stable during the current transaction -- as long as it doesn't get overridden by a method call
     let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this);
-    this._executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
+    this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }
   // same as this.self, but explicitly creates a _new_ account update
@@ -877,11 +877,11 @@ super.init();
     let inTransaction = Mina.currentTransaction.has();
     let transactionId = inTransaction ? Mina.currentTransaction.id() : NaN;
     let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this);
-    this._executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
+    this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }
 
-  private _senderState: { sender: PublicKey; transactionId: number };
+  #_senderState: { sender: PublicKey; transactionId: number };
 
   /**
    * The public key of the current transaction's sender account.
@@ -900,11 +900,11 @@ super.init();
       );
     }
     let transactionId = Mina.currentTransaction.id();
-    if (this._senderState?.transactionId === transactionId) {
-      return this._senderState.sender;
+    if (this.#_senderState?.transactionId === transactionId) {
+      return this.#_senderState.sender;
     } else {
       let sender = Provable.witness(PublicKey, () => Mina.sender());
-      this._senderState = { transactionId, sender };
+      this.#_senderState = { transactionId, sender };
       return sender;
     }
   }
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@ super.init();
                 publicInput,
                 ...args
               );
-              accountUpdate = instance._executionState!.accountUpdate;
+              accountUpdate = instance.#executionState!.accountUpdate;
               return result;
             }
           );

From d29140189077ae07a3bad9a455374a81a1404bd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 10:24:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1160/1786] Update package.json

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 package.json | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 9b65edfeaf..f58dd76fa1 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -42,13 +42,11 @@
     "node": ">=16.4.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
+    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
     "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/build-snarkyjs-node.sh",
     "build:update-bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
     "build:wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
-    "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
-    "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "build:examples": "npm run build && rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",

From a2dde97f8f2c7f3117c66f6d15878045e537a80c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Dec 2023 10:26:21 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1161/1786] style(run-jest-tests.sh): add newline at end of
 file to comply with POSIX standards

---
 run-jest-tests.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/run-jest-tests.sh b/run-jest-tests.sh
index b15b30d311..d103274798 100755
--- a/run-jest-tests.sh
+++ b/run-jest-tests.sh
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ shopt -s globstar # to expand '**' into nested directories
 
 for f in ./src/**/*.test.ts; do
   NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest $f;
-done
\ No newline at end of file
+done

From cfa4883147b525eb9da0eb3f9087feb46e2163d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 11:56:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1162/1786] return UInt instead of field

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 9deb220156..2da45696db 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   xor(x: UInt64) {
-    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS);
+    return new UInt64(Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    *
    */
   not() {
-    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, false);
+    return new UInt64(Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, false));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return Gadgets.rotate64(this.value, bits, direction);
+    return new UInt64(Gadgets.rotate64(this.value, bits, direction));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits);
+    return new UInt64(Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits);
+    return new UInt64(Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   and(x: UInt64) {
-    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS);
+    return new UInt64(Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   xor(x: UInt32) {
-    return Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS);
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    */
   not() {
-    return Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false);
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return Gadgets.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction);
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.leftShift32(this.value, bits);
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.leftShift32(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return Gadgets.rightShift64(this.value, bits);
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.rightShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**

From 97027930b2020e61f9abe56d63fc32c2eb2412f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 11:58:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1163/1786] fix compilation, bump bindings

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index ac63ceecb1..ccc8c45548 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
   const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, i) =>
     xor(
       stateC[(i + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
-      Gadgets.rotate(stateC[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left')
+      Gadgets.rotate64(stateC[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left')
     )
   );
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
   // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: B[j,2i+3j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
   for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
     for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
-      stateB[j][(2 * i + 3 * j) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
+      stateB[j][(2 * i + 3 * j) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate64(
         stateE[i][j],
         ROT_TABLE[i][j],
         'left'

From 7b5e8fa866ec5434cc152252e3c6a18e8e409055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 11:58:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1164/1786] fix doc comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index beda5fdd16..356f3371d7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
   /**
    * Performs a right shift operation on the provided {@link Field} element.
    * This is similar to the `>>` shift operation in JavaScript, where bits are moved to the right.
-   * The `rightShift` function utilizes the rotation method internally to implement this operation.
+   * The `rightShift64` function utilizes the rotation method internally to implement this operation.
    *
    * * It’s important to note that these operations are performed considering the big-endian 64-bit representation of the number,
    * where the most significant (64th) bit is on the left end and the least significant bit is on the right end.
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * **Important:** The gadgets assumes that its input is at most 64 bits in size.
    *
    * If the input exceeds 64 bits, the gadget is invalid and fails to prove correct execution of the shift.
-   * To safely use `rightShift()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
+   * To safely use `rightShift64()`, you need to make sure that the value passed in is range-checked to 64 bits;
    * for example, using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64}.
    *
    * @param field {@link Field} element to shift.
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
    * y.assertEquals(0b000011); // 3 in binary
    *
    * const xLarge = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(12345678901234567890123456789012345678n));
-   * rightShift(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
+   * rightShift64(xLarge, 32); // throws an error since input exceeds 64 bits
    * ```
    */
   rightShift64(field: Field, bits: number) {

From 5def65787fff26e7178037a41fdbeae28626b1dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 12:18:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1165/1786] set proofs enabled on object to make updated value
 readable from outside

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index d4a55c6a8b..e3b5823a9c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             account,
             update,
             commitments,
-            proofsEnabled
+            this.proofsEnabled
           );
         }
       }
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       // and hopefully with upcoming work by Matt we can just run everything in the prover, and nowhere else
       let tx = createTransaction(sender, f, 0, {
         isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: false,
-        proofsEnabled,
+        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
         fetchMode: 'test',
       });
       let hasProofs = tx.transaction.accountUpdates.some(
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       );
       return createTransaction(sender, f, 1, {
         isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: !hasProofs,
-        proofsEnabled,
+        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
       });
     },
     applyJsonTransaction(json: string) {
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       networkState.totalCurrency = currency;
     },
     setProofsEnabled(newProofsEnabled: boolean) {
-      proofsEnabled = newProofsEnabled;
+      this.proofsEnabled = newProofsEnabled;
     },
   };
 }

From 7e38cdd56cafab46a8b3741bdf0340fa5153fe51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 12:24:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1166/1786] label deploy account update

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 6986966a3d..9346973f72 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ class SmartContract {
     verificationKey?: { data: string; hash: Field | string };
     zkappKey?: PrivateKey;
   } = {}) {
-    let accountUpdate = this.newSelf();
+    let accountUpdate = this.newSelf('deploy');
     verificationKey ??= (this.constructor as typeof SmartContract)
       ._verificationKey;
     if (verificationKey === undefined) {
@@ -873,10 +873,10 @@ super.init();
   /**
    * Same as `SmartContract.self` but explicitly creates a new {@link AccountUpdate}.
    */
-  newSelf(): AccountUpdate {
+  newSelf(methodName?: string): AccountUpdate {
     let inTransaction = Mina.currentTransaction.has();
     let transactionId = inTransaction ? Mina.currentTransaction.id() : NaN;
-    let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this);
+    let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName);
     this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }

From 673c822c996958d7c3bed5951a352e7609fce9d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 12:49:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1167/1786] remove unused imports

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
index cf1398dadf..075a5d6e32 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import {
-  array,
   equivalentProvable as equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
   field,
   record,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 

From 519278dc17f4a7a9240197ffd2a0bf0066cb8df2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 14:36:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1168/1786] improve toPretty output of authorization kind

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 2ab0c5d50d..23f5e66c08 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1505,6 +1505,15 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
         body[key] = JSON.stringify(body[key]) as any;
       }
     }
+    if (body.authorizationKind?.isProved === false) {
+      delete (body as any).authorizationKind?.verificationKeyHash;
+    }
+    if (
+      body.authorizationKind?.isProved === false &&
+      body.authorizationKind?.isSigned === false
+    ) {
+      delete (body as any).authorizationKind;
+    }
     if (
       jsonUpdate.authorization !== undefined ||
       body.authorizationKind?.isProved === true ||
@@ -1512,6 +1521,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     ) {
       (body as any).authorization = jsonUpdate.authorization;
     }
+
     body.mayUseToken = {
       parentsOwnToken: this.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.toBoolean(),
       inheritFromParent: this.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.toBoolean(),

From 7f0bf7b3b6d0b24ead4ae6b368e27c8febaee89e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 09:02:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1169/1786] move kimchi/{wasm,js} to kimchi_bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9669d55490..58d78b554d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9669d55490767fffc410e78d6425c7bad4bf4b9f
+Subproject commit 58d78b554def18b176e2bc3c45ef11277da3c080
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index d4314b0920..f7a0abc1c9 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d4314b0920fe06d7ba9f790fb803142da6883570
+Subproject commit f7a0abc1c90bc36a1bcdfe9931fc655852029942

From 8e9fd7c629a576698e7a9039e93b2fa396e60344 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 09:02:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1170/1786] gitignore temp files added during build

---
 .gitignore | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 8f62404233..78d26c7d8a 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -8,3 +8,5 @@ profiling.md
 o1js-reference
 *.tmp.js
 _build/
+src/config/
+src/config.mlh

From f91e027721e24c8ecc52f981d7598383e33e638e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 10:38:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1171/1786] Lightnet README-dev documentation.

---
 README-dev.md | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 651359df05..42a570364e 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ This README includes information that is helpful for o1js core contributors.
 
 ## Setting up the repo on your local
 
-After cloning the repo, you must fetch external submodules for the following examples to work. 
+After cloning the repo, you must fetch external submodules for the following examples to work.
 
-```sh
+```shell
 git clone https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js.git
 cd o1js
 git submodule update --init --recursive
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ git submodule update --init --recursive
 
 ## Run examples using Node.js
 
-```sh
+```shell
 npm install
 npm run build
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ npm run build
 
 ## Run examples in the browser
 
-```sh
+```shell
 npm install
 npm run build:web
 
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ Note: Some of our examples don't work on the web because they use Node.js APIs.
 
 - Unit tests
 
-  ```sh
+  ```shell
   npm run test
   npm run test:unit
   ```
 
 - Integration tests
 
-  ```sh
+  ```shell
   npm run test:integration
   ```
 
 - E2E tests
 
-  ```sh
+  ```shell
   npm install
   npm run e2e:install
   npm run build:web
@@ -89,8 +89,46 @@ The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenar
 
 You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First generate a GitHub token and use:
 
-```
+```shell
 act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $GITHUB_TOKEN
 ```
 
 to execute the job "Build-And-Test-Server for the test type `Simple integration tests`.
+
+## Test zkApps against the local blockchain network
+
+In order to be able to test zkApps against the local blockchain network, you need to spin up such a network first.  
+You can do so in several ways.
+
+1. Using [zkapp-cli](https://www.npmjs.com/package/zkapp-cli)'s sub commands:
+
+   ```shell
+   zk lightnet start # start the local network
+   # Do your tests and other interactions with the network
+   zk lightnet logs # manage the logs of the local network
+   zk lightnet explorer # visualize the local network state
+   zk lightnet stop # stop the local network
+   ```
+
+   Please refer to `zk lightnet --help` for more information.
+
+2. Using the corresponding [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) manually:
+
+   ```shell
+   docker run --rm --pull=missing -it \
+     --env NETWORK_TYPE="single-node" \
+     --env PROOF_LEVEL="none" \
+     --env LOG_LEVEL="Trace" \
+     -p 3085:3085 \
+     -p 5432:5432 \
+     -p 8080:8080 \
+     -p 8181:8181 \
+     -p 8282:8282 \
+     o1labs/mina-local-network:o1js-main-latest-lightnet
+   ```
+
+   Please refer to the [Docker Hub repository](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) for more information.
+
+Next up, you will need the Mina blockchain accounts information in order to be used in your zkApp.  
+Once the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
+The corresponding example can be found here: [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts)

From 72e7707773605f16a112b677acbce5d2ff33caa6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 15:18:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1172/1786] better stack trace limit

---
 src/index.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index b82033e1dd..243fe7dbfa 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace Experimental {
   export type Callback<Result> = Callback_<Result>;
 }
 
-Error.stackTraceLimit = 1000;
+Error.stackTraceLimit = 100000;
 
 // deprecated stuff
 export { isReady, shutdown };

From fd2b78a56a176027855417ab82ce081317e4332a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 15:18:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1173/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 61c75c037d..e218dab5f6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 61c75c037db058231f4e1b13a4743178b95d0aa0
+Subproject commit e218dab5f6b82957436cf861591a7676c7aea31c

From 279f5a2497615d89ace2d9c938c4203d2fe85e57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 15:39:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1174/1786] add regression test

---
 src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c14a0f02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { it } from 'node:test';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+
+it('can witness large field array', () => {
+  let N = 100_000;
+  let arr = Array<bigint>(N).fill(0n);
+
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    // with exists
+    let fields = exists(N, () => arr);
+
+    // with Provable.witness
+    let fields2 = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, N), () =>
+      arr.map(Field.from)
+    );
+
+    expect(fields.length).toEqual(N);
+    expect(fields2.length).toEqual(N);
+  });
+});

From 5c51bd295ba4966078e86d8baa65f8cdc4a983ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 15:46:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1175/1786] another regression test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index e1368c0c05..3aab1dc9a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -100,6 +100,24 @@ it('pickles rule creation', async () => {
   );
 });
 
+// compile works with large inputs
+
+const N = 100_000;
+
+const program = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'large-array-program',
+  methods: {
+    baseCase: {
+      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field, N)],
+      method(_: Field[]) {},
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+it('can compile program with large input', async () => {
+  await program.compile();
+});
+
 // regression tests for some zkprograms
 const emptyMethodsMetadata = EmptyProgram.analyzeMethods();
 expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual(

From 8b1aa7374d973dbe9003fb5b5fec23f6448e7bf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 15:50:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1176/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index e218dab5f6..b2b83072d4 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit e218dab5f6b82957436cf861591a7676c7aea31c
+Subproject commit b2b83072d4cedbf0b72fcde245ba53f318ba6e10

From 57de6646462b6d827bc68fab5a16a70c06a8df3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 16:00:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1177/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b2b83072d4..259b8b96fb 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b2b83072d4cedbf0b72fcde245ba53f318ba6e10
+Subproject commit 259b8b96fb5d5772ed41243ec0f1ea3102daefff

From 55368de46dadf5eab5be26a40fd52b08d1bac5b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 16:02:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1178/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 4961b8a2d1..576b115a7d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Removed_ for now removed features.
     _Fixed_ for any bug fixes.
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
-
-
  -->
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/7acf19d0d...HEAD)
@@ -25,6 +23,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
   - For an example, see `./src/examples/crypto/ecdsa`
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix stack overflows when calling provable methods with large inputs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1334
+
 ## [0.15.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 0d82ad1d67417c72b06fc8456a0a2b54bcc46652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 17:15:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1179/1786] Merge branch 'main' into feature/glv

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml  |  16 +-
 .github/workflows/build-action.yml            |   4 +-
 .github/workflows/release.yml                 |  73 ++
 .prettierignore                               |   1 -
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  30 +-
 README-dev.md                                 |  66 +-
 package-lock.json                             |  17 +-
 package.json                                  |  14 +-
 run                                           |   2 +-
 run-ci-tests.sh                               |   1 +
 run-debug                                     |   1 +
 run-unit-tests.sh                             |   3 +-
 src/bindings                                  |   2 +-
 src/build/copy-to-dist.js                     |   6 +-
 src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs                 |  55 +-
 src/examples/api_exploration.ts               |   4 +-
 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts      |  31 +
 src/examples/crypto/README.md                 |   6 +
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts            |  54 ++
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts              |  41 +
 src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts          | 116 +++
 .../internals/advanced-provable-types.ts      |   2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts              |   2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts           |  49 +
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts            |  73 ++
 src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts     |   2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts            | 193 ++++
 src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts          |   2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts          |   4 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts   |   2 +-
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts         |  41 -
 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts           |  43 -
 src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts  |   2 +-
 src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts             |   2 +-
 src/index.ts                                  |  16 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     |  17 +-
 src/lib/bool.ts                               |  52 +-
 src/lib/circuit.ts                            |   1 +
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                      |  32 +-
 src/lib/events.ts                             |  20 +-
 src/lib/field.ts                              | 152 ++--
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts                      | 312 +++++++
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts            |  42 +
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts                      | 258 ++++++
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts                      | 739 +++++++++++++++
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts            | 191 ++++
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts                      |  10 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts                    | 164 ++--
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts                     |  16 -
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts            |  94 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts             | 187 +++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts   |  82 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts              | 105 ++-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts    |  30 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts                    | 142 ++-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts                |  40 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts      |  31 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts                 |  21 +-
 src/lib/gates.ts                              |  31 +-
 src/lib/group.ts                              |  89 +-
 src/lib/hash-generic.ts                       |   4 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts                               |  21 +-
 src/lib/hashes-combined.ts                    | 127 +++
 src/lib/int.test.ts                           | 861 +++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/int.ts                                | 395 +++++++-
 src/lib/keccak.ts                             | 550 +++++++++++
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts                   | 267 ++++++
 src/lib/mina.ts                               |  10 +-
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                       |  10 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts                       |  10 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts             | 114 ++-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts                   |  11 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts               | 121 +++
 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts      |  21 +
 src/lib/provable.ts                           |  19 +-
 src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts                 |  23 +
 src/lib/scalar.ts                             |  38 +-
 src/lib/signature.ts                          |   4 +-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts          |   6 +-
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts                 | 103 ++-
 src/lib/testing/random.ts                     |  53 +-
 src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts          |  15 +-
 src/lib/util/arrays.ts                        |  14 +
 src/lib/util/types.ts                         |  14 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                              |  10 +-
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts                 |   4 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts                   |   6 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts     |   2 +-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       |   2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts    |   2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts      |   2 +-
 src/provable/curve-bigint.ts                  |   6 +-
 src/provable/field-bigint.ts                  |   6 +-
 src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts               |   6 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts                               |  24 +-
 src/tests/fake-proof.ts                       |  96 ++
 .../vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts  |  36 +-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json        |  58 +-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts          |  11 +-
 update-changelog.sh                           |  34 +
 100 files changed, 6146 insertions(+), 804 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/release.yml
 create mode 100755 run-debug
 create mode 100644 src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/README.md
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-field.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/keccak.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/arrays.ts
 create mode 100644 src/tests/fake-proof.ts
 create mode 100755 update-changelog.sh

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index 05d8970d97..a84bad475a 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-name: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
-description: "Shared steps for live testing jobs"
+name: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
+description: 'Shared steps for live testing jobs'
 inputs:
   mina-branch-name:
-    description: "Mina branch name in use by service container"
+    description: 'Mina branch name in use by service container'
     required: true
 runs:
-  using: "composite"
+  using: 'composite'
   steps:
     - name: Wait for Mina network readiness
       uses: o1-labs/wait-for-mina-network-action@v1
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ runs:
     - name: Setup Node
       uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       with:
-        node-version: "20"
+        node-version: '20'
     - name: Build o1js and execute tests
       env:
-        TEST_TYPE: "Live integration tests"
-        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: "true"
+        TEST_TYPE: 'Live integration tests'
+        USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: 'true'
       run: |
         git submodule update --init --recursive
         npm ci
-        npm run build:node
+        npm run build
         touch profiling.md
         sh run-ci-tests.sh
         cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
index 3801f8ea78..43cea697ff 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git submodule update --init --recursive
           npm ci
-          npm run build:node
+          npm run build
           touch profiling.md
           sh run-ci-tests.sh
           cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git submodule update --init --recursive
           npm ci
-          npm run build:node
+          npm run build
       - name: Publish to NPM if version has changed
         uses: JS-DevTools/npm-publish@v1
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3aa4226dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Purpose:
+# Automatically bumps the project's patch version bi-weekly on Tuesdays.
+#
+# Details:
+# - Triggered at 00:00 UTC every Tuesday; runs on even weeks of the year.
+# - Sets up the environment by checking out the repo and setting up Node.js.
+# - Bumps patch version using `npm version patch`, then creates a new branch 'release/x.x.x'.
+# - Pushes changes and creates a PR to `main` using GitHub CLI.
+# - Can also be triggered manually via `workflow_dispatch`.
+name: Version Bump
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch: # Allow to manually trigger the workflow
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 0 * * 2" # At 00:00 UTC every Tuesday
+
+jobs:
+  version-bump:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      # Since cronjob syntax doesn't support bi-weekly schedule, we need to check if it's an even week or not
+      - name: Check if it's an even week
+        run: |
+          WEEK_NUM=$(date +'%V')
+          if [ $((WEEK_NUM % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then
+            echo "RUN_JOB=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          else
+            echo "RUN_JOB=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+
+      - name: Check out the repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Set up Node.js
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: "18"
+
+      - name: Configure Git
+        run: |
+          git config --local user.email "action@github.com"
+          git config --local user.name "GitHub Action"
+
+      - name: Bump patch version
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
+        run: |
+          git fetch --prune --unshallow
+          NEW_VERSION=$(npm version patch)
+          echo "New version: $NEW_VERSION"
+          echo "NEW_VERSION=$NEW_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Install npm dependencies
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
+        run: npm install
+
+      - name: Update CHANGELOG.md
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
+        run: |
+          npm run update-changelog
+          git add CHANGELOG.md
+          git commit -m "Update CHANGELOG for new version $NEW_VERSION"
+
+      - name: Create new release branch
+        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
+        run: |
+          NEW_BRANCH="release/${NEW_VERSION}"
+          git checkout -b $NEW_BRANCH
+          git push -u origin $NEW_BRANCH
+          git push --tags
+          gh pr create --base main --head $NEW_BRANCH --title "Release $NEW_VERSION" --body "This is an automated PR to update to version $NEW_VERSION"
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN}}
diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore
index 099c3fecca..c3f051e6bb 100644
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@ src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/**/plonk_wasm*
 src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/**/*.bc.js
 src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/*
 dist/**/*
-src/bindings/kimchi/js/**/*.js
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 3f361304c1..576b115a7d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -13,27 +13,37 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Removed_ for now removed features.
     _Fixed_ for any bug fixes.
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
+ -->
 
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/7acf19d0d...HEAD)
 
- -->
+### Added
+
+- Non-native elliptic curve operations exposed through `createForeignCurve()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+- **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+  - For an example, see `./src/examples/crypto/ecdsa`
+
+### Fixed
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...HEAD)
+- Fix stack overflows when calling provable methods with large inputs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1334
 
-# Breaking changes
+## [0.15.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
 
-- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+### Breaking changes
+
+- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1292 [@rpanic](https://github.com/rpanic)
 
-# Added
+### Added
 
-- **ECDSA signature verification**: new provable method `Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify()` and helpers on `Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
-  - For an example, see `./src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa`
+- **Foreign field arithmetic** exposed through the `createForeignField()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs/pull/985
 - `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 - `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
 - `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck8()` to assert that a value fits in 8 bits https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1288
 
 ### Changed
 
-- Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions.
+- Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions. [@LuffySama-Dev](https://github.com/LuffySama-Dev)
   - `this.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.x.assertEquals(x)` is now `this.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1263
   - `this.account.x.getAndAssertEquals(x)` is now `this.account.x.requireEquals(x)` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
@@ -41,6 +51,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `this.network.x.getAndAssertEquals()` is now `this.network.x.getAndRequireEquals()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1265
 - `Provable.constraintSystem()` and `{ZkProgram,SmartContract}.analyzeMethods()` return a `print()` method for pretty-printing the constraint system https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix missing recursive verification of proofs in smart contracts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1302
+
 ## [0.14.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/26363465d...1ad7333e9e)
 
 ### Breaking changes
diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index e77b02b95d..42a570364e 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -2,9 +2,19 @@
 
 This README includes information that is helpful for o1js core contributors.
 
+## Setting up the repo on your local
+
+After cloning the repo, you must fetch external submodules for the following examples to work.
+
+```shell
+git clone https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js.git
+cd o1js
+git submodule update --init --recursive
+```
+
 ## Run examples using Node.js
 
-```sh
+```shell
 npm install
 npm run build
 
@@ -13,7 +23,7 @@ npm run build
 
 ## Run examples in the browser
 
-```sh
+```shell
 npm install
 npm run build:web
 
@@ -28,20 +38,20 @@ Note: Some of our examples don't work on the web because they use Node.js APIs.
 
 - Unit tests
 
-  ```sh
+  ```shell
   npm run test
   npm run test:unit
   ```
 
 - Integration tests
 
-  ```sh
+  ```shell
   npm run test:integration
   ```
 
 - E2E tests
 
-  ```sh
+  ```shell
   npm install
   npm run e2e:install
   npm run build:web
@@ -67,14 +77,58 @@ The following branches are compatible:
 |            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
 |            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
+If you work on o1js, create a feature branch off of one of these base branches. It's encouraged to submit your work-in-progress as a draft PR to raise visibility!
+
+**Default to `main` as the base branch**.
+
+The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenarios where you want to adapt o1js to changes in the sibling repos on those other branches. Even then, consider whether it is feasible to land your changes to `main` and merge to `berkeley` and `develop` afterwards. Only changes in `main` will ever be released, so anything in the other branches has to be backported and reconciled with `main` eventually.
+
 ## Run the GitHub actions locally
 
 <!-- The test example should stay in sync with a real value set in .github/workflows/build-actions.yml -->
 
 You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First generate a GitHub token and use:
 
-```
+```shell
 act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $GITHUB_TOKEN
 ```
 
 to execute the job "Build-And-Test-Server for the test type `Simple integration tests`.
+
+## Test zkApps against the local blockchain network
+
+In order to be able to test zkApps against the local blockchain network, you need to spin up such a network first.  
+You can do so in several ways.
+
+1. Using [zkapp-cli](https://www.npmjs.com/package/zkapp-cli)'s sub commands:
+
+   ```shell
+   zk lightnet start # start the local network
+   # Do your tests and other interactions with the network
+   zk lightnet logs # manage the logs of the local network
+   zk lightnet explorer # visualize the local network state
+   zk lightnet stop # stop the local network
+   ```
+
+   Please refer to `zk lightnet --help` for more information.
+
+2. Using the corresponding [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) manually:
+
+   ```shell
+   docker run --rm --pull=missing -it \
+     --env NETWORK_TYPE="single-node" \
+     --env PROOF_LEVEL="none" \
+     --env LOG_LEVEL="Trace" \
+     -p 3085:3085 \
+     -p 5432:5432 \
+     -p 8080:8080 \
+     -p 8181:8181 \
+     -p 8282:8282 \
+     o1labs/mina-local-network:o1js-main-latest-lightnet
+   ```
+
+   Please refer to the [Docker Hub repository](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) for more information.
+
+Next up, you will need the Mina blockchain accounts information in order to be used in your zkApp.  
+Once the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
+The corresponding example can be found here: [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts)
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index eff466f3fb..b635120048 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.14.2",
+  "version": "0.15.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.14.2",
+      "version": "0.15.0",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
         "snarky-run": "src/build/run.js"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
+        "@noble/hashes": "^1.3.2",
         "@playwright/test": "^1.25.2",
         "@types/isomorphic-fetch": "^0.0.36",
         "@types/jest": "^27.0.0",
@@ -1486,6 +1487,18 @@
         "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.10"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@noble/hashes": {
+      "version": "1.3.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@noble/hashes/-/hashes-1.3.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-MVC8EAQp7MvEcm30KWENFjgR+Mkmf+D189XJTkFIlwohU5hcBbn1ZkKq7KVTi2Hme3PMGF390DaL52beVrIihQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 16"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://paulmillr.com/funding/"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@nodelib/fs.scandir": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@nodelib/fs.scandir/-/fs.scandir-2.1.5.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 6d880daea0..84665a8f27 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.14.2",
+  "version": "0.15.0",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [
@@ -42,19 +42,17 @@
     "node": ">=16.4.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
+    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "make": "make -C ../../.. snarkyjs",
     "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
     "wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
     "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
-    "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
-    "build:node": "npm run build",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
+    "build:examples": "npm run build && rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "prepublish:node": "npm run build && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
+    "prepublish:node": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
     "prepublishOnly": "npm run prepublish:web && npm run prepublish:node",
     "dump-vks": "./run tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump",
     "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown **/*",
@@ -67,10 +65,12 @@
     "e2e:prepare-server": "npm run build:examples && (cp -rf dist/examples dist/web || :) && node src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js && cp -rf src/examples/plain-html/index.html src/examples/plain-html/server.js tests/artifacts/html/*.html tests/artifacts/javascript/*.js dist/web",
     "e2e:run-server": "node dist/web/server.js",
     "e2e:install": "npx playwright install --with-deps",
-    "e2e:show-report": "npx playwright show-report tests/report"
+    "e2e:show-report": "npx playwright show-report tests/report",
+    "update-changelog": "./update-changelog.sh"
   },
   "author": "O(1) Labs",
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.3.2",
     "@playwright/test": "^1.25.2",
     "@types/isomorphic-fetch": "^0.0.36",
     "@types/jest": "^27.0.0",
diff --git a/run b/run
index b039136688..5011793494 100755
--- a/run
+++ b/run
@@ -1 +1 @@
-node --enable-source-maps --stack-trace-limit=1000 src/build/run.js $@
+node --enable-source-maps src/build/run.js $@
diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index cfcdf2e4c0..4b19ebd25d 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
   ./run src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
+  ./run src/tests/fake-proof.ts
   ;;
 
 "Voting integration tests")
diff --git a/run-debug b/run-debug
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..05642ff1c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/run-debug
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+node --inspect-brk --enable-source-maps src/build/run.js $@
diff --git a/run-unit-tests.sh b/run-unit-tests.sh
index 44881eca5d..3e39307f36 100755
--- a/run-unit-tests.sh
+++ b/run-unit-tests.sh
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 set -e
 shopt -s globstar # to expand '**' into nested directories./
 
-# run the build:test
-npm run build:test
+npm run build
 
 # find all unit tests in dist/node and run them
 # TODO it would be nice to make this work on Mac
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 862076ec10..7af5696e11 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 862076ec1079138d20257fad9cb8297f443b2a74
+Subproject commit 7af5696e110243b3a6e1760087384395042710d4
diff --git a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
index 96bc96937b..6218414713 100644
--- a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
+++ b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 import { copyFromTo } from './utils.js';
 
 await copyFromTo(
-  ['src/snarky.d.ts', 'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings'],
+  [
+    'src/snarky.d.ts',
+    'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings',
+    'src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.d.cts',
+  ],
   'src/',
   'dist/node/'
 );
diff --git a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs b/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
index 2f0b87caef..d76907da9b 100644
--- a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
+++ b/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
@@ -106,11 +106,22 @@ function writeType(typeData, isJson, withTypeMap) {
   };
 }
 
-function writeTsContent(types, isJson, leavesRelPath) {
+function writeTsContent({
+  jsLayout: types,
+  isJson,
+  isProvable,
+  leavesRelPath,
+}) {
   let output = '';
   let dependencies = new Set();
   let converters = {};
   let exports = new Set(isJson ? [] : ['customTypes']);
+
+  let fromLayout = isProvable ? 'provableFromLayout' : 'signableFromLayout';
+  let FromLayout = isProvable ? 'ProvableFromLayout' : 'SignableFromLayout';
+  let GenericType = isProvable ? 'GenericProvableExtended' : 'GenericSignable';
+  let GeneratedType = isProvable ? 'ProvableExtended' : 'Signable';
+
   for (let [Type, value] of Object.entries(types)) {
     let inner = writeType(value, isJson);
     exports.add(Type);
@@ -118,7 +129,7 @@ function writeTsContent(types, isJson, leavesRelPath) {
     mergeObject(converters, inner.converters);
     output += `type ${Type} = ${inner.output};\n\n`;
     if (!isJson) {
-      output += `let ${Type} = provableFromLayout<${Type}, Json.${Type}>(jsLayout.${Type} as any);\n\n`;
+      output += `let ${Type} = ${fromLayout}<${Type}, Json.${Type}>(jsLayout.${Type} as any);\n\n`;
     }
   }
 
@@ -135,8 +146,8 @@ function writeTsContent(types, isJson, leavesRelPath) {
 import { ${[...imports].join(', ')} } from '${importPath}';
 ${
   !isJson
-    ? "import { GenericProvableExtended } from '../../lib/generic.js';\n" +
-      "import { ProvableFromLayout, GenericLayout } from '../../lib/from-layout.js';\n" +
+    ? `import { ${GenericType} } from '../../lib/generic.js';\n` +
+      `import { ${FromLayout}, GenericLayout } from '../../lib/from-layout.js';\n` +
       "import * as Json from './transaction-json.js';\n" +
       "import { jsLayout } from './js-layout.js';\n"
     : ''
@@ -147,7 +158,7 @@ ${
   !isJson
     ? 'export { Json };\n' +
       `export * from '${leavesRelPath}';\n` +
-      'export { provableFromLayout, toJSONEssential, emptyValue, Layout, TypeMap };\n'
+      `export { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, empty, Layout, TypeMap };\n`
     : `export * from '${leavesRelPath}';\n` + 'export { TypeMap };\n'
 }
 
@@ -158,7 +169,7 @@ ${
   (!isJson || '') &&
   `
 const TypeMap: {
-  [K in keyof TypeMap]: ProvableExtended<TypeMap[K], Json.TypeMap[K]>;
+  [K in keyof TypeMap]: ${GeneratedType}<TypeMap[K], Json.TypeMap[K]>;
 } = {
   ${[...typeMapKeys].join(', ')}
 }
@@ -168,14 +179,14 @@ const TypeMap: {
 ${
   (!isJson || '') &&
   `
-type ProvableExtended<T, TJson> = GenericProvableExtended<T, TJson, Field>;
+type ${GeneratedType}<T, TJson> = ${GenericType}<T, TJson, Field>;
 type Layout = GenericLayout<TypeMap>;
 
 type CustomTypes = { ${customTypes
-    .map((c) => `${c.typeName}: ProvableExtended<${c.type}, ${c.jsonType}>;`)
+    .map((c) => `${c.typeName}: ${GeneratedType}<${c.type}, ${c.jsonType}>;`)
     .join(' ')} }
 let customTypes: CustomTypes = { ${customTypeNames.join(', ')} };
-let { provableFromLayout, toJSONEssential, emptyValue } = ProvableFromLayout<
+let { ${fromLayout}, toJSONEssential, empty } = ${FromLayout}<
   TypeMap,
   Json.TypeMap
 >(TypeMap, customTypes);
@@ -196,25 +207,27 @@ async function writeTsFile(content, relPath) {
 let genPath = '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen';
 await ensureDir(genPath);
 
-let jsonTypesContent = writeTsContent(
+let jsonTypesContent = writeTsContent({
   jsLayout,
-  true,
-  '../transaction-leaves-json.js'
-);
+  isJson: true,
+  leavesRelPath: '../transaction-leaves-json.js',
+});
 await writeTsFile(jsonTypesContent, `${genPath}/transaction-json.ts`);
 
-let jsTypesContent = writeTsContent(
+let jsTypesContent = writeTsContent({
   jsLayout,
-  false,
-  '../transaction-leaves.js'
-);
+  isJson: false,
+  isProvable: true,
+  leavesRelPath: '../transaction-leaves.js',
+});
 await writeTsFile(jsTypesContent, `${genPath}/transaction.ts`);
 
-jsTypesContent = writeTsContent(
+jsTypesContent = writeTsContent({
   jsLayout,
-  false,
-  '../transaction-leaves-bigint.js'
-);
+  isJson: false,
+  isProvable: false,
+  leavesRelPath: '../transaction-leaves-bigint.js',
+});
 await writeTsFile(jsTypesContent, `${genPath}/transaction-bigint.ts`);
 
 await writeTsFile(
diff --git a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
index a797656d2c..43e2284950 100644
--- a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
+++ b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ console.assert(!signature.verify(pubKey, msg1).toBoolean());
 */
 
 /* You can initialize elements as literals as follows: */
-let g0 = new Group(-1, 2);
-let g1 = new Group({ x: -2, y: 2 });
+let g0 = Group.from(-1, 2);
+let g1 = new Group({ x: -1, y: 2 });
 
 /* There is also a predefined generator. */
 let g2 = Group.generator;
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb32439e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/foreign-field.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { Crypto, Provable, createForeignField } from 'o1js';
+
+class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(
+  Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1.modulus
+) {}
+
+function main() {
+  let s = Provable.witness(
+    ForeignScalar.Canonical.provable,
+    ForeignScalar.random
+  );
+  let t = Provable.witness(
+    ForeignScalar.Canonical.provable,
+    ForeignScalar.random
+  );
+  s.mul(t);
+}
+
+console.time('running constant version');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('running constant version');
+
+console.time('running witness generation & checks');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
+
+console.time('creating constraint system');
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
+
+console.log(cs.summary());
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/README.md b/src/examples/crypto/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c2f913defa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Crypto examples
+
+These examples show how to use some of the crypto primitives that are supported in provable o1js code.
+
+- Non-native field arithmetic: `foreign-field.ts`
+- Non-native ECDSA verification: `ecdsa.ts`
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45639c41cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import {
+  ZkProgram,
+  Crypto,
+  createEcdsa,
+  createForeignCurve,
+  Bool,
+  Keccak,
+  Bytes,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+export { keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Secp256k1, Ecdsa, Bytes32 };
+
+class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
+class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
+class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
+class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
+
+const keccakAndEcdsa = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicInput: Bytes32.provable,
+  publicOutput: Bool,
+
+  methods: {
+    verifyEcdsa: {
+      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
+      method(message: Bytes32, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+        return signature.verify(message, publicKey);
+      },
+    },
+
+    sha3: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(message: Bytes32) {
+        Keccak.nistSha3(256, message);
+        return Bool(true);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+const ecdsa = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'ecdsa-only',
+  publicInput: Scalar.provable,
+  publicOutput: Bool,
+
+  methods: {
+    verifySignedHash: {
+      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.provable, Secp256k1.provable],
+      method(message: Scalar, signature: Ecdsa, publicKey: Secp256k1) {
+        return signature.verifySignedHash(message, publicKey);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a497de373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { Secp256k1, Ecdsa, keccakAndEcdsa, ecdsa, Bytes32 } from './ecdsa.js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+// create an example ecdsa signature
+
+let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
+let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
+
+let message = Bytes32.fromString("what's up");
+
+let signature = Ecdsa.sign(message.toBytes(), privateKey.toBigInt());
+
+// investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
+
+console.time('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
+let csEcdsa = ecdsa.analyzeMethods().verifySignedHash;
+console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
+console.log(csEcdsa.summary());
+
+console.time('keccak only (build constraint system)');
+let csKeccak = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().sha3;
+console.timeEnd('keccak only (build constraint system)');
+console.log(csKeccak.summary());
+
+console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+let cs = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
+console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
+console.log(cs.summary());
+
+// compile and prove
+
+console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (compile)');
+await keccakAndEcdsa.compile();
+console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (compile)');
+
+console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (prove)');
+let proof = await keccakAndEcdsa.verifyEcdsa(message, signature, publicKey);
+console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (prove)');
+
+proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');
+assert(await keccakAndEcdsa.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts b/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bffdae7654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/foreign-field.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/**
+ * This example explores the ForeignField API!
+ *
+ * We shed light on the subtleties of different variants of foreign field:
+ * Unreduced, AlmostReduced, and Canonical.
+ */
+import assert from 'assert';
+import {
+  createForeignField,
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  CanonicalForeignField,
+  Scalar,
+  SmartContract,
+  method,
+  Provable,
+  state,
+  State,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+// Let's create a small finite field: F_17
+
+class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
+
+let x = SmallField.from(16);
+x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
+x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)
+
+// most arithmetic operations return "unreduced" fields, i.e., fields that could be larger than the modulus:
+
+let z = x.add(x);
+assert(z instanceof SmallField.Unreduced);
+
+// note: "unreduced" doesn't usually mean that the underlying witness is larger than the modulus.
+// it just means we haven't _proved_ so.. which means a malicious prover _could_ have managed to make it larger.
+
+// unreduced fields can be added and subtracted, but not be used in multiplcation:
+
+z.add(1).sub(x).assertEquals(0); // works
+
+assert((z as any).mul === undefined); // z.mul() is not defined
+assert((z as any).inv === undefined);
+assert((z as any).div === undefined);
+
+// to do multiplication, you need "almost reduced" fields:
+
+let y: AlmostForeignField = z.assertAlmostReduced(); // adds constraints to prove that z is, in fact, reduced
+assert(y instanceof SmallField.AlmostReduced);
+
+y.mul(y).assertEquals(4); // y.mul() is defined
+assert(y.mul(y) instanceof SmallField.Unreduced); // but y.mul() returns an unreduced field again
+
+y.inv().mul(y).assertEquals(1); // y.inv() is defined (and returns an AlmostReduced field!)
+
+// to do many multiplications, it's more efficient to reduce fields in batches of 3 elements:
+// (in fact, asserting that 3 elements are reduced is almost as cheap as asserting that 1 element is reduced)
+
+let z1 = y.mul(7);
+let z2 = y.add(11);
+let z3 = y.sub(13);
+
+let [z1r, z2r, z3r] = SmallField.assertAlmostReduced(z1, z2, z3);
+
+z1r.mul(z2r);
+z2r.div(z3r);
+
+// here we get to the reason _why_ we have different variants of foreign fields:
+// always proving that they are reduced after every operation would be super inefficient!
+
+// fields created from constants are already reduced -- in fact, they are _fully reduced_ or "canonical":
+
+let constant: CanonicalForeignField = SmallField.from(1);
+assert(constant instanceof SmallField.Canonical);
+
+SmallField.from(10000n) satisfies CanonicalForeignField; // works because `from()` takes the input mod p
+SmallField.from(-1) satisfies CanonicalForeignField; // works because `from()` takes the input mod p
+
+// canonical fields are a special case of almost reduced fields at the type level:
+constant satisfies AlmostForeignField;
+constant.mul(constant);
+
+// the cheapest way to prove that an existing field element is canonical is to show that it is equal to a constant:
+
+let u = z.add(x);
+let uCanonical = u.assertEquals(-3);
+assert(uCanonical instanceof SmallField.Canonical);
+
+// to use the different variants of foreign fields as smart contract inputs, you might want to create a class for them:
+class AlmostSmallField extends SmallField.AlmostReduced {}
+
+class MyContract extends SmartContract {
+  @state(AlmostSmallField.provable) x = State<AlmostSmallField>();
+
+  @method myMethod(y: AlmostSmallField) {
+    let x = y.mul(2);
+    Provable.log(x);
+    this.x.set(x.assertAlmostReduced());
+  }
+}
+MyContract.analyzeMethods(); // works
+
+// btw - we support any finite field up to 259 bits. for example, the seqp256k1 base field:
+let Fseqp256k1 = createForeignField((1n << 256n) - (1n << 32n) - 0b1111010001n);
+
+// or the Pallas scalar field, to do arithmetic on scalars:
+let Fq = createForeignField(Scalar.ORDER);
+
+// also, you can use a number that's not a prime.
+// for example, you might want to create a UInt256 type:
+let UInt256 = createForeignField(1n << 256n);
+
+// and now you can do arithmetic modulo 2^256!
+let a = UInt256.from(1n << 255n);
+let b = UInt256.from((1n << 255n) + 7n);
+a.add(b).assertEquals(7);
+
+// have fun proving finite field algorithms!
diff --git a/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts b/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
index 6f7af3a68a..dc3b95b530 100644
--- a/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
+++ b/src/examples/internals/advanced-provable-types.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ expect(accountUpdateRecovered.lazyAuthorization).not.toEqual(
 /**
  * Provable.runAndCheck() can be used to run a circuit in "prover mode".
  * That means
- * -) witness() and asProver() blocks are excuted
+ * -) witness() and asProver() blocks are executed
  * -) constraints are checked; failing assertions throw an error
  */
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 3d0b3a4a25..b18ba43dea 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
     zkapp.requireSignature();
   }
 
-  // for letting a zkapp do whatever it wants, as long as no tokens are transfered
+  // for letting a zkapp do whatever it wants, as long as no tokens are transferred
   // TODO: atm, we have to restrict the zkapp to have no children
   //       -> need to be able to witness a general layout of account updates
   @method approveZkapp(callback: Experimental.Callback<any>) {
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ad9947dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import {
+  Hash,
+  Field,
+  SmartContract,
+  state,
+  State,
+  method,
+  Permissions,
+  Bytes,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+let initialCommitment: Field = Field(0);
+
+export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
+  @state(Field) commitment = State<Field>();
+
+  init() {
+    super.init();
+    this.account.permissions.set({
+      ...Permissions.default(),
+      editState: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+    });
+    this.commitment.set(initialCommitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA256(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_256.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA384(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_384.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method SHA512(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_512.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+
+  @method Keccak256(xs: Bytes) {
+    const shaHash = Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
+    const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
+    this.commitment.set(commitment);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9350211d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { HashStorage } from './hash.js';
+import { Mina, PrivateKey, AccountUpdate, Bytes } from 'o1js';
+
+let txn;
+let proofsEnabled = true;
+// setup local ledger
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+if (proofsEnabled) {
+  console.log('Proofs enabled');
+  HashStorage.compile();
+}
+
+// test accounts that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
+const feePayer = Local.testAccounts[0];
+
+// zkapp account
+const zkAppPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
+const zkAppAddress = zkAppPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
+const zkAppInstance = new HashStorage(zkAppAddress);
+
+// 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 32
+const hashData = Bytes.from(Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i));
+
+console.log('Deploying Hash Example....');
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer.publicKey);
+  zkAppInstance.deploy();
+});
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey, zkAppPrivateKey]).send();
+
+const initialState =
+  Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+
+let currentState;
+console.log('Initial State', initialState);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA256 ...`);
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA256(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA384 ...`);
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA384(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using SHA512 ...`);
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.SHA512(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
+
+console.log(`Updating commitment from ${initialState} using Keccak256...`);
+txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer.publicKey, () => {
+  zkAppInstance.Keccak256(hashData);
+});
+await txn.prove();
+await txn.sign([feePayer.privateKey]).send();
+currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
+console.log(`Current state successfully updated to ${currentState}`);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
index 5608625689..993ed31e1a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ let events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0));
 console.log(events);
 console.log('---- emitted events: ----');
 // fetches all events from zkapp starting block height 0 and ending at block height 10
-events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0), UInt64.from(10));
+events = await zkapp.fetchEvents(UInt32.from(0), UInt32.from(10));
 console.log(events);
 console.log('---- emitted events: ----');
 // fetches all events
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..890555be92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/map.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+import {
+  Field,
+  Struct,
+  method,
+  PrivateKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  Mina,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Reducer,
+  provable,
+  PublicKey,
+  Bool,
+  Poseidon,
+  Provable,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+/*
+
+This contract emulates a "mapping" data structure, which is a key-value store, similar to a dictionary or hash table or `new Map<K, V>()` in JavaScript.
+In this example, the keys are public keys, and the values are arbitrary field elements.
+
+This utilizes the `Reducer` as an append online list of actions, which are then looked at to find the value corresponding to a specific key.
+
+
+```ts 
+// js
+const map = new Map<PublicKey, Field>();
+map.set(key, value);
+map.get(key);
+
+// contract
+zkApp.deploy(); // ... deploy the zkapp
+zkApp.set(key, value); // ... set a key-value pair
+zkApp.get(key); // ... get a value by key
+```
+*/
+
+class Option extends Struct({
+  isSome: Bool,
+  value: Field,
+}) {}
+
+const KeyValuePair = provable({
+  key: Field,
+  value: Field,
+});
+
+class StorageContract extends SmartContract {
+  reducer = Reducer({
+    actionType: KeyValuePair,
+  });
+
+  @method set(key: PublicKey, value: Field) {
+    this.reducer.dispatch({ key: Poseidon.hash(key.toFields()), value });
+  }
+
+  @method get(key: PublicKey): Option {
+    let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
+      fromActionState: Reducer.initialActionState,
+    });
+
+    let keyHash = Poseidon.hash(key.toFields());
+
+    let { state: optionValue } = this.reducer.reduce(
+      pendingActions,
+      Option,
+      (state, action) => {
+        let currentMatch = keyHash.equals(action.key);
+        return {
+          isSome: currentMatch.or(state.isSome),
+          value: Provable.if(currentMatch, action.value, state.value),
+        };
+      },
+      {
+        state: Option.empty(),
+        actionState: Reducer.initialActionState,
+      },
+      { maxTransactionsWithActions: k }
+    );
+
+    return optionValue;
+  }
+}
+
+let k = 1 << 4;
+
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain();
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+let cs = StorageContract.analyzeMethods();
+
+console.log(`method size for a "mapping" contract with ${k} entries`);
+console.log('get rows:', cs['get'].rows);
+console.log('set rows:', cs['set'].rows);
+
+// a test account that pays all the fees
+let feePayerKey = Local.testAccounts[0].privateKey;
+let feePayer = Local.testAccounts[0].publicKey;
+
+// the zkapp account
+let zkappKey = PrivateKey.random();
+let zkappAddress = zkappKey.toPublicKey();
+let zkapp = new StorageContract(zkappAddress);
+
+await StorageContract.compile();
+
+let tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
+  zkapp.deploy();
+});
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey, zkappKey]).send();
+
+console.log('deployed');
+
+let map: { key: PublicKey; value: Field }[] = [
+  {
+    key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+    value: Field(192),
+  },
+  {
+    key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+    value: Field(151),
+  },
+  {
+    key: PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey(),
+    value: Field(781),
+  },
+];
+
+let key = map[0].key;
+let value = map[0].value;
+console.log(`setting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  zkapp.set(key, value);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+key = map[1].key;
+value = map[1].value;
+console.log(`setting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  zkapp.set(key, value);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+key = map[2].key;
+value = map[2].value;
+console.log(`setting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  zkapp.set(key, value);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+key = map[0].key;
+value = map[0].value;
+console.log(`getting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+let result: any;
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  result = zkapp.get(key);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+console.log('found correct match?', result.isSome.toBoolean());
+console.log('matches expected value?', result.value.equals(value).toBoolean());
+
+key = map[1].key;
+value = map[1].value;
+console.log(`getting key ${key.toBase58()} with value ${value}`);
+
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  result = zkapp.get(key);
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+console.log('found correct match?', result.isSome.toBoolean());
+console.log('matches expected value?', result.value.equals(value).toBoolean());
+
+console.log(`getting key invalid key`);
+tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+  result = zkapp.get(PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
+});
+await tx.prove();
+await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+
+console.log('should be isSome(false)', result.isSome.toBoolean());
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
index 5175d011a1..9af8952ecf 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/sudoku/sudoku.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   isReady,
   Poseidon,
   Struct,
-  Circuit,
+  Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 export { Sudoku, SudokuZkApp };
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
index 1618914b3c..c4b0f6e6cd 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/member.ts
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ export class Member extends CircuitValue {
     return this;
   }
 
-  static empty() {
-    return new Member(PublicKey.empty(), UInt64.zero);
+  static empty<T extends new (...args: any) => any>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return new Member(PublicKey.empty(), UInt64.zero) as any;
   }
 
   static from(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: UInt64) {
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts
index 946ae73d57..c8dccfab59 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/preconditions.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export class ElectionPreconditions {
 
 export class ParticipantPreconditions {
   minMina: UInt64;
-  maxMina: UInt64; // have to make this "generic" so it applys for both candidate and voter instances
+  maxMina: UInt64; // have to make this "generic" so it applies for both candidate and voter instances
 
   static get default(): ParticipantPreconditions {
     return new ParticipantPreconditions(UInt64.zero, UInt64.MAXINT());
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 183ec3e7f1..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import { Gadgets, ZkProgram, Struct, Crypto } from 'o1js';
-
-export { ecdsaProgram, Point, Secp256k1 };
-
-let { ForeignField, Field3, Ecdsa } = Gadgets;
-
-// TODO expose this as part of Gadgets.Curve
-
-class Point extends Struct({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }) {
-  // point from bigints
-  static from({ x, y }: { x: bigint; y: bigint }) {
-    return new Point({ x: Field3.from(x), y: Field3.from(y) });
-  }
-}
-
-const Secp256k1 = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
-
-const ecdsaProgram = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'ecdsa',
-  publicInput: Point,
-
-  methods: {
-    verifyEcdsa: {
-      privateInputs: [Ecdsa.Signature.provable, Field3.provable],
-      method(
-        publicKey: Point,
-        signature: Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature,
-        msgHash: Gadgets.Field3
-      ) {
-        // assert that private inputs are valid
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
-          [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-          Secp256k1.order
-        );
-
-        // verify signature
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index b1d502c7e9..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-import { Gadgets } from 'o1js';
-import { Point, Secp256k1, ecdsaProgram } from './ecdsa.js';
-import assert from 'assert';
-
-// create an example ecdsa signature
-
-let privateKey = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-let publicKey = Secp256k1.scale(Secp256k1.one, privateKey);
-
-// TODO use an actual keccak hash
-let messageHash = Secp256k1.Scalar.random();
-
-let signature = Gadgets.Ecdsa.sign(Secp256k1, messageHash, privateKey);
-
-// investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = ecdsaProgram.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-console.log(gateTypes);
-
-// compile and prove
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-await ecdsaProgram.compile();
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (compile)');
-
-console.time('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-let proof = await ecdsaProgram.verifyEcdsa(
-  Point.from(publicKey),
-  Gadgets.Ecdsa.Signature.from(signature),
-  Gadgets.Field3.from(messageHash)
-);
-console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
-
-assert(await ecdsaProgram.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
index 005cce1b14..16aab5ab1c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program-with-input.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
 console.log('compiling MyProgram...');
 let { verificationKey } = await MyProgram.compile();
-console.log('verification key', verificationKey.slice(0, 10) + '..');
+console.log('verification key', verificationKey.data.slice(0, 10) + '..');
 
 console.log('proving base case...');
 let proof = await MyProgram.baseCase(Field(0));
diff --git a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
index 40b5263854..7cc09602b1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkprogram/program.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ console.log('program digest', MyProgram.digest());
 
 console.log('compiling MyProgram...');
 let { verificationKey } = await MyProgram.compile();
-console.log('verification key', verificationKey.slice(0, 10) + '..');
+console.log('verification key', verificationKey.data.slice(0, 10) + '..');
 
 console.log('proving base case...');
 let proof = await MyProgram.baseCase();
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index e47eb9e467..243fe7dbfa 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,18 @@
 export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
 export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
+export {
+  createForeignField,
+  ForeignField,
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  CanonicalForeignField,
+} from './lib/foreign-field.js';
+export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
+export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
+export { Hash } from './lib/hashes-combined.js';
+
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
   ProvableExtended,
@@ -21,7 +32,8 @@ export {
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
-export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign } from './lib/int.js';
+export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign, UInt8 } from './lib/int.js';
+export { Bytes } from './lib/provable-types/provable-types.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
@@ -112,7 +124,7 @@ namespace Experimental {
   export type Callback<Result> = Callback_<Result>;
 }
 
-Error.stackTraceLimit = 1000;
+Error.stackTraceLimit = 100000;
 
 // deprecated stuff
 export { isReady, shutdown };
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 292b77d0cb..23f5e66c08 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ const Body = {
     tokenId?: Field,
     mayUseToken?: MayUseToken
   ): Body {
-    let { body } = Types.AccountUpdate.emptyValue();
+    let { body } = Types.AccountUpdate.empty();
     body.publicKey = publicKey;
     if (tokenId) {
       body.tokenId = tokenId;
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ const Body = {
   },
 
   dummy(): Body {
-    return Types.AccountUpdate.emptyValue().body;
+    return Types.AccountUpdate.empty().body;
   },
 };
 
@@ -1277,6 +1277,9 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return [{ lazyAuthorization, children, parent, id, label }, aux];
   }
   static toInput = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput;
+  static empty() {
+    return AccountUpdate.dummy();
+  }
   static check = Types.AccountUpdate.check;
   static fromFields(fields: Field[], [other, aux]: any[]): AccountUpdate {
     let accountUpdate = Types.AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, aux);
@@ -1502,6 +1505,15 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
         body[key] = JSON.stringify(body[key]) as any;
       }
     }
+    if (body.authorizationKind?.isProved === false) {
+      delete (body as any).authorizationKind?.verificationKeyHash;
+    }
+    if (
+      body.authorizationKind?.isProved === false &&
+      body.authorizationKind?.isSigned === false
+    ) {
+      delete (body as any).authorizationKind;
+    }
     if (
       jsonUpdate.authorization !== undefined ||
       body.authorizationKind?.isProved === true ||
@@ -1509,6 +1521,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     ) {
       (body as any).authorization = jsonUpdate.authorization;
     }
+
     body.mayUseToken = {
       parentsOwnToken: this.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.toBoolean(),
       inheritFromParent: this.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.toBoolean(),
diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 387a4908da..8957e89d53 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { defineBinable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { asProver } from './provable-context.js';
 
-export { BoolVar, Bool, isBool };
+export { BoolVar, Bool };
 
 // same representation, but use a different name to communicate intent / constraints
 type BoolVar = FieldVar;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Bool {
   value: BoolVar;
 
   constructor(x: boolean | Bool | BoolVar) {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       this.value = x.value;
       return;
     }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class Bool {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBoolean() && toBoolean(y));
     }
-    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.and(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y)));
+    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.and(this.value, toFieldVar(y)));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Bool {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBoolean() || toBoolean(y));
     }
-    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.or(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y)));
+    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.or(this.value, toFieldVar(y)));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class Bool {
         }
         return;
       }
-      Snarky.bool.assertEqual(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y));
+      Snarky.bool.assertEqual(this.value, toFieldVar(y));
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Bool {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBoolean() === toBoolean(y));
     }
-    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.equals(this.value, Bool.#toVar(y)));
+    return new Bool(Snarky.bool.equals(this.value, toFieldVar(y)));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -194,14 +194,14 @@ class Bool {
   }
 
   static toField(x: Bool | boolean): Field {
-    return new Field(Bool.#toVar(x));
+    return new Field(toFieldVar(x));
   }
 
   /**
    * Boolean negation.
    */
   static not(x: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.not();
     }
     return new Bool(!x);
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Boolean AND operation.
    */
   static and(x: Bool | boolean, y: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.and(y);
     }
     return new Bool(x).and(y);
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Boolean OR operation.
    */
   static or(x: Bool | boolean, y: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.or(y);
     }
     return new Bool(x).or(y);
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Asserts if both {@link Bool} are equal.
    */
   static assertEqual(x: Bool, y: Bool | boolean): void {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       x.assertEquals(y);
       return;
     }
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class Bool {
    * Checks two {@link Bool} for equality.
    */
   static equal(x: Bool | boolean, y: Bool | boolean): Bool {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Bool) {
       return x.equals(y);
     }
     return new Bool(x).equals(y);
@@ -295,6 +295,10 @@ class Bool {
     return 1;
   }
 
+  static empty() {
+    return new Bool(false);
+  }
+
   static toInput(x: Bool): { packed: [Field, number][] } {
     return { packed: [[x.toField(), 1] as [Field, number]] };
   }
@@ -314,9 +318,7 @@ class Bool {
     return BoolBinable.readBytes(bytes, offset);
   }
 
-  static sizeInBytes() {
-    return 1;
-  }
+  static sizeInBytes = 1;
 
   static check(x: Bool): void {
     Snarky.field.assertBoolean(x.value);
@@ -340,15 +342,6 @@ class Bool {
       return new Bool(x.value);
     },
   };
-
-  static #isBool(x: boolean | Bool | BoolVar): x is Bool {
-    return x instanceof Bool;
-  }
-
-  static #toVar(x: boolean | Bool): BoolVar {
-    if (Bool.#isBool(x)) return x.value;
-    return FieldVar.constant(B(x));
-  }
 }
 
 const BoolBinable = defineBinable({
@@ -360,6 +353,8 @@ const BoolBinable = defineBinable({
   },
 });
 
+// internal helper functions
+
 function isConstant(x: boolean | Bool): x is boolean | ConstantBool {
   if (typeof x === 'boolean') {
     return true;
@@ -368,10 +363,6 @@ function isConstant(x: boolean | Bool): x is boolean | ConstantBool {
   return x.isConstant();
 }
 
-function isBool(x: unknown) {
-  return x instanceof Bool;
-}
-
 function toBoolean(x: boolean | Bool): boolean {
   if (typeof x === 'boolean') {
     return x;
@@ -379,6 +370,11 @@ function toBoolean(x: boolean | Bool): boolean {
   return x.toBoolean();
 }
 
+function toFieldVar(x: boolean | Bool): BoolVar {
+  if (x instanceof Bool) return x.value;
+  return FieldVar.constant(B(x));
+}
+
 // TODO: This is duplicated
 function withMessage(error: unknown, message?: string) {
   if (message === undefined || !(error instanceof Error)) return error;
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit.ts b/src/lib/circuit.ts
index 232f3f4f0d..dd697cc967 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import 'reflect-metadata';
 import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { withThreadPool } from '../bindings/js/wrapper.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index ad26b94699..d42f267cdf 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import type {
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
+import { Proof } from './proof_system.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -40,7 +41,6 @@ export {
   cloneCircuitValue,
   circuitValueEquals,
   toConstant,
-  isConstant,
   InferProvable,
   HashInput,
   InferJson,
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ type ProvableExtension<T, TJson = any> = {
   toInput: (x: T) => { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
   toJSON: (x: T) => TJson;
   fromJSON: (x: TJson) => T;
+  empty: () => T;
 };
 
 type ProvableExtended<T, TJson = any> = Provable<T> &
@@ -249,6 +250,15 @@ abstract class CircuitValue {
     }
     return Object.assign(Object.create(this.prototype), props);
   }
+
+  static empty<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    const fields: [string, any][] = (this as any).prototype._fields ?? [];
+    let props: any = {};
+    fields.forEach(([key, propType]) => {
+      props[key] = propType.empty();
+    });
+    return Object.assign(Object.create(this.prototype), props);
+  }
 }
 
 function prop(this: any, target: any, key: string) {
@@ -377,6 +387,7 @@ function Struct<
     };
     toJSON: (x: T) => J;
     fromJSON: (x: J) => T;
+    empty: () => T;
   } {
   class Struct_ {
     static type = provable<A>(type);
@@ -434,6 +445,15 @@ function Struct<
       let struct = Object.create(this.prototype);
       return Object.assign(struct, value);
     }
+    /**
+     * Create an instance of this struct filled with default values
+     * @returns an empty instance of this struct
+     */
+    static empty(): T {
+      let value = this.type.empty();
+      let struct = Object.create(this.prototype);
+      return Object.assign(struct, value);
+    }
     /**
      * This method is for internal use, you will probably not need it.
      * Method to make assertions which should be always made whenever a struct of this type is created in a proof.
@@ -577,10 +597,13 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
     ) as any as T;
   if (ArrayBuffer.isView(obj)) return new (obj.constructor as any)(obj);
 
-  // o1js primitives aren't cloned
+  // o1js primitives and proofs aren't cloned
   if (isPrimitive(obj)) {
     return obj;
   }
+  if (obj instanceof Proof) {
+    return obj;
+  }
 
   // cloning strategy that works for plain objects AND classes whose constructor only assigns properties
   let propertyDescriptors: Record<string, PropertyDescriptor> = {};
@@ -669,8 +692,3 @@ function toConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T): T {
     type.toAuxiliary(value)
   );
 }
-
-function isConstant<T>(type: FlexibleProvable<T>, value: T): boolean;
-function isConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T): boolean {
-  return type.toFields(value).every((x) => x.isConstant());
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/events.ts b/src/lib/events.ts
index 3e92a30389..70fce76400 100644
--- a/src/lib/events.ts
+++ b/src/lib/events.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { prefixToField } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import {
-  GenericField,
   GenericProvableExtended,
+  GenericSignableField,
 } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 
 export { createEvents, dataAsHash };
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
   Field,
   Poseidon,
 }: {
-  Field: GenericField<Field>;
+  Field: GenericSignableField<Field>;
   Poseidon: Poseidon<Field>;
 }) {
   type Event = Field[];
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
   const EventsProvable = {
     ...Events,
     ...dataAsHash({
-      emptyValue: Events.empty,
+      empty: Events.empty,
       toJSON(data: Field[][]) {
         return data.map((row) => row.map((e) => Field.toJSON(e)));
       },
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
   const SequenceEventsProvable = {
     ...Actions,
     ...dataAsHash({
-      emptyValue: Actions.empty,
+      empty: Actions.empty,
       toJSON(data: Field[][]) {
         return data.map((row) => row.map((e) => Field.toJSON(e)));
       },
@@ -123,18 +123,16 @@ function createEvents<Field>({
 }
 
 function dataAsHash<T, J, Field>({
-  emptyValue,
+  empty,
   toJSON,
   fromJSON,
 }: {
-  emptyValue: () => { data: T; hash: Field };
+  empty: () => { data: T; hash: Field };
   toJSON: (value: T) => J;
   fromJSON: (json: J) => { data: T; hash: Field };
-}): GenericProvableExtended<{ data: T; hash: Field }, J, Field> & {
-  emptyValue(): { data: T; hash: Field };
-} {
+}): GenericProvableExtended<{ data: T; hash: Field }, J, Field> {
   return {
-    emptyValue,
+    empty,
     sizeInFields() {
       return 1;
     },
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ function dataAsHash<T, J, Field>({
       return [hash];
     },
     toAuxiliary(value) {
-      return [value?.data ?? emptyValue().data];
+      return [value?.data ?? empty().data];
     },
     fromFields([hash], [data]) {
       return { data, hash };
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 9e2497e231..891390619d 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ export {
   ConstantField,
   VarField,
   VarFieldVar,
-  isField,
   withMessage,
   readVarMessage,
   toConstantField,
   toFp,
+  checkBitLength,
 };
 
 type FieldConst = [0, bigint];
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class Field {
    * Coerce anything "field-like" (bigint, number, string, and {@link Field}) to a Field.
    */
   constructor(x: bigint | number | string | Field | FieldVar | FieldConst) {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) {
+    if (x instanceof Field) {
       this.value = x.value;
       return;
     }
@@ -175,21 +175,9 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   // helpers
-  static #isField(
-    x: bigint | number | string | Field | FieldVar | FieldConst
-  ): x is Field {
-    return x instanceof Field;
-  }
-  static #toConst(x: bigint | number | string | ConstantField): FieldConst {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) return x.value[1];
-    return FieldConst.fromBigint(Fp(x));
-  }
-  static #toVar(x: bigint | number | string | Field): FieldVar {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) return x.value;
-    return FieldVar.constant(Fp(x));
-  }
+
   static from(x: bigint | number | string | Field): Field {
-    if (Field.#isField(x)) return x;
+    if (x instanceof Field) return x;
     return new Field(x);
   }
 
@@ -215,10 +203,6 @@ class Field {
     return this.value[0] === FieldType.Constant;
   }
 
-  #toConstant(name: string): ConstantField {
-    return toConstantField(this, name, 'x', 'field element');
-  }
-
   /**
    * Create a {@link Field} element equivalent to this {@link Field} element's value,
    * but is a constant.
@@ -233,7 +217,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A constant {@link Field} element equivalent to this {@link Field} element.
    */
   toConstant(): ConstantField {
-    return this.#toConstant('toConstant');
+    return toConstant(this, 'toConstant');
   }
 
   /**
@@ -250,7 +234,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A bigint equivalent to the bigint representation of the Field.
    */
   toBigInt() {
-    let x = this.#toConstant('toBigInt');
+    let x = toConstant(this, 'toBigInt');
     return FieldConst.toBigint(x.value[1]);
   }
 
@@ -268,7 +252,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A string equivalent to the string representation of the Field.
    */
   toString() {
-    return this.#toConstant('toString').toBigInt().toString();
+    return toConstant(this, 'toString').toBigInt().toString();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -289,7 +273,7 @@ class Field {
         }
         return;
       }
-      Snarky.field.assertEqual(this.value, Field.#toVar(y));
+      Snarky.field.assertEqual(this.value, toFieldVar(y));
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -328,7 +312,7 @@ class Field {
       return new Field(Fp.add(this.toBigInt(), toFp(y)));
     }
     // return new AST node Add(x, y)
-    let z = Snarky.field.add(this.value, Field.#toVar(y));
+    let z = Snarky.field.add(this.value, toFieldVar(y));
     return new Field(z);
   }
 
@@ -455,7 +439,7 @@ class Field {
     }
     // if one of the factors is constant, return Scale AST node
     if (isConstant(y)) {
-      let z = Snarky.field.scale(Field.#toConst(y), this.value);
+      let z = Snarky.field.scale(toFieldConst(y), this.value);
       return new Field(z);
     }
     if (this.isConstant()) {
@@ -663,24 +647,6 @@ class Field {
     return new Field(xMinusY).isZero();
   }
 
-  // internal base method for all comparisons
-  #compare(y: FieldVar) {
-    // TODO: support all bit lengths
-    let maxLength = Fp.sizeInBits - 2;
-    asProver(() => {
-      let actualLength = Math.max(
-        this.toBigInt().toString(2).length,
-        new Field(y).toBigInt().toString(2).length
-      );
-      if (actualLength > maxLength)
-        throw Error(
-          `Provable comparison functions can only be used on Fields of size <= ${maxLength} bits, got ${actualLength} bits.`
-        );
-    });
-    let [, less, lessOrEqual] = Snarky.field.compare(maxLength, this.value, y);
-    return { less: new Bool(less), lessOrEqual: new Bool(lessOrEqual) };
-  }
-
   /**
    * Check if this {@link Field} is less than another "field-like" value.
    * Returns a {@link Bool}, which is a provable type and can be used prove to the validity of this statement.
@@ -708,7 +674,7 @@ class Field {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBigInt() < toFp(y));
     }
-    return this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y)).less;
+    return compare(this, toFieldVar(y)).less;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -738,7 +704,7 @@ class Field {
     if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
       return new Bool(this.toBigInt() <= toFp(y));
     }
-    return this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y)).lessOrEqual;
+    return compare(this, toFieldVar(y)).lessOrEqual;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -816,7 +782,7 @@ class Field {
         }
         return;
       }
-      let { less } = this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y));
+      let { less } = compare(this, toFieldVar(y));
       less.assertTrue();
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
@@ -844,7 +810,7 @@ class Field {
         }
         return;
       }
-      let { lessOrEqual } = this.#compare(Field.#toVar(y));
+      let { lessOrEqual } = compare(this, toFieldVar(y));
       lessOrEqual.assertTrue();
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
@@ -938,15 +904,6 @@ class Field {
     }
   }
 
-  static #checkBitLength(name: string, length: number) {
-    if (length > Fp.sizeInBits)
-      throw Error(
-        `${name}: bit length must be ${Fp.sizeInBits} or less, got ${length}`
-      );
-    if (length <= 0)
-      throw Error(`${name}: bit length must be positive, got ${length}`);
-  }
-
   /**
    * Returns an array of {@link Bool} elements representing [little endian binary representation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness) of this {@link Field} element.
    *
@@ -961,7 +918,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return An array of {@link Bool} element representing little endian binary representation of this {@link Field}.
    */
   toBits(length?: number) {
-    if (length !== undefined) Field.#checkBitLength('Field.toBits()', length);
+    if (length !== undefined) checkBitLength('Field.toBits()', length);
     if (this.isConstant()) {
       let bits = Fp.toBits(this.toBigInt());
       if (length !== undefined) {
@@ -988,7 +945,7 @@ class Field {
    */
   static fromBits(bits: (Bool | boolean)[]) {
     let length = bits.length;
-    Field.#checkBitLength('Field.fromBits()', length);
+    checkBitLength('Field.fromBits()', length);
     if (bits.every((b) => typeof b === 'boolean' || b.toField().isConstant())) {
       let bits_ = bits
         .map((b) => (typeof b === 'boolean' ? b : b.toBoolean()))
@@ -1016,7 +973,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A {@link Field} element that is equal to the `length` of this {@link Field} element.
    */
   rangeCheckHelper(length: number) {
-    Field.#checkBitLength('Field.rangeCheckHelper()', length);
+    checkBitLength('Field.rangeCheckHelper()', length);
     if (length % 16 !== 0)
       throw Error(
         'Field.rangeCheckHelper(): `length` has to be a multiple of 16.'
@@ -1155,6 +1112,10 @@ class Field {
 
   // ProvableExtended<Field>
 
+  static empty() {
+    return new Field(0n);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Serialize the {@link Field} to a JSON string, e.g. for printing. Trying to print a {@link Field} without this function will directly stringify the Field object, resulting in unreadable output.
    *
@@ -1169,7 +1130,7 @@ class Field {
    * @return A string equivalent to the JSON representation of the {@link Field}.
    */
   toJSON() {
-    return this.#toConstant('toJSON').toString();
+    return toConstant(this, 'toJSON').toString();
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1260,26 +1221,14 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   /**
-   * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
-   *
-   * As all {@link Field} elements have 32 bytes, this function returns 32.
-   *
-   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element - 32.
+   * The size of a {@link Field} element in bytes - 32.
    */
-  static sizeInBytes() {
-    return Fp.sizeInBytes();
-  }
+  static sizeInBytes = Fp.sizeInBytes;
 
   /**
-   * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
-   *
-   * As all {@link Field} elements have 255 bits, this function returns 255.
-   *
-   * @return The size of a {@link Field} element in bits - 255.
+   * The size of a {@link Field} element in bits - 255.
    */
-  static sizeInBits() {
-    return Fp.sizeInBits;
-  }
+  static sizeInBits = Fp.sizeInBits;
 }
 
 const FieldBinable = defineBinable({
@@ -1295,9 +1244,7 @@ const FieldBinable = defineBinable({
   },
 });
 
-function isField(x: unknown): x is Field {
-  return x instanceof Field;
-}
+// internal helper functions
 
 function isConstant(
   x: bigint | number | string | Field
@@ -1317,12 +1264,57 @@ function toFp(x: bigint | number | string | Field): Fp {
   return (x as Field).toBigInt();
 }
 
+function toFieldConst(x: bigint | number | string | ConstantField): FieldConst {
+  if (x instanceof Field) return x.value[1];
+  return FieldConst.fromBigint(Fp(x));
+}
+
+function toFieldVar(x: bigint | number | string | Field): FieldVar {
+  if (x instanceof Field) return x.value;
+  return FieldVar.constant(Fp(x));
+}
+
 function withMessage(error: unknown, message?: string) {
   if (message === undefined || !(error instanceof Error)) return error;
   error.message = `${message}\n${error.message}`;
   return error;
 }
 
+// internal base method for all comparisons
+function compare(x: Field, y: FieldVar) {
+  // TODO: support all bit lengths
+  let maxLength = Fp.sizeInBits - 2;
+  asProver(() => {
+    let actualLength = Math.max(
+      x.toBigInt().toString(2).length,
+      new Field(y).toBigInt().toString(2).length
+    );
+    if (actualLength > maxLength)
+      throw Error(
+        `Provable comparison functions can only be used on Fields of size <= ${maxLength} bits, got ${actualLength} bits.`
+      );
+  });
+  let [, less, lessOrEqual] = Snarky.field.compare(maxLength, x.value, y);
+  return { less: new Bool(less), lessOrEqual: new Bool(lessOrEqual) };
+}
+
+function checkBitLength(
+  name: string,
+  length: number,
+  maxLength = Fp.sizeInBits
+) {
+  if (length > maxLength)
+    throw Error(
+      `${name}: bit length must be ${maxLength} or less, got ${length}`
+    );
+  if (length < 0)
+    throw Error(`${name}: bit length must be non-negative, got ${length}`);
+}
+
+function toConstant(x: Field, name: string): ConstantField {
+  return toConstantField(x, name, 'x', 'field element');
+}
+
 function toConstantField(
   x: Field,
   methodName: string,
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08fb733bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+import {
+  CurveParams,
+  CurveAffine,
+  createCurveAffine,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import type { Group } from './group.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
+import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+
+// external API
+export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
+
+// internal API
+export { toPoint, FlexiblePoint };
+
+type FlexiblePoint = {
+  x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+  y: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+};
+function toPoint({ x, y }: ForeignCurve): Point {
+  return { x: x.value, y: y.value };
+}
+
+class ForeignCurve {
+  x: AlmostForeignField;
+  y: AlmostForeignField;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link ForeignCurve} from an object representing the (affine) x and y coordinates.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = new ForeignCurve({ x: 1n, y: 1n });
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Important**: By design, there is no way for a `ForeignCurve` to represent the zero point.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This fails for a constant input which does not represent an actual point on the curve.
+   */
+  constructor(g: {
+    x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    y: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+  }) {
+    this.x = new this.Constructor.Field(g.x);
+    this.y = new this.Constructor.Field(g.y);
+    // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
+    if (this.isConstant()) {
+      this.assertOnCurve();
+      this.assertInSubgroup();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignCurve}.
+   */
+  static from(g: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    if (g instanceof this) return g;
+    return new this(g);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The constant generator point.
+   */
+  static get generator() {
+    return new this(this.Bigint.one);
+  }
+  /**
+   * The size of the curve's base field.
+   */
+  static get modulus() {
+    return this.Bigint.modulus;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The size of the curve's base field.
+   */
+  get modulus() {
+    return this.Constructor.Bigint.modulus;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks whether this curve point is constant.
+   *
+   * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+   */
+  isConstant() {
+    return Provable.isConstant(this.Constructor.provable, this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this curve point to a point with bigint coordinates.
+   */
+  toBigint() {
+    return this.Constructor.Bigint.fromNonzero({
+      x: this.x.toBigInt(),
+      y: this.y.toBigInt(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve addition.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.add(q); // r = p + q
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Important**: this is _incomplete addition_ and does not handle the degenerate cases:
+   * - Inputs are equal, `g = h` (where you would use {@link double}).
+   *   In this case, the result of this method is garbage and can be manipulated arbitrarily by a malicious prover.
+   * - Inputs are inverses of each other, `g = -h`, so that the result would be the zero point.
+   *   In this case, the proof fails.
+   *
+   * If you want guaranteed soundness regardless of the input, use {@link addSafe} instead.
+   *
+   * @throws if the inputs are inverses of each other.
+   */
+  add(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let h_ = this.Constructor.from(h);
+    let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), Curve);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Safe elliptic curve addition.
+   *
+   * This is the same as {@link add}, but additionally proves that the inputs are not equal.
+   * Therefore, the method is guaranteed to either fail or return a valid addition result.
+   *
+   * **Beware**: this is more expensive than {@link add}, and is still incomplete in that
+   * it does not succeed on equal or inverse inputs.
+   *
+   * @throws if the inputs are equal or inverses of each other.
+   */
+  addSafe(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    let h_ = this.Constructor.from(h);
+
+    // prove that we have x1 != x2 => g != +-h
+    let x1 = this.x.assertCanonical();
+    let x2 = h_.x.assertCanonical();
+    x1.equals(x2).assertFalse();
+
+    return this.add(h_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve doubling.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.double(); // r = 2 * p
+   * ```
+   */
+  double() {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let p = EllipticCurve.double(toPoint(this), Curve);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve negation.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.negate(); // r = -p
+   * ```
+   */
+  negate(): ForeignCurve {
+    return new this.Constructor({ x: this.x, y: this.y.neg() });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Elliptic curve scalar multiplication, where the scalar is represented as a {@link ForeignField} element.
+   *
+   * **Important**: this proves that the result of the scalar multiplication is not the zero point.
+   *
+   * @throws if the scalar multiplication results in the zero point; for example, if the scalar is zero.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let r = p.scale(s); // r = s * p
+   * ```
+   */
+  scale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
+    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(scalar_.value, toPoint(this), Curve);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
+  static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this point lies on the elliptic curve, which means it satisfies the equation
+   * `y^2 = x^3 + ax + b`
+   */
+  assertOnCurve() {
+    this.Constructor.assertOnCurve(this);
+  }
+
+  static assertInSubgroup(g: ForeignCurve) {
+    if (this.Bigint.hasCofactor) {
+      EllipticCurve.assertInSubgroup(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this point lies in the subgroup defined by `order*P = 0`.
+   *
+   * Note: this is a no-op if the curve has cofactor equal to 1. Otherwise
+   * it performs the full scalar multiplication `order*P` and is expensive.
+   */
+  assertInSubgroup() {
+    this.Constructor.assertInSubgroup(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check that this is a valid element of the target subgroup of the curve:
+   * - Check that the coordinates are valid field elements
+   * - Use {@link assertOnCurve()} to check that the point lies on the curve
+   * - If the curve has cofactor unequal to 1, use {@link assertInSubgroup()}.
+   */
+  static check(g: ForeignCurve) {
+    // more efficient than the automatic check, which would do this for each field separately
+    this.Field.assertAlmostReduced(g.x, g.y);
+    this.assertOnCurve(g);
+    this.assertInSubgroup(g);
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof ForeignCurve;
+  }
+  static _Bigint?: CurveAffine;
+  static _Field?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+  static _Scalar?: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<
+    ForeignCurve,
+    { x: string; y: string }
+  >;
+
+  /**
+   * Curve arithmetic on JS bigints.
+   */
+  static get Bigint() {
+    assert(this._Bigint !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._Bigint;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The base field of this curve as a {@link ForeignField}.
+   */
+  static get Field() {
+    assert(this._Field !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._Field;
+  }
+  /**
+   * The scalar field of this curve as a {@link ForeignField}.
+   */
+  static get Scalar() {
+    assert(this._Scalar !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._Scalar;
+  }
+  /**
+   * `Provable<ForeignCurve>`
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignCurve not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a class representing an elliptic curve group, which is different from the native {@link Group}.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const Curve = createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+ * ```
+ *
+ * `createForeignCurve(params)` takes curve parameters {@link CurveParams} as input.
+ * We support `modulus` and `order` to be prime numbers up to 259 bits.
+ *
+ * The returned {@link ForeignCurve} class represents a _non-zero curve point_ and supports standard
+ * elliptic curve operations like point addition and scalar multiplication.
+ *
+ * {@link ForeignCurve} also includes to associated foreign fields: `ForeignCurve.Field` and `ForeignCurve.Scalar`, see {@link createForeignField}.
+ */
+function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
+  const FieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);
+  const ScalarUnreduced = createForeignField(params.order);
+  class Field extends FieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
+  class Scalar extends ScalarUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
+
+  const BigintCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
+
+  class Curve extends ForeignCurve {
+    static _Bigint = BigintCurve;
+    static _Field = Field;
+    static _Scalar = Scalar;
+    static _provable = provableFromClass(Curve, {
+      x: Field.provable,
+      y: Field.provable,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return Curve;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cdac03730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { Crypto } from './crypto.js';
+
+class Vesta extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Vesta) {}
+class Fp extends Vesta.Scalar {}
+
+let g = { x: Fq.negate(1n), y: 2n, infinity: false };
+let h = V.toAffine(V.negate(V.double(V.add(V.fromAffine(g), V.one))));
+let scalar = Field.random().toBigInt();
+let p = V.toAffine(V.scale(V.fromAffine(h), scalar));
+
+function main() {
+  let g0 = Provable.witness(Vesta.provable, () => new Vesta(g));
+  let one = Provable.witness(Vesta.provable, () => Vesta.generator);
+  let h0 = g0.add(one).double().negate();
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta.provable, h0, new Vesta(h));
+
+  h0.assertOnCurve();
+  h0.assertInSubgroup();
+
+  let scalar0 = Provable.witness(Fp.provable, () => new Fp(scalar));
+  let p0 = h0.scale(scalar0);
+  Provable.assertEqual(Vesta.provable, p0, new Vesta(p));
+}
+
+console.time('running constant version');
+main();
+console.timeEnd('running constant version');
+
+console.time('running witness generation & checks');
+Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+console.timeEnd('running witness generation & checks');
+
+console.time('creating constraint system');
+let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+console.timeEnd('creating constraint system');
+
+console.log(cs.summary());
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bccbaa77ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import {
+  FlexiblePoint,
+  ForeignCurve,
+  createForeignCurve,
+  toPoint,
+} from './foreign-curve.js';
+import { AlmostForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { Ecdsa } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
+import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+
+// external API
+export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature };
+
+type FlexibleSignature =
+  | EcdsaSignature
+  | {
+      r: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+      s: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    };
+
+class EcdsaSignature {
+  r: AlmostForeignField;
+  s: AlmostForeignField;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link EcdsaSignature} from an object containing the scalars r and s.
+   * @param signature
+   */
+  constructor(signature: {
+    r: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+    s: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number;
+  }) {
+    this.r = new this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar(signature.r);
+    this.s = new this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar(signature.s);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link EcdsaSignature}.
+   */
+  static from(signature: FlexibleSignature): EcdsaSignature {
+    if (signature instanceof this) return signature;
+    return new this(signature);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} from a raw 130-char hex string as used in
+   * [Ethereum transactions](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/transactions/#typed-transaction-envelope).
+   */
+  static fromHex(rawSignature: string): EcdsaSignature {
+    let s = Ecdsa.Signature.fromHex(rawSignature);
+    return new this(s);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this signature to an object with bigint fields.
+   */
+  toBigInt() {
+    return { r: this.r.toBigInt(), s: this.s.toBigInt() };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message (an array of bytes) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
+   *
+   * **Important:** This method returns a {@link Bool} which indicates whether the signature is valid.
+   * So, to actually prove validity of a signature, you need to assert that the result is true.
+   *
+   * @throws if one of the signature scalars is zero or if the public key is not on the curve.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // create classes for your curve
+   * class Secp256k1 extends createForeignCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1) {}
+   * class Scalar extends Secp256k1.Scalar {}
+   * class Ecdsa extends createEcdsa(Secp256k1) {}
+   *
+   * let message = 'my message';
+   * let messageBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(message);
+   *
+   * // outside provable code: create inputs
+   * let privateKey = Scalar.random();
+   * let publicKey = Secp256k1.generator.scale(privateKey);
+   * let signature = Ecdsa.sign(messageBytes, privateKey.toBigInt());
+   *
+   * // ...
+   * // in provable code: create input witnesses (or use method inputs, or constants)
+   * let pk = Provable.witness(Secp256k1.provable, () => publicKey);
+   * let msg = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, 9), () => messageBytes.map(Field));
+   * let sig = Provable.witness(Ecdsa.provable, () => signature);
+   *
+   * // verify signature
+   * let isValid = sig.verify(msg, pk);
+   * isValid.assertTrue('signature verifies');
+   * ```
+   */
+  verify(message: Bytes, publicKey: FlexiblePoint) {
+    let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(message);
+    let msgHash = keccakOutputToScalar(msgHashBytes, this.Constructor.Curve);
+    return this.verifySignedHash(msgHash, publicKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verify the ECDSA signature given the message hash (a {@link Scalar}) and public key (a {@link Curve} point).
+   *
+   * This is a building block of {@link EcdsaSignature.verify}, where the input message is also hashed.
+   * In contrast, this method just takes the message hash (a curve scalar) as input, giving you flexibility in
+   * choosing the hashing algorithm.
+   */
+  verifySignedHash(
+    msgHash: AlmostForeignField | bigint,
+    publicKey: FlexiblePoint
+  ) {
+    let msgHash_ = this.Constructor.Curve.Scalar.from(msgHash);
+    let publicKey_ = this.Constructor.Curve.from(publicKey);
+    return Ecdsa.verify(
+      this.Constructor.Curve.Bigint,
+      toObject(this),
+      msgHash_.value,
+      toPoint(publicKey_)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} by signing a message with a private key.
+   *
+   * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
+   */
+  static sign(message: (bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array, privateKey: bigint) {
+    let msgHashBytes = Keccak.ethereum(message);
+    let msgHash = keccakOutputToScalar(msgHashBytes, this.Curve);
+    return this.signHash(msgHash.toBigInt(), privateKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create an {@link EcdsaSignature} by signing a message hash with a private key.
+   *
+   * This is a building block of {@link EcdsaSignature.sign}, where the input message is also hashed.
+   * In contrast, this method just takes the message hash (a curve scalar) as input, giving you flexibility in
+   * choosing the hashing algorithm.
+   *
+   * Note: This method is not provable, and only takes JS bigints as input.
+   */
+  static signHash(msgHash: bigint, privateKey: bigint) {
+    let { r, s } = Ecdsa.sign(this.Curve.Bigint, msgHash, privateKey);
+    return new this({ r, s });
+  }
+
+  static check(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
+    // more efficient than the automatic check, which would do this for each scalar separately
+    this.Curve.Scalar.assertAlmostReduced(signature.r, signature.s);
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof EcdsaSignature;
+  }
+  static _Curve?: typeof ForeignCurve;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<
+    EcdsaSignature,
+    { r: string; s: string }
+  >;
+
+  /**
+   * The {@link ForeignCurve} on which the ECDSA signature is defined.
+   */
+  static get Curve() {
+    assert(this._Curve !== undefined, 'EcdsaSignature not initialized');
+    return this._Curve;
+  }
+  /**
+   * `Provable<EcdsaSignature>`
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'EcdsaSignature not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a class {@link EcdsaSignature} for verifying ECDSA signatures on the given curve.
+ */
+function createEcdsa(
+  curve: CurveParams | typeof ForeignCurve
+): typeof EcdsaSignature {
+  let Curve0: typeof ForeignCurve =
+    'b' in curve ? createForeignCurve(curve) : curve;
+  class Curve extends Curve0 {}
+
+  class Signature extends EcdsaSignature {
+    static _Curve = Curve;
+    static _provable = provableFromClass(Signature, {
+      r: Curve.Scalar.provable,
+      s: Curve.Scalar.provable,
+    });
+  }
+
+  return Signature;
+}
+
+function toObject(signature: EcdsaSignature) {
+  return { r: signature.r.value, s: signature.s.value };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provable method to convert keccak256 hash output to ECDSA scalar = "message hash"
+ *
+ * Spec from [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm):
+ *
+ * > Let z be the L_n leftmost bits of e, where L_{n} is the bit length of the group order n.
+ * > (Note that z can be greater than n but not longer.)
+ *
+ * The output z is used as input to a multiplication:
+ *
+ * > Calculate u_1 = z s^(-1) mod n ...
+ *
+ * That means we don't need to reduce z mod n: The fact that it has bitlength <= n makes it
+ * almost reduced which is enough for the multiplication to be correct.
+ * (using a weaker notion of "almost reduced" than what we usually prove, but sufficient for all uses of it: `z < 2^ceil(log(n))`)
+ *
+ * In summary, this method just:
+ * - takes a 32 bytes hash
+ * - converts them to 3 limbs which collectively have L_n <= 256 bits
+ */
+function keccakOutputToScalar(hash: Bytes, Curve: typeof ForeignCurve) {
+  const L_n = Curve.Scalar.sizeInBits;
+  // keep it simple for now, avoid dealing with dropping bits
+  // TODO: what does "leftmost bits" mean? big-endian or little-endian?
+  // @noble/curves uses a right shift, dropping the least significant bits:
+  // https://github.com/paulmillr/noble-curves/blob/4007ee975bcc6410c2e7b504febc1d5d625ed1a4/src/abstract/weierstrass.ts#L933
+  assert(L_n === 256, `Scalar sizes ${L_n} !== 256 not supported`);
+  assert(hash.length === 32, `hash length ${hash.length} !== 32 not supported`);
+
+  // piece together into limbs
+  // bytes are big-endian, so the first byte is the most significant
+  assert(l === 88n);
+  let x2 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.bytes.slice(0, 10));
+  let x1 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.bytes.slice(10, 21));
+  let x0 = bytesToLimbBE(hash.bytes.slice(21, 32));
+
+  return new Curve.Scalar.AlmostReduced([x0, x1, x2]);
+}
+
+function bytesToLimbBE(bytes_: UInt8[]) {
+  let bytes = bytes_.map((x) => x.value);
+  let n = bytes.length;
+  let limb = bytes[0];
+  for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+    limb = limb.mul(1n << 8n).add(bytes[i]);
+  }
+  return limb.seal();
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..788b95129e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+import {
+  mod,
+  Fp,
+  FiniteField,
+  createField,
+} from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Bool } from './bool.js';
+import { Tuple, TupleMap, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
+import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { ForeignField as FF } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+
+// external API
+export { createForeignField };
+export type {
+  ForeignField,
+  UnreducedForeignField,
+  AlmostForeignField,
+  CanonicalForeignField,
+};
+
+class ForeignField {
+  static _Bigint: FiniteField | undefined = undefined;
+  static _modulus: bigint | undefined = undefined;
+
+  // static parameters
+  static get Bigint() {
+    assert(this._Bigint !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._Bigint;
+  }
+  static get modulus() {
+    assert(this._modulus !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._modulus;
+  }
+  get modulus() {
+    return (this.constructor as typeof ForeignField).modulus;
+  }
+  static get sizeInBits() {
+    return this.modulus.toString(2).length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The internal representation of a foreign field element, as a tuple of 3 limbs.
+   */
+  value: Field3;
+
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof ForeignField;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sibling classes that represent different ranges of field elements.
+   */
+  static _variants:
+    | {
+        unreduced: typeof UnreducedForeignField;
+        almostReduced: typeof AlmostForeignField;
+        canonical: typeof CanonicalForeignField;
+      }
+    | undefined = undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor for unreduced field elements.
+   */
+  static get Unreduced() {
+    assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._variants.unreduced;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Constructor for field elements that are "almost reduced", i.e. lie in the range [0, 2^ceil(log2(p))).
+   */
+  static get AlmostReduced() {
+    assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._variants.almostReduced;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Constructor for field elements that are fully reduced, i.e. lie in the range [0, p).
+   */
+  static get Canonical() {
+    assert(this._variants !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._variants.canonical;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new {@link ForeignField} from a bigint, number, string or another ForeignField.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let x = new ForeignField(5);
+   * ```
+   */
+  constructor(x: ForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    if (x instanceof ForeignField) {
+      this.value = x.value;
+      return;
+    }
+    // Field3
+    if (Array.isArray(x)) {
+      this.value = x;
+      return;
+    }
+    // constant
+    this.value = Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignField}.
+   */
+  static from(x: bigint | number | string): CanonicalForeignField;
+  static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField;
+  static from(x: ForeignField | bigint | number | string): ForeignField {
+    if (x instanceof this) return x;
+    return new this.Canonical(x);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks whether this field element is a constant.
+   *
+   * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+   */
+  isConstant() {
+    return Field3.isConstant(this.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this field element to a constant.
+   *
+   * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This function is only useful in {@link Provable.witness} or {@link Provable.asProver} blocks,
+   * that is, in situations where the prover computes a value outside provable code.
+   */
+  toConstant(): ForeignField {
+    let constantLimbs = Tuple.map(this.value, (l) => l.toConstant());
+    return new this.Constructor(constantLimbs);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert this field element to a bigint.
+   */
+  toBigInt() {
+    return Field3.toBigint(this.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, 2^k),
+   * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
+   *
+   * Returns the field element as a {@link AlmostForeignField}.
+   *
+   * For a more efficient version of this for multiple field elements, see {@link assertAlmostReduced}.
+   *
+   * Note: this does not ensure that the field elements is in the canonical range [0, p).
+   * To assert that stronger property, there is {@link assertCanonical}.
+   * You should typically use {@link assertAlmostReduced} though, because it is cheaper to prove and sufficient for
+   * ensuring validity of all our non-native field arithmetic methods.
+   */
+  assertAlmostReduced() {
+    // TODO: this is not very efficient, but the only way to abstract away the complicated
+    // range check assumptions and also not introduce a global context of pending range checks.
+    // we plan to get rid of bounds checks anyway, then this is just a multi-range check
+    let [x] = this.Constructor.assertAlmostReduced(this);
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that one or more field elements lie in the range [0, 2^k),
+   * where k = ceil(log2(p)) and p is the foreign field modulus.
+   *
+   * This is most efficient than when checking a multiple of 3 field elements at once.
+   */
+  static assertAlmostReduced<T extends Tuple<ForeignField>>(
+    ...xs: T
+  ): TupleMap<T, AlmostForeignField> {
+    Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(
+      xs.map((x) => x.value),
+      this.modulus,
+      { skipMrc: true }
+    );
+    return Tuple.map(xs, this.AlmostReduced.unsafeFrom);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this field element is fully reduced,
+   * i.e. lies in the range [0, p), where p is the foreign field modulus.
+   *
+   * Returns the field element as a {@link CanonicalForeignField}.
+   */
+  assertCanonical() {
+    this.assertLessThan(this.modulus);
+    return this.Constructor.Canonical.unsafeFrom(this);
+  }
+
+  // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
+
+  /**
+   * Finite field addition
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.add(2); // x + 2 mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  add(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    return this.Constructor.sum([this, y], [1]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Finite field negation
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.neg(); // -x mod p = p - x
+   * ```
+   */
+  neg() {
+    // this gets a special implementation because negation proves that the return value is almost reduced.
+    // it shows that r = f - x >= 0 or r = 0 (for x=0) over the integers, which implies r < f
+    // see also `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan()`
+    let xNeg = Gadgets.ForeignField.neg(this.value, this.modulus);
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(xNeg);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Finite field subtraction
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.sub(1); // x - 1 mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  sub(y: ForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    return this.Constructor.sum([this, y], [-1]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sum (or difference) of multiple finite field elements.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = ForeignField.sum([3, 2, 1], [-1, 1]); // 3 - 2 + 1
+   * z.assertEquals(2);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * This method expects a list of ForeignField-like values, `x0,...,xn`,
+   * and a list of "operations" `op1,...,opn` where every op is 1 or -1 (plus or minus),
+   * and returns
+   *
+   * `x0 + op1*x1 + ... + opn*xn`
+   *
+   * where the sum is computed in finite field arithmetic.
+   *
+   * **Important:** For more than two summands, this is significantly more efficient
+   * than chaining calls to {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub}.
+   *
+   */
+  static sum(xs: (ForeignField | bigint | number)[], operations: (1 | -1)[]) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let fields = xs.map((x) => toLimbs(x, p));
+    let ops = operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? 1n : -1n));
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.sum(fields, ops, p);
+    return new this.Unreduced(z);
+  }
+
+  // convenience methods
+
+  /**
+   * Assert equality with a ForeignField-like value
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.assertEquals(0, "x is zero");
+   * ```
+   *
+   * Since asserting equality can also serve as a range check,
+   * this method returns `x` with the appropriate type:
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let xChecked = x.assertEquals(1, "x is 1");
+   * xChecked satisfies CanonicalForeignField;
+   * ```
+   */
+  assertEquals(
+    y: bigint | number | CanonicalForeignField,
+    message?: string
+  ): CanonicalForeignField;
+  assertEquals(y: AlmostForeignField, message?: string): AlmostForeignField;
+  assertEquals(y: ForeignField, message?: string): ForeignField;
+  assertEquals(
+    y: ForeignField | bigint | number,
+    message?: string
+  ): ForeignField {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    try {
+      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
+        let x = this.toBigInt();
+        let y0 = mod(toBigInt(y), p);
+        if (x !== y0) {
+          throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
+        }
+        return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
+      }
+      Provable.assertEqual(
+        this.Constructor.provable,
+        this,
+        new this.Constructor(y)
+      );
+      if (isConstant(y) || y instanceof this.Constructor.Canonical) {
+        return new this.Constructor.Canonical(this.value);
+      } else if (y instanceof this.Constructor.AlmostReduced) {
+        return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(this.value);
+      } else {
+        return this;
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw withMessage(err, message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this field element is less than a constant c: `x < c`.
+   *
+   * The constant must satisfy `0 <= c < 2^264`, otherwise an error is thrown.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.assertLessThan(10);
+   * ```
+   */
+  assertLessThan(c: bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    assert(
+      c >= 0 && c < 1n << l3,
+      `ForeignField.assertLessThan(): expected c <= c < 2^264, got ${c}`
+    );
+    try {
+      Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(this.value, toBigInt(c));
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw withMessage(err, message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // bit packing
+
+  /**
+   * Unpack a field element to its bits, as a {@link Bool}[] array.
+   *
+   * This method is provable!
+   */
+  toBits(length?: number) {
+    const sizeInBits = this.Constructor.sizeInBits;
+    if (length === undefined) length = sizeInBits;
+    checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
+    let [l0, l1, l2] = this.value;
+    let limbSize = Number(l);
+    let xBits = l0.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
+    length -= limbSize;
+    if (length <= 0) return xBits;
+    let yBits = l1.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
+    length -= limbSize;
+    if (length <= 0) return [...xBits, ...yBits];
+    let zBits = l2.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
+    return [...xBits, ...yBits, ...zBits];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a field element from its bits, as a `Bool[]` array.
+   *
+   * This method is provable!
+   */
+  static fromBits(bits: Bool[]) {
+    let length = bits.length;
+    checkBitLength('ForeignField.fromBits()', length, this.sizeInBits);
+    let limbSize = Number(l);
+    let l0 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(0 * limbSize, 1 * limbSize));
+    let l1 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
+    let l2 = Field.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
+    // note: due to the check on the number of bits, we know we return an "almost valid" field element
+    return new this.AlmostReduced([l0, l1, l2]);
+  }
+
+  static random() {
+    return new this.Canonical(this.Bigint.random());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Instance version of `Provable<ForeignField>.toFields`, see {@link Provable.toFields}
+   */
+  toFields(): Field[] {
+    return this.value;
+  }
+
+  static check(_: ForeignField) {
+    throw Error('ForeignField.check() not implemented: must use a subclass');
+  }
+
+  static _provable: any = undefined;
+
+  /**
+   * `Provable<ForeignField>`, see {@link Provable}
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
+
+class ForeignFieldWithMul extends ForeignField {
+  /**
+   * Finite field multiplication
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
+   * ```
+   */
+  mul(y: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.mul(this.value, toLimbs(y, p), p);
+    return new this.Constructor.Unreduced(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplicative inverse in the finite field
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = x.inv(); // 1/x mod p
+   * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
+   * ```
+   */
+  inv() {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.inv(this.value, p);
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Division in the finite field, i.e. `x*y^(-1) mod p` where `y^(-1)` is the finite field inverse.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let z = x.div(y); // x/y mod p
+   * z.mul(y).assertEquals(x);
+   * ```
+   */
+  div(y: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    const p = this.modulus;
+    let z = Gadgets.ForeignField.div(this.value, toLimbs(y, p), p);
+    return new this.Constructor.AlmostReduced(z);
+  }
+}
+
+class UnreducedForeignField extends ForeignField {
+  type: 'Unreduced' | 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'Unreduced';
+
+  static _provable:
+    | ProvablePureExtended<UnreducedForeignField, string>
+    | undefined = undefined;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+
+  static check(x: ForeignField) {
+    Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
+  }
+}
+
+class AlmostForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
+  type: 'AlmostReduced' | 'FullyReduced' = 'AlmostReduced';
+
+  constructor(x: AlmostForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    super(x);
+  }
+
+  static _provable:
+    | ProvablePureExtended<AlmostForeignField, string>
+    | undefined = undefined;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+
+  static check(x: ForeignField) {
+    Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
+    x.assertAlmostReduced();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to an {@link AlmostForeignField} without additional assertions.
+   *
+   * **Warning:** Only use if you know what you're doing.
+   */
+  static unsafeFrom(x: ForeignField) {
+    return new this(x.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check equality with a constant value.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
+   * ```
+   */
+  equals(y: bigint | number) {
+    return FF.equals(this.value, BigInt(y), this.modulus);
+  }
+}
+
+class CanonicalForeignField extends ForeignFieldWithMul {
+  type = 'FullyReduced' as const;
+
+  constructor(x: CanonicalForeignField | Field3 | bigint | number | string) {
+    super(x);
+  }
+
+  static _provable:
+    | ProvablePureExtended<CanonicalForeignField, string>
+    | undefined = undefined;
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'ForeignField class not initialized.');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+
+  static check(x: ForeignField) {
+    Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x.value);
+    x.assertCanonical();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to a {@link CanonicalForeignField} without additional assertions.
+   *
+   * **Warning:** Only use if you know what you're doing.
+   */
+  static unsafeFrom(x: ForeignField) {
+    return new this(x.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * let isEqual = x.equals(y);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * Note: This method only exists on canonical fields; on unreduced fields, it would be easy to
+   * misuse, because not being exactly equal does not imply being unequal modulo p.
+   */
+  equals(y: CanonicalForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    let [x0, x1, x2] = this.value;
+    let [y0, y1, y2] = toLimbs(y, this.modulus);
+    let x01 = x0.add(x1.mul(1n << l)).seal();
+    let y01 = y0.add(y1.mul(1n << l)).seal();
+    return x01.equals(y01).and(x2.equals(y2));
+  }
+}
+
+function toLimbs(
+  x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField,
+  p: bigint
+): Field3 {
+  if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.value;
+  return Field3.from(mod(BigInt(x), p));
+}
+
+function toBigInt(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignField) {
+  if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.toBigInt();
+  return BigInt(x);
+}
+
+function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignField) {
+  if (x instanceof ForeignField) return x.isConstant();
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a class representing a prime order finite field, which is different from the native {@link Field}.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
+ * ```
+ *
+ * `createForeignField(p)` takes the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
+ * We support prime moduli up to a size of 259 bits.
+ *
+ * The returned {@link ForeignField} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),
+ * as well as helper methods like `assertEquals()` and `equals()`.
+ *
+ * _Advanced details:_
+ *
+ * Internally, a foreign field element is represented as three native field elements, each of which
+ * represents a limb of 88 bits. Therefore, being a valid foreign field element means that all 3 limbs
+ * fit in 88 bits, and the foreign field element altogether is smaller than the modulus p.
+ *
+ * Since the full `x < p` check is expensive, by default we only prove a weaker assertion, `x < 2^ceil(log2(p))`,
+ * see {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} for more details.
+ *
+ * This weaker assumption is what we call "almost reduced", and it is represented by the {@link AlmostForeignField} class.
+ * Note that only {@link AlmostForeignField} supports multiplication and inversion, while {@link UnreducedForeignField}
+ * only supports addition and subtraction.
+ *
+ * This function returns the `Unreduced` class, which will cause the minimum amount of range checks to be created by default.
+ * If you want to do multiplication, you have two options:
+ * - create your field elements using the {@link ForeignField.AlmostReduced} constructor, or using the `.provable` type on that class.
+ * ```ts
+ * let x = Provable.witness(ForeignField.AlmostReduced.provable, () => ForeignField.from(5));
+ * ```
+ * - create your field elements normally and convert them using `x.assertAlmostReduced()`.
+ * ```ts
+ * let xChecked = x.assertAlmostReduced(); // asserts x < 2^ceil(log2(p)); returns `AlmostForeignField`
+ * ```
+ *
+ * Similarly, there is a separate class {@link CanonicalForeignField} which represents fully reduced, "canonical" field elements.
+ * To convert to a canonical field element, use {@link ForeignField.assertCanonical}:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * x.assertCanonical(); // asserts x < p; returns `CanonicalForeignField`
+ * ```
+ * You will likely not need canonical fields most of the time.
+ *
+ * Base types for all of these classes are separately exported as {@link UnreducedForeignField}, {@link AlmostForeignField} and {@link CanonicalForeignField}.,
+ *
+ * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
+ */
+function createForeignField(modulus: bigint): typeof UnreducedForeignField {
+  assert(
+    modulus > 0n,
+    `ForeignField: modulus must be positive, got ${modulus}`
+  );
+  assert(
+    modulus < foreignFieldMax,
+    `ForeignField: modulus exceeds the max supported size of 2^${foreignFieldMaxBits}`
+  );
+
+  let Bigint = createField(modulus);
+
+  class UnreducedField extends UnreducedForeignField {
+    static _Bigint = Bigint;
+    static _modulus = modulus;
+    static _provable = provable(UnreducedField);
+
+    // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(UnreducedField);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(UnreducedField);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(UnreducedField);
+  }
+
+  class AlmostField extends AlmostForeignField {
+    static _Bigint = Bigint;
+    static _modulus = modulus;
+    static _provable = provable(AlmostField);
+
+    // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(AlmostField);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(AlmostField);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(AlmostField);
+    static unsafeFrom = AlmostForeignField.unsafeFrom.bind(AlmostField);
+  }
+
+  class CanonicalField extends CanonicalForeignField {
+    static _Bigint = Bigint;
+    static _modulus = modulus;
+    static _provable = provable(CanonicalField);
+
+    // bind public static methods to the class so that they have `this` defined
+    static from = ForeignField.from.bind(CanonicalField);
+    static sum = ForeignField.sum.bind(CanonicalField);
+    static fromBits = ForeignField.fromBits.bind(CanonicalField);
+    static unsafeFrom = CanonicalForeignField.unsafeFrom.bind(CanonicalField);
+  }
+
+  let variants = {
+    unreduced: UnreducedField,
+    almostReduced: AlmostField,
+    canonical: CanonicalField,
+  };
+  UnreducedField._variants = variants;
+  AlmostField._variants = variants;
+  CanonicalField._variants = variants;
+
+  return UnreducedField;
+}
+
+// the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus
+// see RFC: https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/1fdb1fd1d112f9d4ee095dbb31f008deeb8150b0/book/src/rfcs/foreign_field_mul.md
+// since p = 2^254 + eps for both Pasta fields with eps small, a fairly tight lower bound is
+// f_max >= sqrt(2^254 * 2^264) = 2^259
+const foreignFieldMaxBits = (BigInt(Fp.sizeInBits - 1) + 3n * l) / 2n;
+const foreignFieldMax = 1n << foreignFieldMaxBits;
+
+// provable
+
+type Constructor<T> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
+
+function provable<F extends ForeignField>(
+  Class: Constructor<F> & { check(x: ForeignField): void }
+): ProvablePureExtended<F, string> {
+  return {
+    toFields(x) {
+      return x.value;
+    },
+    toAuxiliary(): [] {
+      return [];
+    },
+    sizeInFields() {
+      return 3;
+    },
+    fromFields(fields) {
+      let limbs = TupleN.fromArray(3, fields);
+      return new Class(limbs);
+    },
+    check(x: ForeignField) {
+      Class.check(x);
+    },
+    // ugh
+    toJSON(x: ForeignField) {
+      return x.toBigInt().toString();
+    },
+    fromJSON(x: string) {
+      // TODO be more strict about allowed values
+      return new Class(x);
+    },
+    empty() {
+      return new Class(0n);
+    },
+    toInput(x) {
+      let l_ = Number(l);
+      return {
+        packed: [
+          [x.value[0], l_],
+          [x.value[1], l_],
+          [x.value[2], l_],
+        ],
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f85a5699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Field, Group } from './core.js';
+import { ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+import {
+  bool,
+  equivalentProvable as equivalent,
+  equivalent as equivalentNonProvable,
+  first,
+  spec,
+  throwError,
+  unit,
+} from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { Circuit, circuitMain } from './circuit.js';
+import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
+import { l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+
+// toy example - F_17
+
+class SmallField extends createForeignField(17n) {}
+
+let x = SmallField.from(16);
+x.assertEquals(-1); // 16 = -1 (mod 17)
+x.mul(x).assertEquals(1); // 16 * 16 = 15 * 17 + 1 = 1 (mod 17)
+
+// invalid example - modulus too large
+
+expect(() => createForeignField(1n << 260n)).toThrow(
+  'modulus exceeds the max supported size'
+);
+
+// real example - foreign field arithmetic in the Pallas scalar field
+
+class ForeignScalar extends createForeignField(Fq.modulus) {}
+
+// types
+ForeignScalar.provable satisfies ProvablePure<ForeignScalar>;
+
+// basic constructor / IO
+{
+  let s0 = 1n + ((1n + (1n << l)) << l);
+  let scalar = new ForeignScalar(s0);
+
+  expect(scalar.value).toEqual([Field(1), Field(1), Field(1)]);
+  expect(scalar.toBigInt()).toEqual(s0);
+}
+
+test(Random.scalar, (x0, assert) => {
+  let x = new ForeignScalar(x0);
+  assert(x.toBigInt() === x0);
+  assert(x.isConstant());
+});
+
+// test equivalence of in-SNARK and out-of-SNARK operations
+
+let f = spec({
+  rng: Random.scalar,
+  there: ForeignScalar.from,
+  back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
+  provable: ForeignScalar.AlmostReduced.provable,
+});
+let u264 = spec({
+  rng: Random.bignat(1n << 264n),
+  there: ForeignScalar.from,
+  back: (x) => x.toBigInt(),
+  provable: ForeignScalar.Unreduced.provable,
+});
+
+// arithmetic
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: u264 })(Fq.add, (x, y) => x.add(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: u264 })(Fq.sub, (x, y) => x.sub(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: u264 })(Fq.negate, (x) => x.neg());
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: u264 })(Fq.mul, (x, y) => x.mul(y));
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
+  (x) => Fq.inverse(x) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
+  (x) => x.inv()
+);
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: f })(
+  (x, y) => Fq.div(x, y) ?? throwError('division by 0'),
+  (x, y) => x.div(y)
+);
+
+// equality with a constant
+equivalent({ from: [f, first(f)], to: bool })(
+  (x, y) => x === y,
+  (x, y) => x.equals(y)
+);
+equivalent({ from: [f, f], to: unit })(
+  (x, y) => x === y || throwError('not equal'),
+  (x, y) => x.assertEquals(y)
+);
+// doesn't fail in provable mode just because the range check is not checked by runAndCheck
+// TODO check all gates
+equivalentNonProvable({ from: [f, first(u264)], to: unit })(
+  (x, y) => x < y || throwError('not less than'),
+  (x, y) => x.assertLessThan(y)
+);
+
+// toBits / fromBits
+equivalent({ from: [f], to: f })(
+  (x) => x,
+  (x) => {
+    let bits = x.toBits();
+    expect(bits.length).toEqual(255);
+    return ForeignScalar.fromBits(bits);
+  }
+);
+
+// scalar shift in foreign field arithmetic vs in the exponent
+
+let scalarShift = Fq(1n + 2n ** 255n);
+let oneHalf = Fq.inverse(2n)!;
+
+function unshift(s: ForeignField) {
+  return s.sub(scalarShift).assertAlmostReduced().mul(oneHalf);
+}
+function scaleShifted(point: Group, shiftedScalar: Scalar) {
+  let oneHalfGroup = point.scale(oneHalf);
+  let shiftGroup = oneHalfGroup.scale(scalarShift);
+  return oneHalfGroup.scale(shiftedScalar).sub(shiftGroup);
+}
+
+let scalarBigint = Fq.random();
+let pointBigint = G.scale(G.generatorMina, scalarBigint);
+
+// perform a "scalar unshift" in foreign field arithmetic,
+// then convert to scalar from bits (which shifts it back) and scale a point by the scalar
+function main0() {
+  let ffScalar = Provable.witness(
+    ForeignScalar.provable,
+    () => new ForeignScalar(scalarBigint)
+  );
+  let bitsUnshifted = unshift(ffScalar).toBits();
+  let scalar = Scalar.fromBits(bitsUnshifted);
+
+  let generator = Provable.witness(Group, () => Group.generator);
+  let point = generator.scale(scalar);
+  point.assertEquals(Group(pointBigint));
+}
+
+// go directly from foreign scalar to scalar and perform a shifted scale
+// = same end result as main0
+function main1() {
+  let ffScalar = Provable.witness(
+    ForeignScalar.provable,
+    () => new ForeignScalar(scalarBigint)
+  );
+  let bits = ffScalar.toBits();
+  let scalarShifted = Scalar.fromBits(bits);
+
+  let generator = Provable.witness(Group, () => Group.generator);
+  let point = scaleShifted(generator, scalarShifted);
+  point.assertEquals(Group(pointBigint));
+}
+
+// check provable and non-provable versions are correct
+main0();
+main1();
+Provable.runAndCheck(main0);
+Provable.runAndCheck(main1);
+
+// using foreign field arithmetic should result in much fewer constraints
+let { rows: rows0 } = Provable.constraintSystem(main0);
+let { rows: rows1 } = Provable.constraintSystem(main1);
+expect(rows0 + 100).toBeLessThan(rows1);
+
+// test with proving
+
+class Main extends Circuit {
+  @circuitMain
+  static main() {
+    main0();
+  }
+}
+
+let kp = await Main.generateKeypair();
+
+let cs = kp.constraintSystem();
+assert(
+  cs.length === 1 << 13,
+  `should have ${cs.length} = 2^13 rows, the smallest supported number`
+);
+
+let proof = await Main.prove([], [], kp);
+
+let ok = await Main.verify([], kp.verificationKey(), proof);
+assert(ok, 'proof should verify');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index fb3189f3ca..8f6f218935 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
   // witness result
   let a = existsOne(() => array[Number(i.toBigInt())].toBigInt());
 
-  // we prove a === array[j] + zj*(i - j) for some zj, for all j.
+  // we prove a === array[j] + z[j]*(i - j) for some z[j], for all j.
   // setting j = i, this implies a === array[i]
   // thanks to our assumption that the index i is within bounds, we know that j = i for some j
   let n = array.length;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function arrayGet(array: Field[], index: Field) {
       );
       return zj ?? 0n;
     });
-    // prove that zj*(i - j) === a - array[j]
+    // prove that z[j]*(i - j) === a - array[j]
     // TODO abstract this logic into a general-purpose assertMul() gadget,
     // which is able to use the constant coefficient
     // (snarky's assert_r1cs somehow leads to much more constraints than this)
@@ -125,6 +125,10 @@ function assertBilinear(
   // b*x + c*y - z? + a*x*y + d === 0
   Gates.generic(
     { left: b, right: c, out: z === undefined ? 0n : -1n, mul: a, const: d },
-    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? x : z }
+    { left: x, right: y, out: z === undefined ? emptyCell() : z }
   );
 }
+
+function emptyCell() {
+  return existsOne(() => 0n);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
index 4a8a66f041..f4bb9551db 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.ts
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import {
   MAX_BITS,
   assert,
-  witnessSlice,
-  witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
   toVar,
+  exists,
+  bitSlice,
 } from './common.js';
 import { rangeCheck64 } from './range-check.js';
 
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ function not(a: Field, length: number, checked: boolean = false) {
 
   // Check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
-    length < Field.sizeInBits(),
-    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+    length < Field.sizeInBits,
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits} bits.`
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
@@ -61,15 +61,8 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(
-      a.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
-
-    assert(
-      b.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
 
     return new Field(a.toBigInt() ^ b.toBigInt());
   }
@@ -88,66 +81,71 @@ function xor(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
 }
 
 // builds a xor chain
-function buildXor(
-  a: Field,
-  b: Field,
-  expectedOutput: Field,
-  padLength: number
-) {
+function buildXor(a: Field, b: Field, out: Field, padLength: number) {
   // construct the chain of XORs until padLength is 0
   while (padLength !== 0) {
     // slices the inputs into 4x 4bit-sized chunks
-    // slices of a
-    let in1_0 = witnessSlice(a, 0, 4);
-    let in1_1 = witnessSlice(a, 4, 4);
-    let in1_2 = witnessSlice(a, 8, 4);
-    let in1_3 = witnessSlice(a, 12, 4);
-
-    // slices of b
-    let in2_0 = witnessSlice(b, 0, 4);
-    let in2_1 = witnessSlice(b, 4, 4);
-    let in2_2 = witnessSlice(b, 8, 4);
-    let in2_3 = witnessSlice(b, 12, 4);
-
-    // slices of expected output
-    let out0 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 0, 4);
-    let out1 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 4, 4);
-    let out2 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 8, 4);
-    let out3 = witnessSlice(expectedOutput, 12, 4);
+    let slices = exists(15, () => {
+      let a0 = a.toBigInt();
+      let b0 = b.toBigInt();
+      let out0 = out.toBigInt();
+      return [
+        // slices of a
+        bitSlice(a0, 0, 4),
+        bitSlice(a0, 4, 4),
+        bitSlice(a0, 8, 4),
+        bitSlice(a0, 12, 4),
+
+        // slices of b
+        bitSlice(b0, 0, 4),
+        bitSlice(b0, 4, 4),
+        bitSlice(b0, 8, 4),
+        bitSlice(b0, 12, 4),
+
+        // slices of expected output
+        bitSlice(out0, 0, 4),
+        bitSlice(out0, 4, 4),
+        bitSlice(out0, 8, 4),
+        bitSlice(out0, 12, 4),
+
+        // next values
+        a0 >> 16n,
+        b0 >> 16n,
+        out0 >> 16n,
+      ];
+    });
+
+    // prettier-ignore
+    let [
+      in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3,
+      in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3,
+      out0, out1, out2, out3,
+      aNext, bNext, outNext
+    ] = slices;
 
     // assert that the xor of the slices is correct, 16 bit at a time
+    // prettier-ignore
     Gates.xor(
-      a,
-      b,
-      expectedOutput,
-      in1_0,
-      in1_1,
-      in1_2,
-      in1_3,
-      in2_0,
-      in2_1,
-      in2_2,
-      in2_3,
-      out0,
-      out1,
-      out2,
-      out3
+      a, b, out,
+      in1_0, in1_1, in1_2, in1_3,
+      in2_0, in2_1, in2_2, in2_3,
+      out0, out1, out2, out3
     );
 
     // update the values for the next loop iteration
-    a = witnessNextValue(a);
-    b = witnessNextValue(b);
-    expectedOutput = witnessNextValue(expectedOutput);
+    a = aNext;
+    b = bNext;
+    out = outNext;
     padLength = padLength - 16;
   }
 
   // inputs are zero and length is zero, add the zero check - we reached the end of our chain
-  Gates.zero(a, b, expectedOutput);
+  Gates.zero(a, b, out);
 
   let zero = new Field(0);
   zero.assertEquals(a);
   zero.assertEquals(b);
-  zero.assertEquals(expectedOutput);
+  zero.assertEquals(out);
 }
 
 function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
@@ -156,8 +154,8 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
 
   // check that length does not exceed maximum field size in bits
   assert(
-    length <= Field.sizeInBits(),
-    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits()} bits.`
+    length <= Field.sizeInBits,
+    `Length ${length} exceeds maximum of ${Field.sizeInBits} bits.`
   );
 
   // obtain pad length until the length is a multiple of 16 for n-bit length lookup table
@@ -167,15 +165,8 @@ function and(a: Field, b: Field, length: number) {
   if (a.isConstant() && b.isConstant()) {
     let max = 1n << BigInt(padLength);
 
-    assert(
-      a.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${a.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
-
-    assert(
-      b.toBigInt() < max,
-      `${b.toBigInt()} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`
-    );
+    assert(a.toBigInt() < max, `${a} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
+    assert(b.toBigInt() < max, `${b} does not fit into ${padLength} bits`);
 
     return new Field(a.toBigInt() & b.toBigInt());
   }
@@ -251,27 +242,34 @@ function rot(
   // TODO this is an abstraction leak, but not clear to me how to improve
   toVar(0n);
 
+  // slice the bound into chunks
+  let boundSlices = exists(12, () => {
+    let bound0 = bound.toBigInt();
+    return [
+      bitSlice(bound0, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
+      bitSlice(bound0, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
+      bitSlice(bound0, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
+      bitSlice(bound0, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
+
+      bitSlice(bound0, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
+      bitSlice(bound0, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
+      bitSlice(bound0, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
+      bitSlice(bound0, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
+      bitSlice(bound0, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
+      bitSlice(bound0, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
+      bitSlice(bound0, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
+      bitSlice(bound0, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
+    ];
+  });
+  let [b52, b40, b28, b16, b14, b12, b10, b8, b6, b4, b2, b0] = boundSlices;
+
   // Compute current row
   Gates.rotate(
     field,
     rotated,
     excess,
-    [
-      witnessSlice(bound, 52, 12), // bits 52-64
-      witnessSlice(bound, 40, 12), // bits 40-52
-      witnessSlice(bound, 28, 12), // bits 28-40
-      witnessSlice(bound, 16, 12), // bits 16-28
-    ],
-    [
-      witnessSlice(bound, 14, 2), // bits 14-16
-      witnessSlice(bound, 12, 2), // bits 12-14
-      witnessSlice(bound, 10, 2), // bits 10-12
-      witnessSlice(bound, 8, 2), // bits 8-10
-      witnessSlice(bound, 6, 2), // bits 6-8
-      witnessSlice(bound, 4, 2), // bits 4-6
-      witnessSlice(bound, 2, 2), // bits 2-4
-      witnessSlice(bound, 0, 2), // bits 0-2
-    ],
+    [b52, b40, b28, b16],
+    [b14, b12, b10, b8, b6, b4, b2, b0],
     big2PowerRot
   );
   // Compute next row
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index e6e6c873cc..9da4490723 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
@@ -15,8 +14,6 @@ export {
   isVar,
   assert,
   bitSlice,
-  witnessSlice,
-  witnessNextValue,
   divideWithRemainder,
 };
 
@@ -75,19 +72,6 @@ function bitSlice(x: bigint, start: number, length: number) {
   return (x >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n);
 }
 
-function witnessSlice(f: Field, start: number, length: number) {
-  if (length <= 0) throw Error('Length must be a positive number');
-
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-    let n = f.toBigInt();
-    return new Field((n >> BigInt(start)) & ((1n << BigInt(length)) - 1n));
-  });
-}
-
-function witnessNextValue(current: Field) {
-  return Provable.witness(Field, () => new Field(current.toBigInt() >> 16n));
-}
-
 function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
   const quotient = numerator / denominator;
   const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index da11c384f5..b03266b1a2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   Ecdsa,
   EllipticCurve,
   Point,
+  initialAggregator,
   verifyEcdsaConstant,
 } from './elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
@@ -10,16 +11,18 @@ import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
-import { foreignField, throwError, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
+import { foreignField, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
+  First,
   Second,
+  bool,
   equivalentProvable,
   fromRandom,
   map,
   oneOf,
   record,
-  unit,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 
 // quick tests
@@ -34,7 +37,8 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
   let privateKey = uniformForeignField(Curve.Scalar);
 
-  let pseudoSignature = record({
+  // correct signature shape, but independently random components, which will never form a valid signature
+  let badSignature = record({
     signature: record({ r: scalar, s: scalar }),
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 
   let signature = map(
-    { from: signatureInputs, to: pseudoSignature },
+    { from: signatureInputs, to: badSignature },
     ({ privateKey, msg }) => {
       let publicKey = Curve.scale(Curve.one, privateKey);
       let signature = Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msg, privateKey);
@@ -56,39 +60,55 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
 
   // provable method we want to test
   const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>, noGlv: boolean) => {
+    // invalid public key can lead to either a failing constraint, or verify() returning false
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(s.publicKey, Curve);
+
     let hasGlv = Curve.hasEndomorphism;
     if (noGlv) Curve.hasEndomorphism = false; // hack to force non-GLV version
     try {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
     } finally {
       Curve.hasEndomorphism = hasGlv;
     }
   };
 
+  // input validation equivalent to the one implicit in verify()
+  const checkInputs = ({
+    signature: { r, s },
+    publicKey,
+  }: First<typeof signature>) => {
+    assert(r !== 0n && s !== 0n, 'invalid signature');
+    let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
+    assert(Curve.isOnCurve(pk), 'invalid public key');
+    return true;
+  };
+
   // positive test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature, noGlv], to: unit })(
-    () => {},
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [signature, noGlv], to: bool, verbose: true })(
+    () => true,
     verify,
-    'valid signature verifies'
+    `${Curve.name}: verifies`
   );
 
   // negative test
-  equivalentProvable({ from: [pseudoSignature, noGlv], to: unit })(
-    () => throwError('invalid signature'),
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [badSignature, noGlv], to: bool, verbose: true })(
+    (s) => checkInputs(s) && false,
     verify,
-    'invalid signature fails'
+    `${Curve.name}: fails`
   );
 
   // test against constant implementation, with both invalid and valid signatures
   equivalentProvable({
-    from: [oneOf(signature, pseudoSignature), noGlv],
-    to: unit,
+    from: [oneOf(signature, badSignature), noGlv],
+    to: bool,
+    verbose: true,
   })(
     ({ signature, publicKey, msg }) => {
-      assert(verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey), 'verifies');
+      checkInputs({ signature, publicKey, msg });
+      return verifyEcdsaConstant(Curve, signature, msg, publicKey);
     },
     verify,
-    'verify'
+    `${Curve.name}: verify`
   );
 }
 
@@ -108,28 +128,13 @@ let msgHash =
     0x3e91cd8bd233b3df4e4762b329e2922381da770df1b31276ec77d0557be7fcefn
   );
 
-const ia = EllipticCurve.initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
+const ia = initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
 const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
+  publicOutput: Bool,
   methods: {
-    scale: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method() {
-        let G = Point.from(Secp256k1.one);
-        let P = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
-        let R = EllipticCurve.multiScalarMul(
-          Secp256k1,
-          [signature.s, signature.r],
-          [G, P],
-          [config.G, config.P]
-        );
-        Provable.asProver(() => {
-          console.log(Point.toBigint(R));
-        });
-      },
-    },
     ecdsa: {
       privateInputs: [],
       method() {
@@ -140,33 +145,31 @@ let program = ZkProgram({
         let msgHash_ = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => msgHash);
         let publicKey_ = Provable.witness(Point.provable, () => publicKey);
 
-        Ecdsa.verify(Secp256k1, signature_, msgHash_, publicKey_, config);
+        return Ecdsa.verify(
+          Secp256k1,
+          signature_,
+          msgHash_,
+          publicKey_,
+          config
+        );
       },
     },
   },
 });
-let main = program.rawMethods.ecdsa;
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (constant)');
-main();
+program.rawMethods.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (constant)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
-Provable.runAndCheck(main);
+Provable.runAndCheck(program.rawMethods.ecdsa);
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (witness gen / check)');
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(main);
+let cs = program.analyzeMethods().ecdsa;
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
 
-let gateTypes: Record<string, number> = {};
-gateTypes['Total rows'] = cs.rows;
-for (let gate of cs.gates) {
-  gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
-  gateTypes[gate.type]++;
-}
-
-console.log(gateTypes);
+console.log(cs.summary());
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify (compile)');
 await program.compile();
@@ -177,3 +180,4 @@ let proof = await program.ecdsa();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify (prove)');
 
 assert(await program.verify(proof), 'proof verifies');
+proof.publicOutput.assertTrue('signature verifies');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index bd48edb137..083ab64f53 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -24,13 +24,16 @@ import { arrayGet, assertBoolean } from './basic.js';
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
 
 // internal API
-export { verifyEcdsaConstant };
+export { verifyEcdsaConstant, initialAggregator, simpleMapToCurve };
 
 const EllipticCurve = {
   add,
   double,
+  negate,
+  assertOnCurve,
+  scale,
+  assertInSubgroup,
   multiScalarMul,
-  initialAggregator,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -47,9 +50,10 @@ namespace Ecdsa {
   export type signature = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
 }
 
-function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
+function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
   let { x: x2, y: y2 } = p2;
+  let f = Curve.modulus;
 
   // constant case
   if (Point.isConstant(p1) && Point.isConstant(p2)) {
@@ -73,7 +77,7 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // (x1 - x2)*m = y1 - y2
   let deltaX = ForeignField.Sum(x1).sub(x2);
@@ -92,8 +96,9 @@ function add(p1: Point, p2: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
-function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
+function double(p1: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint; a: bigint }) {
   let { x: x1, y: y1 } = p1;
+  let f = Curve.modulus;
 
   // constant case
   if (Point.isConstant(p1)) {
@@ -117,16 +122,17 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   let m: Field3 = [m0, m1, m2];
   let x3: Field3 = [x30, x31, x32];
   let y3: Field3 = [y30, y31, y32];
-  ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([m, x3, y3], f);
+  ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([m, x3, y3], f);
 
   // x1^2 = x1x1
   let x1x1 = ForeignField.mul(x1, x1, f);
 
-  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1
-  // TODO this assumes the curve has a == 0
+  // 2*y1*m = 3*x1x1 + a
   let y1Times2 = ForeignField.Sum(y1).add(y1);
-  let x1x1Times3 = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
-  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3, f);
+  let x1x1Times3PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x1x1).add(x1x1).add(x1x1);
+  if (Curve.a !== 0n)
+    x1x1Times3PlusA = x1x1Times3PlusA.add(Field3.from(Curve.a));
+  ForeignField.assertMul(y1Times2, m, x1x1Times3PlusA, f);
 
   // m^2 = 2*x1 + x3
   let xSum = ForeignField.Sum(x1).add(x1).add(x3);
@@ -140,6 +146,78 @@ function double(p1: Point, f: bigint) {
   return { x: x3, y: y3 };
 }
 
+function negate({ x, y }: Point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
+  return { x, y: ForeignField.negate(y, Curve.modulus) };
+}
+
+function assertOnCurve(
+  p: Point,
+  { modulus: f, a, b }: { modulus: bigint; b: bigint; a: bigint }
+) {
+  let { x, y } = p;
+  let x2 = ForeignField.mul(x, x, f);
+  let y2 = ForeignField.mul(y, y, f);
+  let y2MinusB = ForeignField.Sum(y2).sub(Field3.from(b));
+
+  // (x^2 + a) * x = y^2 - b
+  let x2PlusA = ForeignField.Sum(x2);
+  if (a !== 0n) x2PlusA = x2PlusA.add(Field3.from(a));
+  let message: string | undefined;
+  if (Point.isConstant(p)) {
+    message = `assertOnCurve(): (${x}, ${y}) is not on the curve.`;
+  }
+  ForeignField.assertMul(x2PlusA, x, y2MinusB, f, message);
+}
+
+/**
+ * EC scalar multiplication, `scalar*point`
+ *
+ * The result is constrained to be not zero.
+ */
+function scale(
+  scalar: Field3,
+  point: Point,
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
+  config: {
+    mode?: 'assert-nonzero' | 'assert-zero';
+    windowSize?: number;
+    multiples?: Point[];
+  } = { mode: 'assert-nonzero' }
+) {
+  config.windowSize ??= Point.isConstant(point) ? 4 : 3;
+  return multiScalarMul([scalar], [point], Curve, [config], config.mode);
+}
+
+// checks whether the elliptic curve point g is in the subgroup defined by [order]g = 0
+function assertInSubgroup(p: Point, Curve: CurveAffine) {
+  if (!Curve.hasCofactor) return;
+  scale(Field3.from(Curve.order), p, Curve, { mode: 'assert-zero' });
+}
+
+// check whether a point equals a constant point
+// TODO implement the full case of two vars
+function equals(p1: Point, p2: point, Curve: { modulus: bigint }) {
+  let xEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.x, p2.x, Curve.modulus);
+  let yEquals = ForeignField.equals(p1.y, p2.y, Curve.modulus);
+  return xEquals.and(yEquals);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Verify an ECDSA signature.
+ *
+ * Details about the `config` parameter:
+ * - For both the generator point `G` and public key `P`, `config` allows you to specify:
+ *   - the `windowSize` which is used in scalar multiplication for this point.
+ *     this flexibility is good because the optimal window size is different for constant and non-constant points.
+ *     empirically, `windowSize=4` for constants and 3 for variables leads to the fewest constraints.
+ *     our defaults reflect that the generator is always constant and the public key is variable in typical applications.
+ *   - a table of multiples of those points, of length `2^windowSize`, which is used in the scalar multiplication gadget to speed up the computation.
+ *     if these are not provided, they are computed on the fly.
+ *     for the constant G, computing multiples costs no constraints, so passing them in makes no real difference.
+ *     for variable public key, there is a possible use case: if the public key is a public input, then its multiples could also be.
+ *     in that case, passing them in would avoid computing them in-circuit and save a few constraints.
+ * - The initial aggregator `ia`, see {@link initialAggregator}. By default, `ia` is computed deterministically on the fly.
+ */
 function verifyEcdsa(
   Curve: CurveAffine,
   signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
@@ -163,8 +241,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
       Field3.toBigint(msgHash),
       Point.toBigint(publicKey)
     );
-    assert(isValid, 'invalid signature');
-    return;
+    return new Bool(isValid);
   }
 
   // provable case
@@ -179,19 +256,23 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
 
   let G = Point.from(Curve.one);
   let R = multiScalarMul(
-    Curve,
     [u1, u2],
     [G, publicKey],
+    Curve,
     config && [config.G, config.P],
+    'assert-nonzero',
     config?.ia
   );
   // this ^ already proves that R != 0 (part of ECDSA verification)
 
   // reduce R.x modulo the curve order
-  // note: we don't check that the result Rx is canonical, because Rx === r and r is an input:
-  // it's the callers responsibility to check that the signature is valid/unique in whatever way it makes sense for the application
   let Rx = ForeignField.mul(R.x, Field3.from(1n), Curve.order);
-  Provable.assertEqual(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
+
+  // we have to prove that Rx is canonical, because we check signature validity based on whether Rx _exactly_ equals the input r.
+  // if we allowed non-canonical Rx, the prover could make verify() return false on a valid signature, by adding a multiple of `Curve.order` to Rx.
+  ForeignField.assertLessThan(Rx, Curve.order);
+
+  return Provable.equal(Field3.provable, Rx, r);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -203,8 +284,8 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
   msgHash: bigint,
   publicKey: point
 ) {
-  let pk = Curve.fromNonzero(publicKey);
-  if (!Curve.isOnCurve(pk)) return false;
+  let pk = Curve.from(publicKey);
+  if (Curve.equal(pk, Curve.zero)) return false;
   if (Curve.hasCofactor && !Curve.isInSubgroup(pk)) return false;
   if (r < 1n || r >= Curve.order) return false;
   if (s < 1n || s >= Curve.order) return false;
@@ -225,9 +306,14 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
  *
  * s_0 * P_0 + ... + s_(n-1) * P_(n-1)
  *
- * where P_i are any points. The result is not allowed to be zero.
+ * where P_i are any points.
+ *
+ * By default, we prove that the result is not zero.
  *
- * We double all points together and leverage a precomputed table of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition.
+ * If you set the `mode` parameter to `'assert-zero'`, on the other hand,
+ * we assert that the result is zero and just return the constant zero point.
+ *
+ * Implementation: We double all points together and leverage a precomputed table of size 2^c to avoid all but every cth addition.
  *
  * Note: this algorithm targets a small number of points, like 2 needed for ECDSA verification.
  *
@@ -235,13 +321,14 @@ function verifyEcdsaConstant(
  * TODO: custom bit representation for the scalar that avoids 0, to get rid of the degenerate addition case
  */
 function multiScalarMul(
-  Curve: CurveAffine,
   scalars: Field3[],
   points: Point[],
+  Curve: CurveAffine,
   tableConfigs: (
     | { windowSize?: number; multiples?: Point[] }
     | undefined
   )[] = [],
+  mode: 'assert-nonzero' | 'assert-zero' = 'assert-nonzero',
   ia?: point
 ): Point {
   let n = points.length;
@@ -262,6 +349,11 @@ function multiScalarMul(
         sum = Curve.add(sum, Curve.scale(P[i], s[i]));
       }
     }
+    if (mode === 'assert-zero') {
+      assert(sum.infinity, 'scalar multiplication: expected zero result');
+      return Point.from(Curve.zero);
+    }
+    assert(!sum.infinity, 'scalar multiplication: expected non-zero result');
     return Point.from(sum);
   }
 
@@ -338,7 +430,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
             : arrayGetGeneric(Point.provable, tables[j], sj);
 
         // ec addition
-        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve.modulus);
+        let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve);
 
         // handle degenerate case (if sj = 0, Gj is all zeros and the add result is garbage)
         sum = Provable.if(sj.equals(0), Point.provable, sum, added);
@@ -349,14 +441,22 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
     // jointly double all points
     // (note: the highest couple of bits will not create any constraints because sum is constant; no need to handle that explicitly)
-    sum = double(sum, Curve.modulus);
+    sum = double(sum, Curve);
   }
 
   // the sum is now 2^(b-1)*IA + sum_i s_i*P_i
   // we assert that sum != 2^(b-1)*IA, and add -2^(b-1)*IA to get our result
   let iaFinal = Curve.scale(Curve.fromNonzero(ia), 1n << BigInt(maxBits - 1));
-  Provable.equal(Point.provable, sum, Point.from(iaFinal)).assertFalse();
-  sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve.modulus);
+  let isZero = equals(sum, iaFinal, Curve);
+
+  if (mode === 'assert-nonzero') {
+    isZero.assertFalse();
+    sum = add(sum, Point.from(Curve.negate(iaFinal)), Curve);
+  } else {
+    isZero.assertTrue();
+    // for type consistency with the 'assert-nonzero' case
+    sum = Point.from(Curve.zero);
+  }
 
   return sum;
 }
@@ -460,10 +560,10 @@ function getPointTable(
   table = [Point.from(Curve.zero), P];
   if (n === 2) return table;
 
-  let Pi = double(P, Curve.modulus);
+  let Pi = double(P, Curve);
   table.push(Pi);
   for (let i = 3; i < n; i++) {
-    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve.modulus);
+    Pi = add(Pi, P, Curve);
     table.push(Pi);
   }
   return table;
@@ -491,6 +591,22 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine) {
   // use that as x coordinate
   const F = Curve.Field;
   let x = F.mod(bytesToBigInt(bytes));
+  return simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve);
+}
+
+function random(Curve: CurveAffine) {
+  let x = Curve.Field.random();
+  return simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given an x coordinate (base field element), increment it until we find one with
+ * a y coordinate that satisfies the curve equation, and return the point.
+ *
+ * If the curve has a cofactor, multiply by it to get a point in the correct subgroup.
+ */
+function simpleMapToCurve(x: bigint, Curve: CurveAffine) {
+  const F = Curve.Field;
   let y: bigint | undefined = undefined;
 
   // increment x until we find a y coordinate
@@ -501,7 +617,13 @@ function initialAggregator(Curve: CurveAffine) {
     let y2 = F.add(x3, F.mul(Curve.a, x) + Curve.b);
     y = F.sqrt(y2);
   }
-  return { x, y, infinity: false };
+  let p = { x, y, infinity: false };
+
+  // clear cofactor
+  if (Curve.hasCofactor) {
+    p = Curve.scale(p, Curve.cofactor!);
+  }
+  return p;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -561,7 +683,7 @@ function sliceField(
   let chunks = [];
   let sum = Field.from(0n);
 
-  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous slizeField() call, we complete it
+  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous sliceField() call, we complete it
   if (leftover !== undefined) {
     let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
     let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);
@@ -631,6 +753,13 @@ const Point = {
   },
   isConstant: (P: Point) => Provable.isConstant(Point.provable, P),
 
+  /**
+   * Random point on the curve.
+   */
+  random(Curve: CurveAffine) {
+    return Point.from(random(Curve));
+  },
+
   provable: provable({ x: Field3.provable, y: Field3.provable }),
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39a6d41ce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import {
+  array,
+  equivalentProvable,
+  map,
+  onlyIf,
+  spec,
+  unit,
+} from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { EllipticCurve, Point, simpleMapToCurve } from './elliptic-curve.js';
+import { foreignField, throwError } from './test-utils.js';
+
+// provable equivalence tests
+const Secp256k1 = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+const Pallas = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Pallas);
+const Vesta = createCurveAffine(CurveParams.Vesta);
+let curves = [Secp256k1, Pallas, Vesta];
+
+for (let Curve of curves) {
+  // prepare test inputs
+  let field = foreignField(Curve.Field);
+  let scalar = foreignField(Curve.Scalar);
+
+  // point shape, but with independently random components, which will never form a valid point
+  let badPoint = spec({
+    rng: Random.record({
+      x: field.rng,
+      y: field.rng,
+      infinity: Random.constant(false),
+    }),
+    there: Point.from,
+    back: Point.toBigint,
+    provable: Point.provable,
+  });
+
+  // valid random point
+  let point = map({ from: field, to: badPoint }, (x) =>
+    simpleMapToCurve(x, Curve)
+  );
+
+  // two random points that are not equal, so are a valid input to EC addition
+  let unequalPair = onlyIf(array(point, 2), ([p, q]) => !Curve.equal(p, q));
+
+  // test ec gadgets witness generation
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [unequalPair], to: point, verbose: true })(
+    ([p, q]) => Curve.add(p, q),
+    ([p, q]) => EllipticCurve.add(p, q, Curve),
+    `${Curve.name} add`
+  );
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
+    Curve.double,
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.double(p, Curve),
+    `${Curve.name} double`
+  );
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: point, verbose: true })(
+    Curve.negate,
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.negate(p, Curve),
+    `${Curve.name} negate`
+  );
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point], to: unit, verbose: true })(
+    (p) => Curve.isOnCurve(p) || throwError('expect on curve'),
+    (p) => EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(p, Curve),
+    `${Curve.name} on curve`
+  );
+
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [point, scalar], to: point, verbose: true })(
+    (p, s) => {
+      let sp = Curve.scale(p, s);
+      assert(!sp.infinity, 'expect nonzero');
+      return sp;
+    },
+    (p, s) => EllipticCurve.scale(s, p, Curve),
+    `${Curve.name} scale`
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index ec5261fe66..1d07b14028 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
@@ -42,7 +43,9 @@ const ForeignField = {
   sub(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
     return sum([x, y], [-1n], f);
   },
-  negate,
+  negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
+  },
   sum,
   Sum(x: Field3) {
     return new Sum(x);
@@ -53,7 +56,24 @@ const ForeignField = {
   div: divide,
   assertMul,
 
-  assertAlmostFieldElements,
+  assertAlmostReduced,
+
+  assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+    assert(f > 0n, 'assertLessThan: upper bound must be positive');
+
+    // constant case
+    if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(x) < f, 'assertLessThan: got x >= f');
+      return;
+    }
+    // provable case
+    // we can just use negation `(f - 1) - x`. because the result is range-checked, it proves that x < f:
+    // `f - 1 - x \in [0, 2^3l) => x <= x + (f - 1 - x) = f - 1 < f`
+    // (note: ffadd can't add higher multiples of (f - 1). it must always use an overflow of -1, except for x = 0)
+    ForeignField.negate(x, f - 1n);
+  },
+
+  equals,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -219,16 +239,8 @@ function divide(
   multiRangeCheck([z2Bound, Field.from(0n), Field.from(0n)]);
 
   if (!allowZeroOverZero) {
-    // assert that y != 0 mod f by checking that it doesn't equal 0 or f
-    // this works because we assume y[2] <= f2
-    // TODO is this the most efficient way?
-    let y01 = y[0].add(y[1].mul(1n << l));
-    y01.equals(0n).and(y[2].equals(0n)).assertFalse();
-    let [f0, f1, f2] = split(f);
-    let f01 = combine2([f0, f1]);
-    y01.equals(f01).and(y[2].equals(f2)).assertFalse();
+    ForeignField.equals(y, 0n, f).assertFalse();
   }
-
   return z;
 }
 
@@ -239,7 +251,8 @@ function assertMulInternal(
   x: Field3,
   y: Field3,
   xy: Field3 | Field2,
-  f: bigint
+  f: bigint,
+  message?: string
 ) {
   let { r01, r2, q } = multiplyNoRangeCheck(x, y, f);
 
@@ -249,12 +262,12 @@ function assertMulInternal(
   // bind remainder to input xy
   if (xy.length === 2) {
     let [xy01, xy2] = xy;
-    r01.assertEquals(xy01);
-    r2.assertEquals(xy2);
+    r01.assertEquals(xy01, message);
+    r2.assertEquals(xy2, message);
   } else {
     let xy01 = xy[0].add(xy[1].mul(1n << l));
-    r01.assertEquals(xy01);
-    r2.assertEquals(xy[2]);
+    r01.assertEquals(xy01, message);
+    r2.assertEquals(xy[2], message);
   }
 }
 
@@ -363,6 +376,12 @@ function multiplyNoRangeCheck(a: Field3, b: Field3, f: bigint) {
 }
 
 function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
+  // if f0, f1 === 0, we can use a stronger bound x[2] < f2
+  // because this is true for all field elements x in [0,f)
+  if ((f & l2Mask) === 0n) {
+    return x.add(lMask + 1n - (f >> l2));
+  }
+  // otherwise, we use x[2] < f2 + 1, so we allow x[2] === f2
   return x.add(lMask - (f >> l2));
 }
 
@@ -370,11 +389,11 @@ function weakBound(x: Field, f: bigint) {
  * Apply range checks and weak bounds checks to a list of Field3s.
  * Optimal if the list length is a multiple of 3.
  */
-function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
+function assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint, skipMrc = false) {
   let bounds: Field[] = [];
 
   for (let x of xs) {
-    multiRangeCheck(x);
+    if (!skipMrc) multiRangeCheck(x);
 
     bounds.push(weakBound(x[2], f));
     if (TupleN.hasLength(3, bounds)) {
@@ -390,6 +409,43 @@ function assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * check whether x = c mod f
+ *
+ * c is a constant, and we require c in [0, f)
+ *
+ * assumes that x is almost reduced mod f, so we know that x might be c or c + f, but not c + 2f, c + 3f, ...
+ */
+function equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
+  assert(c >= 0n && c < f, 'equals: c must be in [0, f)');
+
+  // constant case
+  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
+    return new Bool(mod(Field3.toBigint(x), f) === c);
+  }
+
+  // provable case
+  if (f >= 1n << l2) {
+    // check whether x = 0 or x = f
+    let x01 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)));
+    let [c01, c2] = [c & l2Mask, c >> l2];
+    let [cPlusF01, cPlusF2] = [(c + f) & l2Mask, (c + f) >> l2];
+
+    // (x01, x2) = (c01, c2)
+    let isC = x01.equals(c01).and(x[2].equals(c2));
+    // (x01, x2) = (cPlusF01, cPlusF2)
+    let isCPlusF = x01.equals(cPlusF01).and(x[2].equals(cPlusF2));
+
+    return isC.or(isCPlusF);
+  } else {
+    // if f < 2^2l, the approach above doesn't work (we don't know from x[2] = 0 that x < 2f),
+    // so in that case we assert that x < f and then check whether it's equal to c
+    ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
+    let x012 = toVar(x[0].add(x[1].mul(1n << l)).add(x[2].mul(1n << l2)));
+    return x012.equals(c);
+  }
+}
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
@@ -470,7 +526,8 @@ function assertMul(
   x: Field3 | Sum,
   y: Field3 | Sum,
   xy: Field3 | Sum,
-  f: bigint
+  f: bigint,
+  message?: string
 ) {
   x = Sum.fromUnfinished(x);
   y = Sum.fromUnfinished(y);
@@ -501,11 +558,14 @@ function assertMul(
     let x_ = Field3.toBigint(x0);
     let y_ = Field3.toBigint(y0);
     let xy_ = Field3.toBigint(xy0);
-    assert(mod(x_ * y_, f) === xy_, 'incorrect multiplication result');
+    assert(
+      mod(x_ * y_, f) === xy_,
+      message ?? 'assertMul(): incorrect multiplication result'
+    );
     return;
   }
 
-  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f);
+  assertMulInternal(x0, y0, xy0, f, message);
 }
 
 class Sum {
@@ -600,6 +660,9 @@ class Sum {
     let overflows: Field[] = [];
     let xRef = Unconstrained.witness(() => Field3.toBigint(xs[0]));
 
+    // this loop mirrors the computation that a chain of ffadd gates does,
+    // but everything is done only on the lowest limb and using generic gates.
+    // the output is a sequence of low limbs (x0) and overflows, which will be wired to the ffadd results at each step.
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       // compute carry and overflow
       let [carry, overflow] = exists(2, () => {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 2e9c4732f3..135fca61a1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import {
+  allConstant,
   and,
   constraintSystem,
   contains,
   equals,
   ifNotAllConstant,
   not,
+  or,
   repeat,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
@@ -72,6 +74,19 @@ for (let F of fields) {
     (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
     'assertMul'
   );
+  // test for assertMul which mostly tests the negative case because for random inputs, we expect
+  // (x - y) * z != a + b
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [f, f, f, f, f], to: unit })(
+    (x, y, z, a, b) => assert(F.mul(F.sub(x, y), z) === F.add(a, b)),
+    (x, y, z, a, b) =>
+      ForeignField.assertMul(
+        ForeignField.Sum(x).sub(y),
+        z,
+        ForeignField.Sum(a).add(b),
+        F.modulus
+      ),
+    'assertMul negative'
+  );
 
   // tests with inputs that aren't reduced mod f
   let big264 = unreducedForeignField(264, F); // this is the max size supported by our range checks / ffadd
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ for (let F of fields) {
 
   equivalent({ from: [big264], to: unit })(
     (x) => assertWeakBound(x, F.modulus),
-    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x], F.modulus)
+    (x) => ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x], F.modulus)
   );
 
   // sumchain of 5
@@ -158,7 +173,7 @@ let ffProgram = ZkProgram({
     mulWithBoundsCheck: {
       privateInputs: [Field3.provable, Field3.provable],
       method(x, y) {
-        ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], F.modulus);
+        ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y], F.modulus);
         return ForeignField.mul(x, y, F.modulus);
       },
     },
@@ -313,10 +328,13 @@ constraintSystem(
   'assert mul',
   from2,
   (x, y) => assertMulExample(x, y, F.modulus),
-  and(
-    contains([addChain(1), addChain(1), addChainedIntoMul]),
-    // assertMul() doesn't use any range checks besides on internal values and the quotient
-    containsNTimes(2, mrc)
+  or(
+    and(
+      contains([addChain(2), addChain(2), addChainedIntoMul]),
+      // assertMul() doesn't use any range checks besides on internal values and the quotient
+      containsNTimes(2, mrc)
+    ),
+    allConstant
   )
 );
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index bcfc0a41b2..27cae55bf7 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 import {
   compactMultiRangeCheck,
   multiRangeCheck,
+  rangeCheck16,
   rangeCheck64,
+  rangeCheck8,
 } from './range-check.js';
 import { not, rotate, xor, and, leftShift, rightShift } from './bitwise.js';
-import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ForeignField, Field3, Sum } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { Ecdsa, Point } from './elliptic-curve.js';
-import { CurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Crypto } from '../crypto.js';
 
 export { Gadgets };
 
@@ -42,6 +41,25 @@ const Gadgets = {
   rangeCheck64(x: Field) {
     return rangeCheck64(x);
   },
+
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^16).
+   *
+   * See {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64} for analogous details and usage examples.
+   */
+  rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheck16(x);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the input value is in the range [0, 2^8).
+   *
+   * See {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck64} for analogous details and usage examples.
+   */
+  rangeCheck8(x: Field) {
+    return rangeCheck8(x);
+  },
+
   /**
    * A (left and right) rotation operates similarly to the shift operation (`<<` for left and `>>` for right) in JavaScript,
    * with the distinction that the bits are circulated to the opposite end of a 64-bit representation rather than being discarded.
@@ -372,7 +390,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field subtraction: `x - y mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
      *
      * @throws fails if `x - y < -f`, where the result cannot be brought back to a positive number by adding `f` once.
      */
@@ -380,6 +398,17 @@ const Gadgets = {
       return ForeignField.sub(x, y, f);
     },
 
+    /**
+     * Foreign field negation: `-x mod f = f - x`
+     *
+     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions and usage examples.
+     *
+     * @throws fails if `x > f`, where `f - x < 0`.
+     */
+    neg(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      return ForeignField.negate(x, f);
+    },
+
     /**
      * Foreign field sum: `xs[0] + signs[0] * xs[1] + ... + signs[n-1] * xs[n] mod f`
      *
@@ -390,7 +419,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * **Note**: For 3 or more inputs, `sum()` uses fewer constraints than a sequence of `add()` and `sub()` calls,
      * because we can avoid range checks on intermediate results.
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} for assumptions on inputs.
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
@@ -424,7 +453,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * To do this, we use an 88-bit range check on `2^88 - x[2] - (f[2] + 1)`, and same for y.
      * The implication is that x and y are _almost_ reduced modulo f.
      *
-     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements}.
+     * All of the above assumptions are checked by {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}.
      *
      * **Warning**: This gadget does not add the extra bound check on the result.
      * So, to use the result in another foreign field multiplication, you have to add the bound check on it yourself, again.
@@ -438,7 +467,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(f - 2n));
      *
      * // range check x, y and prove additional bounds x[2] <= f[2]
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y], f);
      *
      * // compute x * y mod f
      * let z = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
@@ -453,7 +482,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field inverse: `x^(-1) mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      */
@@ -464,11 +493,11 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Foreign field division: `x * y^(-1) mod f`
      *
-     * See {@link ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
+     * See {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} for assumptions on inputs and usage examples.
      *
      * This gadget adds an extra bound check on the result, so it can be used directly in another foreign field multiplication.
      *
-     * @throws Different than {@link ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
+     * @throws Different than {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul}, this fails on unreduced input `x`, because it checks that `x === (x/y)*y` and the right side will be reduced.
      */
     div(x: Field3, y: Field3, f: bigint) {
       return ForeignField.div(x, y, f);
@@ -477,13 +506,13 @@ const Gadgets = {
     /**
      * Optimized multiplication of sums in a foreign field, for example: `(x - y)*z = a + b + c mod f`
      *
-     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link ForeignField.add} and {@link ForeignField.sub} separately to
-     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
+     * Note: This is much more efficient than using {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.add} and {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.sub} separately to
+     * compute the multiplication inputs and outputs, and then using {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} to constrain the result.
      *
-     * The sums passed into this gadgets are "lazy sums" created with {@link ForeignField.Sum}.
+     * The sums passed into this method are "lazy sums" created with {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.Sum}.
      * You can also pass in plain {@link Field3} elements.
      *
-     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link ForeignField.mul}:
+     * **Assumptions**: The assumptions on the _summands_ are analogous to the assumptions described in {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul}:
      * - each summand's limbs are in the range [0, 2^88)
      * - summands that are part of a multiplication input satisfy `x[2] <= f[2]`
      *
@@ -495,7 +524,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * @example
      * ```ts
      * // range-check x, y, z, a, b, c
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y, z], f);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(a);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(b);
      * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(c);
@@ -513,7 +542,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
     },
 
     /**
-     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     Sum(x: Field3) {
       return ForeignField.Sum(x);
@@ -521,7 +550,7 @@ const Gadgets = {
 
     /**
      * Prove that each of the given {@link Field3} elements is "almost" reduced modulo f,
-     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
+     * i.e., satisfies the assumptions required by {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.mul} and other gadgets:
      * - each limb is in the range [0, 2^88)
      * - the most significant limb is less or equal than the modulus, x[2] <= f[2]
      *
@@ -535,69 +564,46 @@ const Gadgets = {
      * let y = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(5n));
      * let z = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(10n));
      *
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([x, y, z], f);
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([x, y, z], f);
      *
      * // now we can use x, y, z as inputs to foreign field multiplication
      * let xy = ForeignField.mul(x, y, f);
      * let xyz = ForeignField.mul(xy, z, f);
      *
      * // since xy is an input to another multiplication, we need to prove that it is almost reduced again!
-     * ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
+     * ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced([xy], f); // TODO: would be more efficient to batch this with 2 other elements
      * ```
      */
-    assertAlmostFieldElements(xs: Field3[], f: bigint) {
-      ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(xs, f);
+    assertAlmostReduced(xs: Field3[], f: bigint, { skipMrc = false } = {}) {
+      ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced(xs, f, skipMrc);
     },
-  },
 
-  /**
-   * ECDSA verification gadget and helper methods.
-   */
-  Ecdsa: {
     /**
-     * Verify an ECDSA signature.
+     * Prove that x < f for any constant f < 2^264.
+     *
+     * If f is a finite field modulus, this means that the given field element is fully reduced modulo f.
+     * This is a stronger statement than {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced}
+     * and also uses more constraints; it should not be needed in most use cases.
+     *
+     * **Note**: This assumes that the limbs of x are in the range [0, 2^88), in contrast to
+     * {@link ForeignField.assertAlmostReduced} which adds that check itself.
+     *
+     * @throws if x is greater or equal to f.
      *
      * @example
      * ```ts
-     * const Curve = Crypto.createCurve(Crypto.CurveParams.Secp256k1);
+     * let x = Provable.witness(Field3.provable, () => Field3.from(0x1235n));
      *
-     * // assert that message hash and signature are valid scalar field elements
-     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertAlmostFieldElements(
-     *   [signature.r, signature.s, msgHash],
-     *   Curve.order
-     * );
-     * // TODO add an easy way to prove that the public key lies on the curve
+     *  // range check limbs of x
+     * Gadgets.multiRangeCheck(x);
      *
-     * // verify signature
-     * Gadgets.Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+     * // prove that x is fully reduced mod f
+     * Gadgets.ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
      * ```
      */
-    verify(
-      Curve: CurveAffine,
-      signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
-      msgHash: Field3,
-      publicKey: Point
-    ) {
-      Ecdsa.verify(Curve, signature, msgHash, publicKey);
+    assertLessThan(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
+      ForeignField.assertLessThan(x, f);
     },
-
-    /**
-     * Sign a message hash using ECDSA.
-     *
-     * _This method is not provable._
-     */
-    sign(
-      Curve: Crypto.Curve,
-      msgHash: bigint,
-      privateKey: bigint
-    ): Ecdsa.signature {
-      return Ecdsa.sign(Curve, msgHash, privateKey);
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Non-provable helper methods for interacting with ECDSA signatures.
-     */
-    Signature: Ecdsa.Signature,
   },
 
   /**
@@ -616,19 +622,9 @@ export namespace Gadgets {
 
   export namespace ForeignField {
     /**
-     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link ForeignField.assertMul}.
+     * Lazy sum of {@link Field3} elements, which can be used as input to {@link Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul}.
      */
     export type Sum = Sum_;
   }
-
-  export namespace Ecdsa {
-    /**
-     * ECDSA signature consisting of two curve scalars.
-     */
-    export type Signature = EcdsaSignature;
-    export type signature = ecdsaSignature;
-  }
 }
 type Sum_ = Sum;
-type EcdsaSignature = Ecdsa.Signature;
-type ecdsaSignature = Ecdsa.signature;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 1e44afdaf9..d53d8f5e51 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
-
-export { rangeCheck64, multiRangeCheck, compactMultiRangeCheck };
+import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
+
+export {
+  rangeCheck64,
+  rangeCheck8,
+  rangeCheck16,
+  multiRangeCheck,
+  compactMultiRangeCheck,
+};
 export { l, l2, l3, lMask, l2Mask };
 
 /**
@@ -207,3 +213,31 @@ function rangeCheck1Helper(inputs: {
     [z20, z18, z16, x76, x64, y76, y64, z14, z12, z10, z8, z6, z4, z2, z0]
   );
 }
+
+function rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      x.toBigInt() < 1n << 16n,
+      `rangeCheck16: expected field to fit in 8 bits, got ${x}`
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  // check that x fits in 16 bits
+  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
+}
+
+function rangeCheck8(x: Field) {
+  if (x.isConstant()) {
+    assert(
+      x.toBigInt() < 1n << 8n,
+      `rangeCheck8: expected field to fit in 8 bits, got ${x}`
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // check that x fits in 16 bits
+  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
+  // check that 2^8 x fits in 16 bits
+  let x256 = x.mul(1 << 8).seal();
+  x256.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x256);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 47aafbf592..1caea18f17 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ constraintSystem(
   ifNotAllConstant(withoutGenerics(equals(['RangeCheck0'])))
 );
 
+constraintSystem(
+  'range check 8',
+  { from: [Field] },
+  Gadgets.rangeCheck8,
+  ifNotAllConstant(withoutGenerics(equals(['EndoMulScalar', 'EndoMulScalar'])))
+);
+
 constraintSystem(
   'multi-range check',
   { from: [Field, Field, Field] },
@@ -72,6 +79,12 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
         Gadgets.rangeCheck64(x);
       },
     },
+    check8: {
+      privateInputs: [Field],
+      method(x) {
+        Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
+      },
+    },
     checkMulti: {
       privateInputs: [Field, Field, Field],
       method(x, y, z) {
@@ -91,8 +104,9 @@ let RangeCheck = ZkProgram({
 await RangeCheck.compile();
 
 // TODO: we use this as a test because there's no way to check custom gates quickly :(
+const runs = 2;
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     assert(x < 1n << 64n);
     return true;
@@ -103,9 +117,20 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(64)], to: boolean }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeUint(8)], to: boolean }, { runs })(
+  (x) => {
+    assert(x < 1n << 8n);
+    return true;
+  },
+  async (x) => {
+    let proof = await RangeCheck.check8(x);
+    return await RangeCheck.verify(proof);
+  }
+);
+
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint(l), uint(l), uint(l)], to: boolean },
-  { runs: 3 }
+  { runs }
 )(
   (x, y, z) => {
     assert(!(x >> l) && !(y >> l) && !(z >> l), 'multi: not out of range');
@@ -119,7 +144,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 
 await equivalentAsync(
   { from: [maybeUint(2n * l), uint(l)], to: boolean },
-  { runs: 3 }
+  { runs }
 )(
   (xy, z) => {
     assert(!(xy >> (2n * l)) && !(z >> l), 'compact: not out of range');
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
index 309dac6161..96c78866e3 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { ProvableSpec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { ProvableSpec, spec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
+import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 
-export { foreignField, unreducedForeignField, uniformForeignField, throwError };
+export {
+  foreignField,
+  unreducedForeignField,
+  uniformForeignField,
+  bytes,
+  throwError,
+};
 
 const { Field3 } = Gadgets;
 
@@ -49,6 +56,16 @@ function uniformForeignField(
   };
 }
 
+function bytes(length: number) {
+  const Bytes_ = Bytes(length);
+  return spec<Uint8Array, Bytes>({
+    rng: Random.map(Random.bytes(length), (x) => Uint8Array.from(x)),
+    there: Bytes_.from,
+    back: (x) => x.toBytes(),
+    provable: Bytes_.provable,
+  });
+}
+
 // helper
 
 function throwError<T>(message: string): T {
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 5d620066c5..a8900cfe49 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { KimchiGateType, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
+import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ export {
   generic,
   foreignFieldAdd,
   foreignFieldMul,
+  KimchiGateType,
 };
 
 const Gates = {
@@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ function generic(
 }
 
 function zero(a: Field, b: Field, c: Field) {
-  Snarky.gates.zero(a.value, b.value, c.value);
+  raw(KimchiGateType.Zero, [a, b, c], []);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -234,9 +236,32 @@ function foreignFieldMul(inputs: {
 }
 
 function raw(kind: KimchiGateType, values: Field[], coefficients: bigint[]) {
+  let n = values.length;
+  let padding = exists(15 - n, () => Array(15 - n).fill(0n));
   Snarky.gates.raw(
     kind,
-    MlArray.to(values.map((x) => x.value)),
+    MlArray.to(values.concat(padding).map((x) => x.value)),
     MlArray.to(coefficients.map(FieldConst.fromBigint))
   );
 }
+
+enum KimchiGateType {
+  Zero,
+  Generic,
+  Poseidon,
+  CompleteAdd,
+  VarBaseMul,
+  EndoMul,
+  EndoMulScalar,
+  Lookup,
+  CairoClaim,
+  CairoInstruction,
+  CairoFlags,
+  CairoTransition,
+  RangeCheck0,
+  RangeCheck1,
+  ForeignFieldAdd,
+  ForeignFieldMul,
+  Xor16,
+  Rot64,
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 89cf5bf249..67b021097e 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { Field, FieldVar, isField } from './field.js';
+import { Field, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { GroupAffine, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ class Group {
     x: FieldVar | Field | number | string | bigint;
     y: FieldVar | Field | number | string | bigint;
   }) {
-    this.x = isField(x) ? x : new Field(x);
-    this.y = isField(y) ? y : new Field(y);
+    this.x = x instanceof Field ? x : new Field(x);
+    this.y = y instanceof Field ? y : new Field(y);
 
-    if (this.#isConstant()) {
+    if (isConstant(this)) {
       // we also check the zero element (0, 0) here
       if (this.x.equals(0).and(this.y.equals(0)).toBoolean()) return;
 
@@ -72,39 +72,6 @@ class Group {
     }
   }
 
-  // helpers
-  static #fromAffine({
-    x,
-    y,
-    infinity,
-  }: {
-    x: bigint;
-    y: bigint;
-    infinity: boolean;
-  }) {
-    return infinity ? Group.zero : new Group({ x, y });
-  }
-
-  static #fromProjective({ x, y, z }: { x: bigint; y: bigint; z: bigint }) {
-    return this.#fromAffine(Pallas.toAffine({ x, y, z }));
-  }
-
-  #toTuple(): [0, FieldVar, FieldVar] {
-    return [0, this.x.value, this.y.value];
-  }
-
-  #isConstant() {
-    return this.x.isConstant() && this.y.isConstant();
-  }
-
-  #toProjective() {
-    return Pallas.fromAffine({
-      x: this.x.toBigInt(),
-      y: this.y.toBigInt(),
-      infinity: false,
-    });
-  }
-
   /**
    * Checks if this element is the `zero` element `{x: 0, y: 0}`.
    */
@@ -122,15 +89,15 @@ class Group {
    * ```
    */
   add(g: Group) {
-    if (this.#isConstant() && g.#isConstant()) {
+    if (isConstant(this) && isConstant(g)) {
       // we check if either operand is zero, because adding zero to g just results in g (and vise versa)
       if (this.isZero().toBoolean()) {
         return g;
       } else if (g.isZero().toBoolean()) {
         return this;
       } else {
-        let g_proj = Pallas.add(this.#toProjective(), g.#toProjective());
-        return Group.#fromProjective(g_proj);
+        let g_proj = Pallas.add(toProjective(this), toProjective(g));
+        return fromProjective(g_proj);
       }
     } else {
       const { x: x1, y: y1 } = this;
@@ -171,9 +138,9 @@ class Group {
       });
 
       let [, x, y] = Snarky.gates.ecAdd(
-        Group.from(x1.seal(), y1.seal()).#toTuple(),
-        Group.from(x2.seal(), y2.seal()).#toTuple(),
-        Group.from(x3, y3).#toTuple(),
+        toTuple(Group.from(x1.seal(), y1.seal())),
+        toTuple(Group.from(x2.seal(), y2.seal())),
+        toTuple(Group.from(x3, y3)),
         inf.toField().value,
         same_x.value,
         s.value,
@@ -224,13 +191,13 @@ class Group {
   scale(s: Scalar | number | bigint) {
     let scalar = Scalar.from(s);
 
-    if (this.#isConstant() && scalar.isConstant()) {
-      let g_proj = Pallas.scale(this.#toProjective(), scalar.toBigInt());
-      return Group.#fromProjective(g_proj);
+    if (isConstant(this) && scalar.isConstant()) {
+      let g_proj = Pallas.scale(toProjective(this), scalar.toBigInt());
+      return fromProjective(g_proj);
     } else {
       let [, ...bits] = scalar.value;
       bits.reverse();
-      let [, x, y] = Snarky.group.scale(this.#toTuple(), [0, ...bits]);
+      let [, x, y] = Snarky.group.scale(toTuple(this), [0, ...bits]);
       return new Group({ x, y });
     }
   }
@@ -456,3 +423,29 @@ class Group {
     }
   }
 }
+
+// internal helpers
+
+function isConstant(g: Group) {
+  return g.x.isConstant() && g.y.isConstant();
+}
+
+function toTuple(g: Group): [0, FieldVar, FieldVar] {
+  return [0, g.x.value, g.y.value];
+}
+
+function toProjective(g: Group) {
+  return Pallas.fromAffine({
+    x: g.x.toBigInt(),
+    y: g.y.toBigInt(),
+    infinity: false,
+  });
+}
+
+function fromProjective({ x, y, z }: { x: bigint; y: bigint; z: bigint }) {
+  return fromAffine(Pallas.toAffine({ x, y, z }));
+}
+
+function fromAffine({ x, y, infinity }: GroupAffine) {
+  return infinity ? Group.zero : new Group({ x, y });
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/hash-generic.ts b/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
index c5e240ae0a..7e76c8ceee 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash-generic.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { GenericField } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
+import { GenericSignableField } from '../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { prefixToField } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 
 export { createHashHelpers, HashHelpers };
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ type Hash<Field> = {
 type HashHelpers<Field> = ReturnType<typeof createHashHelpers<Field>>;
 
 function createHashHelpers<Field>(
-  Field: GenericField<Field>,
+  Field: GenericSignableField<Field>,
   Hash: Hash<Field>
 ) {
   function salt(prefix: string) {
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 684b7632ce..39fd993774 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
 // internal API
 export {
   HashInput,
-  Hash,
+  HashHelpers,
   emptyHashWithPrefix,
   hashWithPrefix,
   salt,
@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ export {
 };
 
 class Sponge {
-  private sponge: unknown;
+  #sponge: unknown;
 
   constructor() {
     let isChecked = Provable.inCheckedComputation();
-    this.sponge = Snarky.poseidon.sponge.create(isChecked);
+    this.#sponge = Snarky.poseidon.sponge.create(isChecked);
   }
 
   absorb(x: Field) {
-    Snarky.poseidon.sponge.absorb(this.sponge, x.value);
+    Snarky.poseidon.sponge.absorb(this.#sponge, x.value);
   }
 
   squeeze(): Field {
-    return Field(Snarky.poseidon.sponge.squeeze(this.sponge));
+    return Field(Snarky.poseidon.sponge.squeeze(this.#sponge));
   }
 }
 
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ function hashConstant(input: Field[]) {
   return Field(PoseidonBigint.hash(toBigints(input)));
 }
 
-const Hash = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
-let { salt, emptyHashWithPrefix, hashWithPrefix } = Hash;
+const HashHelpers = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
+let { salt, emptyHashWithPrefix, hashWithPrefix } = HashHelpers;
 
 // same as Random_oracle.prefix_to_field in OCaml
 function prefixToField(prefix: string) {
@@ -179,12 +179,11 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
   toInput({ field }) {
     return { packed: [[field, 48]] };
   },
+  empty() {
+    return { symbol: '', field: Field(0n) };
+  },
 };
 class TokenSymbol extends Struct(TokenSymbolPure) {
-  static get empty() {
-    return { symbol: '', field: Field(0) };
-  }
-
   static from(symbol: string): TokenSymbol {
     let bytesLength = new TextEncoder().encode(symbol).length;
     if (bytesLength > 6)
diff --git a/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8440a25b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+
+export { Hash };
+
+/**
+ * A collection of hash functions which can be used in provable code.
+ */
+const Hash = {
+  /**
+   * Hashes the given field elements using [Poseidon](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf). Alias for `Poseidon.hash()`.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let hash = Hash.hash([a, b, c]);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * **Important:** This is by far the most efficient hash function o1js has available in provable code.
+   * Use it by default, if no compatibility concerns require you to use a different hash function.
+   *
+   * The Poseidon implementation operates over the native [Pallas base field](https://electriccoin.co/blog/the-pasta-curves-for-halo-2-and-beyond/)
+   * and uses parameters generated specifically for the [Mina](https://minaprotocol.com) blockchain.
+   *
+   * We use a `rate` of 2, which means that 2 field elements are hashed per permutation.
+   * A permutation causes 11 rows in the constraint system.
+   *
+   * You can find the full set of Poseidon parameters [here](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/crypto/constants.ts).
+   */
+  hash: Poseidon.hash,
+
+  /**
+   * The [Poseidon](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/458.pdf) hash function.
+   *
+   * See {@link Hash.hash} for details and usage examples.
+   */
+  Poseidon,
+
+  /**
+   * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 256 bits.
+   */
+  SHA3_256: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA3-256.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.nistSha3(256, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.nistSha3} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.nistSha3(256, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 384 bits.
+   */
+  SHA3_384: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA3-384.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.nistSha3(384, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.nistSha3} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.nistSha3(384, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 512 bits.
+   */
+  SHA3_512: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA3-512.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.nistSha3(512, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.nistSha3} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.nistSha3(512, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * The pre-NIST Keccak hash function with an output length of 256 bits.
+   */
+  Keccak256: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using Keccak-256.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.preNist(256, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.preNist} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.preNist(256, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * The pre-NIST Keccak hash function with an output length of 384 bits.
+   */
+  Keccak384: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using Keccak-384.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.preNist(384, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.preNist} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.preNist(384, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * The pre-NIST Keccak hash function with an output length of 512 bits.
+   */
+  Keccak512: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using Keccak-512.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Keccak.preNist(512, bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Keccak.preNist} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash(bytes: Bytes) {
+      return Keccak.preNist(512, bytes);
+    },
+  },
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/int.test.ts b/src/lib/int.test.ts
index cc93726496..1914a9fede 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.test.ts
@@ -1,28 +1,15 @@
 import {
-  isReady,
   Provable,
-  shutdown,
   Int64,
   UInt64,
   UInt32,
+  UInt8,
   Field,
   Bool,
   Sign,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 describe('int', () => {
-  beforeAll(async () => {
-    await isReady;
-  });
-
-  afterAll(async () => {
-    // Use a timeout to defer the execution of `shutdown()` until Jest processes all tests.
-    // `shutdown()` exits the process when it's done cleanup so we want to delay it's execution until Jest is done
-    setTimeout(async () => {
-      await shutdown();
-    }, 0);
-  });
-
   const NUMBERMAX = 2 ** 53 - 1; //  JavaScript numbers can only safely store integers in the range -(2^53 − 1) to 2^53 − 1
 
   describe('Int64', () => {
@@ -2150,4 +2137,850 @@ describe('int', () => {
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('UInt8', () => {
+    const NUMBERMAX = UInt8.MAXINT().value;
+
+    describe('Inside circuit', () => {
+      describe('add', () => {
+        it('1+1=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.add(y).assertEquals(2);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100+100=200', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              x.add(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(200));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('(MAXINT/2+MAXINT/2) adds to MAXINT', () => {
+          const n = ((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n;
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(n));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(n));
+              x.add(y).add(1).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow addition', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.add(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('sub', () => {
+        it('1-1=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100-50=50', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(50));
+              x.sub(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(50));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on sub if results in negative number', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.sub(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mul', () => {
+        it('1x2=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(2));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1x0=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('12x20=240', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(12));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(20));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(240));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINTx1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.mul(y).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow multiplication', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              x.mul(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('div', () => {
+        it('2/1=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(2));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('0/1=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('20/10=2', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(20));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(2));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT/1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.div(y).assertEquals(UInt8.MAXINT());
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on division by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              x.div(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mod', () => {
+        it('1%1=0', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(0));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('50%32=18', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(50));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(32));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(18));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT%7=3', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(7));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(3));
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on mod by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(0));
+              x.mod(y).assertEquals(new UInt8(1));
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertLt', () => {
+        it('1<2=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1<1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2<1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10<100=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100<10=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertLessThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertLessThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2<=1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10<=100=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100<=10=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertLessThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThan', () => {
+        it('2>1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1>1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1>2=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100>10=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1000));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100000));
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertGreaterThan(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('1>=2=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(2));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100>=10=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>=100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(10));
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(100));
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+              const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.MAXINT());
+              x.assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y);
+            });
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('from() ', () => {
+        describe('fromNumber()', () => {
+          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
+            expect(() => {
+              Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+                const x = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => UInt8.from(1));
+                const y = Provable.witness(UInt8, () => new UInt8(1));
+                x.assertEquals(y);
+              });
+            }).not.toThrow();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('Outside of circuit', () => {
+      describe('add', () => {
+        it('1+1=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).add(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('50+50=100', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(50).add(50).toString()).toEqual('100');
+        });
+
+        it('(MAXINT/2+MAXINT/2) adds to MAXINT', () => {
+          const value = ((1n << 8n) - 2n) / 2n;
+          expect(
+            new UInt8(value).add(new UInt8(value)).add(new UInt8(1)).toString()
+          ).toEqual(UInt8.MAXINT().toString());
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow addition', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().add(1);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('sub', () => {
+        it('1-1=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).sub(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('100-50=50', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(100).sub(50).toString()).toEqual('50');
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on sub if results in negative number', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.from(0).sub(1);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mul', () => {
+        it('1x2=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).mul(2).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('1x0=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).mul(0).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('12x20=240', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(12).mul(20).toString()).toEqual('240');
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINTx1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().mul(1).toString()).toEqual(
+            UInt8.MAXINT().toString()
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on overflow multiplication', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().mul(2);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('div', () => {
+        it('2/1=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(2).div(1).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('0/1=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(0).div(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('20/10=2', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(20).div(10).toString()).toEqual('2');
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT/1=MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().div(1).toString()).toEqual(
+            UInt8.MAXINT().toString()
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on division by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().div(0);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('mod', () => {
+        it('1%1=0', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).mod(1).toString()).toEqual('0');
+        });
+
+        it('50%32=18', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(50).mod(32).toString()).toEqual('18');
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT%7=3', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().mod(7).toString()).toEqual('3');
+        });
+
+        it('should throw on mod by zero', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().mod(0);
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('lessThan', () => {
+        it('1<2=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).lessThan(new UInt8(2))).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('1<1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).lessThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('2<1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(2).lessThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('10<100=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(10).lessThan(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('100<10=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(100).lessThan(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().lessThan(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('lessThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('2<=1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(2).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('10<=100=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(10).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('100<=10=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(100).lessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().lessThanOrEqual(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertLessThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1<=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(1).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2<=1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(2).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10<=100=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(10).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100<=10=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(100).assertLessThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT<=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().assertLessThanOrEqual(UInt8.MAXINT());
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('greaterThan', () => {
+        it('2>1=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(2).greaterThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('1>1=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThan(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('1>2=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThan(new UInt8(2))).toEqual(Bool(false));
+        });
+
+        it('100>10=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(100).greaterThan(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(Bool(true));
+        });
+
+        it('10>100=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(10).greaterThan(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().greaterThan(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThan', () => {
+        it('1>1=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(1).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(1));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2>1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(2).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(1));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(10).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(100));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100000>1000=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(100).assertGreaterThan(new UInt8(10));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>MAXINT=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.MAXINT().assertGreaterThan(UInt8.MAXINT());
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('greaterThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('2>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(2).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('1>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('1>=2=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(1).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(2))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('100>=10=true', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(100).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10))).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('10>=100=false', () => {
+          expect(new UInt8(10).greaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100))).toEqual(
+            Bool(false)
+          );
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(UInt8.MAXINT().greaterThanOrEqual(UInt8.MAXINT())).toEqual(
+            Bool(true)
+          );
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('assertGreaterThanOrEqual', () => {
+        it('1>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(1).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('2>=1=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(2).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(1));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('10>=100=false', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(10).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(100));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('100>=10=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            new UInt8(100).assertGreaterThanOrEqual(new UInt8(10));
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('MAXINT>=MAXINT=true', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt32.MAXINT().assertGreaterThanOrEqual(UInt32.MAXINT());
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('toString()', () => {
+        it('should be the same as Field(0)', async () => {
+          const x = new UInt8(0);
+          const y = Field(0);
+          expect(x.toString()).toEqual(y.toString());
+        });
+        it('should be the same as 2^8-1', async () => {
+          const x = new UInt8(NUMBERMAX.toBigInt());
+          const y = Field(String(NUMBERMAX));
+          expect(x.toString()).toEqual(y.toString());
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('check()', () => {
+        it('should pass checking a MAXINT', () => {
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.check(UInt8.MAXINT());
+          }).not.toThrow();
+        });
+
+        it('should throw checking over MAXINT', () => {
+          const x = UInt8.MAXINT();
+          expect(() => {
+            UInt8.check(x.add(1));
+          }).toThrow();
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('from() ', () => {
+        describe('fromNumber()', () => {
+          it('should be the same as Field(1)', () => {
+            const x = UInt8.from(1);
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(Field(1));
+          });
+
+          it('should be the same as 2^53-1', () => {
+            const x = UInt8.from(NUMBERMAX);
+            expect(x.value).toEqual(NUMBERMAX);
+          });
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a48118fa2c..13c2553101 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { FieldVar, withMessage } from './field.js';
 // external API
-export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
+export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
 
 /**
  * A 64 bit unsigned integer with values ranging from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615.
@@ -723,8 +724,8 @@ class Sign extends CircuitValue {
     // x^2 === 1  <=>  x === 1 or x === -1
     x.value.square().assertEquals(Field(1));
   }
-  static emptyValue(): Sign {
-    return Sign.one;
+  static empty<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return Sign.one as any;
   }
   static toInput(x: Sign): HashInput {
     return { packed: [[x.isPositive().toField(), 1]] };
@@ -962,3 +963,387 @@ class Int64 extends CircuitValue implements BalanceChange {
     return this.sgn.isPositive();
   }
 }
+
+/**
+ * A 8 bit unsigned integer with values ranging from 0 to 255.
+ */
+class UInt8 extends Struct({
+  value: Field,
+}) {
+  static NUM_BITS = 8;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a {@link UInt8} from a bigint or number.
+   * The max value of a {@link UInt8} is `2^8 - 1 = 255`.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: Cannot overflow past 255, an error is thrown if the result is greater than 255.
+   */
+  constructor(x: number | bigint | FieldVar | UInt8) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt8) x = x.value.value;
+    super({ value: Field(x) });
+    UInt8.checkConstant(this.value);
+  }
+
+  static Unsafe = {
+    /**
+     * Create a {@link UInt8} from a {@link Field} without constraining its range.
+     *
+     * **Warning**: This is unsafe, because it does not prove that the input {@link Field} actually fits in 8 bits.\
+     * Only use this if you know what you are doing, otherwise use the safe {@link UInt8.from}.
+     */
+    fromField(x: Field) {
+      return new UInt8(x.value);
+    },
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Add a {@link UInt8} to another {@link UInt8} without allowing overflow.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(3);
+   * const sum = x.add(5);
+   * sum.assertEquals(8);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @throws if the result is greater than 255.
+   */
+  add(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let z = this.value.add(UInt8.from(y).value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Subtract a {@link UInt8} from another {@link UInt8} without allowing underflow.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(8);
+   * const difference = x.sub(5);
+   * difference.assertEquals(3);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @throws if the result is less than 0.
+   */
+  sub(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let z = this.value.sub(UInt8.from(y).value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiply a {@link UInt8} by another {@link UInt8} without allowing overflow.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(3);
+   * const product = x.mul(5);
+   * product.assertEquals(15);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * @throws if the result is greater than 255.
+   */
+  mul(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let z = this.value.mul(UInt8.from(y).value);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Divide a {@link UInt8} by another {@link UInt8}.
+   * This is integer division that rounds down.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(7);
+   * const quotient = x.div(2);
+   * quotient.assertEquals(3);
+   * ```
+   */
+  div(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return this.divMod(y).quotient;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the remainder a {@link UInt8} of division of another {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const x = UInt8.from(50);
+   * const mod = x.mod(30);
+   * mod.assertEquals(20);
+   * ```
+   */
+  mod(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return this.divMod(y).remainder;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the quotient and remainder of a {@link UInt8} divided by another {@link UInt8}:
+   *
+   * `x == y * q + r`, where `0 <= r < y`.
+   *
+   * @param y - a {@link UInt8} to get the quotient and remainder of another {@link UInt8}.
+   *
+   * @return The quotient `q` and remainder `r`.
+   */
+  divMod(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    let x = this.value;
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y).value.seal();
+
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.isConstant()) {
+      let xn = x.toBigInt();
+      let yn = y_.toBigInt();
+      let q = xn / yn;
+      let r = xn - q * yn;
+      return { quotient: UInt8.from(q), remainder: UInt8.from(r) };
+    }
+
+    // prove that x === q * y + r, where 0 <= r < y
+    let q = Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt()));
+    let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
+
+    // q, r being 16 bits is enough for them to be 8 bits,
+    // thanks to the === x check and the r < y check below
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck16(q);
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck16(r);
+
+    let remainder = UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(r);
+    let quotient = UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(q);
+
+    remainder.assertLessThan(y);
+    return { quotient, remainder };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * UInt8.from(3).lessThanOrEqual(UInt8.from(5));
+   * ```
+   */
+  lessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8 | bigint | number): Bool {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      return Bool(this.toBigInt() <= y_.toBigInt());
+    }
+    throw Error('Not implemented');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * UInt8.from(2).lessThan(UInt8.from(3));
+   * ```
+   */
+  lessThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number): Bool {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      return Bool(this.toBigInt() < y_.toBigInt());
+    }
+    throw Error('Not implemented');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is less than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertLessThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      let x0 = this.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y_.toBigInt();
+      if (x0 >= y0) {
+        if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
+        throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThan: expected ${x0} < ${y0}`);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    // x < y  <=>  x + 1 <= y
+    let xPlus1 = new UInt8(this.value.add(1).value);
+    xPlus1.assertLessThanOrEqual(y, message);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is less than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertLessThanOrEqual(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    if (this.value.isConstant() && y_.value.isConstant()) {
+      let x0 = this.toBigInt();
+      let y0 = y_.toBigInt();
+      if (x0 > y0) {
+        if (message !== undefined) throw Error(message);
+        throw Error(`UInt8.assertLessThanOrEqual: expected ${x0} <= ${y0}`);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      // x <= y  <=>  y - x >= 0  which is implied by  y - x in [0, 2^16)
+      let yMinusX = y_.value.sub(this.value).seal();
+      Gadgets.rangeCheck16(yMinusX);
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw withMessage(err, message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8}.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // 5 > 3
+   * UInt8.from(5).greaterThan(3);
+   * ```
+   */
+  greaterThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(y).lessThan(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal another {@link UInt8} value.
+   * Returns a {@link Bool}.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * // 3 >= 3
+   * UInt8.from(3).greaterThanOrEqual(3);
+   * ```
+   */
+  greaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
+    return UInt8.from(y).lessThanOrEqual(this);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is greater than another {@link UInt8} value.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertGreaterThan(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    UInt8.from(y).assertLessThan(this, message);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is greater than or equal to another {@link UInt8} value.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertGreaterThanOrEqual(y: UInt8, message?: string) {
+    UInt8.from(y).assertLessThanOrEqual(this, message);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that this {@link UInt8} is equal another {@link UInt8} value.
+   *
+   * **Important**: If an assertion fails, the code throws an error.
+   *
+   * @param y - the {@link UInt8} value to compare & assert with this {@link UInt8}.
+   * @param message? - a string error message to print if the assertion fails, optional.
+   */
+  assertEquals(y: UInt8 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
+    let y_ = UInt8.from(y);
+    this.value.assertEquals(y_.value, message);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a string, e.g. for printing.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
+   */
+  toString() {
+    return this.value.toString();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a number.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
+   */
+  toNumber() {
+    return Number(this.value.toBigInt());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the {@link UInt8} to a bigint.
+   *
+   * **Warning**: This operation is not provable.
+   */
+  toBigInt() {
+    return this.value.toBigInt();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@link Provable.check} for {@link UInt8}.
+   * Proves that the input is in the [0, 255] range.
+   */
+  static check(x: { value: Field } | Field) {
+    if (x instanceof Field) x = { value: x };
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x.value);
+  }
+
+  static toInput(x: { value: Field }): HashInput {
+    return { packed: [[x.value, 8]] };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt32}.
+   */
+  toUInt32(): UInt32 {
+    return new UInt32(this.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Turns a {@link UInt8} into a {@link UInt64}.
+   */
+  toUInt64(): UInt64 {
+    return new UInt64(this.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a {@link UInt8} with a value of 255.
+   */
+  static MAXINT() {
+    return new UInt8((1n << BigInt(UInt8.NUM_BITS)) - 1n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new {@link UInt8}.
+   */
+  static from(x: UInt8 | UInt64 | UInt32 | Field | number | bigint) {
+    if (x instanceof UInt8) return x;
+    if (x instanceof UInt64 || x instanceof UInt32 || x instanceof Field) {
+      // if the input could be larger than 8 bits, we have to prove that it is not
+      let xx = x instanceof Field ? { value: x } : x;
+      UInt8.check(xx);
+      return new UInt8(xx.value.value);
+    }
+    return new UInt8(x);
+  }
+
+  private static checkConstant(x: Field) {
+    if (!x.isConstant()) return;
+    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac63ceecb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { assert } from './errors.js';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { chunk } from './util/arrays.js';
+import { FlexibleBytes } from './provable-types/bytes.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+
+export { Keccak };
+
+const Keccak = {
+  /**
+   * Implementation of [NIST SHA-3](https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/202/final) Hash Function.
+   * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
+   *
+   * Applies the SHA-3 hash function to a list of big-endian byte-sized {@link Field} elements, flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   *
+   * The function accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]` of `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
+   *
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} that conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
+   *
+   * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
+   * @param message - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
+   * let digest256 = Keccak.nistSha3(256, preimage);
+   * let digest384 = Keccak.nistSha3(384, preimage);
+   * let digest512 = Keccak.nistSha3(512, preimage);
+   * ```
+   *
+   */
+  nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: FlexibleBytes) {
+    return nistSha3(len, Bytes.from(message));
+  },
+  /**
+   * Ethereum-Compatible Keccak-256 Hash Function.
+   * This is a specialized variant of {@link Keccak.preNist} configured for a 256-bit output length.
+   *
+   * Primarily used in Ethereum for hashing transactions, messages, and other types of payloads.
+   *
+   * The function accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]` of `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
+   *
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} of length 32. Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
+   *
+   * @param message - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
+   * let digest = Keccak.ethereum(preimage);
+   * ```
+   */
+  ethereum(message: FlexibleBytes) {
+    return ethereum(Bytes.from(message));
+  },
+  /**
+   * Implementation of [pre-NIST Keccak](https://keccak.team/keccak.html) hash function.
+   * Supports output lengths of 256, 384, or 512 bits.
+   *
+   * Keccak won the SHA-3 competition and was slightly altered before being standardized as SHA-3 by NIST in 2015.
+   * This variant was used in Ethereum before the NIST standardization, by specifying `len` as 256 bits you can obtain the same hash function as used by Ethereum {@link Keccak.ethereum}.
+   *
+   * The function applies the pre-NIST Keccak hash function to a list of byte-sized {@link Field} elements and is flexible to handle varying output lengths (256, 384, 512 bits) as specified.
+   *
+   * {@link Keccak.preNist} accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]` of `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
+   *
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} that conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
+   *
+   * @param len - Desired output length in bits. Valid options: 256, 384, 512.
+   * @param message - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
+   * let digest256 = Keccak.preNist(256, preimage);
+   * let digest384 = Keccak.preNist(384, preimage);
+   * let digest512= Keccak.preNist(512, preimage);
+   * ```
+   *
+   */
+  preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: FlexibleBytes) {
+    return preNist(len, Bytes.from(message));
+  },
+};
+
+// KECCAK CONSTANTS
+
+// Length of the square matrix side of Keccak states
+const KECCAK_DIM = 5;
+
+// Value `l` in Keccak, ranges from 0 to 6 and determines the lane width
+const KECCAK_ELL = 6;
+
+// Width of a lane of the state, meaning the length of each word in bits (64)
+const KECCAK_WORD = 2 ** KECCAK_ELL;
+
+// Number of bytes that fit in a word (8)
+const BYTES_PER_WORD = KECCAK_WORD / 8;
+
+// Length of the state in words, 5x5 = 25
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS = KECCAK_DIM ** 2;
+
+// Length of the state in bits, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bits (1600)
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS * KECCAK_WORD;
+
+// Length of the state in bytes, meaning the 5x5 matrix of words in bytes (200)
+const KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH / 8;
+
+// Creates the 5x5 table of rotation offset for Keccak modulo 64
+//  | i \ j |  0 |  1 |  2 |  3 |  4 |
+//  | ----- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
+//  | 0     |  0 | 36 |  3 | 41 | 18 |
+//  | 1     |  1 | 44 | 10 | 45 |  2 |
+//  | 2     | 62 |  6 | 43 | 15 | 61 |
+//  | 3     | 28 | 55 | 25 | 21 | 56 |
+//  | 4     | 27 | 20 | 39 |  8 | 14 |
+const ROT_TABLE = [
+  [0, 36, 3, 41, 18],
+  [1, 44, 10, 45, 2],
+  [62, 6, 43, 15, 61],
+  [28, 55, 25, 21, 56],
+  [27, 20, 39, 8, 14],
+];
+
+// Round constants for Keccak
+// From https://keccak.team/files/Keccak-reference-3.0.pdf
+const ROUND_CONSTANTS = [
+  0x0000000000000001n,
+  0x0000000000008082n,
+  0x800000000000808an,
+  0x8000000080008000n,
+  0x000000000000808bn,
+  0x0000000080000001n,
+  0x8000000080008081n,
+  0x8000000000008009n,
+  0x000000000000008an,
+  0x0000000000000088n,
+  0x0000000080008009n,
+  0x000000008000000an,
+  0x000000008000808bn,
+  0x800000000000008bn,
+  0x8000000000008089n,
+  0x8000000000008003n,
+  0x8000000000008002n,
+  0x8000000000000080n,
+  0x000000000000800an,
+  0x800000008000000an,
+  0x8000000080008081n,
+  0x8000000000008080n,
+  0x0000000080000001n,
+  0x8000000080008008n,
+];
+
+// KECCAK HASH FUNCTION
+
+// Computes the number of required extra bytes to pad a message of length bytes
+function bytesToPad(rate: number, length: number): number {
+  return rate - (length % rate);
+}
+
+// Pads a message M as:
+// M || pad[x](|M|)
+// The padded message will start with the message argument followed by the padding rule (below) to fulfill a length that is a multiple of rate (in bytes).
+// If nist is true, then the padding rule is 0x06 ..0*..1.
+// If nist is false, then the padding rule is 10*1.
+function pad(message: UInt8[], rate: number, nist: boolean): UInt8[] {
+  // Find out desired length of the padding in bytes
+  // If message is already rate bits, need to pad full rate again
+  const extraBytes = bytesToPad(rate, message.length);
+
+  // 0x06 0x00 ... 0x00 0x80 or 0x86
+  const first = nist ? 0x06n : 0x01n;
+  const last = 0x80n;
+
+  // Create the padding vector
+  const pad = Array<UInt8>(extraBytes).fill(UInt8.from(0));
+  pad[0] = UInt8.from(first);
+  pad[extraBytes - 1] = pad[extraBytes - 1].add(last);
+
+  // Return the padded message
+  return [...message, ...pad];
+}
+
+// ROUND TRANSFORMATION
+
+// First algorithm in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// C[i] = A[i,0] xor A[i,1] xor A[i,2] xor A[i,3] xor A[i,4]
+// D[i] = C[i-1] xor ROT(C[i+1], 1)
+// E[i,j] = A[i,j] xor D[i]
+// In the Keccak reference, it corresponds to the `theta` algorithm.
+// We use the first index of the state array as the i coordinate and the second index as the j coordinate.
+const theta = (state: Field[][]): Field[][] => {
+  const stateA = state;
+
+  // XOR the elements of each row together
+  // for all i in {0..4}: C[i] = A[i,0] xor A[i,1] xor A[i,2] xor A[i,3] xor A[i,4]
+  const stateC = stateA.map((row) => row.reduce(xor));
+
+  // for all i in {0..4}: D[i] = C[i-1] xor ROT(C[i+1], 1)
+  const stateD = Array.from({ length: KECCAK_DIM }, (_, i) =>
+    xor(
+      stateC[(i + KECCAK_DIM - 1) % KECCAK_DIM],
+      Gadgets.rotate(stateC[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM], 1, 'left')
+    )
+  );
+
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: E[i,j] = A[i,j] xor D[i]
+  const stateE = stateA.map((row, index) =>
+    row.map((elem) => xor(elem, stateD[index]))
+  );
+
+  return stateE;
+};
+
+// Second and third steps in the compression step of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// pi: A[i,j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
+// rho: A[i,j] = A'[j, 2i+3j mod KECCAK_DIM]
+// piRho: B[j,2i+3j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
+// which is equivalent to the `rho` algorithm followed by the `pi` algorithm in the Keccak reference as follows:
+// rho:
+// A[0,0] = a[0,0]
+// | i |  =  | 1 |
+// | j |  =  | 0 |
+// for t = 0 to 23 do
+//   A[i,j] = ROT(a[i,j], (t+1)(t+2)/2 mod 64)))
+//   | i |  =  | 0  1 |   | i |
+//   |   |  =  |      | * |   |
+//   | j |  =  | 2  3 |   | j |
+// end for
+// pi:
+// for i = 0 to 4 do
+//   for j = 0 to 4 do
+//     | I |  =  | 0  1 |   | i |
+//     |   |  =  |      | * |   |
+//     | J |  =  | 2  3 |   | j |
+//     A[I,J] = a[i,j]
+//   end for
+// end for
+// We use the first index of the state array as the i coordinate and the second index as the j coordinate.
+function piRho(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
+  const stateE = state;
+  const stateB = State.zeros();
+
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: B[j,2i+3j] = ROT(E[i,j], r[i,j])
+  for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      stateB[j][(2 * i + 3 * j) % KECCAK_DIM] = Gadgets.rotate(
+        stateE[i][j],
+        ROT_TABLE[i][j],
+        'left'
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return stateB;
+}
+
+// Fourth step of the compression function of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// F[i,j] = B[i,j] xor ((not B[i+1,j]) and B[i+2,j])
+// It corresponds to the chi algorithm in the Keccak reference.
+// for j = 0 to 4 do
+//   for i = 0 to 4 do
+//     A[i,j] = a[i,j] xor ((not a[i+1,j]) and a[i+2,j])
+//   end for
+// end for
+function chi(state: Field[][]): Field[][] {
+  const stateB = state;
+  const stateF = State.zeros();
+
+  // for all i in {0..4} and j in {0..4}: F[i,j] = B[i,j] xor ((not B[i+1,j]) and B[i+2,j])
+  for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      stateF[i][j] = xor(
+        stateB[i][j],
+        Gadgets.and(
+          // We can use unchecked NOT because the length of the input is constrained to be 64 bits thanks to the fact that it is the output of a previous Xor64
+          Gadgets.not(stateB[(i + 1) % KECCAK_DIM][j], KECCAK_WORD, false),
+          stateB[(i + 2) % KECCAK_DIM][j],
+          KECCAK_WORD
+        )
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return stateF;
+}
+
+// Fifth step of the permutation function of Keccak for 64-bit words.
+// It takes the word located at the position (0,0) of the state and XORs it with the round constant.
+function iota(state: Field[][], rc: bigint): Field[][] {
+  const stateG = state;
+
+  stateG[0][0] = xor(stateG[0][0], Field.from(rc));
+
+  return stateG;
+}
+
+// One round of the Keccak permutation function.
+// iota o chi o pi o rho o theta
+function round(state: Field[][], rc: bigint): Field[][] {
+  const stateA = state;
+  const stateE = theta(stateA);
+  const stateB = piRho(stateE);
+  const stateF = chi(stateB);
+  const stateD = iota(stateF, rc);
+  return stateD;
+}
+
+// Keccak permutation function with a constant number of rounds
+function permutation(state: Field[][], rcs: bigint[]): Field[][] {
+  return rcs.reduce((state, rc) => round(state, rc), state);
+}
+
+// KECCAK SPONGE
+
+// Absorb padded message into a keccak state with given rate and capacity
+function absorb(
+  paddedMessage: Field[],
+  capacity: number,
+  rate: number,
+  rc: bigint[]
+): State {
+  assert(
+    rate + capacity === KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS,
+    `invalid rate or capacity (rate + capacity should be ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS})`
+  );
+  assert(
+    paddedMessage.length % rate === 0,
+    'invalid padded message length (should be multiple of rate)'
+  );
+
+  let state = State.zeros();
+
+  // array of capacity zero words
+  const zeros = Array(capacity).fill(Field.from(0));
+
+  for (let idx = 0; idx < paddedMessage.length; idx += rate) {
+    // split into blocks of rate words
+    const block = paddedMessage.slice(idx, idx + rate);
+    // pad the block with 0s to up to KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS words
+    const paddedBlock = block.concat(zeros);
+    // convert the padded block to a Keccak state
+    const blockState = State.fromWords(paddedBlock);
+    // xor the state with the padded block
+    const stateXor = State.xor(state, blockState);
+    // apply the permutation function to the xored state
+    state = permutation(stateXor, rc);
+  }
+  return state;
+}
+
+// Squeeze state until it has a desired length in words
+function squeeze(state: State, length: number, rate: number): Field[] {
+  // number of squeezes
+  const squeezes = Math.floor(length / rate) + 1;
+  assert(squeezes === 1, 'squeezes should be 1');
+
+  // Obtain the hash selecting the first `length` words of the output array
+  const words = State.toWords(state);
+  const hashed = words.slice(0, length);
+  return hashed;
+}
+
+// Keccak sponge function for 200 bytes of state width
+function sponge(
+  paddedMessage: Field[],
+  length: number,
+  capacity: number,
+  rate: number
+): Field[] {
+  // check that the padded message is a multiple of rate
+  assert(paddedMessage.length % rate === 0, 'Invalid padded message length');
+
+  // absorb
+  const state = absorb(paddedMessage, capacity, rate, ROUND_CONSTANTS);
+
+  // squeeze
+  const hashed = squeeze(state, length, rate);
+  return hashed;
+}
+
+// Keccak hash function with input message passed as list of Field bytes.
+// The message will be parsed as follows:
+// - the first byte of the message will be the least significant byte of the first word of the state (A[0][0])
+// - the 10*1 pad will take place after the message, until reaching the bit length rate.
+// - then, {0} pad will take place to finish the 200 bytes of the state.
+function hash(
+  message: Bytes,
+  length: number,
+  capacity: number,
+  nistVersion: boolean
+): UInt8[] {
+  // Throw errors if used improperly
+  assert(capacity > 0, 'capacity must be positive');
+  assert(
+    capacity < KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES,
+    `capacity must be less than ${KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_BYTES}`
+  );
+  assert(length > 0, 'length must be positive');
+
+  // convert capacity and length to word units
+  assert(capacity % BYTES_PER_WORD === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
+  capacity /= BYTES_PER_WORD;
+  assert(length % BYTES_PER_WORD === 0, 'length must be a multiple of 8');
+  length /= BYTES_PER_WORD;
+
+  const rate = KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS - capacity;
+
+  // apply padding, convert to words, and hash
+  const paddedBytes = pad(message.bytes, rate * BYTES_PER_WORD, nistVersion);
+  const padded = bytesToWords(paddedBytes);
+
+  const hash = sponge(padded, length, capacity, rate);
+  const hashBytes = wordsToBytes(hash);
+
+  return hashBytes;
+}
+
+// Gadget for NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 256/384/512.
+function nistSha3(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes): Bytes {
+  let bytes = hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, true);
+  return BytesOfBitlength[len].from(bytes);
+}
+
+// Gadget for pre-NIST SHA-3 function for output lengths 256/384/512.
+// Note that when calling with output length 256 this is equivalent to the ethereum function
+function preNist(len: 256 | 384 | 512, message: Bytes): Bytes {
+  let bytes = hash(message, len / 8, len / 4, false);
+  return BytesOfBitlength[len].from(bytes);
+}
+
+// Gadget for Keccak hash function for the parameters used in Ethereum.
+function ethereum(message: Bytes): Bytes {
+  return preNist(256, message);
+}
+
+// FUNCTIONS ON KECCAK STATE
+
+type State = Field[][];
+const State = {
+  /**
+   * Create a state of all zeros
+   */
+  zeros(): State {
+    return Array.from(Array(KECCAK_DIM), (_) =>
+      Array(KECCAK_DIM).fill(Field.from(0))
+    );
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Flatten state to words
+   */
+  toWords(state: State): Field[] {
+    const words = Array<Field>(KECCAK_STATE_LENGTH_WORDS);
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+        words[KECCAK_DIM * j + i] = state[i][j];
+      }
+    }
+    return words;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Compose words to state
+   */
+  fromWords(words: Field[]): State {
+    const state = State.zeros();
+    for (let j = 0; j < KECCAK_DIM; j++) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < KECCAK_DIM; i++) {
+        state[i][j] = words[KECCAK_DIM * j + i];
+      }
+    }
+    return state;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * XOR two states together and return the result
+   */
+  xor(a: State, b: State): State {
+    assert(
+      a.length === KECCAK_DIM && a[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
+      `invalid \`a\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
+    );
+    assert(
+      b.length === KECCAK_DIM && b[0].length === KECCAK_DIM,
+      `invalid \`b\` dimensions (should be ${KECCAK_DIM})`
+    );
+
+    // Calls xor() on each pair (i,j) of the states input1 and input2 and outputs the output Fields as a new matrix
+    return a.map((row, i) => row.map((x, j) => xor(x, b[i][j])));
+  },
+};
+
+// AUXILIARY TYPES
+
+class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
+class Bytes48 extends Bytes(48) {}
+class Bytes64 extends Bytes(64) {}
+
+const BytesOfBitlength = {
+  256: Bytes32,
+  384: Bytes48,
+  512: Bytes64,
+};
+
+// AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
+
+// Auxiliary functions to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
+
+function bytesToWord(wordBytes: UInt8[]): Field {
+  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, byte, idx) => {
+    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
+    return acc.add(byte.value.mul(shift));
+  }, Field.from(0));
+}
+
+function wordToBytes(word: Field): UInt8[] {
+  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(UInt8, BYTES_PER_WORD), () => {
+    let w = word.toBigInt();
+    return Array.from({ length: BYTES_PER_WORD }, (_, k) =>
+      UInt8.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
+    );
+  });
+
+  // check decomposition
+  bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
+
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[]): Field[] {
+  return chunk(bytes, BYTES_PER_WORD).map(bytesToWord);
+}
+
+function wordsToBytes(words: Field[]): UInt8[] {
+  return words.flatMap(wordToBytes);
+}
+
+// xor which avoids doing anything on 0 inputs
+// (but doesn't range-check the other input in that case)
+function xor(x: Field, y: Field): Field {
+  if (x.isConstant() && x.toBigInt() === 0n) return y;
+  if (y.isConstant() && y.toBigInt() === 0n) return x;
+  return Gadgets.xor(x, y, 64);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e4c160b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
+import { equivalent, equivalentAsync } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  keccak_224,
+  keccak_256,
+  keccak_384,
+  keccak_512,
+  sha3_224,
+  sha3_256,
+  sha3_384,
+  sha3_512,
+} from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
+import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { bytes } from './gadgets/test-utils.js';
+import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
+import { test, Random, sample } from './testing/property.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+
+const RUNS = 1;
+
+const testImplementations = {
+  sha3: {
+    224: sha3_224,
+    256: sha3_256,
+    384: sha3_384,
+    512: sha3_512,
+  },
+  preNist: {
+    224: keccak_224,
+    256: keccak_256,
+    384: keccak_384,
+    512: keccak_512,
+  },
+};
+
+const lengths = [256, 384, 512] as const;
+
+// EQUIVALENCE TESTS AGAINST REF IMPLEMENTATION
+
+// checks outside circuit
+// TODO: fix witness generation slowness
+
+for (let length of lengths) {
+  let [preimageLength] = sample(Random.nat(100), 1);
+  console.log(`Testing ${length} with preimage length ${preimageLength}`);
+  let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
+  let outputBytes = bytes(length / 8);
+
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+    testImplementations.sha3[length],
+    (x) => Keccak.nistSha3(length, x),
+    `sha3 ${length}`
+  );
+
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+    testImplementations.preNist[length],
+    (x) => Keccak.preNist(length, x),
+    `keccak ${length}`
+  );
+
+  // bytes to hex roundtrip
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: inputBytes })(
+    (x) => x,
+    (x) => Bytes.fromHex(x.toHex()),
+    `Bytes toHex`
+  );
+}
+
+// EQUIVALENCE TESTS AGAINST TEST VECTORS (at the bottom)
+
+for (let { nist, length, message, expected } of testVectors()) {
+  let Hash = nist ? Keccak.nistSha3 : Keccak.preNist;
+  let actual = Hash(length, Bytes.fromHex(message));
+  expect(actual).toEqual(Bytes.fromHex(expected));
+}
+
+// MISC QUICK TESTS
+
+// Test constructor
+test(Random.uint8, Random.uint8, (x, y, assert) => {
+  let z = new UInt8(x);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert(z.toString() === x.toString());
+
+  assert((z = new UInt8(x)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+  assert((z = new UInt8(z.value.value)) instanceof UInt8 && z.toBigInt() === x);
+
+  z = new UInt8(y);
+  assert(z instanceof UInt8);
+  assert(z.toString() === y.toString());
+});
+
+// handles all numbers up to 2^8
+test(Random.nat(255), (n, assert) => {
+  assert(UInt8.from(n).toString() === String(n));
+});
+
+// throws on negative numbers
+test.negative(Random.int(-10, -1), (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+// throws on numbers >= 2^8
+test.negative(Random.uint8.invalid, (x) => UInt8.from(x));
+
+// PROOF TESTS
+
+// Choose a test length at random
+const digestLength = lengths[Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)];
+
+// Digest length in bytes
+const digestLengthBytes = digestLength / 8;
+
+const preImageLength = 32;
+
+// No need to test Ethereum because it's just a special case of preNist
+const KeccakProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: `keccak-test-${digestLength}`,
+  publicInput: Bytes(preImageLength).provable,
+  publicOutput: Bytes(digestLengthBytes).provable,
+  methods: {
+    nistSha3: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(preImage: Bytes) {
+        return Keccak.nistSha3(digestLength, preImage);
+      },
+    },
+    preNist: {
+      privateInputs: [],
+      method(preImage: Bytes) {
+        return Keccak.preNist(digestLength, preImage);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+await KeccakProgram.compile();
+
+// SHA-3
+await equivalentAsync(
+  {
+    from: [bytes(preImageLength)],
+    to: bytes(digestLengthBytes),
+  },
+  { runs: RUNS }
+)(testImplementations.sha3[digestLength], async (x) => {
+  const proof = await KeccakProgram.nistSha3(x);
+  await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
+  return proof.publicOutput;
+});
+
+// PreNIST Keccak
+await equivalentAsync(
+  {
+    from: [bytes(preImageLength)],
+    to: bytes(digestLengthBytes),
+  },
+  { runs: RUNS }
+)(testImplementations.preNist[digestLength], async (x) => {
+  const proof = await KeccakProgram.preNist(x);
+  await KeccakProgram.verify(proof);
+  return proof.publicOutput;
+});
+
+// TEST VECTORS
+
+function testVectors(): {
+  nist: boolean;
+  length: 256 | 384 | 512;
+  message: string;
+  expected: string;
+}[] {
+  return [
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '30',
+      expected:
+        '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116d',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: true,
+      length: 512,
+      message: '30',
+      expected:
+        '2d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '4920616d20746865206f776e6572206f6620746865204e465420776974682069642058206f6e2074686520457468657265756d20636861696e',
+      expected:
+        '63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+      expected:
+        '560deb1d387f72dba729f0bd0231ad45998dda4b53951645322cf95c7b6261d9',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: true,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '044852b2a670ade5407e78fb2863c51de9fcb96542a07186fe3aeda6bb8a116df9e2eaaa42d9fe9e558a9b8ef1bf366f190aacaa83bad2641ee106e9041096e42d44da53f305ab94b6365837b9803627ab098c41a6013694f9b468bccb9c13e95b3900365eb58924de7158a54467e984efcfdabdbcc9af9a940d49c51455b04c63858e0487687c3eeb30796a3e9307680e1b81b860b01c88ff74545c2c314e36',
+      expected:
+        '1784354c4bbfa5f54e5db23041089e65a807a7b970e3cfdba95e2fbe63b1c0e4',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+      expected:
+        '7d5655391ede9ca2945f32ad9696f464be8004389151ce444c89f688278f2e1d',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        'ff391ccf9b5de23bb86ec6b2b142adb6e9ba6bee8519e7502fb8be8959fbd2672934cc3e13b7b45bf2b8a5cb48881790a7438b4a326a0c762e31280711e6b64fcc2e3e4e631e501d398861172ea98603618b8f23b91d0208b0b992dfe7fdb298b6465adafbd45e4f88ee9dc94e06bc4232be91587f78572c169d4de4d8b95b714ea62f1fbf3c67a4',
+      expected:
+        '37694fd4ba137be747eb25a85b259af5563e0a7a3010d42bd15963ac631b9d3f',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+      expected:
+        'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message:
+        '80000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001',
+      expected:
+        'bbf1f49a2cc5678aa62196d0c3108d89425b81780e1e90bcec03b4fb5f834714',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: 'a2c0',
+      expected:
+        '9856642c690c036527b8274db1b6f58c0429a88d9f3b9298597645991f4f58f0',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '0a2c',
+      expected:
+        '295b48ad49eff61c3abfd399c672232434d89a4ef3ca763b9dbebb60dbb32a8b',
+    },
+    {
+      nist: false,
+      length: 256,
+      message: '00',
+      expected:
+        'bc36789e7a1e281436464229828f817d6612f7b477d66591ff96a9e064bcc98a',
+    },
+  ];
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 28d6e3e7bf..e3b5823a9c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             account,
             update,
             commitments,
-            proofsEnabled
+            this.proofsEnabled
           );
         }
       }
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       // and hopefully with upcoming work by Matt we can just run everything in the prover, and nowhere else
       let tx = createTransaction(sender, f, 0, {
         isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: false,
-        proofsEnabled,
+        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
         fetchMode: 'test',
       });
       let hasProofs = tx.transaction.accountUpdates.some(
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       );
       return createTransaction(sender, f, 1, {
         isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: !hasProofs,
-        proofsEnabled,
+        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
       });
     },
     applyJsonTransaction(json: string) {
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       networkState.totalCurrency = currency;
     },
     setProofsEnabled(newProofsEnabled: boolean) {
-      proofsEnabled = newProofsEnabled;
+      this.proofsEnabled = newProofsEnabled;
     },
   };
 }
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ function getProofsEnabled() {
 }
 
 function dummyAccount(pubkey?: PublicKey): Account {
-  let dummy = Types.Account.emptyValue();
+  let dummy = Types.Account.empty();
   if (pubkey) dummy.publicKey = pubkey;
   return dummy;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index c45d38587b..dc31d0d864 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   TypeMap,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
+import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 export { FetchedAccount, Account, PartialAccount };
 export { accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
@@ -184,19 +185,14 @@ function parseFetchedAccount({
 }
 
 function fillPartialAccount(account: PartialAccount): Account {
-  return genericLayoutFold(
+  return genericLayoutFold<ProvableExtended<any>>(
     TypeMap,
     customTypes,
     {
       map(type, value) {
         // if value exists, use it; otherwise fall back to dummy value
         if (value !== undefined) return value;
-        // fall back to dummy value
-        if (type.emptyValue) return type.emptyValue();
-        return type.fromFields(
-          Array(type.sizeInFields()).fill(Field(0)),
-          type.toAuxiliary()
-        );
+        return type.empty();
       },
       reduceArray(array) {
         return array;
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 1d3ace221a..59ebf57ec4 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Proof<Input, Output> {
 
 async function verify(
   proof: Proof<any, any> | JsonProof,
-  verificationKey: string
+  verificationKey: string | VerificationKey
 ) {
   let picklesProof: Pickles.Proof;
   let statement: Pickles.Statement<FieldConst>;
@@ -215,10 +215,12 @@ async function verify(
     let output = toFieldConsts(type.output, proof.publicOutput);
     statement = MlPair(input, output);
   }
+  let vk =
+    typeof verificationKey === 'string'
+      ? verificationKey
+      : verificationKey.data;
   return prettifyStacktracePromise(
-    withThreadPool(() =>
-      Pickles.verify(statement, picklesProof, verificationKey)
-    )
+    withThreadPool(() => Pickles.verify(statement, picklesProof, vk))
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 54b95e6d45..3aab1dc9a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,124 @@
-import { Field } from './core.js';
+import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
+import {
+  CompiledTag,
+  Empty,
+  Proof,
+  ZkProgram,
+  picklesRuleFromFunction,
+  sortMethodArguments,
+} from './proof_system.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
+import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { AnyFunction } from './util/types.js';
+import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
+import { it } from 'node:test';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { bool, equivalentAsync, field, record } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 
 const EmptyProgram = ZkProgram({
   name: 'empty',
   publicInput: Field,
+  methods: { run: { privateInputs: [], method: (_) => {} } },
+});
+
+class EmptyProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(EmptyProgram) {}
+
+// unit-test zkprogram creation helpers:
+// -) sortMethodArguments
+// -) picklesRuleFromFunction
+
+it('pickles rule creation', async () => {
+  // a rule that verifies a proof conditionally, and returns the proof's input as output
+  function main(proof: EmptyProof, shouldVerify: Bool) {
+    proof.verifyIf(shouldVerify);
+    return proof.publicInput;
+  }
+  let privateInputs = [EmptyProof, Bool];
+
+  // collect method interface
+  let methodIntf = sortMethodArguments('mock', 'main', privateInputs, Proof);
+
+  expect(methodIntf).toEqual({
+    methodName: 'main',
+    witnessArgs: [Bool],
+    proofArgs: [EmptyProof],
+    allArgs: [
+      { type: 'proof', index: 0 },
+      { type: 'witness', index: 0 },
+    ],
+    genericArgs: [],
+  });
+
+  // store compiled tag
+  CompiledTag.store(EmptyProgram, 'mock tag');
+
+  // create pickles rule
+  let rule: Pickles.Rule = picklesRuleFromFunction(
+    Empty as ProvablePure<any>,
+    Field as ProvablePure<any>,
+    main as AnyFunction,
+    { name: 'mock' },
+    methodIntf,
+    []
+  );
+
+  await equivalentAsync(
+    { from: [field, bool], to: record({ field, bool }) },
+    { runs: 5 }
+  )(
+    (field, bool) => ({ field, bool }),
+    async (field, bool) => {
+      let dummy = await EmptyProof.dummy(field, undefined, 0);
+      let field_: FieldConst = [0, 0n];
+      let bool_: FieldConst = [0, 0n];
+
+      Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+        // put witnesses in snark context
+        snarkContext.get().witnesses = [dummy, bool];
+
+        // call pickles rule
+        let {
+          publicOutput: [, publicOutput],
+          shouldVerify: [, shouldVerify],
+        } = rule.main([0]);
+
+        // `publicOutput` and `shouldVerify` are as expected
+        Snarky.field.assertEqual(publicOutput, dummy.publicInput.value);
+        Snarky.field.assertEqual(shouldVerify, bool.value);
+
+        Provable.asProver(() => {
+          field_ = Snarky.field.readVar(publicOutput);
+          bool_ = Snarky.field.readVar(shouldVerify);
+        });
+      });
+
+      return { field: Field(field_), bool: Bool(FieldVar.constant(bool_)) };
+    }
+  );
+});
+
+// compile works with large inputs
+
+const N = 100_000;
+
+const program = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'large-array-program',
   methods: {
-    run: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method: (publicInput: Field) => {},
+    baseCase: {
+      privateInputs: [Provable.Array(Field, N)],
+      method(_: Field[]) {},
     },
   },
 });
 
+it('can compile program with large input', async () => {
+  await program.compile();
+});
+
+// regression tests for some zkprograms
 const emptyMethodsMetadata = EmptyProgram.analyzeMethods();
 expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual(
   expect.objectContaining({
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index 0ce0030556..3b79562889 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { Gate, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { parseHexString } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
@@ -105,6 +105,15 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
       print() {
         printGates(gates);
       },
+      summary() {
+        let gateTypes: Partial<Record<GateType | 'Total rows', number>> = {};
+        gateTypes['Total rows'] = rows;
+        for (let gate of gates) {
+          gateTypes[gate.type] ??= 0;
+          gateTypes[gate.type]!++;
+        }
+        return gateTypes;
+      },
     };
   } catch (error) {
     throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..992e10bd1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+
+export { Bytes, createBytes, FlexibleBytes };
+
+type FlexibleBytes = Bytes | (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array;
+
+/**
+ * A provable type representing an array of bytes.
+ */
+class Bytes {
+  bytes: UInt8[];
+
+  constructor(bytes: UInt8[]) {
+    let size = (this.constructor as typeof Bytes).size;
+
+    // assert that data is not too long
+    assert(
+      bytes.length <= size,
+      `Expected at most ${size} bytes, got ${bytes.length}`
+    );
+
+    // pad the data with zeros
+    let padding = Array.from(
+      { length: size - bytes.length },
+      () => new UInt8(0)
+    );
+    this.bytes = bytes.concat(padding);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coerce the input to {@link Bytes}.
+   *
+   * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
+   */
+  static from(data: (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array | Bytes): Bytes {
+    if (data instanceof Bytes) return data;
+    if (this._size === undefined) {
+      let Bytes_ = createBytes(data.length);
+      return Bytes_.from(data);
+    }
+    return new this([...data].map(UInt8.from));
+  }
+
+  toBytes(): Uint8Array {
+    return Uint8Array.from(this.bytes.map((x) => x.toNumber()));
+  }
+
+  toFields() {
+    return this.bytes.map((x) => x.value);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create {@link Bytes} from a string.
+   *
+   * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
+   */
+  static fromString(s: string) {
+    let bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(s);
+    return this.from(bytes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create {@link Bytes} from a hex string.
+   *
+   * Inputs smaller than `this.size` are padded with zero bytes.
+   */
+  static fromHex(xs: string): Bytes {
+    let bytes = chunkString(xs, 2).map((s) => parseInt(s, 16));
+    return this.from(bytes);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert {@link Bytes} to a hex string.
+   */
+  toHex(): string {
+    return this.bytes
+      .map((x) => x.toBigInt().toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+      .join('');
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _size?: number;
+  static _provable?: ProvablePureExtended<
+    Bytes,
+    { bytes: { value: string }[] }
+  >;
+
+  /**
+   * The size of the {@link Bytes}.
+   */
+  static get size() {
+    assert(this._size !== undefined, 'Bytes not initialized');
+    return this._size;
+  }
+
+  get length() {
+    return this.bytes.length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `Provable<Bytes>`
+   */
+  static get provable() {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Bytes not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+}
+
+function createBytes(size: number): typeof Bytes {
+  return class Bytes_ extends Bytes {
+    static _size = size;
+    static _provable = provableFromClass(Bytes_, {
+      bytes: Provable.Array(UInt8, size),
+    });
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad11e446b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/provable-types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { Bytes as InternalBytes, createBytes } from './bytes.js';
+
+export { Bytes };
+
+type Bytes = InternalBytes;
+
+/**
+ * A provable type representing an array of bytes.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
+ *
+ * let bytes = Bytes32.fromHex('deadbeef');
+ * ```
+ */
+function Bytes(size: number) {
+  return createBytes(size);
+}
+Bytes.from = InternalBytes.from;
+Bytes.fromHex = InternalBytes.fromHex;
+Bytes.fromString = InternalBytes.fromString;
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index bd90d66455..8094bcf89e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  * - a namespace with tools for writing provable code
  * - the main interface for types that can be used in provable code
  */
-import { FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ import {
   InferProvable,
   InferredProvable,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { isField } from './field.js';
 import {
   inCheckedComputation,
   inProver,
@@ -24,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   runUnchecked,
   constraintSystem,
 } from './provable-context.js';
-import { isBool } from './bool.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Provable };
@@ -127,7 +124,8 @@ const Provable = {
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * let x = Field(42);
-   * Provable.isConstant(x); // true
+   * Provable.isConstant(Field, x); // true
+   * ```
    */
   isConstant,
   /**
@@ -345,11 +343,7 @@ function ifImplicit<T extends ToFieldable>(condition: Bool, x: T, y: T): T {
     );
   // TODO remove second condition once we have consolidated field class back into one
   // if (type !== y.constructor) {
-  if (
-    type !== y.constructor &&
-    !(isField(x) && isField(y)) &&
-    !(isBool(x) && isBool(y))
-  ) {
+  if (type !== y.constructor) {
     throw Error(
       'Provable.if: Mismatched argument types. Try using an explicit type argument:\n' +
         `Provable.if(bool, MyType, x, y)`
@@ -581,5 +575,12 @@ function provableArray<A extends FlexibleProvable<any>>(
         HashInput.empty
       );
     },
+
+    empty() {
+      if (!('empty' in type)) {
+        throw Error('circuitArray.empty: element type has no empty() method');
+      }
+      return Array.from({ length }, () => type.empty());
+    },
   } satisfies ProvableExtended<T[], TJson[]> as any;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c14a0f02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { it } from 'node:test';
+import { Provable } from './provable.js';
+import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { Field } from './field.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+
+it('can witness large field array', () => {
+  let N = 100_000;
+  let arr = Array<bigint>(N).fill(0n);
+
+  Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+    // with exists
+    let fields = exists(N, () => arr);
+
+    // with Provable.witness
+    let fields2 = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(Field, N), () =>
+      arr.map(Field.from)
+    );
+
+    expect(fields.length).toEqual(N);
+    expect(fields2.length).toEqual(N);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/scalar.ts b/src/lib/scalar.ts
index 176478947f..d54f20c209 100644
--- a/src/lib/scalar.ts
+++ b/src/lib/scalar.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class Scalar {
    * Convert this {@link Scalar} into a bigint
    */
   toBigInt() {
-    return this.#assertConstant('toBigInt');
+    return assertConstant(this, 'toBigInt');
   }
 
   // TODO: fix this API. we should represent "shifted status" internally and use
@@ -112,17 +112,13 @@ class Scalar {
 
   // operations on constant scalars
 
-  #assertConstant(name: string) {
-    return constantScalarToBigint(this, `Scalar.${name}`);
-  }
-
   /**
    * Negate a scalar field element.
    *
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   neg() {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('neg');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'neg');
     let z = Fq.negate(x);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -133,8 +129,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   add(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('add');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('add');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'add');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'add');
     let z = Fq.add(x, y0);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -145,8 +141,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   sub(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('sub');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('sub');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'sub');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'sub');
     let z = Fq.sub(x, y0);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -157,8 +153,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   mul(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('mul');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('mul');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'mul');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'mul');
     let z = Fq.mul(x, y0);
     return Scalar.from(z);
   }
@@ -170,8 +166,8 @@ class Scalar {
    * **Warning**: This method is not available for provable code.
    */
   div(y: Scalar) {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('div');
-    let y0 = y.#assertConstant('div');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'div');
+    let y0 = assertConstant(y, 'div');
     let z = Fq.div(x, y0);
     if (z === undefined) throw Error('Scalar.div(): Division by zero');
     return Scalar.from(z);
@@ -179,11 +175,11 @@ class Scalar {
 
   // TODO don't leak 'shifting' to the user and remove these methods
   shift() {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('shift');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'shift');
     return Scalar.from(shift(x));
   }
   unshift() {
-    let x = this.#assertConstant('unshift');
+    let x = assertConstant(this, 'unshift');
     return Scalar.from(unshift(x));
   }
 
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ class Scalar {
    * is needed to represent all Scalars. However, for a random Scalar, the high bit will be `false` with overwhelming probability.
    */
   toFieldsCompressed(): { field: Field; highBit: Bool } {
-    let s = this.#assertConstant('toFieldsCompressed');
+    let s = assertConstant(this, 'toFieldsCompressed');
     let lowBitSize = BigInt(Fq.sizeInBits - 1);
     let lowBitMask = (1n << lowBitSize) - 1n;
     return {
@@ -292,7 +288,7 @@ class Scalar {
    * This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the Scalar.
    */
   static toJSON(x: Scalar) {
-    let s = x.#assertConstant('toJSON');
+    let s = assertConstant(x, 'toJSON');
     return s.toString();
   }
 
@@ -312,6 +308,12 @@ class Scalar {
   }
 }
 
+// internal helpers
+
+function assertConstant(x: Scalar, name: string) {
+  return constantScalarToBigint(x, `Scalar.${name}`);
+}
+
 function toConstantScalar([, ...bits]: MlArray<BoolVar>): Fq | undefined {
   if (bits.length !== Fq.sizeInBits)
     throw Error(
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index e26e68ca2b..58d68ccef0 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -165,8 +165,8 @@ class PublicKey extends CircuitValue {
    * Creates an empty {@link PublicKey}.
    * @returns an empty {@link PublicKey}
    */
-  static empty() {
-    return PublicKey.from({ x: Field(0), isOdd: Bool(false) });
+  static empty<T extends AnyConstructor>(): InstanceType<T> {
+    return PublicKey.from({ x: Field(0), isOdd: Bool(false) }) as any;
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 2922afa11d..1f8ad9ba52 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
   let fieldType = drawFieldType();
   switch (fieldType) {
     case FieldType.Constant: {
-      return FieldVar.constant(17n);
+      return FieldVar.constant(1n);
     }
     case FieldType.Var: {
       return [FieldType.Var, 0];
@@ -397,10 +397,14 @@ function drawFieldVar(): FieldVar {
     case FieldType.Add: {
       let x = drawFieldVar();
       let y = drawFieldVar();
+      // prevent blow-up of constant size
+      if (x[0] === FieldType.Constant && y[0] === FieldType.Constant) return x;
       return FieldVar.add(x, y);
     }
     case FieldType.Scale: {
       let x = drawFieldVar();
+      // prevent blow-up of constant size
+      if (x[0] === FieldType.Constant) return x;
       return FieldVar.scale(3n, x);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index c02cf23afc..7a0f20fd7d 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import { test, Random } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
+import { AnyFunction, Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 
 export {
   equivalent,
@@ -17,6 +20,7 @@ export {
   id,
 };
 export {
+  spec,
   field,
   fieldWithRng,
   bigintField,
@@ -26,7 +30,10 @@ export {
   array,
   record,
   map,
+  onlyIf,
   fromRandom,
+  first,
+  second,
 };
 export {
   Spec,
@@ -115,7 +122,7 @@ function toUnion<T1, T2>(spec: OrUnion<T1, T2>): FromSpecUnion<T1, T2> {
 function equivalent<
   In extends Tuple<FromSpec<any, any>>,
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
->({ from, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+>({ from, to, verbose }: { from: In; to: Out; verbose?: boolean }) {
   return function run(
     f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
     f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
@@ -123,7 +130,8 @@ function equivalent<
   ) {
     let generators = from.map((spec) => spec.rng);
     let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
-    test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
+    let start = performance.now();
+    let nRuns = test(...(generators as any[]), (...args) => {
       args.pop();
       let inputs = args as Params1<In>;
       handleErrors(
@@ -136,6 +144,14 @@ function equivalent<
         label
       );
     });
+
+    if (verbose) {
+      let ms = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(1);
+      let runs = nRuns.toString().padStart(2, ' ');
+      console.log(
+        `${label.padEnd(20, ' ')}    success on ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`
+      );
+    }
   };
 }
 
@@ -180,11 +196,17 @@ function equivalentAsync<
 
 // equivalence tester for provable code
 
+function isProvable(spec: FromSpecUnion<any, any>) {
+  return spec.specs.some((spec) => spec.provable);
+}
+
 function equivalentProvable<
   In extends Tuple<OrUnion<any, any>>,
   Out extends ToSpec<any, any>
->({ from: fromRaw, to }: { from: In; to: Out }) {
+>({ from: fromRaw, to, verbose }: { from: In; to: Out; verbose?: boolean }) {
   let fromUnions = fromRaw.map(toUnion);
+  assert(fromUnions.some(isProvable), 'equivalentProvable: no provable input');
+
   return function run(
     f1: (...args: Params1<In>) => First<Out>,
     f2: (...args: Params2<In>) => Second<Out>,
@@ -192,7 +214,9 @@ function equivalentProvable<
   ) {
     let generators = fromUnions.map((spec) => spec.rng);
     let assertEqual = to.assertEqual ?? deepEqual;
-    test(...generators, (...args) => {
+
+    let start = performance.now();
+    let nRuns = test.custom({ minRuns: 5 })(...generators, (...args) => {
       args.pop();
 
       // figure out which spec to use for each argument
@@ -223,10 +247,53 @@ function equivalentProvable<
         handleErrors(
           () => f1(...inputs),
           () => f2(...inputWitnesses),
-          (x, y) => Provable.asProver(() => assertEqual(x, to.back(y), label))
+          (x, y) => Provable.asProver(() => assertEqual(x, to.back(y), label)),
+          label
         );
       });
     });
+    if (verbose) {
+      let ms = (performance.now() - start).toFixed(1);
+      let runs = nRuns.toString().padStart(2, ' ');
+      console.log(
+        `${label.padEnd(20, ' ')}    success on ${runs} runs in ${ms}ms.`
+      );
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// creating specs
+
+function spec<T, S>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  there: (x: T) => S;
+  back: (x: S) => T;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+  provable: Provable<S>;
+}): ProvableSpec<T, S>;
+function spec<T, S>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  there: (x: T) => S;
+  back: (x: S) => T;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+}): Spec<T, S>;
+function spec<T>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+}): Spec<T, T>;
+function spec<T, S>(spec: {
+  rng: Random<T>;
+  there?: (x: T) => S;
+  back?: (x: S) => T;
+  assertEqual?: (x: T, y: T, message: string) => void;
+  provable?: Provable<S>;
+}): Spec<T, S> {
+  return {
+    rng: spec.rng,
+    there: spec.there ?? (id as any),
+    back: spec.back ?? (id as any),
+    assertEqual: spec.assertEqual,
+    provable: spec.provable,
   };
 }
 
@@ -290,10 +357,14 @@ function record<Specs extends { [k in string]: Spec<any, any> }>(
   { [k in keyof Specs]: First<Specs[k]> },
   { [k in keyof Specs]: Second<Specs[k]> }
 > {
+  let isProvable = Object.values(specs).every((spec) => spec.provable);
   return {
     rng: Random.record(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.rng)) as any,
     there: (x) => mapObject(specs, (spec, k) => spec.there(x[k])) as any,
     back: (x) => mapObject(specs, (spec, k) => spec.back(x[k])) as any,
+    provable: isProvable
+      ? provable(mapObject(specs, (spec) => spec.provable) as any)
+      : undefined,
   };
 }
 
@@ -304,6 +375,10 @@ function map<T1, T2, S1, S2>(
   return { ...to, rng: Random.map(from.rng, there) };
 }
 
+function onlyIf<T, S>(spec: Spec<T, S>, onlyIf: (t: T) => boolean): Spec<T, S> {
+  return { ...spec, rng: Random.reject(spec.rng, (x) => !onlyIf(x)) };
+}
+
 function mapObject<K extends string, T, S>(
   t: { [k in K]: T },
   map: (t: T, k: K) => S
@@ -317,6 +392,18 @@ function fromRandom<T>(rng: Random<T>): Spec<T, T> {
   return { rng, there: id, back: id };
 }
 
+function first<T, S>(spec: Spec<T, S>): Spec<T, T> {
+  return { rng: spec.rng, there: id, back: id };
+}
+function second<T, S>(spec: Spec<T, S>): Spec<S, S> {
+  return {
+    rng: Random.map(spec.rng, spec.there),
+    there: id,
+    back: id,
+    provable: spec.provable,
+  };
+}
+
 // helper to ensure two functions throw equivalent errors
 
 function handleErrors<T, S, R>(
@@ -383,12 +470,6 @@ function throwError(message?: string): any {
   throw Error(message);
 }
 
-// helper types
-
-type AnyFunction = (...args: any) => any;
-
-type Tuple<T> = [] | [T, ...T[]];
-
 // infer input types from specs
 
 type Param1<In extends OrUnion<any, any>> = In extends {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 0d9c457cf2..8dd41ac38f 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   Json,
   AccountUpdate,
   ZkappCommand,
-  emptyValue,
+  empty,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import {
   AuthRequired,
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import {
 import { genericLayoutFold } from '../../bindings/lib/from-layout.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import {
-  GenericProvable,
+  PrimitiveTypeMap,
   primitiveTypeMap,
 } from '../../bindings/lib/generic.js';
 import { Scalar, PrivateKey, Group } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
 import { alphabet } from '../base58.js';
 import { bytesToBigInt } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { Memo } from '../../mina-signer/src/memo.js';
-import { ProvableExtended } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
+import { Signable } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { tokenSymbolLength } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/derived-leaves.js';
 import { stringLengthInBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ function sample<T>(rng: Random<T>, size: number) {
 const boolean = Random_(() => drawOneOf8() < 4);
 
 const bool = map(boolean, Bool);
+const uint8 = biguintWithInvalid(8);
 const uint32 = biguintWithInvalid(32);
 const uint64 = biguintWithInvalid(64);
 const byte = Random_(drawRandomByte);
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ const keypair = map(privateKey, (privatekey) => ({
   publicKey: PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privatekey),
 }));
 
-const tokenId = oneOf(TokenId.emptyValue(), field);
+const tokenId = oneOf(TokenId.empty(), field);
 const stateHash = field;
 const authRequired = map(
   oneOf<Json.AuthRequired[]>(
@@ -106,16 +107,16 @@ const actions = mapWithInvalid(
   array(array(field, int(1, 5)), nat(2)),
   Actions.fromList
 );
-const actionState = oneOf(ActionState.emptyValue(), field);
-const verificationKeyHash = oneOf(VerificationKeyHash.emptyValue(), field);
-const receiptChainHash = oneOf(ReceiptChainHash.emptyValue(), field);
+const actionState = oneOf(ActionState.empty(), field);
+const verificationKeyHash = oneOf(VerificationKeyHash.empty(), field);
+const receiptChainHash = oneOf(ReceiptChainHash.empty(), field);
 const zkappUri = map(string(nat(50)), ZkappUri.fromJSON);
 
-const PrimitiveMap = primitiveTypeMap<bigint>();
-type Types = typeof TypeMap & typeof customTypes & typeof PrimitiveMap;
-type Provable<T> = GenericProvable<T, bigint>;
+type Types = typeof TypeMap & typeof customTypes & PrimitiveTypeMap<bigint>;
 type Generators = {
-  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Provable<infer U> ? Random<U> : never;
+  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Signable<infer U, any>
+    ? Random<U>
+    : never;
 };
 const Generators: Generators = {
   Field: field,
@@ -138,8 +139,8 @@ const Generators: Generators = {
   string: base58(nat(50)), // TODO replace various strings, like signature, with parsed types
   number: nat(3),
 };
-let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Provable<any>, Random<any>>(
-  [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
+let typeToBigintGenerator = new Map<Signable<any, any>, Random<any>>(
+  [TypeMap, primitiveTypeMap, customTypes]
     .map(Object.entries)
     .flat()
     .map(([key, value]) => [value, Generators[key as keyof Generators]])
@@ -187,17 +188,20 @@ const nonNumericString = reject(
   string(nat(20)),
   (str: any) => !isNaN(str) && !isNaN(parseFloat(str))
 );
-const invalidUint64Json = toString(
-  oneOf(uint64.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
+const invalidUint8Json = toString(
+  oneOf(uint8.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
 );
 const invalidUint32Json = toString(
   oneOf(uint32.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
 );
+const invalidUint64Json = toString(
+  oneOf(uint64.invalid, nonInteger, nonNumericString)
+);
 
 // some json versions of those types
 let json_ = {
-  uint64: { ...toString(uint64), invalid: invalidUint64Json },
   uint32: { ...toString(uint32), invalid: invalidUint32Json },
+  uint64: { ...toString(uint64), invalid: invalidUint64Json },
   publicKey: withInvalidBase58(mapWithInvalid(publicKey, PublicKey.toBase58)),
   privateKey: withInvalidBase58(map(privateKey, PrivateKey.toBase58)),
   keypair: map(keypair, ({ privatekey, publicKey }) => ({
@@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ function withInvalidRandomString<T extends string>(rng: Random<T>) {
 }
 
 type JsonGenerators = {
-  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends ProvableExtended<any, infer J>
+  [K in keyof Types]: Types[K] extends Signable<any, infer J>
     ? Random<J>
     : never;
 };
@@ -241,8 +245,8 @@ const JsonGenerators: JsonGenerators = {
   string: base58(nat(50)),
   number: nat(3),
 };
-let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Provable<any>, Random<any>>(
-  [TypeMap, PrimitiveMap, customTypes]
+let typeToJsonGenerator = new Map<Signable<any, any>, Random<any>>(
+  [TypeMap, primitiveTypeMap, customTypes]
     .map(Object.entries)
     .flat()
     .map(([key, value]) => [value, JsonGenerators[key as keyof JsonGenerators]])
@@ -310,6 +314,7 @@ const Random = Object.assign(Random_, {
   field,
   otherField: fieldWithInvalid,
   bool,
+  uint8,
   uint32,
   uint64,
   biguint: biguintWithInvalid,
@@ -329,7 +334,13 @@ function generatorFromLayout<T>(
   { isJson }: { isJson: boolean }
 ): Random<T> {
   let typeToGenerator = isJson ? typeToJsonGenerator : typeToBigintGenerator;
-  return genericLayoutFold<undefined, Random<any>, TypeMap, Json.TypeMap>(
+  return genericLayoutFold<
+    Signable<any, any>,
+    undefined,
+    Random<any>,
+    TypeMap,
+    Json.TypeMap
+  >(
     TypeMap,
     customTypes,
     {
@@ -359,7 +370,7 @@ function generatorFromLayout<T>(
         } else {
           return mapWithInvalid(isSome, value, (isSome, value) => {
             let isSomeBoolean = TypeMap.Bool.toJSON(isSome);
-            if (!isSomeBoolean) return emptyValue(typeData);
+            if (!isSomeBoolean) return empty(typeData);
             return { isSome, value };
           });
         }
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
index 4a0abe91fb..6041b155b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/testing.unit-test.ts
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ import {
   PublicKey,
   UInt32,
   UInt64,
-  provableFromLayout,
+  signableFromLayout,
   ZkappCommand,
   Json,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
-import { test, Random, sample } from './property.js';
+import { test, Random } from './property.js';
 
 // some trivial roundtrip tests
 test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate, assert) => {
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@ test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate, assert) => {
     jsonString ===
       JSON.stringify(AccountUpdate.toJSON(AccountUpdate.fromJSON(json)))
   );
-  let fields = AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
-  let auxiliary = AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(accountUpdate);
-  let recovered = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, auxiliary);
-  assert(jsonString === JSON.stringify(AccountUpdate.toJSON(recovered)));
+  // TODO add back using `fromValue`
+  // let fields = AccountUpdate.toFields(accountUpdate);
+  // let auxiliary = AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(accountUpdate);
+  // let recovered = AccountUpdate.fromFields(fields, auxiliary);
+  // assert(jsonString === JSON.stringify(AccountUpdate.toJSON(recovered)));
 });
 test(Random.json.accountUpdate, (json) => {
   let jsonString = JSON.stringify(json);
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ test.custom({ negative: true, timeBudget: 1000 })(
   AccountUpdate.fromJSON
 );
 
-const FeePayer = provableFromLayout<
+const FeePayer = signableFromLayout<
   ZkappCommand['feePayer'],
   Json.ZkappCommand['feePayer']
 >(jsLayout.ZkappCommand.entries.feePayer as any);
diff --git a/src/lib/util/arrays.ts b/src/lib/util/arrays.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a1a913eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/arrays.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+
+export { chunk, chunkString };
+
+function chunk<T>(array: T[], size: number): T[][] {
+  assert(array.length % size === 0, 'invalid input length');
+  return Array.from({ length: array.length / size }, (_, i) =>
+    array.slice(size * i, size * (i + 1))
+  );
+}
+
+function chunkString(str: string, size: number): string[] {
+  return chunk([...str], size).map((c) => c.join(''));
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/util/types.ts b/src/lib/util/types.ts
index 600f5f705b..3256e60476 100644
--- a/src/lib/util/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/util/types.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 
-export { Tuple, TupleN, AnyTuple };
+export { AnyFunction, Tuple, TupleN, AnyTuple, TupleMap };
+
+type AnyFunction = (...args: any) => any;
 
 type Tuple<T> = [T, ...T[]] | [];
 type AnyTuple = Tuple<any>;
 
+type TupleMap<T extends Tuple<any>, B> = [
+  ...{
+    [i in keyof T]: B;
+  }
+];
+
 const Tuple = {
   map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
     tuple: T,
     f: (a: T[number]) => B
-  ): [...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+  ): TupleMap<T, B> {
     return tuple.map(f) as any;
   },
 };
@@ -27,7 +35,7 @@ const TupleN = {
   map<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
     tuple: T,
     f: (a: T[number]) => B
-  ): [...{ [i in keyof T]: B }] {
+  ): TupleMap<T, B> {
     return tuple.map(f) as any;
   },
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 45dd3a0424..9346973f72 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
   provable,
-  Struct,
   toConstant,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Provable, getBlindingValue, memoizationContext } from './provable.js';
@@ -196,7 +195,8 @@ function wrapMethod(
             let id = memoizationContext.enter({ ...context, blindingValue });
             let result: unknown;
             try {
-              result = method.apply(this, actualArgs.map(cloneCircuitValue));
+              let clonedArgs = actualArgs.map(cloneCircuitValue);
+              result = method.apply(this, clonedArgs);
             } finally {
               memoizationContext.leave(id);
             }
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ class SmartContract {
     verificationKey?: { data: string; hash: Field | string };
     zkappKey?: PrivateKey;
   } = {}) {
-    let accountUpdate = this.newSelf();
+    let accountUpdate = this.newSelf('deploy');
     verificationKey ??= (this.constructor as typeof SmartContract)
       ._verificationKey;
     if (verificationKey === undefined) {
@@ -873,10 +873,10 @@ super.init();
   /**
    * Same as `SmartContract.self` but explicitly creates a new {@link AccountUpdate}.
    */
-  newSelf(): AccountUpdate {
+  newSelf(methodName?: string): AccountUpdate {
     let inTransaction = Mina.currentTransaction.has();
     let transactionId = inTransaction ? Mina.currentTransaction.id() : NaN;
-    let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this);
+    let accountUpdate = selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName);
     this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index 36c94e3acb..d4dce0e2df 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ class Client {
     ) {
       throw Error('Public key not derivable from private key');
     }
-    let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.emptyValue());
+    let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.empty());
     dummy.feePayer.body.publicKey = publicKey;
-    dummy.memo = Memo.toBase58(Memo.emptyValue());
+    dummy.memo = Memo.toBase58(Memo.empty());
     let signed = signZkappCommand(dummy, privateKey, this.network);
     let ok = verifyZkappCommandSignature(signed, publicKey, this.network);
     if (!ok) throw Error('Could not sign a transaction with private key');
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
index 976c822ca6..04538c3965 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/memo.ts
@@ -62,10 +62,8 @@ const Memo = {
   hash,
   ...withBits(Binable, SIZE * 8),
   ...base58(Binable, versionBytes.userCommandMemo),
-  sizeInBytes() {
-    return SIZE;
-  },
-  emptyValue() {
+  sizeInBytes: SIZE,
+  empty() {
     return Memo.fromString('');
   },
   toValidString(memo = '') {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 69578ed193..07d8a37c62 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ function accountUpdateFromFeePayer({
   body: { fee, nonce, publicKey, validUntil },
   authorization: signature,
 }: FeePayer): AccountUpdate {
-  let { body } = AccountUpdate.emptyValue();
+  let { body } = AccountUpdate.empty();
   body.publicKey = publicKey;
   body.balanceChange = { magnitude: fee, sgn: Sign(-1) };
   body.incrementNonce = Bool(true);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 7538dbd9ff..e400f9c8d4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ test(Random.json.publicKey, (publicKeyBase58) => {
 });
 
 // empty account update
-let dummy = AccountUpdate.emptyValue();
+let dummy = AccountUpdate.empty();
 let dummySnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.dummy();
 expect(AccountUpdate.toJSON(dummy)).toEqual(
   AccountUpdateSnarky.toJSON(dummySnarky)
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index 2fb520f02c..9743bda23b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         [0xffff_ffff_ffff_ffffn, 64],
       ],
     },
-    AccountUpdate.toInput(AccountUpdate.emptyValue()),
+    AccountUpdate.toInput(AccountUpdate.empty()),
   ];
   for (let msg of messages) {
     checkCanVerify(msg, key, publicKey);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
index 64d83c2bca..5c2aaf6a3f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 const client = new Client({ network: 'testnet' });
 let { publicKey, privateKey } = client.genKeys();
 
-let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.emptyValue());
+let dummy = ZkappCommand.toJSON(ZkappCommand.empty());
 let dummySignature = Signature.toBase58(Signature.dummy());
 
 // we construct a transaction which needs signing of the fee payer and another account update
diff --git a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
index 78e1e37a45..f4d18dc4a9 100644
--- a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { Bool, checkRange, Field, pseudoClass } from './field-bigint.js';
 import {
   BinableBigint,
   ProvableBigint,
-  provable,
+  signable,
 } from '../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { HashInputLegacy } from './poseidon-bigint.js';
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ let BinablePublicKey = withVersionNumber(
  * A public key, represented by a non-zero point on the Pallas curve, in compressed form { x, isOdd }
  */
 const PublicKey = {
-  ...provable({ x: Field, isOdd: Bool }),
+  ...signable({ x: Field, isOdd: Bool }),
   ...withBase58(BinablePublicKey, versionBytes.publicKey),
 
   toJSON(publicKey: PublicKey) {
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ let Base58PrivateKey = base58(BinablePrivateKey, versionBytes.privateKey);
  */
 const PrivateKey = {
   ...Scalar,
-  ...provable(Scalar),
+  ...signable(Scalar),
   ...Base58PrivateKey,
   ...BinablePrivateKey,
   toPublicKey(key: PrivateKey) {
diff --git a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
index ea2d797c83..c23e0e0bc4 100644
--- a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ const Bool = pseudoClass(
       checkBool(x);
       return x;
     },
-    sizeInBytes() {
-      return 1;
-    },
+    sizeInBytes: 1,
     fromField(x: Field) {
       checkBool(x);
       return x as 0n | 1n;
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ const Sign = pseudoClass(
   {
     ...ProvableBigint<Sign, 'Positive' | 'Negative'>(checkSign),
     ...BinableBigint<Sign>(1, checkSign),
-    emptyValue() {
+    empty() {
       return 1n;
     },
     toInput(x: Sign): HashInput {
diff --git a/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts b/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts
index 2ef684d585..906ab2a2d5 100644
--- a/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/poseidon-bigint.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { createHashHelpers } from '../lib/hash-generic.js';
 
 export {
   Poseidon,
-  Hash,
+  HashHelpers,
   HashInput,
   prefixes,
   packToFields,
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ export {
 
 type HashInput = GenericHashInput<Field>;
 const HashInput = createHashInput<Field>();
-const Hash = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
-let { hashWithPrefix } = Hash;
+const HashHelpers = createHashHelpers(Field, Poseidon);
+let { hashWithPrefix } = HashHelpers;
 
 const HashLegacy = createHashHelpers(Field, PoseidonLegacy);
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 343d714c46..2c47b9dc63 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import type {
   WasmFpSrs,
   WasmFqSrs,
 } from './bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
+import type { KimchiGateType } from './lib/gates.ts';
 
 export { ProvablePure, Provable, Ledger, Pickles, Gate, GateType, getWasm };
 
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ export {
   Snarky,
   Test,
   JsonGate,
-  KimchiGateType,
   MlPublicKey,
   MlPublicKeyVar,
   FeatureFlags,
@@ -525,6 +525,7 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     };
   };
 
+  // TODO: implement in TS
   poseidon: {
     update(
       state: MlArray<FieldVar>,
@@ -541,27 +542,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
   };
 };
 
-declare enum KimchiGateType {
-  Zero,
-  Generic,
-  Poseidon,
-  CompleteAdd,
-  VarBaseMul,
-  EndoMul,
-  EndoMulScalar,
-  Lookup,
-  CairoClaim,
-  CairoInstruction,
-  CairoFlags,
-  CairoTransition,
-  RangeCheck0,
-  RangeCheck1,
-  ForeignFieldAdd,
-  ForeignFieldMul,
-  Xor16,
-  Rot64,
-}
-
 type GateType =
   | 'Zero'
   | 'Generic'
diff --git a/src/tests/fake-proof.ts b/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3607494be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/fake-proof.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import {
+  Mina,
+  PrivateKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  UInt64,
+  method,
+  ZkProgram,
+  verify,
+} from 'o1js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+
+const RealProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'real',
+  methods: {
+    make: {
+      privateInputs: [UInt64],
+      method(value: UInt64) {
+        let expected = UInt64.from(34);
+        value.assertEquals(expected);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+const FakeProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'fake',
+  methods: {
+    make: { privateInputs: [UInt64], method(_: UInt64) {} },
+  },
+});
+
+class RealProof extends ZkProgram.Proof(RealProgram) {}
+
+const RecursiveProgram = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'broken',
+  methods: {
+    verifyReal: {
+      privateInputs: [RealProof],
+      method(proof: RealProof) {
+        proof.verify();
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+class RecursiveContract extends SmartContract {
+  @method verifyReal(proof: RealProof) {
+    proof.verify();
+  }
+}
+
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Mina.LocalBlockchain());
+let publicKey = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
+let zkApp = new RecursiveContract(publicKey);
+
+await RealProgram.compile();
+await FakeProgram.compile();
+let { verificationKey: contractVk } = await RecursiveContract.compile();
+let { verificationKey: programVk } = await RecursiveProgram.compile();
+
+// proof that should be rejected
+const fakeProof = await FakeProgram.make(UInt64.from(99999));
+const dummyProof = await RealProof.dummy(undefined, undefined, 0);
+
+for (let proof of [fakeProof, dummyProof]) {
+  // zkprogram rejects proof
+  await assert.rejects(async () => {
+    await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(proof);
+  }, 'recursive program rejects fake proof');
+
+  // contract rejects proof
+  await assert.rejects(async () => {
+    let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(proof));
+    await tx.prove();
+  }, 'recursive contract rejects fake proof');
+}
+
+// proof that should be accepted
+const realProof = await RealProgram.make(UInt64.from(34));
+
+// zkprogram accepts proof
+const brokenProof = await RecursiveProgram.verifyReal(realProof);
+assert(
+  await verify(brokenProof, programVk.data),
+  'recursive program accepts real proof'
+);
+
+// contract accepts proof
+let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => zkApp.verifyReal(realProof));
+let [contractProof] = await tx.prove();
+assert(
+  await verify(contractProof!, contractVk.data),
+  'recursive contract accepts real proof'
+);
+
+console.log('fake proof test passed 🎉');
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
index b5d0c1f447..67176a9f75 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/plain-constraint-system.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Group, Gadgets, Provable, Scalar, Hash, Bytes } from 'o1js';
 
-export { GroupCS, BitwiseCS };
+export { GroupCS, BitwiseCS, HashCS };
 
 const GroupCS = constraintSystem('Group Primitive', {
   add() {
@@ -84,6 +84,38 @@ const BitwiseCS = constraintSystem('Bitwise Primitive', {
   },
 });
 
+const Bytes32 = Bytes(32);
+const bytes32 = Bytes32.from([]);
+
+const HashCS = constraintSystem('Hashes', {
+  SHA256() {
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.SHA3_256.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA384() {
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.SHA3_384.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  SHA512() {
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.SHA3_512.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  Keccak256() {
+    let xs = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => bytes32);
+    Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
+  },
+
+  Poseidon() {
+    let xs = Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i).map((x) =>
+      Provable.witness(Field, () => Field(x))
+    );
+    Hash.Poseidon.hash(xs);
+  },
+});
+
 // mock ZkProgram API for testing
 
 function constraintSystem(
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index b7a582fcda..d2122996c9 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -202,17 +202,63 @@
       "hash": ""
     }
   },
+  "Hashes": {
+    "digest": "Hashes",
+    "methods": {
+      "SHA256": {
+        "rows": 14494,
+        "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
+      },
+      "SHA384": {
+        "rows": 14541,
+        "digest": "93dedf5824cab797d48e7a98c53c6bf3"
+      },
+      "SHA512": {
+        "rows": 14588,
+        "digest": "3756008585b30a3951ed6455a7fbcdb0"
+      },
+      "Keccak256": {
+        "rows": 14493,
+        "digest": "1ab08bd64002a0dd0a82f74df445de05"
+      },
+      "Poseidon": {
+        "rows": 208,
+        "digest": "afa1f9920f1f657ab015c02f9b2f6c52"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "",
+      "hash": ""
+    }
+  },
+  "ecdsa-only": {
+    "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
+    "methods": {
+      "verifySignedHash": {
+        "rows": 38888,
+        "digest": "f75dd9e49c88eb6097a7f3abbe543467"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "10504586047480864396273137275551599454708712068910013426206550544367939284599"
+    }
+  },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "812837fe4422b1e0eef563d0ea4db756880d91d823bf3c718114bb252c910db",
+    "digest": "baf90de64c1b6b5b5938a0b80a8fdb70bdbbc84a292dd7eccfdbce470c10b4c",
     "methods": {
+      "sha3": {
+        "rows": 14494,
+        "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
+      },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 30615,
-        "digest": "4cfbbd9ee3d6ba141b7ba24a15889969"
+        "rows": 53386,
+        "digest": "5a234cff8ea48ce653cbd7efa2e1c241"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "3139301773139601589155221041968477572715505359708488668851725819716203716299"
+      "data": "AAB/ZjMH6HxnifKVGWGw41mrmDWq4R7eG+tJRvszclriFqNFKZXi3LD9Z+2F/VSHlQD8mq3JCoD6tm3rlEQXheATALIHoglupcYB4X43h14qFKloG2kuKwLeDl6mRpeVwSmwE/Tv+P3K8KkyB9zmoT1eEt/ayPRm4EzrJb0EHzyrE0VhKfn6Xh48tBUpGk3JahLhsK+yOTjDBvwcZ/vsiNkGCtFbQv9rM7YZlpBk6NmFYzcnsfJOHyYyr6Xab+6UYjVt6aJGVLMgCv+qLekdsCsmVBwOWhEWwASVZ5WW5qWyOL613+zKXyQvqBcWWvg68CZk2rEjZvH64dPlVXV0hxYLb7p43WNgY+e8MR+RHA0/aGnvB4cwCKQw23n2B9bg+wxDwS7fK9/va/0HspgUvwGv8fNpdsYW1OgLnY1deUHhJc1+UaUFwHJVdB7Nx/WmQ0eq0s2wtLQGy0tpkDAkL5I9yd+qOSIbRoqSxBA7l/HWht0xGvVgNUOarOAeoqwfuBre8d3L5s5RR0HSmbjjP26/82rqxhQxiO7/O9lkCJ3GEeRqFbufY02mX+khOFw0uNU9XC6PXVmf01pMU7saHI4MAA+OYudpfMnM3umoBqQoxTWfNZd6qs+yEusT1/Zn8mwWpEpLlhrEUyhWP5AW6XrVXTRFDrBUzfMPXR4WK6zFDRbXVmyUfcILoFX2PQCQeSvOfAFM9mmARZ+OTRI8YpJuOzL9U2eIRqy34iz23PcKBmKQP0fGuuRJQOMEeRZp6sAjKJR/Temid2hEFxMIGnnwJGg/lEq5zXgo+e6Sdz4QeQEIT9PKi46gYqWxzyVsBJhtXX90uGNqo+ExnU3EGCvsB0/X9CQMBMKkHWk9zwkpQ3aQeVtNrzaLporX2ZQlPb03NgWHdeSk7V1VWa8KlCdsxVxj5tEOaWEX21jc6fMfUzegESsz7szcSEmbKYdzglTPAQ7DxXl0uhwGhAI9yPO3OtcqArq9TmnU/fkGG513bbwNYfAwr6P3u0QUs7GKZu8tRp5+4JWVGK/zZHITJMRdMkalsW2dOqrVH7PSkjn6cwm4rs6BCduLjQE4r1GKVQsyhqr2DxOV+IX3iO8XzVueFJfH3hU0Fz1gmXw3qss0RmfBxLk+EdQC6m5yA/2B/8EPdrq5oHQPUyb6IHvNvUWn/Q/dMbZOKrMX2W+Htjjqtx4RTk4kxBypgD+8d4XRa8b3nN1iah85f+Qq6HcFzRB6E/Lye/74I01SUmwebrztjSxsz2qvHGoWtj+Ael25p2U3273WHAQtqv/koetaNRg7a17YCbEcLSCZTwI71dYDMiEFCaeijJL/ZJjRkev/LKK+dgBI8hi2ifiGzUsmNsJ1JUbNOjHS0et1ZljCsxnJ8GtPIcYU3+Az4UgJG6hcgZIYDmbwt/ElByu2obpX6gO2AD0g95NMIhOvlXXrfkRrygPlDiRIUUyO9h7z5mXB+A1iDUoi+m3hfbgLyjzXEDtJLZnX5k0gVVLjwGkk1Tgw0pJgWj1H+8sFAjKLB5T9yIEgYpLcXXbtV5zfaBXzPUFeLUAonv4S/gUhMA1QgSwXyCffgLRBrIXgwwiYepCmu1RYWXkLkTBwvSuTtKj9z4QGNdp5tBHrXKCOrYYN0chiDKIhFAa+PtylRK2fGeVnOZQSMcy04VIC5T+e0KR3pIt9PdJ72SHEYjmdNL+W9JL/fjz+co5Vxpz6p6RCwE1pL+kw4B0v1/BhJJB+NIv+GXTxOYeGx8K/P/3B9KUsbBykBQOvjcM8kJFIx5yry9idrtEGh5Ejw7UZ1W2sWIpFdKIAGUm54ir07a5Txkhy7PBIiyp5PRacp6V6S9aI8liE5LRC1qguXcKnbBg3QudnY/wUFwB6rJf7EBA2otA8PgEG8ICOg86XltPUqpVKUMBiu30jIa0VFS3O8BtuJvzdmVa8xK4K3ZP3/T4s4SAMOtyi6L4pxTJB9NHI0WnvQQeVAxlizlIu6VMwDdZuVtRJa0wbKTIDmc7lF+d2pD5uYOSLakc5h5jKRz386Dt9pYA577NKP+ioED2m+iv9bLPDIhDo6X589HxFZX4oxrzDI7m85rUvWBgNWqjZ9MpQSuui9yr2F5P8xtBsHDEIRi+wqX7Sui56cRuLZYaWvMVOIwkplHDIz0afncgI5BcA8KM4mJfpKosF42cWAMhijdDVAG234RIP6ogJCAcQu3q+q8uG2sYf655WE3+70zh0aiLvgQa1odo9FdEXV5HWs6Gh4hUDhA0ULlZVbJ+Mxg/XacBb+AnBxBpuSrIjfHaEtCkFKlDdF48Ny+HFVojxE4ZYuoNlXDDVkBi58aj2oMFDfaPB+bEJjxF7wpqjbts703mEckhLhQWpnnhNVbEyBGED8N4gIiA=",
+      "hash": "24853426911779666983119365864639019692354940105641954611250992067926077919455"
     }
   }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index a051f21137..9c63c7e38e 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
 import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
-import { ecdsaProgram } from '../../src/examples/zkprogram/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
-import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
+import {
+  ecdsa,
+  keccakAndEcdsa,
+} from '../../src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
+import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS, HashCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
 const skipVerificationKeys = false;
@@ -39,7 +42,9 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   createDex().Dex,
   GroupCS,
   BitwiseCS,
-  ecdsaProgram,
+  HashCS,
+  ecdsa,
+  keccakAndEcdsa,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';
diff --git a/update-changelog.sh b/update-changelog.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..701a1bc491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/update-changelog.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# CHANGELOG Update Script for New Releases
+#
+# This script automates the process of updating the CHANGELOG.md in response to new releases.
+# It performs the following actions:
+# 
+# 1. Identifies the latest version number in the CHANGELOG (following semantic versioning).
+# 2. Increments the patch segment of the version number for the new release.
+# 3. Retrieves the current Git commit hash and truncates it for brevity.
+# 4. Updates the CHANGELOG.md file:
+#    - Adds a new entry for the upcoming release using the incremented version number.
+#    - Updates the link for the [Unreleased] section to point from the current commit to HEAD.
+#
+# Usage:
+# It should be run in the root directory of the repository where the CHANGELOG.md is located.
+# Ensure that you have the necessary permissions to commit and push changes to the repository.
+
+# Step 1: Capture the latest version
+latest_version=$(grep -oP '\[\K[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(?=\])' CHANGELOG.md | head -1)
+echo "Latest version: $latest_version"
+
+# Step 2: Bump the patch version
+IFS='.' read -r -a version_parts <<< "$latest_version"
+let version_parts[2]+=1
+new_version="${version_parts[0]}.${version_parts[1]}.${version_parts[2]}"
+echo "New version: $new_version"
+
+# Step 3: Capture the current git commit and truncate it to the first 9 characters
+current_commit=$(git rev-parse HEAD | cut -c 1-9)
+echo "Current commit: $current_commit"
+
+# Step 4: Update the CHANGELOG
+sed -i "s/\[Unreleased\](.*\.\.\.HEAD)/\[Unreleased\](https:\/\/github.com\/o1-labs\/o1js\/compare\/$current_commit...HEAD)\n\n## \[$new_version\](https:\/\/github.com\/o1-labs\/o1js\/compare\/1ad7333e9e...$current_commit)/" CHANGELOG.md

From 55be454840a53e11a5e87a48ebef5cbcb7a1c2c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 19:02:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1180/1786] remove unused funciton

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 19 -------------------
 1 file changed, 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 1d07b14028..51b815dfc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -105,25 +105,6 @@ function sum(x: Field3[], sign: Sign[], f: bigint) {
   return result;
 }
 
-/**
- * negate() deserves a special case because we can fix the overflow to -1
- * and know that a result in range is mapped to a result in range again.
- */
-function negate(x: Field3, f: bigint) {
-  if (Field3.isConstant(x)) {
-    return sum([Field3.from(0n), x], [-1n], f);
-  }
-  // provable case
-  x = toVars(x);
-  let { result, overflow } = singleAdd(Field3.from(0n), x, -1n, f);
-  Gates.zero(...result);
-  multiRangeCheck(result);
-
-  // fix the overflow to -1
-  overflow.assertEquals(-1n);
-  return result;
-}
-
 /**
  * core building block for non-native addition
  *

From 7a306ecfad8dc42f8fba9516292ba9fc1a8cd0db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 19:02:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1181/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 22 +++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index d2122996c9..bc18d2c213 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -232,33 +232,33 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
+    "digest": "3850f1a9ed21222b7428f1d916e53263c54fbe59ef2b84433822ce6e91dfe3b7",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 38888,
-        "digest": "f75dd9e49c88eb6097a7f3abbe543467"
+        "rows": 30680,
+        "digest": "8459777a048742e889003c038a3c5bae"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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   "ecdsa": {
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     "methods": {
       "sha3": {
         "rows": 14494,
         "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
       },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
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-        "digest": "5a234cff8ea48ce653cbd7efa2e1c241"
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+      "hash": "18853186686572432164487682457354720373245151214885418412576372705202425675935"
     }
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 32d50cf105d513a2a2b5736b1ce8a4d58977ff5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 19:04:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1182/1786] remove redundant assertion

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 083ab64f53..00d730591c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -367,7 +367,6 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   if (useGlv) {
     maxBits = Curve.Endo.decomposeMaxBits;
-    assert(maxBits < l2, 'decomposed scalars have to be < 2*88 bits');
 
     // decompose scalars and handle signs
     let n2 = 2 * n;

From 40c9947e42f7485e7e00d41d93bfe00180be60de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 21:29:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1183/1786] fix curve negation

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 00d730591c..d2ee6eefc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -464,8 +464,8 @@ function negateIf(condition: Field, P: Point, f: bigint) {
   let y = Provable.if(
     Bool.Unsafe.ofField(condition),
     Field3.provable,
-    P.y,
-    ForeignField.negate(P.y, f)
+    ForeignField.negate(P.y, f),
+    P.y
   );
   return { x: P.x, y };
 }

From dac5acb463521d2886ebf42929571863dcb23e87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 18 Dec 2023 21:29:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1184/1786] put stack trace limit back in run script (it's
 sometimes needed)

---
 run | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/run b/run
index 5011793494..b039136688 100755
--- a/run
+++ b/run
@@ -1 +1 @@
-node --enable-source-maps src/build/run.js $@
+node --enable-source-maps --stack-trace-limit=1000 src/build/run.js $@

From 43cf2a022eefc6e672836f8a0a19dcd4a6c48af3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 07:40:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1185/1786] dump vks for negation fix

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index bc18d2c213..5f27fdf9d4 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -232,20 +232,20 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "3850f1a9ed21222b7428f1d916e53263c54fbe59ef2b84433822ce6e91dfe3b7",
+    "digest": "1e6bef24a2e02b573363f3512822d401d53ec7220c8d5837cd49691c19723028",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
         "rows": 30680,
-        "digest": "8459777a048742e889003c038a3c5bae"
+        "digest": "5fe00efee7ecfb82b3ca69c8dd23d07f"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "AAAdmtvKeZvyx7UyPW6rIhb96GnTZEEywf8pGpbkt+QXNIm7oWxIDWYa4EWTiadEqzk8WXg3wiZmbXWcqBQU+uIoTiBnYTRcd7RsaAjbdbIbQJ9EuopFRFewZRx9qeQeEibNeMRcRMP4LdfS3AQRxhFZzN4HFa4MbtGs+Aja820cI9VFULH2/7BvD6JjpVWjVLvvo6zhO3S5axqfDh7QqtkPo3TLpand9OVvMHhTVlz/AV7rus5E/+0cv50MaEJ/wBfUh5XNLAlGgVi7FfWR6p9P72AAymyD3lUdecJyZmCREiVgPrTdFppkp45TefJWNTySkV9c5YzpNxQoXedZDvYP/5s4KBkfIeK+zB2yJC9eZ1ZDYfM88shGDYxmBtur9AkQ49QGquR+kYUI0lpXtuNMG+ZRy0FRJ8ci/TE+PIPIFnSiGcSOA3YM2G171LYf89abU2QUoQRHSP3PmmAOy/8CoRLVro7Nl6z/Ou0oZzX7RjOEo//LBqcSWa2S9X8TQz0R3uivbovTdq0rrba56SbEnK6LWItmBc6CubYWL7UzDbD3RZM6iRz1hqTHDzDz7UIWOzHgLqW9rjnZllQCyfsSAEugK31/fDN4Kw+NCeH0Vzjgzqkh2ZAAh43fdoZRSfQmEbnS/cpR7TEFAcYnin+2VaqiqOHiTKGS5FSlFiUE3j8gKzcNZhhPW5VfbcSYDpx5nVaU5pTEFl+2+RlcuhBpG1ksAWbD64AUKDjdyTWIC5Wn68AagPtG65V13eFS5LgkSfVtNXxGodg7SdP4AJmXpBgZfzMg4RW6Qje5ZFfrwRzoHPo0y7nO1hkaNLGV3Wvd3/pYiebXvyo+DdTZmaMbJpJaGSCysnovOrVUIpcn4h1hvA12jztQFQcbNHoVeZgslPxA54y9ynjhN7VZfT8lNXXIrRCpmPaxZW6Bw6Op/g6FGIs8TlruzZJRhz1lOLvl2FPvrUsFtz4yWTPjbT+VGsKuJFPvMuYybxq8pGyWVQN023uObDel47krlcQoH4MAP9GUA7MRg39b77H7Dng7sccsDjjOy+d8lVRM7t0bXBverfVKycNJkfnL4YJK28eAfPKKXVAImbsLFiwkmmLRNfDR5DLlenSa0wQ3PXdv/C9LpDvkzJOLZs+/ZePd4YMI0+WuP2+6Xas4aNM+4JkNuHF5uMDcxgWID4TUy7Vdlzm3CVbhX15uBoKhuYWQgLr2rnVJ5SOZoDvlwJtcK2izLMYVAasejw4fvsehYGb88wvDbFxS6sM9gDSgTlavZRs95Qf+c1KpYf/jb8BxYNrwrqy8F++c1APDzfzQ/IbVLiaL28wkEy412qmXSjM+9hErKXFy8JIT/WBOIWMMg/7mMjvxngHnci+aYJZ6J+Lszh5zgo708vzO7fwaxC0wgd8anH3gFrbFnOg1hkmmoUEIgIwXh+ynuoZPOaoKNXNm1jOl8HpdFOG7vpQavC600YgzS2YGtY7K2WQ5GtN5ZTZBHPsUSir2yKSo9Le9CWXbDtn3SBDepWypwDa3YWKtNog+y10VmpL1N+RG3u1DXSuY7y9WZgkQ7tdvyx/Gjr91kjF0s3bt7vHIAZCtzNlRlWDBz3og0cSnEucCEuKR6dL2Mz+RuF1GmLoXZXapUjVG/82BjdAMAOxPlE67lEs+JWgnrVrA5NLJoL4DZ6+fhQKpNfk0uOrEfZIWR9Sau0IBwBxu6IYVm5/XAB19dt8MAuVcRdN/JGGzo0Hr3WVJuKzbAhuFwJZzcd1J1n4xO09ECT5NQdFSFXGsy8kIFjRNEOkLl+bAExePtGCt0w6cYqB0uCeX3lTI7ugIEgdStMtHFiWngJ218l8CuVrkwTJ7ZqHLtuJDiNqlLptkHWChDfw+IgDwz85dZrfBBzQrMRWranxQmisM+wx3vC+pLURRQHZJEasGCAElj0lTColrqQ/cXS7cBaqs1tBsQDGzKYMCMwsqL53fyxGCljVvljBa99+FpYfoUK+Fi0z6uEbem+luXRScr2yPB5I08lnBY23RmBb/pfSyBfbcmnmF5BkRlJTJKY7fQL/t9bFfywoquQe9e7OQvIjppA/FO7HmZS6hoOU+eS8+W94fEF2gvrowpTeqQHM6hLN9Qzl8niwZWUIyRCfyuzQnuSz/VP1K2sMFBKnZZNDcuBh1/xSFymOH6LfNKostvc6qHTIxrTjlH6952bo1bQl+mVvBUaJuRkYh12QbcyIyzcBFUYwaFazzkHXMof0O30oL3Q6wegTvJxTSZD5VCr5D26Myzoa0JBpqL0st9/MNGZe5a/+HW1qan/VtGA5nYkJcUzwKVqqlmZeuOZekFLGxlfp0lv9IQUQWtiU5uvd5HVoolEc/teUnx/IxYe01IDxX9cbmPMJnLYXJGSY=",
-      "hash": "14476232789113674793628980675814050880886959683346583789420445656962585067758"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "13090090603196708539583054794074329820941412942119534377592583560995629520780"
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "1e2e9efe37f21c726207ffcb4cd45b416c840e052c45112f90dc5a1d9d890499",
+    "digest": "334c2efc6a82e87319cadb7f3e6f9edb55f8f2eab71e0bcf2451f3d5536de5fe",
     "methods": {
       "sha3": {
         "rows": 14494,
@@ -253,12 +253,12 @@
       },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
         "rows": 45178,
-        "digest": "979498beb0bee3435acefc2781f99054"
+        "digest": "0b6ce4cc658bcca79b1b1373569aa9b9"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "18853186686572432164487682457354720373245151214885418412576372705202425675935"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "18381574995221799963215366500837755447342811019610547066832598459350935665488"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 108513cfe848f2a9c212c42cd500ba25b3be26ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 09:49:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1186/1786] resolve dependency issue

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 4e077afdff..8bc2f3b7b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
+import { Gadgets } from '../index.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };

From fc7067876577a8bdee7685a56450056a73034094 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 10:21:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1187/1786] resolve dependency issue, yet again

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 8bc2f3b7b7..8f51d97d0f 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { Gadgets } from '../index.js';
+import { rangeCheckN } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
     return 1;
   },
   check({ field }: TokenSymbol) {
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(48, field);
+    rangeCheckN(48, field);
   },
   toJSON({ symbol }) {
     return symbol;

From a8ff0aa9945842262b69c15bb8fa31afe6bb8085 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 10:26:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1188/1786] return UInt32 instead of Field

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 2da45696db..9bae3afdf1 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   and(x: UInt32) {
-    return Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS);
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**

From d4f27be6d372bdfbb072212c756c9a0f72b09334 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 11:15:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1189/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 39 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7c4fc6f187..d4bb957ba6 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,26 +19,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/7acf19d0d...HEAD)
 
-### Added
-
-- Non-native elliptic curve operations exposed through `createForeignCurve()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
-- **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
-  - For an example, see `./src/examples/crypto/ecdsa`
-
-## [0.15.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
-
-### Breaking changes
-
-- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1292 [@rpanic](https://github.com/rpanic)
-
-### Added
-
-- **Foreign field arithmetic** exposed through the `createForeignField()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs/pull/985
-- `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
-- `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
-- `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
-- `Gadgets.rangeCheck8()` to assert that a value fits in 8 bits https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1288
-
 ### Breaking changes
 
 - Rename `Gadgets.rotate()` to `Gadgets.rotate64()` to better reflect the amount of bits the gadget operates on. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
@@ -46,6 +26,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
+- Non-native elliptic curve operations exposed through `createForeignCurve()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+- **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+
+  - For an example, see `./src/examples/crypto/ecdsa`
+
 - `Gadgets.rotate32()` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.leftShift32()` for left shift over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.divMod32()` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
@@ -59,6 +44,20 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - bitwise RIGHTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rightShift()`
   - bitwise AND via `{UInt32, UInt64}.and()`
 
+## [0.15.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
+
+### Breaking changes
+
+- `ZkProgram.compile()` now returns the verification key and its hash, to be consistent with `SmartContract.compile()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1292 [@rpanic](https://github.com/rpanic)
+
+### Added
+
+- **Foreign field arithmetic** exposed through the `createForeignField()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs/pull/985
+- `Crypto` namespace which exposes elliptic curve and finite field arithmetic on bigints, as well as example curve parameters https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240
+- `Gadgets.ForeignField.assertMul()` for efficiently constraining products of sums in non-native arithmetic https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
+- `Unconstrained` for safely maintaining unconstrained values in provable code https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1262
+- `Gadgets.rangeCheck8()` to assert that a value fits in 8 bits https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1288
+
 ### Changed
 
 - Change precondition APIs to use "require" instead of "assert" as the verb, to distinguish them from provable assertions. [@LuffySama-Dev](https://github.com/LuffySama-Dev)

From e2785ab145b78ed1165f0a894368f26f70c65333 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 11:22:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1190/1786] fix correct bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 61c75c037d..7af5696e11 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 61c75c037db058231f4e1b13a4743178b95d0aa0
+Subproject commit 7af5696e110243b3a6e1760087384395042710d4

From 99094d612b82e09ffa4e1491538c5bd238aec8a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 12:06:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1191/1786] start touching up SHA256 API

---
 src/examples/sha256.ts    | 61 +++-------------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/int.ts            |  7 ++++
 3 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/sha256.ts
index ac9dce1076..a38926d72c 100644
--- a/src/examples/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/sha256.ts
@@ -1,65 +1,14 @@
-import assert from 'assert';
-import { Gadgets, Provable, UInt32 } from 'o1js';
+import { Bytes, Field, Gadgets, Provable, UInt32, UInt64, UInt8 } from 'o1js';
 
-const Parser = Gadgets.SHA256.processStringToMessageBlocks;
-const Hash = Gadgets.SHA256.hash;
+type FlexibleBytes = Bytes | (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array;
 
-const testVectors = [
-  {
-    msg: '',
-    expected:
-      'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855',
-  },
-  {
-    msg: 'duck',
-    expected:
-      '2d2370db2447ff8cf4f3accd68c85aa119a9c893effd200a9b69176e9fc5eb98',
-  },
-  {
-    msg: 'doggo',
-    expected:
-      '8aa89c66e2c453b71400ac832a345d872c33147150267be5402552ee19b3d4ce',
-  },
-  {
-    msg: 'frog',
-    expected:
-      '74fa5327cc0f4e947789dd5e989a61a8242986a596f170640ac90337b1da1ee4',
-  },
-];
-
-const run = (msg: string, expected: string) => {
-  let messageBlocks = Provable.witness(
-    Provable.Array(Provable.Array(UInt32, 16), 1),
-    () => Parser(msg)
-  );
-  let digest = Hash(messageBlocks);
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    let y = toHex(digest);
-    assert(expected === y, `expected ${expected} got ${y}`);
-  });
-};
-
-console.log('running plain');
-testVectors.forEach((v) => {
-  run(v.msg, v.expected);
-});
-
-console.log('run and check');
 Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  testVectors.forEach((v) => {
-    run(v.msg, v.expected);
-  });
-});
+  let digest = Gadgets.SHA256.hash(Bytes.fromString('Hello world!'));
 
-console.log('constraint system');
-let cs = Provable.constraintSystem(() => {
-  testVectors.forEach((v) => {
-    run(v.msg, v.expected);
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    console.log(toHex(digest));
   });
 });
-
-console.log(cs);
-
 function toHex(xs: UInt32[]) {
   let hex = '';
   for (let h = 0; h < xs.length; h++)
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 5c389a9e52..4e2591b858 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
-import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+import { Bytes, FlexibleBytes, createBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
@@ -42,8 +44,66 @@ function processStringToMessageBlocks(s: string) {
   return blocks;
 }
 
+function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
+  // pad the data with zeros to reach the desired length
+  let zeroPadded = Bytes.from(data);
+
+  // now pad the data to reach the format expected by sha256
+  // pad 1 bit, followed by k zero bits where k is the smallest non-negative solution to
+  // l + 1 + k = 448 mod 512
+  // then append a 64bit block containing the length of the original message in bits
+  // TODO: question, most values are witnessed because we dont need to prove the padding.
+  // The user is incentivized to provide the correct padding because otherwise the hash will be wrong.
+
+  let l = data.length * 8; // length in bits
+  let k = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
+  let totalPaddingLength = (k + 1 + 64) / 8; // total length of the padding
+
+  let padding = Provable.witness(
+    Provable.Array(UInt8, totalPaddingLength),
+    () => {
+      let padding = (
+        '1' +
+        '0'.repeat(k) +
+        '0'.repeat(64 - l.toString(2).length) +
+        l.toString(2)
+      ).match(/.{1,8}/g)!;
+
+      let xs = padding.map((x) => UInt8.from(BigInt('0b' + x)));
+      return xs;
+    }
+  );
+
+  // concatenate the padding with the original padded data
+  let messageBlocks = zeroPadded.bytes.concat(padding);
+
+  // split the message into 32bit chunks
+  let chunks: UInt32[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < messageBlocks.length; i += 4) {
+    chunks.push(concat(messageBlocks.slice(i, i + 4)));
+  }
+
+  // split message blocks into 16 element sized blocks
+  let xs: UInt32[][] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < chunks.length; i += 16) {
+    xs.push(chunks.slice(i, i + 16));
+  }
+  return xs;
+}
+
+function concat(xs: UInt8[]) {
+  let target = new Field(0);
+  xs.forEach((x) => {
+    target = Gadgets.leftShift32(target, 8).add(x.value);
+  });
+  Gadgets.rangeCheck32(target);
+  return new UInt32(target);
+}
+
 const SHA256 = {
-  hash(data: UInt32[][]) {
+  hash(data: FlexibleBytes) {
+    const message = Bytes.from(data);
     // constants §4.2.2
     const K = [
       0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
@@ -67,13 +127,13 @@ const SHA256 = {
 
     // TODO: correct dynamic preprocessing §6.2
     // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
-    let messageBlocks = data;
+    let messageBlocks = padding(data);
 
     const N = messageBlocks.length;
 
     for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
       const M = messageBlocks[i];
-      // for each message block of 16 x 32 bytes do:
+      // for each message block of 16 x 32bit do:
       const W: UInt32[] = [];
 
       // prepare message block
@@ -254,7 +314,7 @@ function sigma(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>, firstShifted = false) {
   let xRotR2 = x3.add(x012.mul(1 << d3)).seal();
   // ^ proves that 2^(32-d2)*x2 < xRotR2 => x2 < 2^d2 if we check xRotR2 < 2^32 later
 
-  return UInt32.from(xRotR0).xor(xRotR1).xor(xRotR2);
+  return UInt32.from(xRotR0).xor(new UInt32(xRotR1)).xor(new UInt32(xRotR2));
 }
 
 function rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 9bae3afdf1..a98ff8cf4b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -629,6 +629,13 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     return new UInt32(Field((1n << 32n) - 1n));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Addition modulo 2^32. Check {@link Gadgets.addMod32} for a detailed description.
+   */
+  addMod32(y: UInt32) {
+    return new UInt32(Gadgets.addMod32(this.value, y.value));
+  }
+
   /**
    * Integer division with remainder.
    *

From 45226204e8d04d16086d7405f8942f37f4164354 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 12:05:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1192/1786] Bytes.random

---
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index 992e10bd1f..9bde301e69 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
 
 export { Bytes, createBytes, FlexibleBytes };
 
@@ -64,6 +65,14 @@ class Bytes {
     return this.from(bytes);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Create random {@link Bytes} using secure builtin randomness.
+   */
+  static random() {
+    let bytes = randomBytes(this.size);
+    return this.from(bytes);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create {@link Bytes} from a hex string.
    *

From abb8202005098be1768bc8d53926857e385ff9c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 12:06:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1193/1786] keccak witness gen benchmark

---
 src/examples/benchmarks/keccak-witness.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/benchmarks/keccak-witness.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/keccak-witness.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/keccak-witness.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cedd6982ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/keccak-witness.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { Hash, Bytes, Provable } from 'o1js';
+
+let Bytes32 = Bytes(32);
+
+console.time('keccak witness');
+Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
+  let bytes = Provable.witness(Bytes32.provable, () => Bytes32.random());
+  Hash.Keccak256.hash(bytes);
+});
+console.timeEnd('keccak witness');

From 847bf36267e2cc0bfe389dd829e6a42487e8ae7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 14:12:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1194/1786] fix bitwise unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts | 26 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index e3444552a0..f6f186e941 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ let Bitwise = ZkProgram({
     leftShift32: {
       privateInputs: [Field],
       method(a: Field) {
+        Gadgets.rangeCheck32(a);
         return Gadgets.leftShift32(a, 12);
       },
     },
@@ -138,7 +139,9 @@ await Bitwise.compile();
   );
 });
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(64), uint(64)], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+const runs = 2;
+
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(64), uint(64)], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x, y) => {
     return x ^ y;
   },
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(64), uint(64)], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
   },
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
     return proof.publicOutput;
   }
 );
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     if (x > 2n ** 254n) throw Error('Does not fit into 254 bit');
     return Fp.not(x, 254);
@@ -168,10 +171,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync(
-  { from: [maybeField, maybeField], to: field },
-  { runs: 3 }
-)(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [maybeField, maybeField], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x, y) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n || y >= 2n ** 64n)
       throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left');
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(32)], to: uint(32) }, { runs: 30 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(32)], to: uint(32) }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     return Fp.rot(x, 12n, 'left', 32n);
   },
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [uint(32)], to: uint(32) }, { runs: 30 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.leftShift(x, 12);
@@ -215,9 +215,9 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
-    if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
+    if (x >= 1n << 32n) throw Error('Does not fit into 32 bits');
     return Fp.leftShift(x, 12, 32);
   },
   async (x) => {
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
   }
 );
 
-await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs: 3 })(
+await equivalentAsync({ from: [field], to: field }, { runs })(
   (x) => {
     if (x >= 2n ** 64n) throw Error('Does not fit into 64 bits');
     return Fp.rightShift(x, 12);

From 1c76a2e005c75ff62bbf654a137feb95a4030fbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 12:08:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1195/1786] unit-test keccak in provable version

---
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index 2e4c160b3f..aad02e2342 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
-import { equivalent, equivalentAsync } from './testing/equivalent.js';
+import {
+  equivalentProvable,
+  equivalent,
+  equivalentAsync,
+} from './testing/equivalent.js';
 import {
   keccak_224,
   keccak_256,
@@ -47,13 +51,13 @@ for (let length of lengths) {
   let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
   let outputBytes = bytes(length / 8);
 
-  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
     testImplementations.sha3[length],
     (x) => Keccak.nistSha3(length, x),
     `sha3 ${length}`
   );
 
-  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
     testImplementations.preNist[length],
     (x) => Keccak.preNist(length, x),
     `keccak ${length}`

From 6270ce91f194b29d6865063ff4467ca24ec3a761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 14:19:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1196/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7d5d3d74c0..2ccc5209bf 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7d5d3d74c04eb8ed0e8ad728148e6c3a56047bce
+Subproject commit 2ccc5209bf5f3d0295b125da9b227b0decf82b74

From 691ac671aed98f24a553e824ec33dccf717cca81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 15:07:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1197/1786] finish API, start tests

---
 src/examples/sha256.ts              |  37 ++++++++--
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts           | 111 ++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts |  19 +++++
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/sha256.ts
index a38926d72c..f6c694952d 100644
--- a/src/examples/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/sha256.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,35 @@
-import { Bytes, Field, Gadgets, Provable, UInt32, UInt64, UInt8 } from 'o1js';
+import {
+  Bytes,
+  Field,
+  Gadgets,
+  Provable,
+  UInt32,
+  UInt64,
+  UInt8,
+  ZkProgram,
+} from 'o1js';
 
-type FlexibleBytes = Bytes | (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array;
+/* 
+let SHA256 = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'sha256',
+  publicOutput: Bytes(32).provable,
+  methods: {
+    sha256: {
+      privateInputs: [Bytes12.provable],
+      method(xs: Bytes12) {
+        return Gadgets.SHA256.hash(xs);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
 
-Provable.runAndCheck(() => {
-  let digest = Gadgets.SHA256.hash(Bytes.fromString('Hello world!'));
+await SHA256.compile(); */
+class BytesN extends Bytes(58) {}
+
+let preimage = BytesN.fromString('hello world!');
+
+Gadgets.SHA256.hash(preimage);
 
-  Provable.asProver(() => {
-    console.log(toHex(digest));
-  });
-});
 function toHex(xs: UInt32[]) {
   let hex = '';
   for (let h = 0; h < xs.length; h++)
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 4e2591b858..b466993088 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -9,41 +9,6 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
 
-function processStringToMessageBlocks(s: string) {
-  let msgBits = s
-    .split('')
-    .map((c) => {
-      let binary = c.charCodeAt(0).toString(2);
-      return '00000000'.substr(binary.length) + binary;
-    })
-    .join('');
-
-  let l = msgBits.length;
-  msgBits = msgBits + '1';
-
-  // calculate k in l + 1 +k = 448 mod 512
-  let remainder = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
-
-  let k = (remainder + 512) % 512;
-  let padding = '0'.repeat(k);
-  msgBits = msgBits + padding;
-  let lBits = l.toString(2);
-  msgBits = msgBits + '0'.repeat(64 - lBits.length) + lBits;
-
-  let bitBlocks32 = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < msgBits.length; i += 32) {
-    bitBlocks32.push(UInt32.from(BigInt('0b' + msgBits.substr(i, 32))));
-  }
-
-  let lengthBlocks = bitBlocks32.length;
-  let blocks = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < lengthBlocks; i += 16) {
-    let block = bitBlocks32.slice(i, i + 16);
-    blocks.push(block);
-  }
-  return blocks;
-}
-
 function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   // pad the data with zeros to reach the desired length
   let zeroPadded = Bytes.from(data);
@@ -63,9 +28,9 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
     Provable.Array(UInt8, totalPaddingLength),
     () => {
       let padding = (
-        '1' +
-        '0'.repeat(k) +
-        '0'.repeat(64 - l.toString(2).length) +
+        '1' + // append 1 bit
+        '0'.repeat(k) + // append k zero bits
+        '0'.repeat(64 - l.toString(2).length) + // append 64bit containing the length of the original message
         l.toString(2)
       ).match(/.{1,8}/g)!;
 
@@ -75,23 +40,24 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   );
 
   // concatenate the padding with the original padded data
-  let messageBlocks = zeroPadded.bytes.concat(padding);
+  let paddedMessage = zeroPadded.bytes.concat(padding);
 
   // split the message into 32bit chunks
   let chunks: UInt32[] = [];
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < messageBlocks.length; i += 4) {
-    chunks.push(concat(messageBlocks.slice(i, i + 4)));
+  for (let i = 0; i < paddedMessage.length; i += 4) {
+    chunks.push(concat(paddedMessage.slice(i, i + 4)));
   }
 
-  // split message blocks into 16 element sized blocks
-  let xs: UInt32[][] = [];
+  // split message into 16 element sized message blocks
+  let messageBlocks: UInt32[][] = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < chunks.length; i += 16) {
-    xs.push(chunks.slice(i, i + 16));
+    messageBlocks.push(chunks.slice(i, i + 16));
   }
-  return xs;
+  return messageBlocks;
 }
 
+// concatenate bytes into a 32bit word using bit shifting
 function concat(xs: UInt8[]) {
   let target = new Field(0);
   xs.forEach((x) => {
@@ -101,31 +67,44 @@ function concat(xs: UInt8[]) {
   return new UInt32(target);
 }
 
+// decompose a 32bit word into 4 bytes
+function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
+  let field = a.value;
+  let ys = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    let { quotient, remainder } = Gadgets.divMod32(field.mul(1n << 8n));
+    field = remainder;
+    ys.push(quotient);
+  }
+
+  // UInt8.from does a rangeCheck8
+  return ys.map(UInt8.from);
+}
+
+// constants §4.2.2
+const K = [
+  0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
+  0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
+  0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
+  0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
+  0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+  0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
+  0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
+  0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
+  0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
+  0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+  0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
+
 const SHA256 = {
   hash(data: FlexibleBytes) {
-    const message = Bytes.from(data);
-    // constants §4.2.2
-    const K = [
-      0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
-      0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
-      0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
-      0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
-      0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
-      0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
-      0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
-      0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
-      0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
-      0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
-      0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
-    ].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
-
     // initial hash values §5.3.3
     const H = [
       0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
       0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
     ].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
 
-    // TODO: correct dynamic preprocessing §6.2
+    // preprocessing §6.2
     // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
     let messageBlocks = padding(data);
 
@@ -192,9 +171,13 @@ const SHA256 = {
       H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
     }
 
-    return H;
+    let ys: UInt8[] = [];
+    H.forEach((x) => {
+      ys.push(...decomposeToBytes(x));
+    });
+
+    return Bytes.from(ys);
   },
-  processStringToMessageBlocks: processStringToMessageBlocks,
 };
 
 function Ch(x: UInt32, y: UInt32, z: UInt32) {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e91f1b1411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { sha256 as nobleSha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
+import { bytes } from './test-utils.js';
+import { equivalent } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { Random, sample } from '../testing/random.js';
+
+sample(Random.nat(100), 10).forEach((preimageLength) => {
+  let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
+  let outputBytes = bytes(256 / 8);
+
+  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+    (x) => nobleSha256(x),
+    (x) => Gadgets.SHA256.hash(x),
+    `sha256 preimage length ${preimageLength}`
+  );
+});

From dc4ddb97d442057a81b4f85328f8089e9bea72ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 15:21:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1198/1786] fix block size, add tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts           | 4 ++++
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index b466993088..33eb392c56 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
 
   let l = data.length * 8; // length in bits
   let k = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
+
+  // pad for new blog size
+  if (k < 0) k += 512;
+
   let totalPaddingLength = (k + 1 + 64) / 8; // total length of the padding
 
   let padding = Provable.witness(
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
index e91f1b1411..5a7b8104fc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { bytes } from './test-utils.js';
 import { equivalent } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random, sample } from '../testing/random.js';
 
-sample(Random.nat(100), 10).forEach((preimageLength) => {
+sample(Random.nat(400), 25).forEach((preimageLength) => {
   let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
   let outputBytes = bytes(256 / 8);
 

From c49e07bad5e44868637aa313e8d2ec9d75332094 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 16:05:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1199/1786] add tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts           | 33 +++++++--------
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 33eb392c56..13933a7da5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 import { Bytes, FlexibleBytes, createBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
@@ -85,21 +85,6 @@ function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
   return ys.map(UInt8.from);
 }
 
-// constants §4.2.2
-const K = [
-  0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
-  0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
-  0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
-  0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
-  0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
-  0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
-  0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
-  0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
-  0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
-  0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
-  0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
-].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
-
 const SHA256 = {
   hash(data: FlexibleBytes) {
     // initial hash values §5.3.3
@@ -108,6 +93,22 @@ const SHA256 = {
       0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
     ].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
 
+    // I dont like to have this in here but UInt32 isn't initialized if used at top level
+    // constants §4.2.2
+    const K = [
+      0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
+      0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
+      0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
+      0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
+      0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+      0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
+      0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
+      0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
+      0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
+      0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+      0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+    ].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
+
     // preprocessing §6.2
     // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
     let messageBlocks = padding(data);
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
index 5a7b8104fc..c2ade3f822 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { sha256 as nobleSha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
 import { bytes } from './test-utils.js';
-import { equivalent } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { equivalent, equivalentAsync } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random, sample } from '../testing/random.js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
 
-sample(Random.nat(400), 25).forEach((preimageLength) => {
+sample(Random.nat(400), 10).forEach((preimageLength) => {
   let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
   let outputBytes = bytes(256 / 8);
 
@@ -17,3 +17,60 @@ sample(Random.nat(400), 25).forEach((preimageLength) => {
     `sha256 preimage length ${preimageLength}`
   );
 });
+
+const Sha256Program = ZkProgram({
+  name: `sha256`,
+  publicOutput: Bytes(32).provable,
+  methods: {
+    sha256: {
+      privateInputs: [Bytes(192).provable],
+      method(preImage: Bytes) {
+        return Gadgets.SHA256.hash(preImage);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});
+
+const RUNS = 5;
+
+await Sha256Program.compile();
+
+await equivalentAsync(
+  {
+    from: [bytes(192)],
+    to: bytes(32),
+  },
+  { runs: RUNS }
+)(nobleSha256, async (x) => {
+  const proof = await Sha256Program.sha256(x);
+  await Sha256Program.verify(proof);
+  return proof.publicOutput;
+});
+
+for (let { preimage, hash } of testVectors()) {
+  class BytesN extends Bytes(preimage.length) {}
+  let actual = Gadgets.SHA256.hash(BytesN.fromString(preimage));
+  expect(actual.toHex()).toEqual(hash);
+}
+
+function testVectors() {
+  return [
+    {
+      preimage: 'abc',
+      hash: 'ba7816bf8f01cfea414140de5dae2223b00361a396177a9cb410ff61f20015ad',
+    },
+    {
+      preimage: 'a'.repeat(1000000),
+      hash: 'cdc76e5c9914fb9281a1c7e284d73e67f1809a48a497200e046d39ccc7112cd0',
+    },
+    {
+      preimage: '',
+      hash: 'e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855',
+    },
+    {
+      preimage:
+        'de188941a3375d3a8a061e67576e926dc71a7fa3f0cceb97452b4d3227965f9ea8cc75076d9fb9c5417aa5cb30fc22198b34982dbb629e',
+      hash: '70b6ee0dd06c26d51177d5bb1de954d6d50aa9f7b771b4401415d43da40605ad',
+    },
+  ];
+}

From ea83f74350fe8a2f32aba8d6036b394b0c15a3d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 16:08:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1200/1786] add trivial example

---
 src/examples/sha256.ts | 35 +++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/sha256.ts
index f6c694952d..fcda4698dd 100644
--- a/src/examples/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/sha256.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
-import {
-  Bytes,
-  Field,
-  Gadgets,
-  Provable,
-  UInt32,
-  UInt64,
-  UInt8,
-  ZkProgram,
-} from 'o1js';
+import { Bytes, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
+
+class Bytes12 extends Bytes(12) {}
 
-/* 
 let SHA256 = ZkProgram({
   name: 'sha256',
   publicOutput: Bytes(32).provable,
@@ -23,17 +15,16 @@ let SHA256 = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-await SHA256.compile(); */
-class BytesN extends Bytes(58) {}
-
-let preimage = BytesN.fromString('hello world!');
+await SHA256.compile();
+let preimage = Bytes12.fromString('hello world!');
 
-Gadgets.SHA256.hash(preimage);
+let proof = await SHA256.sha256(preimage);
 
-function toHex(xs: UInt32[]) {
-  let hex = '';
-  for (let h = 0; h < xs.length; h++)
-    hex = hex + ('00000000' + xs[h].toBigint().toString(16)).slice(-8);
+let isValid = await SHA256.verify(proof);
 
-  return hex;
-}
+if (
+  proof.publicOutput.toHex() !==
+  '7509e5bda0c762d2bac7f90d758b5b2263fa01ccbc542ab5e3df163be08e6ca9'
+)
+  throw new Error('Invalid sha256 digest!');
+if (!isValid) throw new Error('Invalid proof');

From 9b61ead488fee31e80aaf174574af432606d6bce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 16:14:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1201/1786] move example, dump VKs

---
 src/examples/{ => crypto}/sha256.ts    | 10 ++++++----
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 13 +++++++++++++
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 ++
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/{ => crypto}/sha256.ts (74%)

diff --git a/src/examples/sha256.ts b/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
similarity index 74%
rename from src/examples/sha256.ts
rename to src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
index fcda4698dd..1b79085058 100644
--- a/src/examples/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import { Bytes, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
 
+export { SHA256Program };
+
 class Bytes12 extends Bytes(12) {}
 
-let SHA256 = ZkProgram({
+let SHA256Program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'sha256',
   publicOutput: Bytes(32).provable,
   methods: {
@@ -15,12 +17,12 @@ let SHA256 = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
-await SHA256.compile();
+await SHA256Program.compile();
 let preimage = Bytes12.fromString('hello world!');
 
-let proof = await SHA256.sha256(preimage);
+let proof = await SHA256Program.sha256(preimage);
 
-let isValid = await SHA256.verify(proof);
+let isValid = await SHA256Program.verify(proof);
 
 if (
   proof.publicOutput.toHex() !==
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index a7ff2ecb38..74c98a7c4d 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -264,5 +264,18 @@
       "data": "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",
       "hash": "24853426911779666983119365864639019692354940105641954611250992067926077919455"
     }
+  },
+  "sha256": {
+    "digest": "94f9e7bfe7224549a32ebf3e2f65e5d848e9feebd4c79a5d966a084c28b41fe",
+    "methods": {
+      "sha256": {
+        "rows": 5957,
+        "digest": "ea7ff27557e7c6270c200f2feb62a3a7"
+      }
+    },
+    "verificationKey": {
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "5242875480670941030919675131962218019722619843591732956374487945418325506772"
+    }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index 9c63c7e38e..bc6a644934 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   ecdsa,
   keccakAndEcdsa,
 } from '../../src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
+import { SHA256Program } from '../../src/examples/crypto/sha256.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS, HashCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ const ConstraintSystems: MinimumConstraintSystem[] = [
   HashCS,
   ecdsa,
   keccakAndEcdsa,
+  SHA256Program,
 ];
 
 let filePath = jsonPath ? jsonPath : './tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json';

From 9e9a3cb70bd4ae5f75fc87c6ef94baa868375889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 17:11:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1202/1786] add SHA256 to Hash namespace

---
 src/lib/hashes-combined.ts | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
index 8440a25b32..edd64f8355 100644
--- a/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hashes-combined.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
 import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
@@ -35,6 +36,19 @@ const Hash = {
    */
   Poseidon,
 
+  /**
+   * The SHA2 hash function with an output length of 256 bits.
+   */
+  SHA2_256: {
+    /**
+     * Hashes the given bytes using SHA2-256.
+     *
+     * This is an alias for `Gadgets.SHA256.hash(bytes)`.\
+     * See {@link Gadgets.SHA256.hash} for details and usage examples.
+     */
+    hash: Gadgets.SHA256.hash,
+  },
+
   /**
    * The SHA3 hash function with an output length of 256 bits.
    */

From 19115a159bbb0eeb97b190ef810e8d3b36743cc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 18:45:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1203/1786] 0.15.1

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 085d249609..24af729ad1 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.15.0",
+  "version": "0.15.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.15.0",
+      "version": "0.15.1",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index f58dd76fa1..ac4a5736e9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.15.0",
+  "version": "0.15.1",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From e5f22757a984c97a0d6940dab51070551665587c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 18:45:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1204/1786] Update CHANGELOG for new version v0.15.1

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a07860b138..dabec35706 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/7acf19d0d...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/19115a159...HEAD)
+
+## [0.15.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...19115a159)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 

From f6d991fad783547d9c790ce1b21914553a618662 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Dec 2023 12:36:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1205/1786] trigger CI


From 8cba17ac4bc24e0923af7a157385c9d844fefd76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 11:04:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1206/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 12 +++++++++---
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dabec35706..2b30d0e852 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - Non-native elliptic curve operations exposed through `createForeignCurve()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
-- **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
-
+- **ECDSA signature verification** exposed through `createEcdsa()` class factory https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1240 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007 https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1307
   - For an example, see `./src/examples/crypto/ecdsa`
-
+- **Keccak/SHA3 hash function** exposed on `Keccak` namespace https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1291
+- `Hash` namespace which holds all hash functions https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/999
+  - `Bytes`, provable type to hold a byte array, which serves as input and output for Keccak variants
+  - `UInt8`, provable type to hold a single byte, which is constrained to be in the 0 to 255 range
 - `Gadgets.rotate32()` for rotation over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.leftShift32()` for left shift over 32 bit values https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
 - `Gadgets.divMod32()` division modulo 2^32 that returns the remainder and quotient of the operation https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1259
@@ -43,10 +45,14 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - bitwise LEFTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.leftShift()`
   - bitwise RIGHTSHIFT via `{UInt32, UInt64}.rightShift()`
   - bitwise AND via `{UInt32, UInt64}.and()`
+- Example for using actions to store a map data structure https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1300
+- `Provable.constraintSystem()` and `{ZkProgram,SmartContract}.analyzeMethods()` return a `summary()` method to return a summary of the constraints used by a method https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
 
 ### Fixed
 
 - Fix stack overflows when calling provable methods with large inputs https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1334
+- Fix `Local.setProofsEnabled()` which would not get picked up by `deploy()` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1330
+- Remove usage of private class fields in core types like `Field`, for better type compatibility between different o1js versions https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1319
 
 ## [0.15.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...7acf19d0d)
 

From 9ae2dfed893e3769030fdd29407d59e86239f4f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 12:00:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1207/1786] mina

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index cb151f6a7d..2a968c8347 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cb151f6a7d34913090b9c19b79f8872389be5c04
+Subproject commit 2a968c83477ed9f9e3b30a02cc357e541b76dcac

From a6252bdb970d217a62926f863bf86275efe11478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:10:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1208/1786] make witness constant

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 44 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 13933a7da5..f489181b09 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
-import { Bytes, FlexibleBytes, createBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
+import { Bytes, FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
@@ -11,37 +11,29 @@ export { SHA256 };
 
 function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   // pad the data with zeros to reach the desired length
+  // this is because we need to inherit to a static sized Bytes array. unrelated to sha256
   let zeroPadded = Bytes.from(data);
 
   // now pad the data to reach the format expected by sha256
   // pad 1 bit, followed by k zero bits where k is the smallest non-negative solution to
   // l + 1 + k = 448 mod 512
   // then append a 64bit block containing the length of the original message in bits
-  // TODO: question, most values are witnessed because we dont need to prove the padding.
-  // The user is incentivized to provide the correct padding because otherwise the hash will be wrong.
 
-  let l = data.length * 8; // length in bits
+  let l = zeroPadded.length * 8; // length in bits
   let k = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
 
-  // pad for new blog size
+  // pad message exceeds 512bit and needs a new block
   if (k < 0) k += 512;
 
-  let totalPaddingLength = (k + 1 + 64) / 8; // total length of the padding
+  let paddingBits = (
+    '1' + // append 1 bit
+    '0'.repeat(k) + // append k zero bits
+    '0'.repeat(64 - l.toString(2).length) + // append 64bit containing the length of the original message
+    l.toString(2)
+  ).match(/.{1,8}/g)!; // this should always be devisable by 8
 
-  let padding = Provable.witness(
-    Provable.Array(UInt8, totalPaddingLength),
-    () => {
-      let padding = (
-        '1' + // append 1 bit
-        '0'.repeat(k) + // append k zero bits
-        '0'.repeat(64 - l.toString(2).length) + // append 64bit containing the length of the original message
-        l.toString(2)
-      ).match(/.{1,8}/g)!;
-
-      let xs = padding.map((x) => UInt8.from(BigInt('0b' + x)));
-      return xs;
-    }
-  );
+  // map the padding bit string to UInt8 elements
+  let padding = paddingBits.map((x) => UInt8.from(BigInt('0b' + x)));
 
   // concatenate the padding with the original padded data
   let paddedMessage = zeroPadded.bytes.concat(padding);
@@ -50,10 +42,12 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   let chunks: UInt32[] = [];
 
   for (let i = 0; i < paddedMessage.length; i += 4) {
-    chunks.push(concat(paddedMessage.slice(i, i + 4)));
+    // chunk 4 bytes into one UInt32, as expected by SHA256
+    chunks.push(concatToUInt32(paddedMessage.slice(i, i + 4)));
   }
 
   // split message into 16 element sized message blocks
+  // SHA256 expects n-blocks of 512bit each, 16*32bit = 512bit
   let messageBlocks: UInt32[][] = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < chunks.length; i += 16) {
     messageBlocks.push(chunks.slice(i, i + 16));
@@ -62,11 +56,13 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
 }
 
 // concatenate bytes into a 32bit word using bit shifting
-function concat(xs: UInt8[]) {
+function concatToUInt32(xs: UInt8[]) {
   let target = new Field(0);
   xs.forEach((x) => {
+    // for each element we shift the target by 8 bits and add the element
     target = Gadgets.leftShift32(target, 8).add(x.value);
   });
+  // making sure its actually 32bit
   Gadgets.rangeCheck32(target);
   return new UInt32(target);
 }
@@ -76,12 +72,14 @@ function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
   let field = a.value;
   let ys = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    // for each byte we rotate the element and get the excess bits (8 at a time) and construct a UInt8 of it
     let { quotient, remainder } = Gadgets.divMod32(field.mul(1n << 8n));
+    // "shift" the element by 8 bit to get the next byte sequence during the next iteration
     field = remainder;
     ys.push(quotient);
   }
 
-  // UInt8.from does a rangeCheck8
+  // UInt8.from does a rangeCheck8 for Field elements
   return ys.map(UInt8.from);
 }
 

From 3ba3824261e3f14f8f8405e6967e627f80fd790c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:16:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1209/1786] simplify

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index f489181b09..b922fb4b73 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -121,10 +121,12 @@ const SHA256 = {
       // prepare message block
       for (let t = 0; t <= 15; t++) W[t] = M[t];
       for (let t = 16; t <= 63; t++) {
+        // the field element is unreduced and not proven to be 32bit, we will do this later to save constraints
         let unreduced = DeltaOne(W[t - 2])
           .value.add(W[t - 7].value)
           .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).value.add(W[t - 16].value));
 
+        // mod 32bit the unreduced field element
         W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreduced, 16).remainder);
       }
 
@@ -140,12 +142,14 @@ const SHA256 = {
 
       // main loop
       for (let t = 0; t <= 63; t++) {
+        // T1 is unreduced and not proven to be 32bit, we will do this later to save constraints
         const unreducedT1 = h.value
           .add(SigmaOne(e).value)
           .add(Ch(e, f, g).value)
           .add(K[t].value)
           .add(W[t].value);
 
+        // T2 is also unreduced
         const unreducedT2 = SigmaZero(a).value.add(Maj(a, b, c).value);
 
         h = g;
@@ -153,13 +157,13 @@ const SHA256 = {
         f = e;
         e = UInt32.from(
           Gadgets.divMod32(d.value.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder
-        );
+        ); // mod 32bit the unreduced field element
         d = c;
         c = b;
         b = a;
         a = UInt32.from(
           Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder
-        );
+        ); // mod 32bit
       }
 
       // new intermediate hash value
@@ -174,12 +178,15 @@ const SHA256 = {
       H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
     }
 
+    /*
     let ys: UInt8[] = [];
     H.forEach((x) => {
       ys.push(...decomposeToBytes(x));
     });
+    */
 
-    return Bytes.from(ys);
+    // the working variables H[i] are 32bit, however we want to decompose them into bytes to be more compatible
+    return Bytes.from(H.map((x) => decomposeToBytes(x)).flat());
   },
 };
 

From 719742456a0be94a717191c022debaf9dbef7bb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:25:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1210/1786] add doc comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts  |  8 --------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 74c95cb812..18954d4080 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -798,7 +798,25 @@ const Gadgets = {
    *    */
   addMod32,
 
-  // TODO: everything
+  /**
+   * Implementation of the [SHA256 hash function.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2) Hash function with 256bit output.
+   *
+   * Applies the SHA2-256 hash function to a list of big-endian byte-sized elements.
+   *
+   * The function accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
+   * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]`, `bigint[]` or `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
+   *
+   * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} that conforms to the chosen bit length.
+   * Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
+   *
+   * @param data - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");
+   * let digest = Gadgets.SHA256.hash(preimage);
+   * ```
+   *
+   */
   SHA256: SHA256,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index b922fb4b73..e428826921 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ const SHA256 = {
       }
 
       // new intermediate hash value
-
       H[0] = H[0].addMod32(a);
       H[1] = H[1].addMod32(b);
       H[2] = H[2].addMod32(c);
@@ -178,13 +177,6 @@ const SHA256 = {
       H[7] = H[7].addMod32(h);
     }
 
-    /*
-    let ys: UInt8[] = [];
-    H.forEach((x) => {
-      ys.push(...decomposeToBytes(x));
-    });
-    */
-
     // the working variables H[i] are 32bit, however we want to decompose them into bytes to be more compatible
     return Bytes.from(H.map((x) => decomposeToBytes(x)).flat());
   },

From 498ab345562484b9d26782fff33d464423b9d928 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:31:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1211/1786] Update sha256.ts

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index e428826921..f877e3fc8e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 import { Bytes, FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';

From ebe202869378dd8be99fc5b79900fe28e66166c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:33:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1212/1786] undo accidental commit

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 13 ++++---------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 31350bfa6a..414ddfe814 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { rangeCheck32, rangeCheckN } from './range-check.js';
+import { rangeCheck32 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { divMod32, addMod32 };
 
-function divMod32(n: Field, quotientBits = 32) {
+function divMod32(n: Field) {
   if (n.isConstant()) {
     assert(
       n.toBigInt() < 1n << 64n,
@@ -33,11 +32,7 @@ function divMod32(n: Field, quotientBits = 32) {
     }
   );
 
-  if (quotientBits === 1) {
-    Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(quotient));
-  } else {
-    rangeCheckN(quotientBits, quotient);
-  }
+  rangeCheck32(quotient);
   rangeCheck32(remainder);
 
   n.assertEquals(quotient.mul(1n << 32n).add(remainder));
@@ -49,5 +44,5 @@ function divMod32(n: Field, quotientBits = 32) {
 }
 
 function addMod32(x: Field, y: Field) {
-  return divMod32(x.add(y), 1).remainder;
+  return divMod32(x.add(y)).remainder;
 }

From 68b6d1a0176caffaadadc549fc87c8dafea8080d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 13:38:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1213/1786] add commit back :X

---
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts | 13 +++++++++----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 414ddfe814..31350bfa6a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { rangeCheck32 } from './range-check.js';
+import { rangeCheck32, rangeCheckN } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { divMod32, addMod32 };
 
-function divMod32(n: Field) {
+function divMod32(n: Field, quotientBits = 32) {
   if (n.isConstant()) {
     assert(
       n.toBigInt() < 1n << 64n,
@@ -32,7 +33,11 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
     }
   );
 
-  rangeCheck32(quotient);
+  if (quotientBits === 1) {
+    Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(quotient));
+  } else {
+    rangeCheckN(quotientBits, quotient);
+  }
   rangeCheck32(remainder);
 
   n.assertEquals(quotient.mul(1n << 32n).add(remainder));
@@ -44,5 +49,5 @@ function divMod32(n: Field) {
 }
 
 function addMod32(x: Field, y: Field) {
-  return divMod32(x.add(y)).remainder;
+  return divMod32(x.add(y), 1).remainder;
 }

From 175228b65166914fc8e4712cc51dec4cf268f04d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 18:23:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1214/1786] add flow comments

---
 src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts b/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
index 1b79085058..bc973499d9 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
@@ -17,13 +17,21 @@ let SHA256Program = ZkProgram({
   },
 });
 
+console.time('compile');
 await SHA256Program.compile();
+console.timeEnd('compile');
+
 let preimage = Bytes12.fromString('hello world!');
 
-let proof = await SHA256Program.sha256(preimage);
+console.log('sha256 rows:', SHA256Program.analyzeMethods().sha256.rows);
 
+console.time('prove');
+let proof = await SHA256Program.sha256(preimage);
+console.timeEnd('prove');
 let isValid = await SHA256Program.verify(proof);
 
+console.log('digest:', proof.publicOutput.toHex());
+
 if (
   proof.publicOutput.toHex() !==
   '7509e5bda0c762d2bac7f90d758b5b2263fa01ccbc542ab5e3df163be08e6ca9'

From 06afa39e09cb643707f3f5e4c233ad604686591a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Dec 2023 18:28:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1215/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 329b1f1f40..74c98a7c4d 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -236,33 +236,33 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "1e6bef24a2e02b573363f3512822d401d53ec7220c8d5837cd49691c19723028",
+    "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 30680,
-        "digest": "5fe00efee7ecfb82b3ca69c8dd23d07f"
+        "rows": 38888,
+        "digest": "f75dd9e49c88eb6097a7f3abbe543467"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "13090090603196708539583054794074329820941412942119534377592583560995629520780"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "10504586047480864396273137275551599454708712068910013426206550544367939284599"
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "334c2efc6a82e87319cadb7f3e6f9edb55f8f2eab71e0bcf2451f3d5536de5fe",
+    "digest": "baf90de64c1b6b5b5938a0b80a8fdb70bdbbc84a292dd7eccfdbce470c10b4c",
     "methods": {
       "sha3": {
         "rows": 14494,
         "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
       },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 45178,
-        "digest": "0b6ce4cc658bcca79b1b1373569aa9b9"
+        "rows": 53386,
+        "digest": "5a234cff8ea48ce653cbd7efa2e1c241"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "18381574995221799963215366500837755447342811019610547066832598459350935665488"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "24853426911779666983119365864639019692354940105641954611250992067926077919455"
     }
   },
   "sha256": {

From c1e14dcc5840231d2ce64b7c238de04d5fe68ccb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 09:27:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1216/1786] remove redundant keccak-only circuit from ecdsa
 example

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts |  8 --------
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts   | 13 ++++---------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index 45639c41cb..bebe6484fb 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -27,14 +27,6 @@ const keccakAndEcdsa = ZkProgram({
         return signature.verify(message, publicKey);
       },
     },
-
-    sha3: {
-      privateInputs: [],
-      method(message: Bytes32) {
-        Keccak.nistSha3(256, message);
-        return Bool(true);
-      },
-    },
   },
 });
 
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
index 2a497de373..c3acaa19c2 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/run.ts
@@ -13,19 +13,14 @@ let signature = Ecdsa.sign(message.toBytes(), privateKey.toBigInt());
 // investigate the constraint system generated by ECDSA verify
 
 console.time('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
-let csEcdsa = ecdsa.analyzeMethods().verifySignedHash;
+let csEcdsa = ecdsa.analyzeMethods();
 console.timeEnd('ecdsa verify only (build constraint system)');
-console.log(csEcdsa.summary());
-
-console.time('keccak only (build constraint system)');
-let csKeccak = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().sha3;
-console.timeEnd('keccak only (build constraint system)');
-console.log(csKeccak.summary());
+console.log(csEcdsa.verifySignedHash.summary());
 
 console.time('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-let cs = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods().verifyEcdsa;
+let cs = keccakAndEcdsa.analyzeMethods();
 console.timeEnd('keccak + ecdsa verify (build constraint system)');
-console.log(cs.summary());
+console.log(cs.verifyEcdsa.summary());
 
 // compile and prove
 

From 0a60312534fd5e50efa71cbded0541ddcfae699d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:04:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1217/1786] move example

---
 .../crypto/{sha256.ts => sha256/run.ts}       | 19 ++-----------------
 src/examples/crypto/sha256/sha256.ts          | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/crypto/{sha256.ts => sha256/run.ts} (63%)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/crypto/sha256/sha256.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts b/src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts
similarity index 63%
rename from src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
rename to src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts
index bc973499d9..4cb750cabc 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,6 @@
-import { Bytes, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
+import { Bytes12, SHA256Program } from './sha256.js';
 
-export { SHA256Program };
-
-class Bytes12 extends Bytes(12) {}
-
-let SHA256Program = ZkProgram({
-  name: 'sha256',
-  publicOutput: Bytes(32).provable,
-  methods: {
-    sha256: {
-      privateInputs: [Bytes12.provable],
-      method(xs: Bytes12) {
-        return Gadgets.SHA256.hash(xs);
-      },
-    },
-  },
-});
+console.log('sha256 rows:', SHA256Program.analyzeMethods().sha256.rows);
 
 console.time('compile');
 await SHA256Program.compile();
diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/sha256/sha256.ts b/src/examples/crypto/sha256/sha256.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a85357bda6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/sha256/sha256.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { Bytes, Gadgets, ZkProgram } from 'o1js';
+
+export { SHA256Program, Bytes12 };
+
+class Bytes12 extends Bytes(12) {}
+
+let SHA256Program = ZkProgram({
+  name: 'sha256',
+  publicOutput: Bytes(32).provable,
+  methods: {
+    sha256: {
+      privateInputs: [Bytes12.provable],
+      method(xs: Bytes12) {
+        return Gadgets.SHA256.hash(xs);
+      },
+    },
+  },
+});

From f789d5a4c3b57f0c2378b8e7eadda1dcbc4fe516 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:06:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1218/1786] dump vks

---
 src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts b/src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts
index 4cb750cabc..b1d72e3fa6 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/sha256/run.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import { Bytes12, SHA256Program } from './sha256.js';
 
-console.log('sha256 rows:', SHA256Program.analyzeMethods().sha256.rows);
-
 console.time('compile');
 await SHA256Program.compile();
 console.timeEnd('compile');

From ca4c7c9f6403d7aa3657956ad47f200fb0d20793 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:06:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1219/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 30 +++++++++++++-------------
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts   |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 74c98a7c4d..ec705078d8 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -236,46 +236,46 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "2113edb508f10afee42dd48aec81ac7d06805d76225b0b97300501136486bb30",
+    "digest": "1e6bef24a2e02b573363f3512822d401d53ec7220c8d5837cd49691c19723028",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 38888,
-        "digest": "f75dd9e49c88eb6097a7f3abbe543467"
+        "rows": 30680,
+        "digest": "5fe00efee7ecfb82b3ca69c8dd23d07f"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "10504586047480864396273137275551599454708712068910013426206550544367939284599"
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   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "baf90de64c1b6b5b5938a0b80a8fdb70bdbbc84a292dd7eccfdbce470c10b4c",
+    "digest": "334c2efc6a82e87319cadb7f3e6f9edb55f8f2eab71e0bcf2451f3d5536de5fe",
     "methods": {
       "sha3": {
         "rows": 14494,
         "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
       },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
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-        "digest": "5a234cff8ea48ce653cbd7efa2e1c241"
+        "rows": 45178,
+        "digest": "0b6ce4cc658bcca79b1b1373569aa9b9"
       }
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     "verificationKey": {
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+      "hash": "18381574995221799963215366500837755447342811019610547066832598459350935665488"
     }
   },
   "sha256": {
-    "digest": "94f9e7bfe7224549a32ebf3e2f65e5d848e9feebd4c79a5d966a084c28b41fe",
+    "digest": "15bce9c541c0619f3b3587d7c06918e1423c5d1d4efe6ba6e0c789987e41b512",
     "methods": {
       "sha256": {
-        "rows": 5957,
-        "digest": "ea7ff27557e7c6270c200f2feb62a3a7"
+        "rows": 5314,
+        "digest": "bfad0408f0baab2e3db346a3e9997455"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "5242875480670941030919675131962218019722619843591732956374487945418325506772"
+      "data": "AACa0OPxg0UDEf5DBLZf/TtdB4TzIAMNQC467+/R1yGnL1tRXJnn0BDcLG0fGWdqFcWK1q2zKdAYfORKVOHgvKEwxtxZYv4CjM7SwlG09G52oNZmOgGCilD0ntmby4rzJTaoyCimx5ynQ/oYjslJgSM/1DTAkpW6IIdFjjkmjlOSHqRNRAMtNtl44D9lbhci4blHbDvzQnlYynwRh58jAzoDj3bCkPsByviAyFBoPhUx2M13h0/VPK1ND/69djzZgi9lQKaON74XvbnvJdSAYLQSIBbOE0yo7tS1vGTPqDqJGzc1f0+2QhZttE2UEUV4PPEGB6LUFEuQPXK8lXyXHVQTOU+omjpvKHLLs/dQZLTSvvZ3UFqxUvxjSEG9eTPo3Cyt4wXcPEi1b993ePSSxP6njj1SoPBA4BvLCCcvaxz5DegUu7nZDKkC8tuaoNbqYcayaf/8+oZ+dA+Ek1Xe08og1Hz9gB9cfPvgI9EiL2Na2cgiOF2klHHEAj3fORN8UQVzs0ioqLcQeq2tH2UMMtZS4JNcohHUah1T0jKmS3eZDqe+aMuf5qzKA5oKRF2ejRwmsxI161YlgXXpmHs+kCQGAOGI6nYw+mN0LBzY/PhaGAEhoiLpTluyEStTgPP5U94G6Snbv+oda6riqnCfUZf0hEf39V8ZKe0L0SSq5XjPhR/4U20AHCGYSahuSFbBO6dDhRCPGRCJJgxktY+CSO+3B9mLtCe2X23FeFsUnaAFlzmsWeKR1tMyPupNsUXPFugubYZYd1EwxUDeBIOLeahcqX78yDDMOdsr0QHNG8XteyXcRXGFUSzTTKNEXdD+BOMY6FfMroKO4y3FffyrZef1PRsu/kVwaZb4UthvhBwet8DBcMa26kISlsI1ItcvsdwST5x1+iLCM4hBcFB0ly3N18uR7+MLHU0AdV13INFo8indyz1XEZCHlm+tKF3LX8Z7G0v68uRmjKRgy/S9NjKPA+M3rbj4pDU+jS4EKN++nKYxXjwdKJXu4XvbUU9ITKM7PAm1YUOjEvRIzQfLu/6MZfCYa73EJxze9/Scy9Kj1SXOkMW/XzgvFdyQWoqI8Upe2T2WG3BKXg7wucPlLA1/Ik0OzQ8/vAiYAdVmcHuS+M1etSdnWerxU4E3vC2odvcjNq2yh/VyODIwPt/UPYT1soPpv6M3XSyvpE1kVb0TmD91v6mXvfq23wSDn7ndgLx52m+CGnEGzA/OwwVQnZaFNq+sZjKjOa8ALFNcjyS8IuYEz4XYMiSy/wCl2n2AHVIc6djnQZySvECly6HHJSpWpWv8zvNfLUiWozg4ActV4QzQsd2nagCedaw1z82uWcKLraPboPGke+1dGOqg8OFiBJUBoW/bROBgw2H8WnPIhcofMwGOCrXpMGvA4LKnn3okzY3hTNfex1t7zCpxQC2YRBN0Ze8qOELHTYvOlSwG1AQqZDhC//VDGFvvQ1ZgzsmpnbyNGTGMaCKRMGI0evgxD6Ziitu5k9ogVW6dGSR9cBM0NryOxQl6JcwUXd0twqsLI0pbH7cjlGzWsylGuufx/m77GPRqnysk6r+ibZ4fDBFDumJFxxbS4AqzXLR+nNg42hJbvuxsyZnCRpkB2N9xH3VX8/Il8BX40HdEE/08l3JmL3jn8Bznqwj8z3TqBFMdRGOOq2/5DjwcjaNh9pYRn6bDl/1qVPrJkUExPECrQRymHQ3JERZjm1G+a3bhAJFeb+Ak4D8PlK2RgPcMCS7bBXWuPRh0z4FKGnhZnecNmuWMSvUFsSZcoaFKfyNanX8qMsu+KWtWEbDwwQ49NrfCmg45/WAOQxX8LKMYgUrDpSVdE/bM+JqYpq0AmOHAhoIdlOC7jVMIPI6LEAVJC1PrFQBS3HbH+u5IMQ684sJehPFtd1pjpfboDrnbgfhnjFf9HqS5bG1sR1Dh2mXGXpQ+ni+O3FvEYCEZY+UU9d9XCGwL2OZIhtMi6M6qcnrn11w2MyaZ8U6aZxVTMFvKQ2JLtwVGVnMDuSkNC+iN711acwssgbTpsgHLdVbtFR1oYcbpJHe6a9SFquG+q9qfzT15IzKpBzxn6BVXfhhFGpJRAbU0bXbjOpeceg7vaV7RykTzBoIzAe5aUVAdKNM6fzGlPw16xx7QeOW+LFlOm6HJyxYAZfbpB/BLza4ZhoqmVx+ALUXHFIztgGQK9rzm+jBwiuwuLqdD2W00cbTZcbgKTo48XD6NJ+8T4J9B3rPzht3qbgpN//TyYkfrzAercAa/HCvFeBNXl1slCj8cF/EO6iX/NnIxBkuqmXfQnGUfcFK0LZPsvd7RInaLEYTeA4ZDfChiuw+5nTmrJFOywwOYdIA+NiMfCh24dPYAAwEGb9KLEP9u7/Rp5uPi0S3tuTw67yg=",
+      "hash": "801809578510365639167868048464129098535493687043603299559390072759232736708"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index bc6a644934..cccf97e4bc 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   ecdsa,
   keccakAndEcdsa,
 } from '../../src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.js';
-import { SHA256Program } from '../../src/examples/crypto/sha256.js';
+import { SHA256Program } from '../../src/examples/crypto/sha256/sha256.js';
 import { GroupCS, BitwiseCS, HashCS } from './plain-constraint-system.js';
 
 // toggle this for quick iteration when debugging vk regressions

From a816814bd2277d29af6dc7a59c6a7361c4540d6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:10:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1220/1786] improve doc comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
index 18954d4080..fedbc8b89b 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/gadgets.ts
@@ -801,15 +801,14 @@ const Gadgets = {
   /**
    * Implementation of the [SHA256 hash function.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2) Hash function with 256bit output.
    *
-   * Applies the SHA2-256 hash function to a list of big-endian byte-sized elements.
+   * Applies the SHA2-256 hash function to a list of byte-sized elements.
    *
    * The function accepts {@link Bytes} as the input message, which is a type that represents a static-length list of byte-sized field elements (range-checked using {@link Gadgets.rangeCheck8}).
    * Alternatively, you can pass plain `number[]`, `bigint[]` or `Uint8Array` to perform a hash outside provable code.
    *
    * Produces an output of {@link Bytes} that conforms to the chosen bit length.
-   * Both input and output bytes are big-endian.
    *
-   * @param data - Big-endian {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
+   * @param data - {@link Bytes} representing the message to hash.
    *
    * ```ts
    * let preimage = Bytes.fromString("hello world");

From 86930e8a9c9a150922e43d869a5cfb7997b26ec8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:14:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1221/1786] bindings and rename parse hex

---
 src/bindings                | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 84483cd12a..5f650144e1 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 84483cd12abca5a8d2b16c03083976cecced721f
+Subproject commit 5f650144e14dd937c0038cf30b0923958282f453
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index 3b79562889..c285ee81f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { parseHexString } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
+import { parseHexString32 } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ function constraintSystem<T>(f: () => T) {
 
 function gatesFromJson(cs: { gates: JsonGate[]; public_input_size: number }) {
   let gates: Gate[] = cs.gates.map(({ typ, wires, coeffs: hexCoeffs }) => {
-    let coeffs = hexCoeffs.map((hex) => parseHexString(hex).toString());
+    let coeffs = hexCoeffs.map((hex) => parseHexString32(hex).toString());
     return { type: typ, wires, coeffs };
   });
   return { publicInputSize: cs.public_input_size, gates };

From 7747e75fd102cd3dcd17be0e2bc1b5e6cd8a82cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:46:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1222/1786] address part of feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 26 +++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index f877e3fc8e..7878d01075 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
-import { Bytes, FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
+import { FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
+import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
@@ -9,20 +12,17 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 export { SHA256 };
 
 function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
-  // pad the data with zeros to reach the desired length
-  // this is because we need to inherit to a static sized Bytes array. unrelated to sha256
-  let zeroPadded = Bytes.from(data);
+  // create a provable Bytes instance from the input data
+  // the Bytes class will be static sized according to the length of the input data
+  let message = Bytes.from(data);
 
   // now pad the data to reach the format expected by sha256
   // pad 1 bit, followed by k zero bits where k is the smallest non-negative solution to
   // l + 1 + k = 448 mod 512
   // then append a 64bit block containing the length of the original message in bits
 
-  let l = zeroPadded.length * 8; // length in bits
-  let k = (448 - (l + 1)) % 512;
-
-  // pad message exceeds 512bit and needs a new block
-  if (k < 0) k += 512;
+  let l = message.length * 8; // length in bits
+  let k = Number(mod(448n - (BigInt(l) + 1n), 512n));
 
   let paddingBits = (
     '1' + // append 1 bit
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   let padding = paddingBits.map((x) => UInt8.from(BigInt('0b' + x)));
 
   // concatenate the padding with the original padded data
-  let paddedMessage = zeroPadded.bytes.concat(padding);
+  let paddedMessage = message.bytes.concat(padding);
 
   // split the message into 32bit chunks
   let chunks: UInt32[] = [];
@@ -47,11 +47,7 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
 
   // split message into 16 element sized message blocks
   // SHA256 expects n-blocks of 512bit each, 16*32bit = 512bit
-  let messageBlocks: UInt32[][] = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < chunks.length; i += 16) {
-    messageBlocks.push(chunks.slice(i, i + 16));
-  }
-  return messageBlocks;
+  return chunk(chunks, 16);
 }
 
 // concatenate bytes into a 32bit word using bit shifting

From 198ecb830cca33c3b4048d1a96e29978e67be3ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:56:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1223/1786] move constants

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 52 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 7878d01075..763df489ac 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -8,9 +8,32 @@ import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
+import { rangeCheck16 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
 
+const SHA256Constants = {
+  // constants §4.2.2
+  K: [
+    0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
+    0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
+    0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
+    0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
+    0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
+    0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
+    0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
+    0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
+    0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
+    0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
+    0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+  ],
+  // initial hash values §5.3.3
+  H: [
+    0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
+    0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
+  ],
+};
+
 function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   // create a provable Bytes instance from the input data
   // the Bytes class will be static sized according to the length of the input data
@@ -80,32 +103,13 @@ function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
 
 const SHA256 = {
   hash(data: FlexibleBytes) {
-    // initial hash values §5.3.3
-    const H = [
-      0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c,
-      0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
-    ].map((h) => UInt32.from(h));
-
-    // I dont like to have this in here but UInt32 isn't initialized if used at top level
-    // constants §4.2.2
-    const K = [
-      0x428a2f98, 0x71374491, 0xb5c0fbcf, 0xe9b5dba5, 0x3956c25b, 0x59f111f1,
-      0x923f82a4, 0xab1c5ed5, 0xd807aa98, 0x12835b01, 0x243185be, 0x550c7dc3,
-      0x72be5d74, 0x80deb1fe, 0x9bdc06a7, 0xc19bf174, 0xe49b69c1, 0xefbe4786,
-      0x0fc19dc6, 0x240ca1cc, 0x2de92c6f, 0x4a7484aa, 0x5cb0a9dc, 0x76f988da,
-      0x983e5152, 0xa831c66d, 0xb00327c8, 0xbf597fc7, 0xc6e00bf3, 0xd5a79147,
-      0x06ca6351, 0x14292967, 0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13,
-      0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85, 0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b,
-      0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
-      0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a,
-      0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3, 0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208,
-      0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
-    ].map((k) => UInt32.from(k));
-
     // preprocessing §6.2
     // padding the message $5.1.1 into blocks that are a multiple of 512
     let messageBlocks = padding(data);
 
+    const H = SHA256Constants.H.map((x) => UInt32.from(x));
+    const K = SHA256Constants.K.map((x) => UInt32.from(x));
+
     const N = messageBlocks.length;
 
     for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
@@ -296,7 +300,3 @@ function sigma(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>, firstShifted = false) {
 
   return UInt32.from(xRotR0).xor(new UInt32(xRotR1)).xor(new UInt32(xRotR2));
 }
-
-function rangeCheck16(x: Field) {
-  x.rangeCheckHelper(16).assertEquals(x);
-}

From 98bed632f587d349845c3fa81c88ab6bda54a1b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 12:56:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1224/1786] improve tests

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
index c2ade3f822..f17c7ad51e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { sha256 as nobleSha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
 import { bytes } from './test-utils.js';
-import { equivalent, equivalentAsync } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
+import { equivalentAsync, equivalentProvable } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random, sample } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
-sample(Random.nat(400), 10).forEach((preimageLength) => {
+sample(Random.nat(400), 5).forEach((preimageLength) => {
   let inputBytes = bytes(preimageLength);
   let outputBytes = bytes(256 / 8);
 
-  equivalent({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
+  equivalentProvable({ from: [inputBytes], to: outputBytes, verbose: true })(
     (x) => nobleSha256(x),
     (x) => Gadgets.SHA256.hash(x),
     `sha256 preimage length ${preimageLength}`
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@ await equivalentAsync(
 });
 
 for (let { preimage, hash } of testVectors()) {
-  class BytesN extends Bytes(preimage.length) {}
-  let actual = Gadgets.SHA256.hash(BytesN.fromString(preimage));
+  let actual = Gadgets.SHA256.hash(Bytes.fromString(preimage));
   expect(actual.toHex()).toEqual(hash);
 }
 

From e98fae941ce4d3c2ddfbaff18e049303cfdfc288 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 13:52:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1225/1786] move keccak helper functions

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 9da4490723..190124d802 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
+import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -15,6 +18,10 @@ export {
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   divideWithRemainder,
+  bytesToWord,
+  bytesToWords,
+  wordsToBytes,
+  wordToBytes,
 };
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
@@ -77,3 +84,46 @@ function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
   const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
   return { quotient, remainder };
 }
+
+/**
+ * Convert an array of UInt8 to a Field element. Expects little endian representation.
+ */
+function bytesToWord(wordBytes: UInt8[]): Field {
+  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, byte, idx) => {
+    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
+    return acc.add(byte.value.mul(shift));
+  }, Field.from(0));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a Field element to an array of UInt8. Expects little endian representation.
+ * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
+ */
+function wordToBytes(word: Field, bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
+  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(UInt8, bytesPerWord), () => {
+    let w = word.toBigInt();
+    return Array.from({ length: bytesPerWord }, (_, k) =>
+      UInt8.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
+    );
+  });
+
+  // check decomposition
+  bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
+
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert an array of Field elements to an array of UInt8. Expects little endian representation.
+ * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
+ */
+function wordsToBytes(words: Field[], bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
+  return words.flatMap((w) => wordToBytes(w, bytesPerWord));
+}
+/**
+ * Convert an array of UInt8 to an array of Field elements. Expects little endian representation.
+ * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
+ */
+function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[], bytesPerWord = 8): Field[] {
+  return chunk(bytes, bytesPerWord).map(bytesToWord);
+}

From a1aa7c8ba559a80566bea5a929c6c233238cb4d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 13:52:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1226/1786] move helpers

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 36 +-----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index ccc8c45548..e4e2e4aec1 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { chunk } from './util/arrays.js';
 import { FlexibleBytes } from './provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { bytesToWords, wordsToBytes } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
 
@@ -508,39 +507,6 @@ const BytesOfBitlength = {
   512: Bytes64,
 };
 
-// AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
-
-// Auxiliary functions to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
-
-function bytesToWord(wordBytes: UInt8[]): Field {
-  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, byte, idx) => {
-    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
-    return acc.add(byte.value.mul(shift));
-  }, Field.from(0));
-}
-
-function wordToBytes(word: Field): UInt8[] {
-  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(UInt8, BYTES_PER_WORD), () => {
-    let w = word.toBigInt();
-    return Array.from({ length: BYTES_PER_WORD }, (_, k) =>
-      UInt8.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
-    );
-  });
-
-  // check decomposition
-  bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
-
-  return bytes;
-}
-
-function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[]): Field[] {
-  return chunk(bytes, BYTES_PER_WORD).map(bytesToWord);
-}
-
-function wordsToBytes(words: Field[]): UInt8[] {
-  return words.flatMap(wordToBytes);
-}
-
 // xor which avoids doing anything on 0 inputs
 // (but doesn't range-check the other input in that case)
 function xor(x: Field, y: Field): Field {

From 015db6b1d1ebd2b87f51b6d9442e2316826d3d29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 13:52:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1227/1786] simply decomposition of variables

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 23 ++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 763df489ac..60e1cfdb8d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 import { FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
+import { bitSlice, bytesToWord, exists, wordToBytes } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { rangeCheck16 } from './range-check.js';
 
@@ -65,7 +66,10 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
 
   for (let i = 0; i < paddedMessage.length; i += 4) {
     // chunk 4 bytes into one UInt32, as expected by SHA256
-    chunks.push(concatToUInt32(paddedMessage.slice(i, i + 4)));
+    // bytesToWord expects little endian, so we reverse the bytes
+    chunks.push(
+      UInt32.from(bytesToWord(paddedMessage.slice(i, i + 4).reverse()))
+    );
   }
 
   // split message into 16 element sized message blocks
@@ -73,18 +77,6 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   return chunk(chunks, 16);
 }
 
-// concatenate bytes into a 32bit word using bit shifting
-function concatToUInt32(xs: UInt8[]) {
-  let target = new Field(0);
-  xs.forEach((x) => {
-    // for each element we shift the target by 8 bits and add the element
-    target = Gadgets.leftShift32(target, 8).add(x.value);
-  });
-  // making sure its actually 32bit
-  Gadgets.rangeCheck32(target);
-  return new UInt32(target);
-}
-
 // decompose a 32bit word into 4 bytes
 function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
   let field = a.value;
@@ -177,7 +169,8 @@ const SHA256 = {
     }
 
     // the working variables H[i] are 32bit, however we want to decompose them into bytes to be more compatible
-    return Bytes.from(H.map((x) => decomposeToBytes(x)).flat());
+    // wordToBytes expects little endian, so we reverse the bytes
+    return Bytes.from(H.map((x) => wordToBytes(x.value, 4).reverse()).flat());
   },
 };
 

From a3d1c81beea2383856488d5a3de8b7e29c8a8572 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 14:09:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1228/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 5f650144e1..7fcd4cd6f5 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 5f650144e14dd937c0038cf30b0923958282f453
+Subproject commit 7fcd4cd6f5b90c7c5c50b15377777528d8b35e41

From 5655928d38341290d73e5860435195fa44b61ad4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 14:28:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1229/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 9a183bc35e..2f69465d55 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -249,20 +249,16 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "334c2efc6a82e87319cadb7f3e6f9edb55f8f2eab71e0bcf2451f3d5536de5fe",
+    "digest": "3e80a93d93a93f6152d70a9c21a2979ff0094c2d648a67c6d2daa4b2b0d18309",
     "methods": {
-      "sha3": {
-        "rows": 14494,
-        "digest": "949539824d56622702d9ac048e8111e9"
-      },
       "verifyEcdsa": {
         "rows": 45178,
         "digest": "0b6ce4cc658bcca79b1b1373569aa9b9"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "18381574995221799963215366500837755447342811019610547066832598459350935665488"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "25447212082831819715054236631079960883754611880602728284997977929479384060913"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 82e0fcc38711fab4232d7057a2e60b47d631bd6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 15:33:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1230/1786] fix hash example

---
 src/bindings                        |  2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts | 11 ++++++-----
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts  |  4 ++--
 src/lib/hash.ts                     |  5 +++--
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7fcd4cd6f5..a884dc593d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7fcd4cd6f5b90c7c5c50b15377777528d8b35e41
+Subproject commit a884dc593dbab69e55ab9602b998ec12dfc3a288
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
index 9ad9947dfa..e762863c85 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/hash.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import {
   Bytes,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-let initialCommitment: Field = Field(0);
+let initialCommitment = Field(0);
+class Bytes32 extends Bytes(32) {}
 
 export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
   @state(Field) commitment = State<Field>();
@@ -23,25 +24,25 @@ export class HashStorage extends SmartContract {
     this.commitment.set(initialCommitment);
   }
 
-  @method SHA256(xs: Bytes) {
+  @method SHA256(xs: Bytes32) {
     const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_256.hash(xs);
     const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 
-  @method SHA384(xs: Bytes) {
+  @method SHA384(xs: Bytes32) {
     const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_384.hash(xs);
     const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 
-  @method SHA512(xs: Bytes) {
+  @method SHA512(xs: Bytes32) {
     const shaHash = Hash.SHA3_512.hash(xs);
     const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
   }
 
-  @method Keccak256(xs: Bytes) {
+  @method Keccak256(xs: Bytes32) {
     const shaHash = Hash.Keccak256.hash(xs);
     const commitment = Hash.hash(shaHash.toFields());
     this.commitment.set(commitment);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
index 9350211d68..e1568fa95d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/run.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
 
 if (proofsEnabled) {
   console.log('Proofs enabled');
-  HashStorage.compile();
+  await HashStorage.compile();
 }
 
 // test accounts that pays all the fees, and puts additional funds into the zkapp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ const zkAppPrivateKey = PrivateKey.random();
 const zkAppAddress = zkAppPrivateKey.toPublicKey();
 const zkAppInstance = new HashStorage(zkAppAddress);
 
-// 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 32
+// 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 31
 const hashData = Bytes.from(Array.from({ length: 32 }, (_, i) => i));
 
 console.log('Deploying Hash Example....');
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 8f51d97d0f..1a55da5181 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { MlFieldArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { rangeCheckN } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
@@ -45,13 +46,13 @@ const Poseidon = {
     if (isConstant(input)) {
       return Field(PoseidonBigint.hash(toBigints(input)));
     }
-    return Poseidon.update(this.initialState(), input)[0];
+    return Poseidon.update(Poseidon.initialState(), input)[0];
   },
 
   update(state: [Field, Field, Field], input: Field[]) {
     if (isConstant(state) && isConstant(input)) {
       let newState = PoseidonBigint.update(toBigints(state), toBigints(input));
-      return newState.map(Field);
+      return TupleN.fromArray(3, newState.map(Field));
     }
 
     let newState = Snarky.poseidon.update(

From 8ed2556b7c7278dc210f1daa609c0f4427e3cd86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2023 15:39:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1231/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2b30d0e852..781c521b38 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/19115a159...HEAD)
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix bug in `Hash.hash()` which always resulted in an error https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1346
+
 ## [0.15.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...19115a159)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 08ba27329e1d2750566d9dcbf584bec9c2f306e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Dec 2023 00:04:35 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1232/1786] 0.15.2

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 24af729ad1..e0edcd8ffa 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.15.1",
+  "version": "0.15.2",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.15.1",
+      "version": "0.15.2",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index ac4a5736e9..9402f07279 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.15.1",
+  "version": "0.15.2",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From f39c5e882e6c87e549def393f40b86b47605dfb6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Dec 2023 00:04:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1233/1786] Update CHANGELOG for new version v0.15.2

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 781c521b38..2e4d07a15d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/19115a159...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/08ba27329...HEAD)
+
+## [0.15.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...08ba27329)
 
 ### Fixed
 

From a477a0caa918ff988daadf86aa838e525e22553f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 12:25:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1234/1786] fix dependency hell

---
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 190124d802..8198884be2 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
-import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+import { UInt8 } from '../../index.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 

From e318e3ea6b94e28d7370f6b3d046a5e91a558029 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 13:08:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1235/1786] add assert to export

---
 CHANGELOG.md              |  1 +
 src/index.ts              |  2 ++
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts | 12 +++++++++---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts |  1 -
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2b30d0e852..20ca16e89e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - bitwise AND via `{UInt32, UInt64}.and()`
 - Example for using actions to store a map data structure https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1300
 - `Provable.constraintSystem()` and `{ZkProgram,SmartContract}.analyzeMethods()` return a `summary()` method to return a summary of the constraints used by a method https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1007
+- `assert()` asserts that a given statement is true https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 243fe7dbfa..47d35c815a 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
 export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
 export { Hash } from './lib/hashes-combined.js';
 
+export { assert } from './lib/gadgets/common.js';
+
 export * from './lib/signature.js';
 export type {
   ProvableExtended,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 8198884be2..27c1b49ff0 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
-import { UInt8 } from '../../index.js';
+import { Bool, UInt8 } from '../../index.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 
@@ -69,8 +69,14 @@ function toVars<T extends Tuple<Field | bigint>>(
   return Tuple.map(fields, toVar);
 }
 
-function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string): asserts stmt {
-  if (!stmt) {
+/**
+ * Assert that a statement is true. If the statement is false, throws an error with the given message.
+ * Can be used in provable code.
+ */
+function assert(stmt: boolean | Bool, message?: string): asserts stmt {
+  if (stmt instanceof Bool) {
+    stmt.assertTrue(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
+  } else if (!stmt) {
     throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 60e1cfdb8d..644cfb8f45 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 import { FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { bitSlice, bytesToWord, exists, wordToBytes } from './common.js';

From d0212addc2dc5d1e6be759ca70241006dbe7ecde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 15:17:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1236/1786] trigger CI

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2e4d07a15d..bd76e3380e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Fixed
 
-- Fix bug in `Hash.hash()` which always resulted in an error https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1346
+- Fix bug in `Hash.hash()` which always resulted in an error. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1346
 
 ## [0.15.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...19115a159)
 

From a7de65a96ecab9de52fd93b180c9e3b1f0fe409f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barrie Byron <barrie@o1labs.org>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 13:11:40 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1237/1786] fix typo in README.md

---
 README.md | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3da515ed33..637a852691 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
 # o1js &nbsp; [![npm version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/o1js.svg?style=flat)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/o1js) [![PRs Welcome](https://img.shields.io/badge/PRs-welcome-brightgreen.svg)](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md)
 
-ℹ️ **o1js** is an evolution of [SnarkyJS](https://www.npmjs.com/package/snarkyjs) which saw:
-49 updated versions over 2 years of development with 43,141 downloads
+ℹ️ **o1js** is an evolution of [SnarkyJS](https://www.npmjs.com/package/snarkyjs) which saw
+49 updated versions over two years of development with 43,141 downloads.
 
-This name change reflects the evolution of our vision for the premiere toolkit used by developers to build zero knowledge-enabled applications, while paying homage to our technology's recursive proof generation capabilities.
+This name change to o1js reflects the evolution of our vision for the premiere toolkit used by developers to build zero knowledge-enabled applications, while paying homage to our technology's recursive proof generation capabilities.
 
 Your favorite functionality stays the same and transitioning to o1js is a quick and easy process:
 
 - To update zkApp-cli, run the following command:
+
   `npm i -g zkapp-cli@latest`
-- To remove the now-deprecated SnarkyJs package and install o1js, run the following command:
+
+- To remove the now-deprecated SnarkyJS package and install o1js, run the following command:
+
   `npm remove snarkyjs && npm install o1js`
+
 - For existing zkApps, make sure to update your imports from `snarkyjs` to `o1js`
 - No need to redeploy, you are good to go!
 
 ## o1js
 
-o1js helps developers build apps powered by zero-knowledge (zk) cryptography.
+o1js helps developers build apps powered by zero knowledge (zk) cryptography.
 
 The easiest way to write zk programs is using o1js.
 
@@ -42,6 +46,10 @@ o1js is an open source project. We appreciate all community contributions to o1j
 
 See the [Contributing guidelines](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md) for ways you can contribute.
 
+## Development Workflow
+
+For guidance on building o1js from source and understanding the development workflow, see [o1js README-dev](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/main/README-dev.md).
+
 ## Community Packages
 
 High-quality community packages from open source developers are available for your project.

From f2b6cf49f63c421a521102cb44e046d27051fa85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 13:14:24 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1238/1786] Update submodule URL for o1js-bindings

---
 .gitmodules | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index 76a36100bc..9e993ea759 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-[submodule "src/snarkyjs-bindings"]
+[submodule "src/o1js-bindings"]
 	path = src/bindings
-	url = https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs-bindings.git
+	url = https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings.git
 [submodule "src/mina"]
 	path = src/mina
 	url = https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina.git

From b3af8910c17553ccbd0e7e6324c0acf1e0a99b1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:01:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1239/1786] Update subproject commit and error handling

---
 src/bindings      | 2 +-
 src/lib/errors.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a884dc593d..bcb5f4fb20 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a884dc593dbab69e55ab9602b998ec12dfc3a288
+Subproject commit bcb5f4fb200287427d23bdbc495a57f8f32f8b96
diff --git a/src/lib/errors.ts b/src/lib/errors.ts
index b7e65c0338..3fe584eac2 100644
--- a/src/lib/errors.ts
+++ b/src/lib/errors.ts
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function handleResult(result: any) {
  * A list of keywords used to filter out unwanted lines from the error stack trace.
  */
 const lineRemovalKeywords = [
-  'snarky_js_node.bc.cjs',
+  'o1js_node.bc.cjs',
   '/builtin/',
   'CatchAndPrettifyStacktrace', // Decorator name to remove from stacktrace (covers both class and method decorator)
 ] as const;

From ca4d9bbd39f47ab72cffd8f1ced25c24fce51ea7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:11:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1240/1786] Update build scripts for o1js bindings

---
 package.json | 4 ++--
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 9402f07279..ee1d7b87f2 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
-    "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/build-snarkyjs-node.sh",
-    "build:update-bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
+    "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/build-o1js-node.sh",
+    "build:update-bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-o1js-bindings.sh",
     "build:wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "build:examples": "npm run build && rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index bcb5f4fb20..263bea2c09 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit bcb5f4fb200287427d23bdbc495a57f8f32f8b96
+Subproject commit 263bea2c09f626717f239e150735294e9f72471a

From 43f84138401e9f53f182d27c48d6c4238fae3c10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:20:23 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1241/1786] Update import statements to use o1js.js instead of
 snarky.js

---
 src/build/buildWeb.js                              |  2 +-
 src/build/copy-to-dist.js                          |  2 +-
 src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts                  |  2 +-
 src/index.ts                                       |  4 ++--
 src/lib/account_update.ts                          |  2 +-
 src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts                |  2 +-
 src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts                        |  2 +-
 src/lib/bool.ts                                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit.ts                                 |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                           |  2 +-
 src/lib/field.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts                         |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts                 |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts                           |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts               |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts                          |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts         |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts                     |  2 +-
 src/lib/gates.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/group.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts                                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts                |  2 +-
 src/lib/ml/conversion.ts                           |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts                |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts                            |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts                        |  2 +-
 src/lib/provable.ts                                |  2 +-
 src/lib/scalar.ts                                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/state.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts               |  2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                                   |  2 +-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts            |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts         |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts  | 14 +++++++++++---
 src/{snarky.d.ts => o1js.d.ts}                     |  0
 src/{snarky.js => o1js.js}                         |  0
 tsconfig.node.json                                 |  2 +-
 tsconfig.test.json                                 |  2 +-
 tsconfig.web.json                                  |  2 +-
 typedoc.json                                       |  2 +-
 43 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)
 rename src/{snarky.d.ts => o1js.d.ts} (100%)
 rename src/{snarky.js => o1js.js} (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/buildWeb.js b/src/build/buildWeb.js
index b2a4929859..a446954377 100644
--- a/src/build/buildWeb.js
+++ b/src/build/buildWeb.js
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ async function buildWeb({ production }) {
   // copy over pure js files
   let copyPromise = copy({
     './src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/': './dist/web/web_bindings/',
-    './src/snarky.d.ts': './dist/web/snarky.d.ts',
+    './src/o1js.d.ts': './dist/web/o1js.d.ts',
     './src/bindings/js/wrapper.web.js': './dist/web/bindings/js/wrapper.js',
     './src/bindings/js/web/': './dist/web/bindings/js/web/',
   });
diff --git a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
index 6218414713..c2bc1ee08e 100644
--- a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
+++ b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { copyFromTo } from './utils.js';
 
 await copyFromTo(
   [
-    'src/snarky.d.ts',
+    'src/o1js.d.ts',
     'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings',
     'src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.d.cts',
   ],
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts
index fdd4340209..c985abf5ba 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 let start = performance.now();
-await import('../../snarky.js');
+await import('../../o1js.js');
 let time = performance.now() - start;
 
 console.log(`import jsoo: ${time.toFixed(0)}ms`);
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 243fe7dbfa..02690046c2 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
-export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
+export type { ProvablePure } from './o1js.js';
+export { Ledger } from './o1js.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
 export {
   createForeignField,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 23f5e66c08..00557cad7c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { Pickles, Test } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Pickles, Test } from '../o1js.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import {
   Types,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
index a280b22712..cfd4d3564c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   Types,
   Provable,
 } from '../index.js';
-import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Test } from '../o1js.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 let address = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
diff --git a/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts
index 2d09307da6..b4ff845f57 100644
--- a/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { fromBase58Check, toBase58Check } from './base58.js';
-import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Test } from '../o1js.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { test, Random, withHardCoded } from './testing/property.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index 8957e89d53..eecf0423b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import {
   Field,
   FieldConst,
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit.ts b/src/lib/circuit.ts
index dd697cc967..294b43e90e 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { withThreadPool } from '../bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index d42f267cdf..4f256f10d9 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field, Bool, Scalar, Group } from './core.js';
 import {
   provable,
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 891390619d..c93981ff17 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky, Provable } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky, Provable } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { defineBinable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 8f7d8843f5..ef5a45e7a1 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 26f85a5699..4c84399853 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field, Group } from './core.js';
 import { ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 8f6f218935..dec349015a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../o1js.js';
 
 export { assertBoolean, arrayGet, assertOneOf };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f6f186e941..1b8e897ecd 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
   and,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
-import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { GateType } from '../../o1js.js';
 
 const maybeField = {
   ...field,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 9da4490723..540ce07215 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 135fca61a1..c2c1864b91 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import {
   repeat,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
-import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { GateType } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { AnyTuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import {
   foreignField,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 1d33dae0f8..9cfd693575 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field as FieldProvable } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index a8900cfe49..2a7bfcd85e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 67b021097e..ecd685da5c 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { GroupAffine, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
index 35b5436dd6..9df80d3e54 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import { packToFields } from './hash.js';
 import { Random, test } from './testing/property.js';
 import { MlHashInput } from './ml/conversion.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
-import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Test } from '../o1js.js';
 
 let { hashInputFromJson } = Test;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 1a55da5181..1b145e5e66 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { HashInput, ProvableExtended, Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { createHashHelpers } from './hash-generic.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index e3b5823a9c..992c0c83c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Ledger } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
index d0b78d0a03..5fc13e1671 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from '../core.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
index de65656cce..fb636db51f 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * this file contains conversion functions between JS and OCaml
  */
 
-import type { MlPublicKey, MlPublicKeyVar } from '../../snarky.js';
+import type { MlPublicKey, MlPublicKeyVar } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { HashInput } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 18b68f27b9..f4157ae5b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex,
   WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
 } from '../../bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
-import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { VerifierIndex } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/kimchi-types.js';
 import { getRustConversion } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
 import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 59ebf57ec4..ae730fe6a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   MlFeatureFlags,
   Gate,
   GateType,
-} from '../snarky.js';
+} from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
   FlexibleProvable,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 3aab1dc9a5..1d16a8e55b 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   sortMethodArguments,
 } from './proof_system.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { AnyFunction } from './util/types.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { it } from 'node:test';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index c285ee81f8..4886873106 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import { parseHexString32 } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 8094bcf89e..2781026213 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * - the main interface for types that can be used in provable code
  */
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
 import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/scalar.ts b/src/lib/scalar.ts
index d54f20c209..a2208a99fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/scalar.ts
+++ b/src/lib/scalar.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky, Provable } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Snarky, Provable } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index dc848a1996..a7ff6f877f 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
 import { FlexibleProvablePure } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
 import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 1f8ad9ba52..24751275f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * An essential feature is that `constraintSystem()` automatically generates a
  * variety of fieldvar types for the inputs: constants, variables, and combinators.
  */
-import { Gate, GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Gate, GateType } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
 import { Field, FieldType, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9346973f72..243da1099c 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Gate, Pickles, ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Gate, Pickles, ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index e400f9c8d4..97e9f2a3dc 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { Ledger, Test, Pickles } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Ledger, Test, Pickles } from '../../o1js.js';
 import {
   PrivateKey as PrivateKeySnarky,
   PublicKey as PublicKeySnarky,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index 9743bda23b..e13e1cb9ff 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   verify,
   verifyFieldElement,
 } from './signature.js';
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../o1js.js';
 import { Field as FieldSnarky } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts
index 955f451cd2..d8faaca2e2 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../o1js.js';
 import {
   Common,
   hashPayment,
@@ -180,7 +180,12 @@ function paymentToOcamlV1({
       common: commonToOcamlV1(common),
       body: [
         'Payment',
-        { source_pk: common.feePayer, receiver_pk: receiver, amount, token_id: '1' },
+        {
+          source_pk: common.feePayer,
+          receiver_pk: receiver,
+          amount,
+          token_id: '1',
+        },
       ],
     },
     signer: common.feePayer,
@@ -220,7 +225,10 @@ function delegationToOcamlV1({
       common: commonToOcamlV1(common),
       body: [
         'Stake_delegation',
-        ['Set_delegate', { delegator: common.feePayer, new_delegate: newDelegate }],
+        [
+          'Set_delegate',
+          { delegator: common.feePayer, new_delegate: newDelegate },
+        ],
       ],
     },
     signer: common.feePayer,
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/o1js.d.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/snarky.d.ts
rename to src/o1js.d.ts
diff --git a/src/snarky.js b/src/o1js.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/snarky.js
rename to src/o1js.js
diff --git a/tsconfig.node.json b/tsconfig.node.json
index 7b5d2daf33..0708208757 100644
--- a/tsconfig.node.json
+++ b/tsconfig.node.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
   "include": [
     "./src/index.ts",
-    "./src/snarky.js",
+    "./src/o1js.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js",
     "./src/mina-signer/src",
     "./src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts",
diff --git a/tsconfig.test.json b/tsconfig.test.json
index 85717a9f8c..c3c247bc89 100644
--- a/tsconfig.test.json
+++ b/tsconfig.test.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
   "include": [
     "./src/**/*.unit-test.ts",
-    "./src/snarky.js",
+    "./src/o1js.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js"
   ],
   "compilerOptions": {
diff --git a/tsconfig.web.json b/tsconfig.web.json
index 022d6abd3e..365e1acee5 100644
--- a/tsconfig.web.json
+++ b/tsconfig.web.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
-  "include": ["./src/index.ts", "./src/snarky.js", "./src/**/*.web.ts"],
+  "include": ["./src/index.ts", "./src/o1js.js", "./src/**/*.web.ts"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "outDir": "dist/web"
   }
diff --git a/typedoc.json b/typedoc.json
index f670c1036e..e87c4e1f8b 100644
--- a/typedoc.json
+++ b/typedoc.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   "exclude": ["dist/**/*", "src/mina-signer/**/*", "src/examples/**/*"],
   "entryPoints": [
     "src/index.ts",
-    "src/snarky.d.ts",
+    "src/o1js.d.ts",
     "src/lib/field.ts",
     "src/lib/group.ts",
     "src/lib/bool.ts"

From 3355064f181e2277ce96ad60e04f709ae6454134 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:26:53 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1242/1786] Update subproject commit reference

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 263bea2c09..8d062145d9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 263bea2c09f626717f239e150735294e9f72471a
+Subproject commit 8d062145d9ecacca03f1f103ec8ee502a24c6042

From 8f9eaacc1eed50abd0713a79a2ef0d3e6fc0a7b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:27:11 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1243/1786] Update o1js build process and bindings

---
 README-dev.md | 8 ++++----
 src/bindings  | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 24de5f1c4e..0e9dbbea45 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The comp
 
 If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
 
-o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyhttps://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
 
 The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
 
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings
 
 ### Build Scripts
 
-The root build script which kicks off the build process is under `src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh`. This script is responsible for building the Node.js and web artifacts for o1js, and places them under `src/bindings/compiled`, to be used by o1js.
+The root build script which kicks off the build process is under `src/bindings/scripts/update-o1js-bindings.sh`. This script is responsible for building the Node.js and web artifacts for o1js, and places them under `src/bindings/compiled`, to be used by o1js.
 
 ### OCaml Bindings
 
 o1js depends on Pickles, snarky, and parts of the Mina transaction logic, all of which are compiled to JavaScript and stored as artifacts to be used by o1js natively. The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
 
-To compile the OCaml code, a build tool called Dune is used. Dune is a build system for OCaml projects, and is used in addition with Js_of_ocaml to compile the OCaml code to JavaScript. The dune file that is responsible for compiling the OCaml code is located under `src/bindings/ocaml/dune`. There are two build targets: `snarky_js_node` and `snarky_js_web`, which compile the Mina dependencies as well as link the wasm artifacts to build the Node.js and web artifacts, respectively. The output file is `snark_js_node.bc.js`, which is used by o1js.
+To compile the OCaml code, a build tool called Dune is used. Dune is a build system for OCaml projects, and is used in addition with Js_of_ocaml to compile the OCaml code to JavaScript. The dune file that is responsible for compiling the OCaml code is located under `src/bindings/ocaml/dune`. There are two build targets: `o1js_node` and `o1js_web`, which compile the Mina dependencies as well as link the wasm artifacts to build the Node.js and web artifacts, respectively. The output file is `o1js_node.bc.js`, which is used by o1js.
 
 ### WebAssembly Bindings
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ For the wasm build, the output files are:
 
 ### Generated Constant Types
 
-In addition to building the OCaml and Rust code, the build script also generates TypeScript types for constants used in the Mina protocol. These types are generated from the OCaml source files, and are located under `src/bindings/crypto/constants.ts` and `src/bindings/mina-transaction/gen`. When building the bindings, these constants are auto-generated by Dune. If you wish to add a new constant, you can edit the `src/bindings/ocaml/snarky_js_constants` file, and then run `npm run build:bindings` to regenerate the TypeScript files.
+In addition to building the OCaml and Rust code, the build script also generates TypeScript types for constants used in the Mina protocol. These types are generated from the OCaml source files, and are located under `src/bindings/crypto/constants.ts` and `src/bindings/mina-transaction/gen`. When building the bindings, these constants are auto-generated by Dune. If you wish to add a new constant, you can edit the `src/bindings/ocaml/o1js_constants` file, and then run `npm run build:bindings` to regenerate the TypeScript files.
 
 These types are used by o1js to ensure that the constants used in the protocol are consistent with the OCaml source files.
 
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 8d062145d9..4a730a0a19 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 8d062145d9ecacca03f1f103ec8ee502a24c6042
+Subproject commit 4a730a0a19cd31743e3c686393a7c2b94d927bbd

From b07cc569ccb4278fde4e1cd13c38b738743af2df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:40:37 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1244/1786] rename 'hello-snarkyjs' to 'hello-o1js' and update
 importmap to reflect the new library name 'o1js'

---
 src/examples/plain-html/index.html | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/plain-html/index.html b/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
index 0678fde35a..656bbec220 100644
--- a/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
+++ b/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 <html>
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8" />
-    <title>hello-snarkyjs</title>
+    <title>hello-o1js</title>
     <script type="importmap">
-      { "imports": { "snarkyjs": "./index.js" } }
+      { "imports": { "o1js": "./index.js" } }
     </script>    
     <script type="module" src="./simple_zkapp.js">
     </script>

From 47a83d75af3c9ebe973128eb29b2c48472483c8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 14:53:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1245/1786] Update file paths in buildWeb.js

---
 src/bindings          | 2 +-
 src/build/buildWeb.js | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 4a730a0a19..cc82f2ea2c 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4a730a0a19cd31743e3c686393a7c2b94d927bbd
+Subproject commit cc82f2ea2ca6450a632c89738be1c21bca57b58d
diff --git a/src/build/buildWeb.js b/src/build/buildWeb.js
index a446954377..ce9fd663c6 100644
--- a/src/build/buildWeb.js
+++ b/src/build/buildWeb.js
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ async function buildWeb({ production }) {
   await Promise.all([tscPromise, copyPromise]);
 
   if (minify) {
-    let o1jsWebPath = './dist/web/web_bindings/snarky_js_web.bc.js';
+    let o1jsWebPath = './dist/web/web_bindings/o1js_web.bc.js';
     let o1jsWeb = await readFile(o1jsWebPath, 'utf8');
     let { code } = await esbuild.transform(o1jsWeb, {
       target,

From 78ad0b92167a8d053aa781b997cc263cb485e77f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 15:15:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1246/1786] Update bindings and import statements

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/o1js.js  | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index cc82f2ea2c..ba9b30230b 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit cc82f2ea2ca6450a632c89738be1c21bca57b58d
+Subproject commit ba9b30230bc1add0c8b1a8d32edd5f4adcfb665f
diff --git a/src/o1js.js b/src/o1js.js
index b80fa8e6bd..8487cbf7de 100644
--- a/src/o1js.js
+++ b/src/o1js.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import './bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
-import { getSnarky, getWasm, withThreadPool } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
+import { getO1js, getWasm, withThreadPool } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import snarkySpec from './bindings/js/snarky-class-spec.js';
 import { proxyClasses } from './bindings/js/proxy.js';
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ let isReadyBoolean = true;
 let isItReady = () => isReadyBoolean;
 
 let { Snarky, Ledger, Pickles, Test } = proxyClasses(
-  getSnarky,
+  getO1js,
   isItReady,
   snarkySpec
 );

From ce3a4de48bf3717ba828d26c17e56127470a11f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 15:52:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1247/1786] refactor(release.yml): simplify job termination on
 odd weeks

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 15 +++++----------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index a3aa4226dd..7901f04858 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ name: Version Bump
 on:
   workflow_dispatch: # Allow to manually trigger the workflow
   schedule:
-    - cron: "0 0 * * 2" # At 00:00 UTC every Tuesday
+    - cron: '0 0 * * 2' # At 00:00 UTC every Tuesday
 
 jobs:
   version-bump:
@@ -23,10 +23,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check if it's an even week
         run: |
           WEEK_NUM=$(date +'%V')
-          if [ $((WEEK_NUM % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then
-            echo "RUN_JOB=true" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          else
-            echo "RUN_JOB=false" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          if [ $((WEEK_NUM % 2)) -ne 0 ]; then
+            echo "Odd week number ($WEEK_NUM), terminating job."
+            exit 1
           fi
 
       - name: Check out the repository
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Node.js
         uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
-          node-version: "18"
+          node-version: '18'
 
       - name: Configure Git
         run: |
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ jobs:
           git config --local user.name "GitHub Action"
 
       - name: Bump patch version
-        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: |
           git fetch --prune --unshallow
           NEW_VERSION=$(npm version patch)
@@ -51,18 +49,15 @@ jobs:
           echo "NEW_VERSION=$NEW_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Install npm dependencies
-        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: npm install
 
       - name: Update CHANGELOG.md
-        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: |
           npm run update-changelog
           git add CHANGELOG.md
           git commit -m "Update CHANGELOG for new version $NEW_VERSION"
 
       - name: Create new release branch
-        if: ${{ env.RUN_JOB }} == 'true'
         run: |
           NEW_BRANCH="release/${NEW_VERSION}"
           git checkout -b $NEW_BRANCH

From 71f7a86b65c49cf50e2813bb298e0e4fe63b4e30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 16:02:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1248/1786] Update bindings and import in bytes.ts

---
 src/bindings                     | 2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts         | 4 ++--
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts         | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts         | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts  | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable.ts              | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ba9b30230b..b1715c92b9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ba9b30230bc1add0c8b1a8d32edd5f4adcfb665f
+Subproject commit b1715c92b9f7cf0f79f7c979674480ffd17274e8
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 4f256f10d9..c0f7a2fbaf 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import {
   provableTuple,
   HashInput,
   NonMethods,
-} from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+} from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 import type {
   InferJson,
   InferProvable,
   InferredProvable,
   IsPure,
-} from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+} from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 08fb733bfd..cc34bfc0db 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index bccbaa77ab..5331c6e5b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 51b815dfc8..527bda3193 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   inverse as modInverse,
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index 9bde301e69..fdea69dd7b 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 2781026213..f9542b90eb 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   InferJson,
   InferProvable,
   InferredProvable,
-} from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+} from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
 import {
   inCheckedComputation,
   inProver,

From 4850afdbe6b8ade4c5c0b489b32338130ec766d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 16:17:20 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1249/1786] pdate subproject commit hash to
 9a097f13b0ef3f7430dd20bb0e4442bff02d7113

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index b1715c92b9..9a097f13b0 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b1715c92b9f7cf0f79f7c979674480ffd17274e8
+Subproject commit 9a097f13b0ef3f7430dd20bb0e4442bff02d7113

From 5a4f5711f36b1c47036fab4be4c8cd5105e6dddc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: yanziseeker <153156292+AdventureSeeker987@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Jan 2024 16:28:04 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1250/1786] fix typo in field.ts

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 891390619d..e36cdb0e49 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class Field {
    * const sum = x.add(Field(-7));
    *
    * // If you try to print sum - `console.log(sum.toBigInt())` - you will realize that it prints a very big integer because this is modular arithmetic, and 1 + (-7) circles around the field to become p - 6.
-   * // You can use the reverse operation of addition (substraction) to prove the sum is calculated correctly.
+   * // You can use the reverse operation of addition (subtraction) to prove the sum is calculated correctly.
    *
    * sum.sub(x).assertEquals(Field(-7));
    * sum.sub(Field(-7)).assertEquals(x);
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Substract another "field-like" value from this {@link Field} element.
+   * subtract another "field-like" value from this {@link Field} element.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ class Field {
    * difference.assertEquals(Field(-2));
    * ```
    *
-   * **Warning**: This is a modular substraction in the pasta field.
+   * **Warning**: This is a modular subtraction in the pasta field.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
@@ -363,11 +363,11 @@ class Field {
    * const difference = x.sub(Field(2));
    *
    * // If you try to print difference - `console.log(difference.toBigInt())` - you will realize that it prints a very big integer because this is modular arithmetic, and 1 - 2 circles around the field to become p - 1.
-   * // You can use the reverse operation of substraction (addition) to prove the difference is calculated correctly.
+   * // You can use the reverse operation of subtraction (addition) to prove the difference is calculated correctly.
    * difference.add(Field(2)).assertEquals(x);
    * ```
    *
-   * @param value - a "field-like" value to substract from the {@link Field}.
+   * @param value - a "field-like" value to subtract from the {@link Field}.
    *
    * @return A {@link Field} element equivalent to the modular difference of the two value.
    */

From b974a27773d5f0b053c6e494b0d755c70c1e147e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: yanziseeker <153156292+AdventureSeeker987@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Jan 2024 00:36:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1251/1786] docs: correct Pickles link path

---
 README-dev.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 24de5f1c4e..56887893bd 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The comp
 
 If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
 
-o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyhttps://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
 
 The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
 

From 9587669cda84f5b2c3381889e1b33fc3b75e90f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yoni Mekuria <ymekuria@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Jan 2024 00:43:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1252/1786] Update field.ts

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index e36cdb0e49..843110d526 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ class Field {
   }
 
   /**
-   * subtract another "field-like" value from this {@link Field} element.
+   * Subtract another "field-like" value from this {@link Field} element.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts

From 94a7d32acdb1f52e4d0fd0fdb66eabcf3e86923d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Jan 2024 10:44:07 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1253/1786] docs(README-dev.md): update o1js-main branch
 description for clarity

Add more detailed explanation about the relationship between o1js-main and berkeley branches. Also, provide a branching structure for better understanding of the merge direction.
---
 README-dev.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 56887893bd..c81b561d08 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenar
 |            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
 |            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
-- `o1js-main`: The o1js-main branch in the Mina repository corresponds to the main branch in both o1js and o1js-bindings repositories. This is where stable releases and ramp-up features are maintained.
+- `o1js-main`: The o1js-main branch in the Mina repository corresponds to the main branch in both o1js and o1js-bindings repositories. This is where stable releases and ramp-up features are maintained. The o1js-main branch runs in parallel to the Mina `berkeley` branch and does not have a subset or superset relationship with it. The branching structure is as follows (<- means direction to merge):
+
+  - `develop` <- `o1js-main` <- `current testnet` - Typically, the current testnet often corresponds to the rampup branch.
 
 - `berkeley`: The berkeley branch is maintained across all three repositories. This branch is used for features and updates specific to the Berkeley release of the project.
 

From 16e66f9fba51ac4832691c3fc7a52bae60a08fd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Jan 2024 10:52:11 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1254/1786] Revert "Update import statements to use o1js.js
 instead of snarky.js"

This reverts commit 43f84138401e9f53f182d27c48d6c4238fae3c10.
---
 src/build/buildWeb.js                              |  2 +-
 src/build/copy-to-dist.js                          |  2 +-
 src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts                  |  2 +-
 src/index.ts                                       |  4 ++--
 src/lib/account_update.ts                          |  2 +-
 src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts                |  2 +-
 src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts                        |  2 +-
 src/lib/bool.ts                                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit.ts                                 |  2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                           |  2 +-
 src/lib/field.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts                         |  2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts                 |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts                           |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts               |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts                          |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts         |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts                     |  2 +-
 src/lib/gates.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/group.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts                                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                    |  2 +-
 src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts                |  2 +-
 src/lib/ml/conversion.ts                           |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts                |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts                            |  2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts                        |  2 +-
 src/lib/provable.ts                                |  2 +-
 src/lib/scalar.ts                                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/state.ts                                   |  2 +-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts               |  2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                                   |  2 +-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts            |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts         |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts  | 14 +++-----------
 src/{o1js.d.ts => snarky.d.ts}                     |  0
 src/{o1js.js => snarky.js}                         |  0
 tsconfig.node.json                                 |  2 +-
 tsconfig.test.json                                 |  2 +-
 tsconfig.web.json                                  |  2 +-
 typedoc.json                                       |  2 +-
 43 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)
 rename src/{o1js.d.ts => snarky.d.ts} (100%)
 rename src/{o1js.js => snarky.js} (100%)

diff --git a/src/build/buildWeb.js b/src/build/buildWeb.js
index ce9fd663c6..b0455e62b5 100644
--- a/src/build/buildWeb.js
+++ b/src/build/buildWeb.js
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ async function buildWeb({ production }) {
   // copy over pure js files
   let copyPromise = copy({
     './src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/': './dist/web/web_bindings/',
-    './src/o1js.d.ts': './dist/web/o1js.d.ts',
+    './src/snarky.d.ts': './dist/web/snarky.d.ts',
     './src/bindings/js/wrapper.web.js': './dist/web/bindings/js/wrapper.js',
     './src/bindings/js/web/': './dist/web/bindings/js/web/',
   });
diff --git a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
index c2bc1ee08e..6218414713 100644
--- a/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
+++ b/src/build/copy-to-dist.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { copyFromTo } from './utils.js';
 
 await copyFromTo(
   [
-    'src/o1js.d.ts',
+    'src/snarky.d.ts',
     'src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings',
     'src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.d.cts',
   ],
diff --git a/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts b/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts
index c985abf5ba..fdd4340209 100644
--- a/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts
+++ b/src/examples/benchmarks/import.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 let start = performance.now();
-await import('../../o1js.js');
+await import('../../snarky.js');
 let time = performance.now() - start;
 
 console.log(`import jsoo: ${time.toFixed(0)}ms`);
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 02690046c2..243fe7dbfa 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-export type { ProvablePure } from './o1js.js';
-export { Ledger } from './o1js.js';
+export type { ProvablePure } from './snarky.js';
+export { Ledger } from './snarky.js';
 export { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './lib/core.js';
 export {
   createForeignField,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 00557cad7c..23f5e66c08 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { Pickles, Test } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Pickles, Test } from '../snarky.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import {
   Types,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
index cfd4d3564c..a280b22712 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   Types,
   Provable,
 } from '../index.js';
-import { Test } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 let address = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
diff --git a/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts
index b4ff845f57..2d09307da6 100644
--- a/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/base58.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { fromBase58Check, toBase58Check } from './base58.js';
-import { Test } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { test, Random, withHardCoded } from './testing/property.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/bool.ts b/src/lib/bool.ts
index eecf0423b7..8957e89d53 100644
--- a/src/lib/bool.ts
+++ b/src/lib/bool.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import {
   Field,
   FieldConst,
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit.ts b/src/lib/circuit.ts
index 294b43e90e..dd697cc967 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { withThreadPool } from '../bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index c0f7a2fbaf..81b8cf2ad5 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool, Scalar, Group } from './core.js';
 import {
   provable,
diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index c93981ff17..891390619d 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky, Provable } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky, Provable } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { defineBinable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import type { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index ef5a45e7a1..8f7d8843f5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 4c84399853..26f85a5699 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Group } from './core.js';
 import { ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq, Group as G } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index dec349015a..8f6f218935 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 export { assertBoolean, arrayGet, assertOneOf };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 1b8e897ecd..f6f186e941 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
   and,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
-import { GateType } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 
 const maybeField = {
   ...field,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 540ce07215..9da4490723 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index c2c1864b91..135fca61a1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import {
   repeat,
   withoutGenerics,
 } from '../testing/constraint-system.js';
-import { GateType } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { AnyTuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import {
   foreignField,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 9cfd693575..1d33dae0f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
 import { Field as FieldProvable } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gates.ts b/src/lib/gates.ts
index 2a7bfcd85e..a8900cfe49 100644
--- a/src/lib/gates.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gates.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FieldConst, type Field } from './field.js';
 import { exists } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index ecd685da5c..67b021097e 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { GroupAffine, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
index 9df80d3e54..35b5436dd6 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import { packToFields } from './hash.js';
 import { Random, test } from './testing/property.js';
 import { MlHashInput } from './ml/conversion.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
-import { Test } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
 
 let { hashInputFromJson } = Test;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 1b145e5e66..1a55da5181 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { HashInput, ProvableExtended, Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { createHashHelpers } from './hash-generic.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 992c0c83c7..e3b5823a9c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Ledger } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
index 5fc13e1671..d0b78d0a03 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from '../core.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
index fb636db51f..de65656cce 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * this file contains conversion functions between JS and OCaml
  */
 
-import type { MlPublicKey, MlPublicKeyVar } from '../../o1js.js';
+import type { MlPublicKey, MlPublicKeyVar } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { HashInput } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index f4157ae5b4..18b68f27b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   WasmPastaFpPlonkIndex,
   WasmPastaFqPlonkIndex,
 } from '../../bindings/compiled/node_bindings/plonk_wasm.cjs';
-import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Pickles, getWasm } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { VerifierIndex } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/kimchi-types.js';
 import { getRustConversion } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
 import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index ae730fe6a5..59ebf57ec4 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   MlFeatureFlags,
   Gate,
   GateType,
-} from '../o1js.js';
+} from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
   FlexibleProvable,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 1d16a8e55b..3aab1dc9a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   sortMethodArguments,
 } from './proof_system.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { AnyFunction } from './util/types.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
 import { it } from 'node:test';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index 4886873106..c285ee81f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { parseHexString32 } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index f9542b90eb..02f26eea2f 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * - the main interface for types that can be used in provable code
  */
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/scalar.ts b/src/lib/scalar.ts
index a2208a99fa..d54f20c209 100644
--- a/src/lib/scalar.ts
+++ b/src/lib/scalar.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Snarky, Provable } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Snarky, Provable } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Scalar as Fq } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index a7ff6f877f..dc848a1996 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
+import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FlexibleProvablePure } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
 import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 24751275f1..1f8ad9ba52 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * An essential feature is that `constraintSystem()` automatically generates a
  * variety of fieldvar types for the inputs: constants, variables, and combinators.
  */
-import { Gate, GateType } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Gate, GateType } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { randomBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/random.js';
 import { Field, FieldType, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 243da1099c..9346973f72 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Gate, Pickles, ProvablePure } from '../o1js.js';
+import { Gate, Pickles, ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 97e9f2a3dc..e400f9c8d4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { Ledger, Test, Pickles } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Ledger, Test, Pickles } from '../../snarky.js';
 import {
   PrivateKey as PrivateKeySnarky,
   PublicKey as PublicKeySnarky,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index e13e1cb9ff..9743bda23b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   verify,
   verifyFieldElement,
 } from './signature.js';
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { Field as FieldSnarky } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts
index d8faaca2e2..955f451cd2 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/transaction-hash.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../../o1js.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
 import {
   Common,
   hashPayment,
@@ -180,12 +180,7 @@ function paymentToOcamlV1({
       common: commonToOcamlV1(common),
       body: [
         'Payment',
-        {
-          source_pk: common.feePayer,
-          receiver_pk: receiver,
-          amount,
-          token_id: '1',
-        },
+        { source_pk: common.feePayer, receiver_pk: receiver, amount, token_id: '1' },
       ],
     },
     signer: common.feePayer,
@@ -225,10 +220,7 @@ function delegationToOcamlV1({
       common: commonToOcamlV1(common),
       body: [
         'Stake_delegation',
-        [
-          'Set_delegate',
-          { delegator: common.feePayer, new_delegate: newDelegate },
-        ],
+        ['Set_delegate', { delegator: common.feePayer, new_delegate: newDelegate }],
       ],
     },
     signer: common.feePayer,
diff --git a/src/o1js.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/o1js.d.ts
rename to src/snarky.d.ts
diff --git a/src/o1js.js b/src/snarky.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/o1js.js
rename to src/snarky.js
diff --git a/tsconfig.node.json b/tsconfig.node.json
index 0708208757..7b5d2daf33 100644
--- a/tsconfig.node.json
+++ b/tsconfig.node.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
   "include": [
     "./src/index.ts",
-    "./src/o1js.js",
+    "./src/snarky.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js",
     "./src/mina-signer/src",
     "./src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts",
diff --git a/tsconfig.test.json b/tsconfig.test.json
index c3c247bc89..85717a9f8c 100644
--- a/tsconfig.test.json
+++ b/tsconfig.test.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
   "include": [
     "./src/**/*.unit-test.ts",
-    "./src/o1js.js",
+    "./src/snarky.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js"
   ],
   "compilerOptions": {
diff --git a/tsconfig.web.json b/tsconfig.web.json
index 365e1acee5..022d6abd3e 100644
--- a/tsconfig.web.json
+++ b/tsconfig.web.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
-  "include": ["./src/index.ts", "./src/o1js.js", "./src/**/*.web.ts"],
+  "include": ["./src/index.ts", "./src/snarky.js", "./src/**/*.web.ts"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "outDir": "dist/web"
   }
diff --git a/typedoc.json b/typedoc.json
index e87c4e1f8b..f670c1036e 100644
--- a/typedoc.json
+++ b/typedoc.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
   "exclude": ["dist/**/*", "src/mina-signer/**/*", "src/examples/**/*"],
   "entryPoints": [
     "src/index.ts",
-    "src/o1js.d.ts",
+    "src/snarky.d.ts",
     "src/lib/field.ts",
     "src/lib/group.ts",
     "src/lib/bool.ts"

From 41d39dde66ecc0bcac78766343028e6b0141a1a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Jan 2024 11:03:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1255/1786] Update bindings to use provable-snarky.js

---
 src/bindings                     | 2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts         | 4 ++--
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts         | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts         | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts  | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable.ts              | 2 +-
 7 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9a097f13b0..6e3476e833 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9a097f13b0ef3f7430dd20bb0e4442bff02d7113
+Subproject commit 6e3476e833821adbad460b01741e0320fcf90b19
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 81b8cf2ad5..d42f267cdf 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import {
   provableTuple,
   HashInput,
   NonMethods,
-} from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+} from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import type {
   InferJson,
   InferProvable,
   InferredProvable,
   IsPure,
-} from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+} from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index cc34bfc0db..08fb733bfd 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 5331c6e5b7..bccbaa77ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 527bda3193..51b815dfc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   inverse as modInverse,
   mod,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index fdea69dd7b..9bde301e69 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 02f26eea2f..8094bcf89e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   InferJson,
   InferProvable,
   InferredProvable,
-} from '../bindings/lib/provable-o1js.js';
+} from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import {
   inCheckedComputation,
   inProver,

From 21ef418fbf85b641d2d3fa368a026fa255643055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jan 2024 16:29:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1256/1786] Exercise more complicated zkApps with CI checks.

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml  |  3 +-
 run-ci-live-tests.sh                          | 45 ++++++++++++++++
 run-ci-tests.sh                               |  5 --
 .../zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts | 21 ++------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts   | 28 +++++-----
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts                | 21 ++++----
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts     | 12 ++---
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts      |  9 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                | 17 +-----
 .../dex/{run-berkeley.ts => run_live.ts}      | 52 +++++++++++++------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts      | 20 ++-----
 11 files changed, 120 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 run-ci-live-tests.sh
 rename src/examples/zkapps/dex/{run-berkeley.ts => run_live.ts} (87%)

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index a84bad475a..6807ecd9a9 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -19,14 +19,13 @@ runs:
         node-version: '20'
     - name: Build o1js and execute tests
       env:
-        TEST_TYPE: 'Live integration tests'
         USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK: 'true'
       run: |
         git submodule update --init --recursive
         npm ci
         npm run build
         touch profiling.md
-        sh run-ci-tests.sh
+        sh run-ci-live-tests.sh
         cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
       shell: bash
     - name: Upload Mina logs
diff --git a/run-ci-live-tests.sh b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ba881bb5c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -o pipefail
+
+# Function to add a prefix to each direct line of output
+add_prefix() {
+  local prefix=$1
+  while IFS= read -r line; do
+    echo "$prefix : $line"
+  done
+}
+
+echo ""
+echo "Running integration tests against the real Mina network."
+echo ""
+
+./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "HELLO_WORLD" &
+HELLO_WORLD_PROC=$!
+./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "DEX" &
+DEX_PROC=$!
+
+# Wait for each process and capture their exit statuses
+FAILURE=0
+wait $HELLO_WORLD_PROC
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+  echo ""
+  echo "HELLO_WORLD test failed."
+  echo ""
+  FAILURE=1
+fi
+wait $DEX_PROC
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+  echo ""
+  echo "DEX test failed."
+  echo ""
+  FAILURE=1
+fi
+
+# Exit with failure if any process failed
+if [ $FAILURE -ne 0 ]; then
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "All tests completed successfully."
+echo ""
diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index 4b19ebd25d..d59c3cd09b 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -27,11 +27,6 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts --bundle
   ;;
 
-"Live integration tests")
-  echo "Running integration tests against real Mina network"
-  ./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts --bundle
-  ;;
-
 "Unit tests")
   echo "Running unit tests"
   cd src/mina-signer
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
index cf75347c40..aaf7d81555 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,7 @@
-import {
-  isReady,
-  Mina,
-  AccountUpdate,
-  UInt64,
-  shutdown,
-  TokenId,
-} from 'o1js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Mina, TokenId, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 import { TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 
-await isReady;
 let doProofs = true;
-
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
 let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
@@ -32,9 +23,9 @@ await TokenContract.compile();
 let tokenX = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
 
 console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(userKey, () => {
+tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
-  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(userKey);
+  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress);
   feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(1));
   tokenX.deploy();
 });
@@ -43,9 +34,9 @@ tx.sign([keys.tokenX]);
 await tx.send();
 
 console.log('arbitrary token minting...');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(userKey, () => {
+tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating user's token X account
-  AccountUpdate.createSigned(userKey).balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(1));
+  AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress).balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(1));
   // 😈😈😈 mint any number of tokens to our account 😈😈😈
   let tokenContract = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
   tokenContract.token.mint({
@@ -61,5 +52,3 @@ console.log(
   'User tokens: ',
   Mina.getBalance(userAddress, tokenIds.X).value.toBigInt()
 );
-
-shutdown();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index 34353a2c4d..145197319b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -5,27 +5,26 @@
  */
 import {
   Account,
-  method,
   AccountUpdate,
+  Field,
+  InferProvable,
+  Mina,
+  Permissions,
+  Provable,
   PublicKey,
+  Reducer,
   SmartContract,
-  UInt64,
-  Struct,
   State,
-  state,
+  Struct,
   TokenId,
-  Reducer,
-  Field,
-  Permissions,
-  isReady,
-  Mina,
-  InferProvable,
-  Provable,
+  UInt64,
+  method,
+  state,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 import { TokenContract, randomAccounts } from './dex.js';
 
-export { Dex, DexTokenHolder, addresses, keys, tokenIds, getTokenBalances };
+export { Dex, DexTokenHolder, addresses, getTokenBalances, keys, tokenIds };
 
 class RedeemAction extends Struct({ address: PublicKey, dl: UInt64 }) {}
 
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     // calculate dy outside circuit
     let x = Account(this.address, TokenId.derive(this.tokenX)).balance.get();
     let y = Account(this.address, TokenId.derive(this.tokenY)).balance.get();
-    if (x.value.isConstant() && x.value.isZero().toBoolean()) {
+    if (x.value.isConstant() && x.value.equals(0).toBoolean()) {
       throw Error(
         'Cannot call `supplyLiquidity` when reserves are zero. Use `supplyLiquidityBase`.'
       );
@@ -314,9 +313,8 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
   }
 }
 
-await isReady;
 let { keys, addresses } = randomAccounts(
-  false,
+  process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true',
   'tokenX',
   'tokenY',
   'dex',
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index f9906fb96e..8bf5a1ea8f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
 import {
   Account,
+  AccountUpdate,
   Bool,
-  Circuit,
   DeployArgs,
   Field,
   Int64,
-  isReady,
-  method,
   Mina,
-  AccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
   PrivateKey,
+  Provable,
   PublicKey,
   SmartContract,
+  State,
+  Struct,
+  TokenId,
+  UInt32,
   UInt64,
   VerificationKey,
-  Struct,
-  State,
+  method,
   state,
-  UInt32,
-  TokenId,
-  Provable,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-export { createDex, TokenContract, keys, addresses, tokenIds, randomAccounts };
+export { TokenContract, addresses, createDex, keys, randomAccounts, tokenIds };
 
 class UInt64x2 extends Struct([UInt64, UInt64]) {}
 
@@ -493,9 +491,8 @@ const savedKeys = [
   'EKEyPVU37EGw8CdGtUYnfDcBT2Eu7B6rSdy64R68UHYbrYbVJett',
 ];
 
-await isReady;
 let { keys, addresses } = randomAccounts(
-  false,
+  process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true',
   'tokenX',
   'tokenY',
   'dex',
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 52eab4f2a0..16ea8fddcb 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,19 @@
-import { isReady, Mina, AccountUpdate, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+import { AccountUpdate, Mina, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
+import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 import {
   Dex,
   DexTokenHolder,
   addresses,
+  getTokenBalances,
   keys,
   tokenIds,
-  getTokenBalances,
 } from './dex-with-actions.js';
 import { TokenContract } from './dex.js';
-import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
-
-await isReady;
 
 let proofsEnabled = true;
-
 tic('Happy path with actions');
 console.log();
-
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({
   proofsEnabled,
   enforceTransactionLimits: true,
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index f58f478fcf..4727851012 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-import { isReady, Mina, AccountUpdate, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
-import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Mina, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
-
-await isReady;
+import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
+import { TokenContract, addresses, createDex, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 
 const TokenProfiler = getProfiler('Token with Proofs');
 TokenProfiler.start('Token with proofs test flow');
@@ -12,7 +10,6 @@ let proofsEnabled = true;
 
 tic('Happy path with proofs');
 console.log();
-
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({
   proofsEnabled,
   enforceTransactionLimits: false,
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index 4899e3fdb2..e9f15fad22 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,9 @@
-import {
-  isReady,
-  Mina,
-  AccountUpdate,
-  UInt64,
-  shutdown,
-  Permissions,
-  TokenId,
-} from 'o1js';
-import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-
+import { AccountUpdate, Mina, Permissions, TokenId, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
+import { TokenContract, addresses, createDex, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 
-await isReady;
 let proofsEnabled = false;
-
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({
   proofsEnabled,
   enforceTransactionLimits: false,
@@ -536,5 +525,3 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   DexProfiler.stop().store();
 }
-
-shutdown();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
similarity index 87%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index 540382bd67..f675e545fa 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-berkeley.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
+import { expect } from 'expect';
 import {
-  isReady,
-  Mina,
   AccountUpdate,
-  UInt64,
+  Lightnet,
+  Mina,
   PrivateKey,
+  UInt64,
   fetchAccount,
 } from 'o1js';
+import os from 'os';
+import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
 import {
   Dex,
   DexTokenHolder,
@@ -14,30 +17,36 @@ import {
   tokenIds,
 } from './dex-with-actions.js';
 import { TokenContract } from './dex.js';
-import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { tic, toc } from '../../utils/tic-toc.node.js';
-
-await isReady;
 
+const useCustomLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
 // setting this to a higher number allows you to skip a few transactions, to pick up after an error
 const successfulTransactions = 0;
 
-tic('Run DEX with actions, happy path, on Berkeley');
+tic('Run DEX with actions, happy path, against real network.');
 console.log();
-
-let Berkeley = Mina.Network({
-  mina: 'https://berkeley.minascan.io/graphql',
-  archive: 'https://archive-node-api.p42.xyz',
+const network = Mina.Network({
+  mina: useCustomLocalNetwork
+    ? 'http://localhost:8080/graphql'
+    : 'https://berkeley.minascan.io/graphql',
+  archive: useCustomLocalNetwork
+    ? 'http://localhost:8282'
+    : 'https://api.minascan.io/archive/berkeley/v1/graphql',
+  lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
 });
-Mina.setActiveInstance(Berkeley);
+Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
 let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
 
 let tx, pendingTx: Mina.TransactionId, balances, oldBalances;
 
 // compile contracts & wait for fee payer to be funded
-let { sender, senderKey } = await ensureFundedAccount(
-  'EKDrVGPC6iVRqB2bMMakNBTdEi8M1TqMn5TViLe9bafcpEExPYui'
-);
+const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
+  ? (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
+  : PrivateKey.random();
+const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
+if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
+  console.log(`Funding the fee payer account.`);
+  await ensureFundedAccount(senderKey.toBase58());
+}
 
 TokenContract.analyzeMethods();
 DexTokenHolder.analyzeMethods();
@@ -255,6 +264,12 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 8) {
 
 toc();
 console.log('dex happy path with actions was successful! 🎉');
+console.log();
+// Tear down
+const keyPairReleaseMessage = await Lightnet.releaseKeyPair({
+  publicKey: sender.toBase58(),
+});
+if (keyPairReleaseMessage) console.info(keyPairReleaseMessage);
 
 async function ensureFundedAccount(privateKeyBase58: string) {
   let senderKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKeyBase58);
@@ -271,7 +286,10 @@ async function ensureFundedAccount(privateKeyBase58: string) {
 function logPendingTransaction(pendingTx: Mina.TransactionId) {
   if (!pendingTx.isSuccess) throw Error('transaction failed');
   console.log(
-    `tx sent: https://berkeley.minaexplorer.com/transaction/${pendingTx.hash()}`
+    'tx sent: ' +
+      (useCustomLocalNetwork
+        ? `file:///${os.homedir()}/.cache/zkapp-cli/lightnet/explorer/<version>/index.html?target=transaction&hash=${pendingTx.hash()}`
+        : `https://minascan.io/berkeley/tx/${pendingTx.hash()}?type=zk-tx`)
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 02f4f2e78d..273431c903 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -1,32 +1,18 @@
-import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  Mina,
-  isReady,
-  Permissions,
-  PrivateKey,
-  UInt64,
-} from 'o1js';
-import { createDex, TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
+import { AccountUpdate, Mina, Permissions, PrivateKey, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
 import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
-
-await isReady;
+import { TokenContract, addresses, createDex, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 
 let proofsEnabled = false;
-
 console.log('starting upgradeability tests');
-
 await upgradeabilityTests({
   withVesting: false,
 });
 console.log('all upgradeability tests were successful! 🎉');
-
 console.log('starting atomic actions tests');
-
 await atomicActionsTest({
   withVesting: false,
 });
-
 console.log('all atomic actions tests were successful!');
 
 async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
@@ -310,7 +296,7 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy dex contracts...');
 
-  tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerKey, () => {
+  tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
     // pay fees for creating 3 dex accounts
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
     dex.deploy();

From fb9e61bc566c054b54f312516914997d767e3c5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jan 2024 16:40:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1257/1786] Use Bash explicitely to make CI happy.

---
 .github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
index 6807ecd9a9..8bd6d166af 100644
--- a/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
+++ b/.github/actions/live-tests-shared/action.yml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ runs:
         npm ci
         npm run build
         touch profiling.md
-        sh run-ci-live-tests.sh
+        bash run-ci-live-tests.sh
         cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
       shell: bash
     - name: Upload Mina logs

From 6c5934f33a7b37f138e76946b5a91813ee0a8b32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jan 2024 17:56:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1258/1786] Missed archive node api port exposure.

---
 .github/workflows/live-tests.yml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
index d5d00b7615..d6c3f72ff4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ jobs:
           - 5432:5432
           - 8080:8080
           - 8181:8181
+          - 8282:8282
         volumes:
           - /tmp:/root/logs
     steps:
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ jobs:
           - 5432:5432
           - 8080:8080
           - 8181:8181
+          - 8282:8282
         volumes:
           - /tmp:/root/logs
     steps:
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@ jobs:
           - 5432:5432
           - 8080:8080
           - 8181:8181
+          - 8282:8282
         volumes:
           - /tmp:/root/logs
     steps:

From 8f757ee805aeec207c78c976128e2d8caa9c9dd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jan 2024 18:14:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1259/1786] Extra slash in file link removed.

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index f675e545fa..db9336fcc4 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ function logPendingTransaction(pendingTx: Mina.TransactionId) {
   console.log(
     'tx sent: ' +
       (useCustomLocalNetwork
-        ? `file:///${os.homedir()}/.cache/zkapp-cli/lightnet/explorer/<version>/index.html?target=transaction&hash=${pendingTx.hash()}`
+        ? `file://${os.homedir()}/.cache/zkapp-cli/lightnet/explorer/<version>/index.html?target=transaction&hash=${pendingTx.hash()}`
         : `https://minascan.io/berkeley/tx/${pendingTx.hash()}?type=zk-tx`)
   );
 }

From 93070076aed0486a122a88b9fe6c7f2fdb5ee936 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 12:37:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1260/1786] fix import cycles by moving high-level dependencies
 out of gadgets/common, and gadgets out of int.ts

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts   | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/gadgets/common.ts       | 51 +-----------------
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts       |  3 +-
 src/lib/int.ts                  | 93 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/keccak.ts               |  2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts |  8 ++-
 6 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6b3d7acfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * Gadgets for converting between field elements and bit slices of various lengths
+ */
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
+
+export { bytesToWord, wordToBytes, wordsToBytes, bytesToWords };
+
+// conversion between bytes and multi-byte words
+
+/**
+ * Convert an array of UInt8 to a Field element. Expects little endian representation.
+ */
+function bytesToWord(wordBytes: UInt8[]): Field {
+  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, byte, idx) => {
+    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
+    return acc.add(byte.value.mul(shift));
+  }, Field.from(0));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a Field element to an array of UInt8. Expects little endian representation.
+ * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
+ */
+function wordToBytes(word: Field, bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
+  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(UInt8, bytesPerWord), () => {
+    let w = word.toBigInt();
+    return Array.from({ length: bytesPerWord }, (_, k) =>
+      UInt8.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
+    );
+  });
+
+  // check decomposition
+  bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
+
+  return bytes;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert an array of Field elements to an array of UInt8. Expects little endian representation.
+ * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
+ */
+function wordsToBytes(words: Field[], bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
+  return words.flatMap((w) => wordToBytes(w, bytesPerWord));
+}
+/**
+ * Convert an array of UInt8 to an array of Field elements. Expects little endian representation.
+ * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
+ */
+function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[], bytesPerWord = 8): Field[] {
+  return chunk(bytes, bytesPerWord).map(bytesToWord);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
index 27c1b49ff0..3a1a36b5a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/common.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { MlArray } from '../ml/base.js';
-import { Bool, UInt8 } from '../../index.js';
-import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 
 const MAX_BITS = 64 as const;
 
@@ -18,10 +16,6 @@ export {
   assert,
   bitSlice,
   divideWithRemainder,
-  bytesToWord,
-  bytesToWords,
-  wordsToBytes,
-  wordToBytes,
 };
 
 function existsOne(compute: () => bigint) {
@@ -90,46 +84,3 @@ function divideWithRemainder(numerator: bigint, denominator: bigint) {
   const remainder = numerator - denominator * quotient;
   return { quotient, remainder };
 }
-
-/**
- * Convert an array of UInt8 to a Field element. Expects little endian representation.
- */
-function bytesToWord(wordBytes: UInt8[]): Field {
-  return wordBytes.reduce((acc, byte, idx) => {
-    const shift = 1n << BigInt(8 * idx);
-    return acc.add(byte.value.mul(shift));
-  }, Field.from(0));
-}
-
-/**
- * Convert a Field element to an array of UInt8. Expects little endian representation.
- * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
- */
-function wordToBytes(word: Field, bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
-  let bytes = Provable.witness(Provable.Array(UInt8, bytesPerWord), () => {
-    let w = word.toBigInt();
-    return Array.from({ length: bytesPerWord }, (_, k) =>
-      UInt8.from((w >> BigInt(8 * k)) & 0xffn)
-    );
-  });
-
-  // check decomposition
-  bytesToWord(bytes).assertEquals(word);
-
-  return bytes;
-}
-
-/**
- * Convert an array of Field elements to an array of UInt8. Expects little endian representation.
- * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
- */
-function wordsToBytes(words: Field[], bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
-  return words.flatMap((w) => wordToBytes(w, bytesPerWord));
-}
-/**
- * Convert an array of UInt8 to an array of Field elements. Expects little endian representation.
- * @param bytesPerWord number of bytes per word
- */
-function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[], bytesPerWord = 8): Field[] {
-  return chunk(bytes, bytesPerWord).map(bytesToWord);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 644cfb8f45..8cac25b58c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import { FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
-import { bitSlice, bytesToWord, exists, wordToBytes } from './common.js';
+import { bytesToWord, wordToBytes } from './bit-slices.js';
+import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { rangeCheck16 } from './range-check.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index a98ff8cf4b..73ff036ed8 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,12 @@ import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
-
+import * as RangeCheck from './gadgets/range-check.js';
+import * as Bitwise from './gadgets/bitwise.js';
+import { addMod32 } from './gadgets/arithmetic.js';
+import type { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { FieldVar, withMessage } from './field.js';
+
 // external API
 export { UInt8, UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign };
 
@@ -74,7 +77,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt64) {
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, x.value);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, x.value);
   }
 
   static toInput(x: UInt64): HashInput {
@@ -149,11 +152,11 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
 
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, q);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, r);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, r);
 
     let r_ = new UInt64(r);
     let q_ = new UInt64(q);
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   mul(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -198,7 +201,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   add(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   sub(y: UInt64 | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt64.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, z);
     return new UInt64(z);
   }
 
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   xor(x: UInt64) {
-    return new UInt64(Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
+    return new UInt64(Bitwise.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -264,7 +267,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    *
    */
   not() {
-    return new UInt64(Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, false));
+    return new UInt64(Bitwise.not(this.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS, false));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -296,7 +299,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return new UInt64(Gadgets.rotate64(this.value, bits, direction));
+    return new UInt64(Bitwise.rotate64(this.value, bits, direction));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -317,7 +320,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return new UInt64(Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits));
+    return new UInt64(Bitwise.leftShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -338,7 +341,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return new UInt64(Gadgets.leftShift64(this.value, bits));
+    return new UInt64(Bitwise.leftShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -367,7 +370,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   and(x: UInt64) {
-    return new UInt64(Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
+    return new UInt64(Bitwise.and(this.value, x.value, UInt64.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -382,9 +385,9 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
 
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
+      let xMinusYFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
 
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
+      let yMinusXFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
 
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
@@ -402,9 +405,9 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
 
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
+      let xMinusYFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
 
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
+      let yMinusXFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
 
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
@@ -435,7 +438,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX, message);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt64.NUM_BITS, yMinusX, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -583,7 +586,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   static check(x: UInt32) {
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(x.value);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck32(x.value);
   }
   static toInput(x: UInt32): HashInput {
     return { packed: [[x.value, 32]] };
@@ -633,7 +636,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * Addition modulo 2^32. Check {@link Gadgets.addMod32} for a detailed description.
    */
   addMod32(y: UInt32) {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.addMod32(this.value, y.value));
+    return new UInt32(addMod32(this.value, y.value));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -663,11 +666,11 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
       () => new Field(x.toBigInt() / y_.toBigInt())
     );
 
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(q);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck32(q);
 
     // TODO: Could be a bit more efficient
     let r = x.sub(q.mul(y_)).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(r);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck32(r);
 
     let r_ = new UInt32(r);
     let q_ = new UInt32(q);
@@ -700,7 +703,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   mul(y: UInt32 | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt32.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
   /**
@@ -708,7 +711,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   add(y: UInt32 | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt32.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
   /**
@@ -716,7 +719,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    */
   sub(y: UInt32 | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt32.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck32(z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck32(z);
     return new UInt32(z);
   }
 
@@ -740,7 +743,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   xor(x: UInt32) {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
+    return new UInt32(Bitwise.xor(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -771,7 +774,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * @param a - The value to apply NOT to.
    */
   not() {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false));
+    return new UInt32(Bitwise.not(this.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS, false));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -803,7 +806,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rotate(bits: number, direction: 'left' | 'right' = 'left') {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction));
+    return new UInt32(Bitwise.rotate32(this.value, bits, direction));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -826,7 +829,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   leftShift(bits: number) {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.leftShift32(this.value, bits));
+    return new UInt32(Bitwise.leftShift32(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -849,7 +852,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   rightShift(bits: number) {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.rightShift64(this.value, bits));
+    return new UInt32(Bitwise.rightShift64(this.value, bits));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -878,7 +881,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * ```
    */
   and(x: UInt32) {
-    return new UInt32(Gadgets.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
+    return new UInt32(Bitwise.and(this.value, x.value, UInt32.NUM_BITS));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -892,8 +895,8 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
+      let xMinusYFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -909,8 +912,8 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
     } else {
       let xMinusY = this.value.sub(y.value).seal();
       let yMinusX = xMinusY.neg();
-      let xMinusYFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
-      let yMinusXFits = Gadgets.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
+      let xMinusYFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, xMinusY);
+      let yMinusXFits = RangeCheck.isInRangeN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX);
       xMinusYFits.or(yMinusXFits).assertEquals(true);
       // x <= y if y - x fits in 64 bits
       return yMinusXFits;
@@ -940,7 +943,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
       return;
     }
     let yMinusX = y.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-    Gadgets.rangeCheckN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX, message);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheckN(UInt32.NUM_BITS, yMinusX, message);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1340,7 +1343,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    */
   add(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let z = this.value.add(UInt8.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck8(z);
     return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
   }
 
@@ -1358,7 +1361,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    */
   sub(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let z = this.value.sub(UInt8.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck8(z);
     return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
   }
 
@@ -1376,7 +1379,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    */
   mul(y: UInt8 | bigint | number) {
     let z = this.value.mul(UInt8.from(y).value);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(z);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck8(z);
     return UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(z);
   }
 
@@ -1436,8 +1439,8 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
 
     // q, r being 16 bits is enough for them to be 8 bits,
     // thanks to the === x check and the r < y check below
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck16(q);
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck16(r);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck16(q);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck16(r);
 
     let remainder = UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(r);
     let quotient = UInt8.Unsafe.fromField(q);
@@ -1526,7 +1529,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
     try {
       // x <= y  <=>  y - x >= 0  which is implied by  y - x in [0, 2^16)
       let yMinusX = y_.value.sub(this.value).seal();
-      Gadgets.rangeCheck16(yMinusX);
+      RangeCheck.rangeCheck16(yMinusX);
     } catch (err) {
       throw withMessage(err, message);
     }
@@ -1630,7 +1633,7 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
    */
   static check(x: { value: Field } | Field) {
     if (x instanceof Field) x = { value: x };
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x.value);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck8(x.value);
   }
 
   static toInput(x: { value: Field }): HashInput {
@@ -1674,6 +1677,6 @@ class UInt8 extends Struct({
 
   private static checkConstant(x: Field) {
     if (!x.isConstant()) return;
-    Gadgets.rangeCheck8(x);
+    RangeCheck.rangeCheck8(x);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index e4e2e4aec1..1d1f0e40a9 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { FlexibleBytes } from './provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { UInt8 } from './int.js';
 import { Bytes } from './provable-types/provable-types.js';
-import { bytesToWords, wordsToBytes } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { bytesToWords, wordsToBytes } from './gadgets/bit-slices.js';
 
 export { Keccak };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index 992e10bd1f..811e93981c 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import type { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 
-export { Bytes, createBytes, FlexibleBytes };
+// external API
+export { Bytes };
+
+// internal API
+export { createBytes, FlexibleBytes };
 
 type FlexibleBytes = Bytes | (UInt8 | bigint | number)[] | Uint8Array;
 

From dd7b88ab3aec7e772fdd4d1e77e1abac66777c35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 12:50:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1261/1786] move other bit slicing gadget to bit slicing file

---
 src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts     | 104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 101 +----------------------------
 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts
index b6b3d7acfe..0672e1aeb5 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bit-slices.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 /**
  * Gadgets for converting between field elements and bit slices of various lengths
  */
+import { bigIntToBits } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
+import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
+import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
+import type { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { l } from './range-check.js';
 
-export { bytesToWord, wordToBytes, wordsToBytes, bytesToWords };
+export { bytesToWord, wordToBytes, wordsToBytes, bytesToWords, sliceField3 };
 
 // conversion between bytes and multi-byte words
 
@@ -52,3 +57,100 @@ function wordsToBytes(words: Field[], bytesPerWord = 8): UInt8[] {
 function bytesToWords(bytes: UInt8[], bytesPerWord = 8): Field[] {
   return chunk(bytes, bytesPerWord).map(bytesToWord);
 }
+
+// conversion between 3-limb foreign fields and arbitrary bit slices
+
+/**
+ * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`
+ *
+ * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
+ */
+function sliceField3(
+  [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
+  { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
+) {
+  let l_ = Number(l);
+  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l_, `expected max bits <= 3*${l_}, got ${maxBits}`);
+
+  // first limb
+  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize);
+  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks;
+  maxBits -= l_;
+
+  // second limb
+  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
+  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
+  maxBits -= l_;
+
+  // third limb
+  let result2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize, result1);
+  return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks, result2.chunks);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Provable method for slicing a field element into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`.
+ *
+ * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
+ *
+ * If `chunkSize` does not divide `maxBits`, the last chunk will be smaller.
+ * We return the number of free bits in the last chunk, and optionally accept such a result from a previous call,
+ * so that this function can be used to slice up a bigint of multiple limbs into homogeneous chunks.
+ *
+ * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for each bit.
+ * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
+ */
+function sliceField(
+  x: Field,
+  maxBits: number,
+  chunkSize: number,
+  leftover?: { chunks: Field[]; leftoverSize: number }
+) {
+  let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
+    let bits = bigIntToBits(x.toBigInt());
+    // normalize length
+    if (bits.length > maxBits) bits = bits.slice(0, maxBits);
+    if (bits.length < maxBits)
+      bits = bits.concat(Array(maxBits - bits.length).fill(false));
+    return bits.map(BigInt);
+  });
+
+  let chunks = [];
+  let sum = Field.from(0n);
+
+  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous sliceField() call, we complete it
+  if (leftover !== undefined) {
+    let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
+    let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);
+    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      let bit = bits[i];
+      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
+      remainingChunk = remainingChunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
+    }
+    sum = remainingChunk = remainingChunk.seal();
+    let chunk = previous[previous.length - 1];
+    previous[previous.length - 1] = chunk.add(
+      remainingChunk.mul(1n << BigInt(chunkSize - size))
+    );
+  }
+
+  let i = leftover?.leftoverSize ?? 0;
+  for (; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
+    // prove that chunk has `chunkSize` bits
+    // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
+    let chunk = Field.from(0n);
+    let size = Math.min(maxBits - i, chunkSize); // last chunk might be smaller
+    for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
+      let bit = bits[i + j];
+      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
+      chunk = chunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(j)));
+    }
+    chunk = chunk.seal();
+    // prove that chunks add up to x
+    sum = sum.add(chunk.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
+    chunks.push(chunk);
+  }
+  sum.assertEquals(x);
+
+  let leftoverSize = i - maxBits;
+  return { chunks, leftoverSize } as const;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index d2ee6eefc8..78ca4dbdff 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
 import { Field3, ForeignField, split, weakBound } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { l, l2, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
+import { l2, multiRangeCheck } from './range-check.js';
 import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import {
-  bigIntToBits,
   bigIntToBytes,
   bytesToBigInt,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet, assertBoolean } from './basic.js';
+import { sliceField3 } from './bit-slices.js';
 
 // external API
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   // slice scalars
   let scalarChunks = scalars.map((s, i) =>
-    slice(s, { maxBits, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
+    sliceField3(s, { maxBits, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
   ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve);
@@ -625,101 +625,6 @@ function simpleMapToCurve(x: bigint, Curve: CurveAffine) {
   return p;
 }
 
-/**
- * Provable method for slicing a 3x88-bit bigint into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`
- *
- * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
- */
-function slice(
-  [x0, x1, x2]: Field3,
-  { maxBits, chunkSize }: { maxBits: number; chunkSize: number }
-) {
-  let l_ = Number(l);
-  assert(maxBits <= 3 * l_, `expected max bits <= 3*${l_}, got ${maxBits}`);
-
-  // first limb
-  let result0 = sliceField(x0, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize);
-  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks;
-  maxBits -= l_;
-
-  // second limb
-  let result1 = sliceField(x1, Math.min(l_, maxBits), chunkSize, result0);
-  if (maxBits <= l_) return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks);
-  maxBits -= l_;
-
-  // third limb
-  let result2 = sliceField(x2, maxBits, chunkSize, result1);
-  return result0.chunks.concat(result1.chunks, result2.chunks);
-}
-
-/**
- * Provable method for slicing a field element into smaller bit chunks of length `chunkSize`.
- *
- * This serves as a range check that the input is in [0, 2^maxBits)
- *
- * If `chunkSize` does not divide `maxBits`, the last chunk will be smaller.
- * We return the number of free bits in the last chunk, and optionally accept such a result from a previous call,
- * so that this function can be used to slice up a bigint of multiple limbs into homogeneous chunks.
- *
- * TODO: atm this uses expensive boolean checks for each bit.
- * For larger chunks, we should use more efficient range checks.
- */
-function sliceField(
-  x: Field,
-  maxBits: number,
-  chunkSize: number,
-  leftover?: { chunks: Field[]; leftoverSize: number }
-) {
-  let bits = exists(maxBits, () => {
-    let bits = bigIntToBits(x.toBigInt());
-    // normalize length
-    if (bits.length > maxBits) bits = bits.slice(0, maxBits);
-    if (bits.length < maxBits)
-      bits = bits.concat(Array(maxBits - bits.length).fill(false));
-    return bits.map(BigInt);
-  });
-
-  let chunks = [];
-  let sum = Field.from(0n);
-
-  // if there's a leftover chunk from a previous sliceField() call, we complete it
-  if (leftover !== undefined) {
-    let { chunks: previous, leftoverSize: size } = leftover;
-    let remainingChunk = Field.from(0n);
-    for (let i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-      let bit = bits[i];
-      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
-      remainingChunk = remainingChunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
-    }
-    sum = remainingChunk = remainingChunk.seal();
-    let chunk = previous[previous.length - 1];
-    previous[previous.length - 1] = chunk.add(
-      remainingChunk.mul(1n << BigInt(chunkSize - size))
-    );
-  }
-
-  let i = leftover?.leftoverSize ?? 0;
-  for (; i < maxBits; i += chunkSize) {
-    // prove that chunk has `chunkSize` bits
-    // TODO: this inner sum should be replaced with a more efficient range check when possible
-    let chunk = Field.from(0n);
-    let size = Math.min(maxBits - i, chunkSize); // last chunk might be smaller
-    for (let j = 0; j < size; j++) {
-      let bit = bits[i + j];
-      Bool.check(Bool.Unsafe.ofField(bit));
-      chunk = chunk.add(bit.mul(1n << BigInt(j)));
-    }
-    chunk = chunk.seal();
-    // prove that chunks add up to x
-    sum = sum.add(chunk.mul(1n << BigInt(i)));
-    chunks.push(chunk);
-  }
-  sum.assertEquals(x);
-
-  let leftoverSize = i - maxBits;
-  return { chunks, leftoverSize } as const;
-}
-
 /**
  * Get value from array in O(n) constraints.
  *

From c202d9d5eeb2c58a9711ed51c601982553b9661f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 12:53:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1262/1786] remove cyclic top-level gadgets dep from sha256.ts

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 14 +++++---------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 8cac25b58c..aa98f6e46e 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import { FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
 import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 import { chunk } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
+import { divMod32 } from './arithmetic.js';
 import { bytesToWord, wordToBytes } from './bit-slices.js';
 import { bitSlice, exists } from './common.js';
-import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { rangeCheck16 } from './range-check.js';
 
 export { SHA256 };
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
   let ys = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
     // for each byte we rotate the element and get the excess bits (8 at a time) and construct a UInt8 of it
-    let { quotient, remainder } = Gadgets.divMod32(field.mul(1n << 8n));
+    let { quotient, remainder } = divMod32(field.mul(1n << 8n));
     // "shift" the element by 8 bit to get the next byte sequence during the next iteration
     field = remainder;
     ys.push(quotient);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ const SHA256 = {
           .add(DeltaZero(W[t - 15]).value.add(W[t - 16].value));
 
         // mod 32bit the unreduced field element
-        W[t] = UInt32.from(Gadgets.divMod32(unreduced, 16).remainder);
+        W[t] = UInt32.from(divMod32(unreduced, 16).remainder);
       }
 
       // initialize working variables
@@ -146,15 +146,11 @@ const SHA256 = {
         h = g;
         g = f;
         f = e;
-        e = UInt32.from(
-          Gadgets.divMod32(d.value.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder
-        ); // mod 32bit the unreduced field element
+        e = UInt32.from(divMod32(d.value.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder); // mod 32bit the unreduced field element
         d = c;
         c = b;
         b = a;
-        a = UInt32.from(
-          Gadgets.divMod32(unreducedT2.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder
-        ); // mod 32bit
+        a = UInt32.from(divMod32(unreducedT2.add(unreducedT1), 16).remainder); // mod 32bit
       }
 
       // new intermediate hash value

From 1f7ebb29f6c760aefc4441ca2f92102385bcc820 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 12:53:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1263/1786] remove unused function

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 16 ----------------
 1 file changed, 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index aa98f6e46e..6d55273347 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -77,22 +77,6 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   return chunk(chunks, 16);
 }
 
-// decompose a 32bit word into 4 bytes
-function decomposeToBytes(a: UInt32) {
-  let field = a.value;
-  let ys = [];
-  for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-    // for each byte we rotate the element and get the excess bits (8 at a time) and construct a UInt8 of it
-    let { quotient, remainder } = divMod32(field.mul(1n << 8n));
-    // "shift" the element by 8 bit to get the next byte sequence during the next iteration
-    field = remainder;
-    ys.push(quotient);
-  }
-
-  // UInt8.from does a rangeCheck8 for Field elements
-  return ys.map(UInt8.from);
-}
-
 const SHA256 = {
   hash(data: FlexibleBytes) {
     // preprocessing §6.2

From f077283029744f63594715184a4d951bb350e609 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 13:02:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1264/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index ec705078d8..7a84e7fc0f 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -266,16 +266,16 @@
     }
   },
   "sha256": {
-    "digest": "15bce9c541c0619f3b3587d7c06918e1423c5d1d4efe6ba6e0c789987e41b512",
+    "digest": "2253f1a883d78886858530b473943e685f302d489a509a9af105ccf3621584bf",
     "methods": {
       "sha256": {
-        "rows": 5314,
-        "digest": "bfad0408f0baab2e3db346a3e9997455"
+        "rows": 5125,
+        "digest": "5a7c5b22395d328f5ca9e3242669b478"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "801809578510365639167868048464129098535493687043603299559390072759232736708"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "4802323592772073249618921425353059023939321317450660242786504849922261724135"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 6b8d48a7af93fc74c2bea224fb73cc1002e9c885 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 13:06:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1265/1786] save a few constraints with seal()

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts              |  3 ++-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 6d55273347..9cca97c7b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -122,7 +122,8 @@ const SHA256 = {
           .add(SigmaOne(e).value)
           .add(Ch(e, f, g).value)
           .add(K[t].value)
-          .add(W[t].value);
+          .add(W[t].value)
+          .seal();
 
         // T2 is also unreduced
         const unreducedT2 = SigmaZero(a).value.add(Maj(a, b, c).value);
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 7a84e7fc0f..1c1dca92f3 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -266,16 +266,16 @@
     }
   },
   "sha256": {
-    "digest": "2253f1a883d78886858530b473943e685f302d489a509a9af105ccf3621584bf",
+    "digest": "38eaa6264b1e4c1c0b5787c06efd92aa7855890aeeafed91818d466f1b109ca5",
     "methods": {
       "sha256": {
-        "rows": 5125,
-        "digest": "5a7c5b22395d328f5ca9e3242669b478"
+        "rows": 5036,
+        "digest": "c3952f2bd0dbb6b16ed43add7c57c9c5"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "4802323592772073249618921425353059023939321317450660242786504849922261724135"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "22296391645667701199385692837408020819294441951376164803693884547686842878882"
     }
   }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From d71872dee0e387a9e7c886d6ab59d1d4f78ed878 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 13:08:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1266/1786] add comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 9cca97c7b4..73cec23804 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -272,5 +272,7 @@ function sigma(u: UInt32, bits: TupleN<number, 3>, firstShifted = false) {
   let xRotR2 = x3.add(x012.mul(1 << d3)).seal();
   // ^ proves that 2^(32-d2)*x2 < xRotR2 => x2 < 2^d2 if we check xRotR2 < 2^32 later
 
+  // since xor() is implicitly range-checking both of its inputs, this provides the missing
+  // proof that xRotR0, xRotR1, xRotR2 < 2^32, which implies x0 < 2^d0, x1 < 2^d1, x2 < 2^d2
   return UInt32.from(xRotR0).xor(new UInt32(xRotR1)).xor(new UInt32(xRotR2));
 }

From 4414a59569e1fd233ed0345308495ca8cdc192a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 13:48:08 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1267/1786] feat: add ocaml build directory to gitignore

---
 .gitignore | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index fcb737b159..9246171b93 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -7,3 +7,6 @@ tests/test-artifacts/
 profiling.md
 snarkyjs-reference
 *.tmp.js
+_build/
+src/config/
+src/config.mlh

From 3b98082c04b54b20a48a6a8f2134bdf103592df9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 13:48:36 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1268/1786] feat: add dune-project file to build bindings from
 o1js root directory

---
 dune-project | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 dune-project

diff --git a/dune-project b/dune-project
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b17fb2d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dune-project
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+(lang dune 3.3)

From d20f6f6a84a09324e2d87304ed7a39af885a9c93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 12:36:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1269/1786] fix(package.json): update 'make' script to use
 local script

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 README-dev.md |  8 +++-----
 package.json  | 11 ++++-------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 42a6771b5e..2925218bc5 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ npm run build
 ## Build and run the web version
 
 ```sh
-npm install
-npm run build:web
-npm run serve:web
+npm run build:bindings
 ```
 
 To see the test running in a web browser, go to `http://localhost:8000/`.
@@ -50,9 +48,9 @@ To see the test running in a web browser, go to `http://localhost:8000/`.
 
 ## Branch Compatibility
 
-SnarkyJS is mostly used to write Mina Smart Contracts and must be compatible with the latest Berkeley Testnet (or soon Mainnet). 
+SnarkyJS is mostly used to write Mina Smart Contracts and must be compatible with the latest Berkeley Testnet (or soon Mainnet).
 
-The OCaml code is in the snarkyjs-bindings repository, not directly in SnarkyJS. 
+The OCaml code is in the snarkyjs-bindings repository, not directly in SnarkyJS.
 
 To maintain compatibility between the repositories and build SnarkyJS from the [Mina repository](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina), make changes to its core, such as the OCaml-bindings in the [snarkyjs-bindings repository](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs-bindings), you must follow a certain branch compatibility pattern:
 
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index a489e8e919..5d5c9d157d 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -43,14 +43,11 @@
     "node": ">=16.4.0"
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "type-check": "tsc --noEmit",
-    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
-    "make": "make -C ../../.. snarkyjs",
-    "make:no-types": "npm run clean && make -C ../../.. snarkyjs_no_types",
-    "bindings": "cd ../../.. && ./scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh && cd src/lib/snarkyjs",
+    "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
     "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
-    "build:test": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && cp src/snarky.d.ts dist/node/snarky.d.ts",
-    "build:node": "npm run build",
+    "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/build-snarkyjs-node.sh",
+    "build:update-bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh",
+    "build:wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
     "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
     "build:examples": "rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json || exit 0",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc",

From 63a252895c76e8db4074506b2253022a70caaa4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 12:36:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1270/1786] fix(tsconfig.json): add './src/mina' to exclude
 list to prevent unnecessary compilation of mina directory

---
 tsconfig.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index 268b0f8b3a..367f1cc41d 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "include": ["./src/**/*.ts"],
-  "exclude": ["./src/**/*.bc.js", "./src/build", "./src/examples"],
+  "exclude": ["./src/**/*.bc.js", "./src/build", "./src/examples", "./src/mina"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "rootDir": "./src",
     "outDir": "dist",

From 2835ff74022c97bf0a514f7e815eedfbd97e3dcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:13:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1271/1786] fix(.gitmodules): change MinaProtocol submodule URL
 from SSH to HTTPS

---
 .gitmodules | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index b343059624..76a36100bc 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 [submodule "src/snarkyjs-bindings"]
 	path = src/bindings
 	url = https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs-bindings.git
+[submodule "src/mina"]
+	path = src/mina
+	url = https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina.git

From 854f9fd7c45014946c6b0e34045db42c6474eda9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:47:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1272/1786] feat(jest.config.js): add 'src/mina/' to
 modulePathIgnorePatterns to prevent Jest from running tests in this directory

---
 jest.config.js | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/jest.config.js b/jest.config.js
index b24c895d96..7f6d944074 100644
--- a/jest.config.js
+++ b/jest.config.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ export default {
   testEnvironment: 'node',
   extensionsToTreatAsEsm: ['.ts'],
   transformIgnorePatterns: ['node_modules/', 'dist/node/'],
+  modulePathIgnorePatterns: ['src/mina/'],
   globals: {
     'ts-jest': {
       useESM: true,

From 087659544b7461df3ace6391e827c365e1e6d4b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 29 Oct 2023 20:22:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1273/1786] docs(README-dev.md): update build instructions and
 add details about build scripts

- Replace opam with Dune in the list of required tools to reflect changes in the build process
- Add a new section about build scripts, explaining the role of update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh
- Expand on the OCaml bindings section, detailing the use of Dune and Js_of_ocaml in the build process
- Add information about the WebAssembly bindings build process, including the output files
- Introduce a section about generated constant types, explaining how they are created and their role in ensuring protocol consistency

Co-authored-by: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
---
 README-dev.md | 195 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 159 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 2925218bc5..c81b561d08 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -1,63 +1,186 @@
-# How to contribute to the SnarkyJS codebase
+# o1js README-dev
 
-This README includes information that is helpful for SnarkyJS core contributors.
+o1js is a TypeScript framework designed for zk-SNARKs and zkApps on the Mina blockchain.
 
-## Run examples using Node.js
+- [zkApps Overview](https://docs.minaprotocol.com/zkapps)
+- [Mina README](/src/mina/README.md)
+
+For more information on our development process and how to contribute, see [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md). This document is meant to guide you through building o1js from source and understanding the development workflow.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have the following tools installed:
+
+- [Git](https://git-scm.com/)
+- [Node.js and npm](https://nodejs.org/)
+- [Dune](https://github.com/ocaml/dune) (only needed when compiling o1js from source)
+- [Cargo](https://www.rust-lang.org/learn/get-started) (only needed when compiling o1js from source)
+
+After cloning the repository, you need to fetch the submodules:
+
+```sh
+git submodule update --init --recursive
+```
+
+## Building o1js
+
+For most users, building o1js is as simple as running:
 
 ```sh
 npm install
 npm run build
+```
+
+This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The compiled OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users. These artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and contain the artifacts needed for both node and web builds. These files do not have to be regenerated unless there are changes to the OCaml or Rust source files.
+
+## Building Bindings
+
+If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
+
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
 
-./run src/examples/api_exploration.ts
+The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
+
+If you wish to rebuild the OCaml and Rust artifacts, you must be able to build the Mina repo before building the bindings. See the [Mina Dev Readme](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/README-dev.md) for more information. Once you have configured your environment to build Mina, you can build the bindings:
+
+```sh
+npm run build:update-bindings
 ```
 
-## Build and run the web version
+This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings/compiled` directory.
+
+### Build Scripts
+
+The root build script which kicks off the build process is under `src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh`. This script is responsible for building the Node.js and web artifacts for o1js, and places them under `src/bindings/compiled`, to be used by o1js.
+
+### OCaml Bindings
+
+o1js depends on Pickles, snarky, and parts of the Mina transaction logic, all of which are compiled to JavaScript and stored as artifacts to be used by o1js natively. The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
+
+To compile the OCaml code, a build tool called Dune is used. Dune is a build system for OCaml projects, and is used in addition with Js_of_ocaml to compile the OCaml code to JavaScript. The dune file that is responsible for compiling the OCaml code is located under `src/bindings/ocaml/dune`. There are two build targets: `snarky_js_node` and `snarky_js_web`, which compile the Mina dependencies as well as link the wasm artifacts to build the Node.js and web artifacts, respectively. The output file is `snark_js_node.bc.js`, which is used by o1js.
+
+### WebAssembly Bindings
+
+o1js additionally depends on Kimchi, which is compiled to WebAssembly. Kimchi is located in the Mina repo, under `src/mina`. See the [Kimchi README](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
+
+To compile the wasm code, a combination of Cargo and Dune is used. Both build files are located under `src/mina/src/lib/crypto/kimchi`, where the `wasm` folder contains the Rust code which is compiled to wasm, and the `js` folder which contains a wrapper around the wasm code which allows Js_of_ocaml to compile against the wasm backend.
+
+For the wasm build, the output files are:
+
+- `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm`: The compiled WebAssembly binary.
+- `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition files describing the types of .wasm or .js files.
+- `plonk_wasm.js`: JavaScript file that wraps the WASM code for use in Node.js.
+- `plonk_wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition file for plonk_wasm.js.
+
+### Generated Constant Types
+
+In addition to building the OCaml and Rust code, the build script also generates TypeScript types for constants used in the Mina protocol. These types are generated from the OCaml source files, and are located under `src/bindings/crypto/constants.ts` and `src/bindings/mina-transaction/gen`. When building the bindings, these constants are auto-generated by Dune. If you wish to add a new constant, you can edit the `src/bindings/ocaml/snarky_js_constants` file, and then run `npm run build:bindings` to regenerate the TypeScript files.
+
+These types are used by o1js to ensure that the constants used in the protocol are consistent with the OCaml source files.
+
+## Development
+
+### Branch Compatibility
+
+If you work on o1js, create a feature branch off of one of these base branches. It's encouraged to submit your work-in-progress as a draft PR to raise visibility! When working with submodules and various interconnected parts of the stack, ensure you are on the correct branches that are compatible with each other.
+
+#### How to Use the Branches
+
+**Default to `main` as the base branch**.
+
+The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenarios where you want to adapt o1js to changes in the sibling repos on those other branches. Even then, consider whether it is feasible to land your changes to `main` and merge to `berkeley` and `develop` afterwards. Only changes in `main` will ever be released, so anything in the other branches has to be backported and reconciled with `main` eventually.
+
+| Repository | mina -> o1js -> o1js-bindings    |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------- |
+| Branches   | o1js-main -> main -> main        |
+|            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
+|            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
+
+- `o1js-main`: The o1js-main branch in the Mina repository corresponds to the main branch in both o1js and o1js-bindings repositories. This is where stable releases and ramp-up features are maintained. The o1js-main branch runs in parallel to the Mina `berkeley` branch and does not have a subset or superset relationship with it. The branching structure is as follows (<- means direction to merge):
+
+  - `develop` <- `o1js-main` <- `current testnet` - Typically, the current testnet often corresponds to the rampup branch.
+
+- `berkeley`: The berkeley branch is maintained across all three repositories. This branch is used for features and updates specific to the Berkeley release of the project.
+
+- `develop`: The develop branch is also maintained across all three repositories. It is used for ongoing development, testing new features, and integration work.
+
+### Running Tests
+
+To ensure your changes don't break existing functionality, run the test suite:
+
+```sh
+npm run test
+npm run test:unit
+```
+
+This will run all the unit tests and provide you with a summary of the test results.
+
+You can additionally run integration tests by running:
+
+```sh
+npm run test:integration
+```
+
+Finally, we have a set of end-to-end tests that run against the browser. These tests are not run by default, but you can run them by running:
 
 ```sh
-npm run build:bindings
+npm install
+npm run e2e:install
+npm run build:web
+
+npm run e2e:prepare-server
+npm run test:e2e
+npm run e2e:show-report
 ```
 
-To see the test running in a web browser, go to `http://localhost:8000/`.
+### Run the GitHub actions locally
 
-## Run tests
+<!-- The test example should stay in sync with a real value set in .github/workflows/build-actions.yml -->
 
-- Unit tests
+You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First generate a GitHub token and use:
 
-  ```sh
-  npm run test
-  npm run test:unit
-  ```
+```sh
+act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $GITHUB_TOKEN
+```
 
-- Integration tests
+### Releasing
 
-  ```sh
-  npm run test:integration
-  ```
+To release a new version of o1js, you must first update the version number in `package.json`. Then, you can create a new pull request to merge your changes into the main branch. Once the pull request is merged, a CI job will automatically publish the new version to npm.
 
-- E2E tests
+## Test zkApps against the local blockchain network
 
-  ```sh
-  npm install
-  npm run e2e:install
-  npm run build:web
+In order to be able to test zkApps against the local blockchain network, you need to spin up such a network first.  
+You can do so in several ways.
 
-  npm run e2e:prepare-server
-  npm run test:e2e
-  npm run e2e:show-report
-  ```
+1. Using [zkapp-cli](https://www.npmjs.com/package/zkapp-cli)'s sub commands:
 
-## Branch Compatibility
+   ```shell
+   zk lightnet start # start the local network
+   # Do your tests and other interactions with the network
+   zk lightnet logs # manage the logs of the local network
+   zk lightnet explorer # visualize the local network state
+   zk lightnet stop # stop the local network
+   ```
 
-SnarkyJS is mostly used to write Mina Smart Contracts and must be compatible with the latest Berkeley Testnet (or soon Mainnet).
+   Please refer to `zk lightnet --help` for more information.
 
-The OCaml code is in the snarkyjs-bindings repository, not directly in SnarkyJS.
+2. Using the corresponding [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) manually:
 
-To maintain compatibility between the repositories and build SnarkyJS from the [Mina repository](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina), make changes to its core, such as the OCaml-bindings in the [snarkyjs-bindings repository](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarkyjs-bindings), you must follow a certain branch compatibility pattern:
+   ```shell
+   docker run --rm --pull=missing -it \
+     --env NETWORK_TYPE="single-node" \
+     --env PROOF_LEVEL="none" \
+     --env LOG_LEVEL="Trace" \
+     -p 3085:3085 \
+     -p 5432:5432 \
+     -p 8080:8080 \
+     -p 8181:8181 \
+     -p 8282:8282 \
+     o1labs/mina-local-network:o1js-main-latest-lightnet
+   ```
 
-The following branches are compatible:
+   Please refer to the [Docker Hub repository](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) for more information.
 
-| repository | mina -> snarkyjs -> snarkyjs-bindings |
-| ---------- | ------------------------------------- |
-| branches   | rampup -> main -> main                |
-|            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley      |
-|            | develop -> develop -> develop         |
+Next up, you will need the Mina blockchain accounts information in order to be used in your zkApp.  
+Once the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
+The corresponding example can be found here: [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts)

From 6aa979923760678437730452933de67db9f97db9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2023 13:58:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1274/1786] fix(.prettierignore): update path for kimchi js
 files to reflect new directory structure, ensuring correct files are ignored
 by Prettier

---
 .prettierignore | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore
index 099c3fecca..fe67df0c2c 100644
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/**/plonk_wasm*
 src/bindings/compiled/web_bindings/**/*.bc.js
 src/bindings/compiled/node_bindings/*
 dist/**/*
-src/bindings/kimchi/js/**/*.js
+src/mina/src/lib/crypto/kimchi/js/**/*.js

From b913ba9197481fa424d5f320caf887c1f512d2c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 16:14:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1275/1786] chore(bindings): update subproject commit hash to
 870d7eddfa1504a45de7286e51efa00ad37932d9 for latest changes

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 5f9f3a3a30..870d7eddfa 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 5f9f3a3a30d3e98e7f42764ddf4d5c3b9db45a9e
+Subproject commit 870d7eddfa1504a45de7286e51efa00ad37932d9

From e5d93a778384925491234bd17a20f62cb5685d79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 13:46:46 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1276/1786] feat: add mina submodule to o1js

---
 src/mina | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 160000 src/mina

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
new file mode 160000
index 0000000000..396ae46c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 396ae46c0f301f697c91771bc6780571a7656a45

From fccf6e333652ed351911f167e744edf150aad206 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: vuittont60 <81072379+vuittont60@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 14:43:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1277/1786] fix typo

---
 run-ci-tests.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index d59c3cd09b..14f444a2a5 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
   ;;
 
 *)
-  echo "ERROR: Invalid enviroment variable, not clear what tests to run! $CI_NODE_INDEX"
+  echo "ERROR: Invalid environment variable, not clear what tests to run! $CI_NODE_INDEX"
   exit 1
   ;;
 esac

From 6d6f8b4052b272eb59ce3e756865718f12b0d3bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: vuittont60 <81072379+vuittont60@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 14:43:34 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1278/1786] fix typo

---
 src/lib/field.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/field.ts b/src/lib/field.ts
index 843110d526..0e643cb2a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.ts
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ type VarField = Field & { value: VarFieldVar };
  * You can create a new Field from everything "field-like" (`bigint`, integer `number`, decimal `string`, `Field`).
  * @example
  * ```
- * Field(10n); // Field contruction from a big integer
+ * Field(10n); // Field construction from a big integer
  * Field(100); // Field construction from a number
  * Field("1"); // Field construction from a decimal string
  * ```

From 8e2a365f0ab1e554b0885970a4d60470969bec0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: vuittont60 <81072379+vuittont60@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 14:43:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1279/1786] fix typo

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 9bae3afdf1..9e4f680e9a 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1280,7 +1280,7 @@ class Int64 extends CircuitValue implements BalanceChange {
     this.toField().assertEquals(y_.toField(), message);
   }
   /**
-   * Checks if the value is postive.
+   * Checks if the value is positive.
    */
   isPositive() {
     return this.sgn.isPositive();

From 3606ca1209736c1129a0d305504744b67d3b30a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: vuittont60 <81072379+vuittont60@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 14:43:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1280/1786] fix typo

---
 src/lib/keccak.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.ts b/src/lib/keccak.ts
index ccc8c45548..efc82342c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.ts
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ const BytesOfBitlength = {
   512: Bytes64,
 };
 
-// AUXILARY FUNCTIONS
+// AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
 
 // Auxiliary functions to check the composition of 8 byte values (LE) into a 64-bit word and create constraints for it
 

From de1bd7132cca83d004fe4c5a5574d04d35180b38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: vuittont60 <81072379+vuittont60@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 14:43:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1281/1786] fix typo

---
 src/lib/testing/random.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 8dd41ac38f..358b0ac206 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ function generatorFromLayout<T>(
         return array(element, size);
       },
       reduceObject(keys, object) {
-        // hack to not sample invalid vk hashes (because vk hash is correlated with other fields, and has to be overriden)
+        // hack to not sample invalid vk hashes (because vk hash is correlated with other fields, and has to be overridden)
         if (keys.includes('verificationKeyHash')) {
           (object as any).verificationKeyHash = noInvalid(
             (object as any).verificationKeyHash

From 80e5683429a9867053c700906fbaee4847cd41c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: vuittont60 <81072379+vuittont60@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 14:43:55 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1282/1786] fix typo

---
 src/lib/token.test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/token.test.ts b/src/lib/token.test.ts
index a8b6428af1..038686ee32 100644
--- a/src/lib/token.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/token.test.ts
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ describe('Token', () => {
       token contract can transfer tokens with a signature
       tested cases:
         - sends tokens and updates the balance of the receiver
-        - fails if no account creation fee is payed for the new token account
+        - fails if no account creation fee is paid for the new token account
         - fails if we transfer more than the balance amount
     */
     describe('Transfer', () => {

From 3694d358332efc2e14f7fc7d9df694ab19fcae9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 16:35:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1283/1786] start debugging dex example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 8bf5a1ea8f..0f81f0a0c3 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -441,16 +441,16 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     amount: UInt64
   ) {
     // TODO: THIS IS INSECURE. The proper version has a prover error (compile != prove) that must be fixed
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
+    // this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
 
     // THIS IS HOW IT SHOULD BE DONE:
-    // // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
-    // let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
-    // this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
-    // zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
-    // let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
-    // grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-    // grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
+    // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
+    let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
+    this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
+    zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
+    let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
+    grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
+    grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
 
     // see if balance change cancels the amount sent
     let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);

From 1e06cfcb76a4a9faf4d1ea333e8cbf0a4bd57439 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 12:53:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1284/1786] helper to print account update layout

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 23f5e66c08..f04bcbdab7 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1096,11 +1096,37 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return { accountUpdate, calls };
   }
 
+  toPrettyLayout() {
+    let indent = 0;
+    let layout = '';
+    let i = 0;
+
+    let print = (a: AccountUpdate) => {
+      layout +=
+        ' '.repeat(indent) +
+        `AccountUpdate(${i}, ${a.label || '<no label>'}, ${
+          a.children.callsType.type
+        })` +
+        '\n';
+      i++;
+      indent += 2;
+      for (let child of a.children.accountUpdates) {
+        print(child);
+      }
+      indent -= 2;
+    };
+
+    print(this);
+    return layout;
+  }
+
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
     return new AccountUpdate(Body.keepAll(address, tokenId));
   }
   static dummy() {
-    return new AccountUpdate(Body.dummy());
+    let dummy = new AccountUpdate(Body.dummy());
+    dummy.label = 'Dummy';
+    return dummy;
   }
   isDummy() {
     return this.body.publicKey.isEmpty();

From 0612d09d49a0a19ac2783355545731a655401b07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 12:55:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1285/1786] fix the damn bug

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f04bcbdab7..b24b32354b 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1347,6 +1347,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
       return;
     }
+    accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'None' };
     let childArray: AccountUpdatesLayout[] =
       typeof childLayout === 'number'
         ? Array(childLayout).fill(AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren)

From 4eda5c910f016d88bf64ce1543935bdd5ef30b2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 13:00:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1286/1786] [dex] remove obsolete scare comments

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 0f81f0a0c3..44ac6b5178 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -440,10 +440,6 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     to: PublicKey,
     amount: UInt64
   ) {
-    // TODO: THIS IS INSECURE. The proper version has a prover error (compile != prove) that must be fixed
-    // this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
-
-    // THIS IS HOW IT SHOULD BE DONE:
     // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
     let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
     this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));

From ed42a3ff49de63c289a16f3a8620ba11fbbfb67e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 13:00:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1287/1786] minor example tweak

---
 src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
index 26f379770d..bd17d6eae4 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ if (doProofs) {
   console.time('compile');
   await SimpleZkapp.compile();
   console.timeEnd('compile');
+} else {
+  SimpleZkapp.analyzeMethods();
 }
 
 console.log('deploy');

From 68417419e9e5b387473526245f28df32a5943fd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 13:21:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1288/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bd76e3380e..cd308145b1 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,11 +17,15 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/08ba27329...HEAD)
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix approving of complex account update layouts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1364
+
 ## [0.15.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...08ba27329)
 
 ### Fixed
 
-- Fix bug in `Hash.hash()` which always resulted in an error. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1346
+- Fix bug in `Hash.hash()` which always resulted in an error https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1346
 
 ## [0.15.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...19115a159)
 

From 370a43c79d185dbe6eb80e75770ecf9edb5e6fd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 13:26:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1289/1786] vk regression

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 2f69465d55..2d93692c67 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     }
   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "346c5ce0416c2479d962f0868825b4bcbf68f5beac5e7a93632013a6c57d1be8",
+    "digest": "f97dbbb67a72f01d956539b9f510633c0f88057f5dfbad8493e8d08dc4ca049",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
         "rows": 655,
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@
         "digest": "240aada76b79de1ca67ecbe455621378"
       },
       "approveUpdateAndSend": {
-        "rows": 2321,
-        "digest": "b1cff49cdc3cc751f802b4b5aee53383"
+        "rows": 3102,
+        "digest": "77efc708b9517c16722bad9cca54eb9c"
       },
       "transferToAddress": {
         "rows": 1044,
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "13796172868423455932596117465273580383420853883879480382066094121613342871544"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "20215142001741862869723990740096021895498505655157925381074115836190155964997"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {

From 841a79c46ddf303331ee391456fbab64c0ef8a80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2024 20:20:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1290/1786] Use actual network genesis constants (timestamp).

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina.ts  | 15 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 88b87c7e87..edda889e93 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ export {
   getCachedAccount,
   getCachedNetwork,
   getCachedActions,
+  getCachedGenesisConstants,
   addCachedAccount,
   networkConfig,
   setGraphqlEndpoint,
@@ -216,6 +217,12 @@ type FetchError = {
 type ActionStatesStringified = {
   [K in keyof ActionStates]: string;
 };
+type GenesisConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: string;
+  coinbase: number;
+  accountCreationFee: number;
+};
+
 // Specify 5min as the default timeout
 const defaultTimeout = 5 * 60 * 1000;
 
@@ -257,6 +264,7 @@ let actionsToFetch = {} as Record<
     graphqlEndpoint: string;
   }
 >;
+let genesisConstantsCache = {} as Record<string, GenesisConstants>;
 
 function markAccountToBeFetched(
   publicKey: PublicKey,
@@ -363,6 +371,23 @@ function getCachedActions(
     ?.actions;
 }
 
+function getCachedGenesisConstants(
+  graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
+): GenesisConstants {
+  let genesisConstants = genesisConstantsCache[graphqlEndpoint];
+  if (genesisConstants === undefined) {
+    fetchGenesisConstants(graphqlEndpoint)
+      .then((fetchedGenesisConstants) => {
+        genesisConstantsCache[graphqlEndpoint] = fetchedGenesisConstants;
+        genesisConstants = fetchedGenesisConstants;
+      })
+      .catch((error) => {
+        throw Error(error.message);
+      });
+  }
+  return genesisConstants;
+}
+
 /**
  * Adds an account to the local cache, indexed by a GraphQL endpoint.
  */
@@ -819,6 +844,13 @@ const getActionsQuery = (
   }
 }`;
 };
+const genesisConstantsQuery = `{
+    genesisConstants {
+      genesisTimestamp
+      coinbase
+      accountCreationFee
+    }
+  }`;
 
 /**
  * Asynchronously fetches event data for an account from the Mina Archive Node GraphQL API.
@@ -1009,6 +1041,25 @@ async function fetchActions(
   return actionsList;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Fetches genesis constants.
+ */
+async function fetchGenesisConstants(
+  graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
+): Promise<GenesisConstants> {
+  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+    genesisConstantsQuery,
+    graphqlEndpoint,
+    networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
+  );
+  if (error) throw Error(error.statusText);
+  const genesisConstants = resp?.data?.genesisConstants;
+  if (genesisConstants === undefined) {
+    throw Error('Failed to fetch genesis constants.');
+  }
+  return genesisConstants as GenesisConstants;
+}
+
 namespace Lightnet {
   /**
    * Gets random key pair (public and private keys) from account manager
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index e3b5823a9c..d240dd134d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ interface Mina {
   getNetworkConstants(): {
     genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
     /**
-     * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
+     * Duration of 1 slot in milliseconds
      */
     slotTime: UInt64;
     accountCreationFee: UInt64;
@@ -737,19 +737,18 @@ function Network(
     );
   }
 
-  // copied from mina/genesis_ledgers/berkeley.json
-  // TODO fetch from graphql instead of hardcoding
-  const genesisTimestampString = '2023-02-23T20:00:01Z';
-  const genesisTimestamp = UInt64.from(
-    Date.parse(genesisTimestampString.slice(0, -1) + '+00:00')
-  );
   // TODO also fetch from graphql
   const slotTime = UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000);
   return {
     accountCreationFee: () => accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       return {
-        genesisTimestamp,
+        genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(
+          Date.parse(
+            Fetch.getCachedGenesisConstants(minaGraphqlEndpoint)
+              .genesisTimestamp
+          )
+        ),
         slotTime,
         accountCreationFee,
       };

From ae52dc11e10f1885824726243b14f9857dd9226f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Jan 2024 13:48:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1291/1786] Refactoring.

---
 run-ci-live-tests.sh       |  9 +++++
 src/examples/fetch_live.ts | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/fetch.ts           | 46 ++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib/mina.ts            | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/fetch_live.ts

diff --git a/run-ci-live-tests.sh b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
index ba881bb5c7..192041b540 100755
--- a/run-ci-live-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ echo ""
 HELLO_WORLD_PROC=$!
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "DEX" &
 DEX_PROC=$!
+./run src/examples/fetch_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "FETCH" &
+FETCH_PROC=$!
 
 # Wait for each process and capture their exit statuses
 FAILURE=0
@@ -34,6 +36,13 @@ if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
   echo ""
   FAILURE=1
 fi
+wait $FETCH_PROC
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+  echo ""
+  echo "FETCH test failed."
+  echo ""
+  FAILURE=1
+fi
 
 # Exit with failure if any process failed
 if [ $FAILURE -ne 0 ]; then
diff --git a/src/examples/fetch_live.ts b/src/examples/fetch_live.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f42b187504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/fetch_live.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { expect } from 'expect';
+import { Lightnet, Mina, PrivateKey, UInt64, fetchAccount } from 'o1js';
+
+const useCustomLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
+const minaGraphQlEndpoint = useCustomLocalNetwork
+  ? 'http://localhost:8080/graphql'
+  : 'https://berkeley.minascan.io/graphql';
+const network = Mina.Network({
+  mina: minaGraphQlEndpoint,
+  archive: useCustomLocalNetwork
+    ? 'http://localhost:8282'
+    : 'https://api.minascan.io/archive/berkeley/v1/graphql',
+  lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
+});
+Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
+const transactionFee = 100_000_000;
+
+// Fee payer setup
+console.log('');
+const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
+  ? (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
+  : PrivateKey.random();
+const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
+if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
+  console.log(`Funding the fee payer account.`);
+  await Mina.faucet(sender);
+}
+console.log(`Fetching the fee payer account information.`);
+const accountDetails = (await fetchAccount({ publicKey: sender })).account;
+console.log(
+  `Using the fee payer account ${sender.toBase58()} with nonce: ${
+    accountDetails?.nonce
+  } and balance: ${accountDetails?.balance}.`
+);
+
+console.log('');
+console.log(
+  "Check that network constants CAN'T be fetched outside of a transaction."
+);
+const getNetworkConstants = () => {
+  Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+};
+expect(getNetworkConstants).toThrow(
+  `getNetworkConstants: Could not fetch network constants from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphQlEndpoint} outside of a transaction.`
+);
+
+console.log('');
+console.log(
+  'Check that network constants CAN be fetched within the transaction.'
+);
+let slotTime: UInt64 | undefined;
+let genesisTimestamp: UInt64 | undefined;
+await Mina.transaction({ sender, fee: transactionFee }, () => {
+  const networkConstants = Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+  slotTime = networkConstants.slotTime;
+  genesisTimestamp = networkConstants.genesisTimestamp;
+});
+
+expect(slotTime).not.toBeUndefined();
+expect(genesisTimestamp).not.toBeUndefined();
+
+console.log(`Slot time: ${slotTime}`);
+console.log(`Genesis timestamp: ${genesisTimestamp}`);
+console.log(
+  `Genesis date: ${new Date(Number(genesisTimestamp?.toString() ?? '0'))}`
+);
+
+// Tear down
+console.log('');
+const keyPairReleaseMessage = await Lightnet.releaseKeyPair({
+  publicKey: sender.toBase58(),
+});
+if (keyPairReleaseMessage) console.info(keyPairReleaseMessage);
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index edda889e93..f1d39ef8b8 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
 export {
   fetchAccount,
   fetchLastBlock,
+  fetchGenesisConstants,
   checkZkappTransaction,
   parseFetchedAccount,
   markAccountToBeFetched,
@@ -45,7 +46,8 @@ export {
   removeJsonQuotes,
   fetchEvents,
   fetchActions,
-  Lightnet
+  Lightnet,
+  type GenesisConstants,
 };
 
 type NetworkConfig = {
@@ -221,6 +223,10 @@ type GenesisConstants = {
   genesisTimestamp: string;
   coinbase: number;
   accountCreationFee: number;
+  epochDuration: number;
+  k: number;
+  slotDuration: number;
+  slotsPerEpoch: number;
 };
 
 // Specify 5min as the default timeout
@@ -341,6 +347,7 @@ async function fetchMissingData(
       (async () => {
         try {
           await fetchLastBlock(graphqlEndpoint);
+          await fetchGenesisConstants(graphqlEndpoint);
           delete networksToFetch[network[0]];
         } catch {}
       })()
@@ -374,18 +381,7 @@ function getCachedActions(
 function getCachedGenesisConstants(
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
 ): GenesisConstants {
-  let genesisConstants = genesisConstantsCache[graphqlEndpoint];
-  if (genesisConstants === undefined) {
-    fetchGenesisConstants(graphqlEndpoint)
-      .then((fetchedGenesisConstants) => {
-        genesisConstantsCache[graphqlEndpoint] = fetchedGenesisConstants;
-        genesisConstants = fetchedGenesisConstants;
-      })
-      .catch((error) => {
-        throw Error(error.message);
-      });
-  }
-  return genesisConstants;
+  return genesisConstantsCache[graphqlEndpoint];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -850,6 +846,14 @@ const genesisConstantsQuery = `{
       coinbase
       accountCreationFee
     }
+    daemonStatus {
+      consensusConfiguration {
+        epochDuration
+        k
+        slotDuration
+        slotsPerEpoch
+      }
+    }
   }`;
 
 /**
@@ -1054,10 +1058,22 @@ async function fetchGenesisConstants(
   );
   if (error) throw Error(error.statusText);
   const genesisConstants = resp?.data?.genesisConstants;
-  if (genesisConstants === undefined) {
+  const consensusConfiguration =
+    resp?.data?.daemonStatus?.consensusConfiguration;
+  if (genesisConstants === undefined || consensusConfiguration === undefined) {
     throw Error('Failed to fetch genesis constants.');
   }
-  return genesisConstants as GenesisConstants;
+  const data = {
+    genesisTimestamp: genesisConstants.genesisTimestamp,
+    coinbase: Number(genesisConstants.coinbase),
+    accountCreationFee: Number(genesisConstants.accountCreationFee),
+    epochDuration: Number(consensusConfiguration.epochDuration),
+    k: Number(consensusConfiguration.k),
+    slotDuration: Number(consensusConfiguration.slotDuration),
+    slotsPerEpoch: Number(consensusConfiguration.slotsPerEpoch),
+  };
+  genesisConstantsCache[graphqlEndpoint] = data;
+  return data as GenesisConstants;
 }
 
 namespace Lightnet {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index d240dd134d..c984ee174c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ export {
   // for internal testing only
   filterGroups,
 };
+
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
@@ -163,6 +164,15 @@ type ActionStates = {
   endActionState?: Field;
 };
 
+type NetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
+  /**
+   * Duration of 1 slot in milliseconds
+   */
+  slotTime: UInt64;
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64;
+};
+
 function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
   if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
     return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
@@ -340,14 +350,7 @@ interface Mina {
   hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
   getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
   getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
-  getNetworkConstants(): {
-    genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
-    /**
-     * Duration of 1 slot in milliseconds
-     */
-    slotTime: UInt64;
-    accountCreationFee: UInt64;
-  };
+  getNetworkConstants(): NetworkConstants;
   accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
   sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
   fetchEvents: (
@@ -369,6 +372,11 @@ interface Mina {
 }
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
+const defaultNetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
+  slotTime: UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000),
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
+};
 
 /**
  * A mock Mina blockchain running locally and useful for testing.
@@ -737,21 +745,29 @@ function Network(
     );
   }
 
-  // TODO also fetch from graphql
-  const slotTime = UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000);
   return {
     accountCreationFee: () => accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
-      return {
-        genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(
-          Date.parse(
-            Fetch.getCachedGenesisConstants(minaGraphqlEndpoint)
-              .genesisTimestamp
-          )
-        ),
-        slotTime,
-        accountCreationFee,
-      };
+      if (currentTransaction()?.fetchMode === 'test') {
+        Fetch.markNetworkToBeFetched(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
+        const genesisConstants =
+          Fetch.getCachedGenesisConstants(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
+        return genesisConstants !== undefined
+          ? genesisToNetworkConstants(genesisConstants)
+          : defaultNetworkConstants;
+      }
+      if (
+        !currentTransaction.has() ||
+        currentTransaction.get().fetchMode === 'cached'
+      ) {
+        const genesisConstants =
+          Fetch.getCachedGenesisConstants(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
+        if (genesisConstants !== undefined)
+          return genesisToNetworkConstants(genesisConstants);
+      }
+      throw Error(
+        `getNetworkConstants: Could not fetch network constants from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphqlEndpoint} outside of a transaction.`
+      );
     },
     currentSlot() {
       throw Error(
@@ -813,7 +829,7 @@ function Network(
         if (network !== undefined) return network;
       }
       throw Error(
-        `getNetworkState: Could not fetch network state from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphqlEndpoint}`
+        `getNetworkState: Could not fetch network state from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphqlEndpoint} outside of a transaction.`
       );
     },
     async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
@@ -1591,3 +1607,15 @@ async function faucet(pub: PublicKey, network: string = 'berkeley-qanet') {
   }
   await waitForFunding(address);
 }
+
+function genesisToNetworkConstants(
+  genesisConstants: Fetch.GenesisConstants
+): NetworkConstants {
+  return {
+    genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(
+      Date.parse(genesisConstants.genesisTimestamp)
+    ),
+    slotTime: UInt64.from(genesisConstants.slotDuration),
+    accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(genesisConstants.accountCreationFee),
+  };
+}

From e5ec5ae7e93269a0eb24a6777c903ea0a67a9959 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bork Bork <107079055+BorkBorked@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 16:42:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1292/1786] Update int.ts

---
 src/lib/int.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index 9e4f680e9a..3306d59f3b 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class UInt64 extends CircuitValue {
    * Integer remainder.
    *
    * `x.mod(y)` returns the value `z` such that `0 <= z < y` and
-   * `x - z` is divisble by `y`.
+   * `x - z` is divisible by `y`.
    */
   mod(y: UInt64 | number) {
     return this.divMod(y).rest;
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ class UInt32 extends CircuitValue {
    * Integer remainder.
    *
    * `x.mod(y)` returns the value `z` such that `0 <= z < y` and
-   * `x - z` is divisble by `y`.
+   * `x - z` is divisible by `y`.
    */
   mod(y: UInt32 | number) {
     return this.divMod(y).rest;
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ class Int64 extends CircuitValue implements BalanceChange {
    * Integer remainder.
    *
    * `x.mod(y)` returns the value `z` such that `0 <= z < y` and
-   * `x - z` is divisble by `y`.
+   * `x - z` is divisible by `y`.
    */
   mod(y: UInt64 | number | string | bigint | UInt32) {
     let y_ = UInt64.from(y);

From d1ac5ef6ba6873eb148422e6ad55f2a41919272c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bork Bork <107079055+BorkBorked@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 16:43:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1293/1786] Update string.ts

---
 src/lib/string.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/string.ts b/src/lib/string.ts
index 8045dd3318..360f66465f 100644
--- a/src/lib/string.ts
+++ b/src/lib/string.ts
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class CircuitString extends CircuitValue {
         .slice(0, length)
         .concat(otherChars.slice(0, n - length));
     }
-    // compute the actual result, by always picking the char which correponds to the actual length
+    // compute the actual result, by always picking the char which corresponds to the actual length
     let result: Character[] = [];
     let mask = this.lengthMask();
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {

From b64e72acc8d6f400a10c8c669f11cd12c7ddbfe3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bork Bork <107079055+BorkBorked@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 16:44:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1294/1786] Update precondition.ts

---
 src/lib/precondition.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index 25b10b9031..628f42a915 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ function assertPreconditionInvariants(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
   let self = context.isSelf ? 'this' : 'accountUpdate';
   let dummyPreconditions = Preconditions.ignoreAll();
   for (let preconditionPath of context.read) {
-    // check if every precondition that was read was also contrained
+    // check if every precondition that was read was also constrained
     if (context.constrained.has(preconditionPath)) continue;
 
     // check if the precondition was modified manually, which is also a valid way of avoiding an error

From 24ead4bbb4f010699231e2014e79d10884cf3812 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bork Bork <107079055+BorkBorked@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 16:44:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1295/1786] Update circuit_value.ts

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index d42f267cdf..f3f0705a60 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
   // primitive JS types and functions aren't cloned
   if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) return obj;
 
-  // HACK: callbacks, account udpates
+  // HACK: callbacks, account updates
   if (
     obj.constructor?.name.includes('GenericArgument') ||
     obj.constructor?.name.includes('Callback')

From 1bcdc1ffe595237dd4f2b927b010c8ef0fb248be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bork Bork <107079055+BorkBorked@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 16:45:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1296/1786] Update state.ts

---
 src/lib/state.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index dc848a1996..bf6a534ec6 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ const reservedPropNames = new Set(['_methods', '_']);
 function assertStatePrecondition(sc: SmartContract) {
   try {
     for (let [key, context] of getStateContexts(sc)) {
-      // check if every state that was read was also contrained
+      // check if every state that was read was also constrained
       if (!context?.wasRead || context.wasConstrained) continue;
       // we accessed a precondition field but not constrained it explicitly - throw an error
       let errorMessage = `You used \`this.${key}.get()\` without adding a precondition that links it to the actual on-chain state.

From b16d146dc0adaed1227b0c1d04a5c985beafda53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2024 09:54:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1297/1786] update changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6868af6bd1..dadf1323e4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/08ba27329...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
+
 ### Fixed
 
 - Fix approving of complex account update layouts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1364

From c189f2be73561218ddfb3cd99d6db4dda4371c35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2024 10:39:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1298/1786] adapt tictoc and examples build

---
 src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts | 12 ++++++------
 src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts      |  8 ++++----
 tsconfig.examples.json             |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts
index 9e8d50634a..ea6c4d012d 100644
--- a/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts
+++ b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.node.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 /**
  * Helper for printing timings, in the spirit of Python's `tic` and `toc`.
  *
- * This is a slightly nicer version of './tic-tic.ts' which only works in Node.
+ * This is a slightly nicer version of './tic-toc.ts' which only works in Node.
  */
 
 export { tic, toc };
 
-let timingStack: [string, number][] = [];
-let i = 0;
+let timingStack: [string | undefined, number][] = [];
 
-function tic(label = `Run command ${i++}`) {
-  process.stdout.write(`${label}... `);
+function tic(label?: string) {
+  if (label) process.stdout.write(`${label}... `);
   timingStack.push([label, performance.now()]);
 }
 
 function toc() {
   let [label, start] = timingStack.pop()!;
   let time = (performance.now() - start) / 1000;
-  process.stdout.write(`\r${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec\n`);
+  if (label) process.stdout.write(`\r${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec\n`);
+  return time;
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
index 4b66514d8d..32de080832 100644
--- a/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
+++ b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
 
 export { tic, toc };
 
-let timingStack: [string, number][] = [];
+let timingStack: [string | undefined, number][] = [];
 let i = 0;
 
-function tic(label = `Run command ${i++}`) {
-  console.log(`${label}... `);
+function tic(label?: string) {
+  if (label) console.log(`${label}... `);
   timingStack.push([label, performance.now()]);
 }
 
 function toc() {
   let [label, start] = timingStack.pop()!;
   let time = (performance.now() - start) / 1000;
-  console.log(`\r${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec\n`);
+  if (label) console.log(`${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec`);
   return time;
 }
diff --git a/tsconfig.examples.json b/tsconfig.examples.json
index 9d9e39d1eb..f76d1764b4 100644
--- a/tsconfig.examples.json
+++ b/tsconfig.examples.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "include": ["./src/examples/**/*.ts"],
   "exclude": [],
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "outDir": "dist/",
+    "outDir": "dist/node",
     "importHelpers": false
   }
 }

From 9732d5800b21d3284e03cb030649274e504288e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2024 16:06:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1299/1786] add assert() in more basic module

---
 src/lib/util/assert.ts | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/assert.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/util/assert.ts b/src/lib/util/assert.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df3f5a6749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/assert.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+export { assert };
+
+function assert(stmt: boolean, message?: string): asserts stmt {
+  if (!stmt) {
+    throw Error(message ?? 'Assertion failed');
+  }
+}

From 65affe67e5e604f000522019f63af12f565cfc1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2024 16:20:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1300/1786] submodules

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a884dc593d..4a53d10476 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a884dc593dbab69e55ab9602b998ec12dfc3a288
+Subproject commit 4a53d10476eef30016941e54d57a047a521cc3f6
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 2a968c8347..00e3aa4ef3 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2a968c83477ed9f9e3b30a02cc357e541b76dcac
+Subproject commit 00e3aa4ef3aaaa13822a714f32926c824daae487

From eee19aa61dd051944a726a51113740b609c5aac4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2024 18:03:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1301/1786] revert examples build change

---
 tsconfig.examples.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tsconfig.examples.json b/tsconfig.examples.json
index f76d1764b4..9d9e39d1eb 100644
--- a/tsconfig.examples.json
+++ b/tsconfig.examples.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "include": ["./src/examples/**/*.ts"],
   "exclude": [],
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "outDir": "dist/node",
+    "outDir": "dist/",
     "importHelpers": false
   }
 }

From db6c2a086869f482e9972a78d2ca35e5a797108c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 16 Jan 2024 18:06:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1302/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 4a53d10476..163af623b2 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 4a53d10476eef30016941e54d57a047a521cc3f6
+Subproject commit 163af623b2a0ac533b2004e783bf0e8865356a74

From 23d096c923431662220a5052e54b92f6fa39c296 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2024 10:55:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1303/1786] address feedback

---
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index 73cec23804..ed69db8325 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -48,12 +48,14 @@ function padding(data: FlexibleBytes): UInt32[][] {
   let l = message.length * 8; // length in bits
   let k = Number(mod(448n - (BigInt(l) + 1n), 512n));
 
+  let lBinary = l.toString(2);
+
   let paddingBits = (
     '1' + // append 1 bit
     '0'.repeat(k) + // append k zero bits
-    '0'.repeat(64 - l.toString(2).length) + // append 64bit containing the length of the original message
-    l.toString(2)
-  ).match(/.{1,8}/g)!; // this should always be devisable by 8
+    '0'.repeat(64 - lBinary.length) + // append 64bit containing the length of the original message
+    lBinary
+  ).match(/.{1,8}/g)!; // this should always be divisible by 8
 
   // map the padding bit string to UInt8 elements
   let padding = paddingBits.map((x) => UInt8.from(BigInt('0b' + x)));

From 226ab3157fa53ff6e20864614372a877dd334350 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2024 09:38:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1304/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 163af623b2..309cac009f 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 163af623b2a0ac533b2004e783bf0e8865356a74
+Subproject commit 309cac009f42055567737ba77fc978e859e30c3b

From bd501fb6793fb3442f417b23331977cbbf5653c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2024 09:47:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1305/1786] fixup bench script in bindings

---
 src/bindings                  |  2 +-
 src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts |  1 -
 src/lib/util/tic-toc.ts       | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 tsconfig.test.json            |  1 +
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/util/tic-toc.ts

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 309cac009f..df4ca0e729 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 309cac009f42055567737ba77fc978e859e30c3b
+Subproject commit df4ca0e7291d7eb0af5034726d8eb975e359c62d
diff --git a/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
index 32de080832..a7d2ab20b8 100644
--- a/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
+++ b/src/examples/utils/tic-toc.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 export { tic, toc };
 
 let timingStack: [string | undefined, number][] = [];
-let i = 0;
 
 function tic(label?: string) {
   if (label) console.log(`${label}... `);
diff --git a/src/lib/util/tic-toc.ts b/src/lib/util/tic-toc.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9dfd61771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/util/tic-toc.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * Helper for printing timings, in the spirit of Python's `tic` and `toc`.
+ */
+
+export { tic, toc };
+
+let timingStack: [string | undefined, number][] = [];
+
+function tic(label?: string) {
+  timingStack.push([label, performance.now()]);
+}
+
+function toc() {
+  let [label, start] = timingStack.pop()!;
+  let time = (performance.now() - start) / 1000;
+  if (label) console.log(`${label}... ${time.toFixed(3)} sec`);
+  return time;
+}
diff --git a/tsconfig.test.json b/tsconfig.test.json
index 85717a9f8c..bd3694b834 100644
--- a/tsconfig.test.json
+++ b/tsconfig.test.json
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
   "include": [
     "./src/**/*.unit-test.ts",
+    "./src/lib/**/*.ts",
     "./src/snarky.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js"
   ],

From dcc6eceb216e07039505602174f52a361d3e6952 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2024 16:21:23 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1306/1786] chore(mina): update mina submodule to f445fd

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 396ae46c0f..f445fdd2fb 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 396ae46c0f301f697c91771bc6780571a7656a45
+Subproject commit f445fdd2fbd756d3437bf501dfd199a046d20965

From 8cda3aeba5ab8e9b165231ab137ce5c3e690b784 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Jan 2024 10:43:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1307/1786] chore(bindings, mina): update mina to 69770 and
 bindings to ba1607

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 870d7eddfa..ba1607a552 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 870d7eddfa1504a45de7286e51efa00ad37932d9
+Subproject commit ba1607a552b40024aff4dce095ad3448993f13af
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index f445fdd2fb..697709dd3c 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit f445fdd2fbd756d3437bf501dfd199a046d20965
+Subproject commit 697709dd3cf1d3626d084edff5523c6e41a3f2ef

From 8732c3d5aedbab55fa835926b9d5a7413407e255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:26:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1308/1786] remove use of build:node

---
 .github/workflows/build-action.yml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
index f2945f9bec..f042184e0f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-action.yml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git submodule update --init --recursive
           npm ci
-          npm run build:node
+          npm run build
           touch profiling.md
           sh run-ci-tests.sh
           cat profiling.md >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git submodule update --init --recursive
           npm ci
-          npm run build:node
+          npm run build
       - name: Publish to NPM if version has changed
         uses: JS-DevTools/npm-publish@v1
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'

From 8a69267ac4c2200851f94d4500beee90cd7ca196 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 5 Dec 2023 08:35:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1309/1786] simplify build scripts

---
 run-unit-tests.sh | 3 +--
 src/bindings      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/run-unit-tests.sh b/run-unit-tests.sh
index 44881eca5d..3e39307f36 100755
--- a/run-unit-tests.sh
+++ b/run-unit-tests.sh
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 set -e
 shopt -s globstar # to expand '**' into nested directories./
 
-# run the build:test
-npm run build:test
+npm run build
 
 # find all unit tests in dist/node and run them
 # TODO it would be nice to make this work on Mac
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ba1607a552..ecc3519753 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ba1607a552b40024aff4dce095ad3448993f13af
+Subproject commit ecc3519753aa9cc7aa88697520bd89a97ab5f8ec

From 3be4d7fbcc5af9799919300c48342677bc16806e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 09:09:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1310/1786] start packed provable type

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts         |  8 +++++-
 src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index d42f267cdf..6720c343cb 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -555,12 +555,18 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
     );
   }
 
-  static provable: Provable<Unconstrained<any>> = {
+  static provable: Provable<Unconstrained<any>> & {
+    toInput: (x: Unconstrained<any>) => {
+      fields?: Field[];
+      packed?: [Field, number][];
+    };
+  } = {
     sizeInFields: () => 0,
     toFields: () => [],
     toAuxiliary: (t?: any) => [t ?? new Unconstrained(false)],
     fromFields: (_, [t]) => t,
     check: () => {},
+    toInput: () => ({}),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..385c7d0cae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+
+export { modifiedField, fields };
+
+const zero = new Field(0);
+
+// provable for a single field element
+
+const ProvableField: ProvablePureExtended<Field, string> = {
+  sizeInFields: () => 1,
+  toFields: (x) => [x],
+  toAuxiliary: () => [],
+  fromFields: ([x]) => x,
+  check: () => {},
+  toInput: (x) => ({ fields: [x] }),
+  toJSON: Field.toJSON,
+  fromJSON: Field.fromJSON,
+  empty: () => zero,
+};
+
+function modifiedField(
+  methods: Partial<ProvablePureExtended<Field, string>>
+): ProvablePureExtended<Field, string> {
+  return Object.assign({}, ProvableField, methods);
+}
+
+// provable for a fixed-size array of field elements
+
+let id = <T>(t: T) => t;
+
+function fields(length: number): ProvablePureExtended<Field[], string[]> {
+  return {
+    sizeInFields: () => length,
+    toFields: id,
+    toAuxiliary: () => [],
+    fromFields: id,
+    check: () => {},
+    toInput: (x) => ({ fields: x }),
+    toJSON: (x) => x.map(Field.toJSON),
+    fromJSON: (x) => x.map(Field.fromJSON),
+    empty: () => new Array(length).fill(zero),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4ee1d8603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import {
+  HashInput,
+  InferProvable,
+  ProvableExtended,
+  Unconstrained,
+  provable,
+} from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { fields } from './fields.js';
+
+export { provablePacked, Packed };
+
+type Packed<T> = { packed: Field[]; value: Unconstrained<T> };
+
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };
+
+function provablePacked<A extends ProvableExtended<any>>(
+  type: A
+): ProvableHashable<Packed<InferProvable<A>>> {
+  // compute packed size
+  let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
+  let packedSize = countFields(input);
+
+  return provable({
+    packed: fields(packedSize),
+    value: Unconstrained.provable,
+  });
+}
+
+function countFields(input: HashInput) {
+  let n = input.fields?.length ?? 0;
+  let pendingBits = 0;
+
+  for (let [, bits] of input.packed ?? []) {
+    pendingBits += bits;
+    if (pendingBits >= Field.sizeInBits) {
+      n++;
+      pendingBits = bits;
+    }
+  }
+  if (pendingBits > 0) n++;
+
+  return n;
+}

From b8aea8d3a6cfa26073d44b13f6127d3f5d23903a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 09:11:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1311/1786] foreign field to input

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 51b815dfc8..ce90b7947d 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
+import { modifiedField } from '../provable-types/fields.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleN } from '../util/types.js';
 import { assertOneOf } from './basic.js';
 import { assert, bitSlice, exists, toVar, toVars } from './common.js';
@@ -427,6 +428,12 @@ function equals(x: Field3, c: bigint, f: bigint) {
   }
 }
 
+const provableLimb = modifiedField({
+  toInput(x) {
+    return { packed: [[x, Number(l)]] };
+  },
+});
+
 const Field3 = {
   /**
    * Turn a bigint into a 3-tuple of Fields
@@ -462,7 +469,7 @@ const Field3 = {
    * Note: Witnessing this creates a plain tuple of field elements without any implicit
    * range checks.
    */
-  provable: provableTuple([Field, Field, Field]),
+  provable: provableTuple([provableLimb, provableLimb, provableLimb]),
 };
 
 type Field2 = [Field, Field];

From a05c9dc6f0ba5d0af4e160f56437864d9679ab9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 10:02:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1312/1786] flesh out Packed class

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 48 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index f4ee1d8603..d0e6a01c3e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -6,18 +6,62 @@ import {
   provable,
 } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { Poseidon, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { fields } from './fields.js';
 
 export { provablePacked, Packed };
 
-type Packed<T> = { packed: Field[]; value: Unconstrained<T> };
+class Packed<T> {
+  packed: Field[];
+  value: Unconstrained<T>;
+  type: ProvableExtended<T>;
+
+  private constructor(
+    packed: Field[],
+    value: Unconstrained<T>,
+    type: ProvableExtended<T>
+  ) {
+    this.packed = packed;
+    this.value = value;
+    this.type = type;
+  }
+
+  static pack<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>, x: T): Packed<T> {
+    let input = type.toInput(x);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return new Packed(packed, Unconstrained.from(x), type);
+  }
+
+  unpack(): T {
+    let value = Provable.witness(this.type, () => this.value.get());
+
+    // prove that the value packs to the packed fields
+    let input = this.type.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.packed.length; i++) {
+      this.packed[i].assertEquals(packed[i]);
+    }
+
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  toFields(): Field[] {
+    return this.packed;
+  }
+
+  hash() {
+    return Poseidon.hash(this.packed);
+  }
+}
+
+type PackedBase<T> = { packed: Field[]; value: Unconstrained<T> };
 
 type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };
 
 function provablePacked<A extends ProvableExtended<any>>(
   type: A
-): ProvableHashable<Packed<InferProvable<A>>> {
+): ProvableHashable<PackedBase<InferProvable<A>>> {
   // compute packed size
   let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
   let packedSize = countFields(input);

From 6ea442bd364cd81cec17946c77efcea97e757a88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 10:42:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1313/1786] further tweaks to packed

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 74 +++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index d0e6a01c3e..fb7db86e0e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -1,43 +1,39 @@
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import {
   HashInput,
-  InferProvable,
   ProvableExtended,
   Unconstrained,
-  provable,
 } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { Poseidon, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { fields } from './fields.js';
 
-export { provablePacked, Packed };
+export { Packed };
 
 class Packed<T> {
   packed: Field[];
   value: Unconstrained<T>;
-  type: ProvableExtended<T>;
 
-  private constructor(
-    packed: Field[],
-    value: Unconstrained<T>,
-    type: ProvableExtended<T>
-  ) {
+  constructor(packed: Field[], value: Unconstrained<T>) {
     this.packed = packed;
     this.value = value;
-    this.type = type;
   }
 
-  static pack<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>, x: T): Packed<T> {
-    let input = type.toInput(x);
+  static pack<T>(x: T): Packed<T> {
+    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(x);
     let packed = packToFields(input);
-    return new Packed(packed, Unconstrained.from(x), type);
+    return new this(packed, Unconstrained.from(x));
   }
 
   unpack(): T {
-    let value = Provable.witness(this.type, () => this.value.get());
+    let value = Provable.witness(this.Constructor.innerProvable, () =>
+      this.value.get()
+    );
 
     // prove that the value packs to the packed fields
-    let input = this.type.toInput(value);
+    let input = this.Constructor.innerProvable.toInput(value);
     let packed = packToFields(input);
     for (let i = 0; i < this.packed.length; i++) {
       this.packed[i].assertEquals(packed[i]);
@@ -53,25 +49,45 @@ class Packed<T> {
   hash() {
     return Poseidon.hash(this.packed);
   }
-}
 
-type PackedBase<T> = { packed: Field[]; value: Unconstrained<T> };
+  static createProvable<T>(
+    type: ProvableExtended<T>
+  ): ProvableHashable<Packed<T>> {
+    let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
+    let packedSize = countFields(input);
+
+    return provableFromClass(this, {
+      packed: fields(packedSize),
+      value: Unconstrained.provable,
+    }) as ProvableHashable<Packed<T>>;
+  }
 
-type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<Packed<any>> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableExtended<any> | undefined;
+
+  get Constructor(): typeof Packed {
+    return this.constructor as typeof Packed;
+  }
 
-function provablePacked<A extends ProvableExtended<any>>(
-  type: A
-): ProvableHashable<PackedBase<InferProvable<A>>> {
-  // compute packed size
-  let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
-  let packedSize = countFields(input);
-
-  return provable({
-    packed: fields(packedSize),
-    value: Unconstrained.provable,
-  });
+  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<Packed<any>> {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Packed not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+  static get innerProvable(): ProvableExtended<any> {
+    assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Packed not initialized');
+    return this._innerProvable;
+  }
+
+  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Packed<T> {
+    return class Packed_ extends Packed<T> {
+      static _provable = Packed_.createProvable(type);
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+    };
+  }
 }
 
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };
+
 function countFields(input: HashInput) {
   let n = input.fields?.length ?? 0;
   let pendingBits = 0;

From 08981587b6e996d587107497c56da7528659a7cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 10:56:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1314/1786] document Packed

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index fb7db86e0e..52d52604af 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,39 @@ import { fields } from './fields.js';
 
 export { Packed };
 
+/**
+ * Packed<T> is a "packed" representation of any type T.
+ *
+ * "Packed" means that field elements which take up fewer than 254 bits are packed together into
+ * as few field elements as possible.
+ *
+ * For example, you can pack several Bools (1 bit) or UInt32s (32 bits) into a single field element.
+ *
+ * Using a packed representation can make sense in provable code where the number of constraints
+ * depends on the number of field elements per value.
+ *
+ * For example, `Provable.if(bool, x, y)` takes O(n) constraints, where n is the number of field
+ * elements in x and y.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * // define a packed type from a type
+ * let PackedType = Packed.create(MyType);
+ *
+ * // pack a value
+ * let packed = PackedType.pack(value);
+ *
+ * // ... operations on packed values, more efficient than on plain values ...
+ *
+ * // unpack a value
+ * let value = packed.unpack();
+ * ```
+ *
+ * **Warning**: Packing only makes sense where packing actually reduces the number of field elements.
+ * For example, it doesn't make sense to pack a _single_ Bool, because it will be 1 field element before
+ * and after packing. On the other hand, it does makes sense to pack a type that holds 10 or 20 Bools.
+ */
 class Packed<T> {
   packed: Field[];
   value: Unconstrained<T>;

From 60e43ba96ee64392d91d73ad1691b69911ee57f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 10:59:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1315/1786] use packing in ecdsa to save 2k constraints

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts      | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 78ca4dbdff..865113fc2f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet, assertBoolean } from './basic.js';
 import { sliceField3 } from './bit-slices.js';
+import { Packed } from '../provable-types/packed.js';
 
 // external API
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
@@ -413,6 +414,14 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     sliceField3(s, { maxBits, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
+  // pack points to make array access more efficient
+  // a Point is 6 x 88-bit field elements, which are packed into 3 field elements
+  const PackedPoint = Packed.create(Point.provable);
+
+  let packedTables = tables.map((table) =>
+    table.map((point) => PackedPoint.pack(point))
+  );
+
   ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve);
   let sum = Point.from(ia);
 
@@ -426,7 +435,11 @@ function multiScalarMul(
         let sjP =
           windowSize === 1
             ? points[j]
-            : arrayGetGeneric(Point.provable, tables[j], sj);
+            : arrayGetGeneric(
+                PackedPoint.provable,
+                packedTables[j],
+                sj
+              ).unpack();
 
         // ec addition
         let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve);
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index b112f092a7..acadee1f6b 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -236,29 +236,29 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "1e6bef24a2e02b573363f3512822d401d53ec7220c8d5837cd49691c19723028",
+    "digest": "529de0fe555c4359b6a25097cc0c873736532f64c045155f68aa868517632e4",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 30680,
-        "digest": "5fe00efee7ecfb82b3ca69c8dd23d07f"
+        "rows": 28334,
+        "digest": "e8bcb74aa4278de6e4c31d9fec724f81"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "13090090603196708539583054794074329820941412942119534377592583560995629520780"
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+      "hash": "15135058674307280144061130356720654447302609112077173286437081384990231021958"
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "3e80a93d93a93f6152d70a9c21a2979ff0094c2d648a67c6d2daa4b2b0d18309",
+    "digest": "20942077320476aefd62a3271f60caf17cd442039d7572529bb77315db971d17",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 45178,
-        "digest": "0b6ce4cc658bcca79b1b1373569aa9b9"
+        "rows": 42832,
+        "digest": "29cb625b78e1ccf5dc4e897ecf08aca1"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "25447212082831819715054236631079960883754611880602728284997977929479384060913"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "6055195771858836384417585817623837831345819726617689986064045716966540411450"
     }
   },
   "sha256": {

From 44f44c7160f34117804330e8b3acca0bdade272d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 11:02:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1316/1786] export packed

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 src/index.ts | 1 +
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dadf1323e4..d6795f5e86 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
+- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1375
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 47d35c815a..57cf62e9ae 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign, UInt8 } from './lib/int.js';
 export { Bytes } from './lib/provable-types/provable-types.js';
+export { Packed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 

From 7ae44dc120a88b9c91a8366a3f665be9f4d5ac18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 11:22:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1317/1786] simplify, prettify

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 47 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index 52d52604af..2fcb67280d 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -49,17 +49,40 @@ class Packed<T> {
   packed: Field[];
   value: Unconstrained<T>;
 
+  /**
+   * Create a packed representation of `type`. You can then use `PackedType.pack(x)` to pack a value.
+   */
+  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Packed<T> {
+    // compute size of packed representation
+    let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
+    let packedSize = countFields(input);
+
+    return class Packed_ extends Packed<T> {
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(Packed_, {
+        packed: fields(packedSize),
+        value: Unconstrained.provable,
+      }) as ProvableHashable<Packed<T>>;
+    };
+  }
+
   constructor(packed: Field[], value: Unconstrained<T>) {
     this.packed = packed;
     this.value = value;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Pack a value.
+   */
   static pack<T>(x: T): Packed<T> {
     let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(x);
     let packed = packToFields(input);
     return new this(packed, Unconstrained.from(x));
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Unpack a value.
+   */
   unpack(): T {
     let value = Provable.witness(this.Constructor.innerProvable, () =>
       this.value.get()
@@ -79,22 +102,7 @@ class Packed<T> {
     return this.packed;
   }
 
-  hash() {
-    return Poseidon.hash(this.packed);
-  }
-
-  static createProvable<T>(
-    type: ProvableExtended<T>
-  ): ProvableHashable<Packed<T>> {
-    let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
-    let packedSize = countFields(input);
-
-    return provableFromClass(this, {
-      packed: fields(packedSize),
-      value: Unconstrained.provable,
-    }) as ProvableHashable<Packed<T>>;
-  }
-
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<Packed<any>> | undefined;
   static _innerProvable: ProvableExtended<any> | undefined;
 
@@ -110,13 +118,6 @@ class Packed<T> {
     assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Packed not initialized');
     return this._innerProvable;
   }
-
-  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Packed<T> {
-    return class Packed_ extends Packed<T> {
-      static _provable = Packed_.createProvable(type);
-      static _innerProvable = type;
-    };
-  }
 }
 
 type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };

From 0df7242bc7c7bb1f4009f19f79ae45773b42e73d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 11:26:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1318/1786] it's a breaking change actually

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d6795f5e86..a080488d7a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/08ba27329...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Reduce number of constraints of ECDSA verification by 5%, which breaks deployed contracts using ECDSA https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
+
 ### Added
 
 - **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285

From eb8854c8cc97918ca0c2721938f2b0a2be375a96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 12:53:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1319/1786] changelog fix

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a080488d7a..9d8107dab0 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
-- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1375
+- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
 
 ### Fixed
 

From 9560cb8c5252345fd2875125d27d5dfa1102745c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 12:54:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1320/1786] add `Hashed`, which is analogous to `Packed`

---
 CHANGELOG.md                     |   1 +
 src/index.ts                     |   2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 9d8107dab0..18eb7bca0c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
 - Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
+- Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 57cf62e9ae..8fb4e0c9ef 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign, UInt8 } from './lib/int.js';
 export { Bytes } from './lib/provable-types/provable-types.js';
-export { Packed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
+export { Packed, Hashed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index 2fcb67280d..d3ff8bbd31 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { Poseidon, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { fields } from './fields.js';
 
-export { Packed };
+export { Packed, Hashed };
 
 /**
  * Packed<T> is a "packed" representation of any type T.
@@ -137,3 +137,101 @@ function countFields(input: HashInput) {
 
   return n;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Hashed<T> represents a type T by its hash.
+ *
+ * Since a hash is only a single field element, this can be more efficient in provable code
+ * where the number of constraints depends on the number of field elements per value.
+ *
+ * For example, `Provable.if(bool, x, y)` takes O(n) constraints, where n is the number of field
+ * elements in x and y. With Hashed, this is reduced to O(1).
+ *
+ * The downside is that you will pay the overhead of hashing your values, so it helps to experiment
+ * in which parts of your code a hashed representation is beneficial.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * // define a hashed type from a type
+ * let HashedType = Hashed.create(MyType);
+ *
+ * // hash a value
+ * let hashed = HashedType.hash(value);
+ *
+ * // ... operations on hashes, more efficient than on plain values ...
+ *
+ * // unhash to get the original value
+ * let value = hashed.unhash();
+ * ```
+ */
+class Hashed<T> {
+  hash: Field;
+  value: Unconstrained<T>;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a hashed representation of `type`. You can then use `HashedType.hash(x)` to wrap a value in a `Hashed`.
+   */
+  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Hashed<T> {
+    return class Hashed_ extends Hashed<T> {
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(Hashed_, {
+        hash: Field,
+        value: Unconstrained.provable,
+      }) as ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
+    };
+  }
+
+  constructor(hash: Field, value: Unconstrained<T>) {
+    this.hash = hash;
+    this.value = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wrap a value, and represent it by its hash in provable code.
+   */
+  static hash<T>(x: T): Hashed<T> {
+    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(x);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    let hash = Poseidon.hash(packed);
+    return new this(hash, Unconstrained.from(x));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unwrap a value from its hashed variant.
+   */
+  unhash(): T {
+    let value = Provable.witness(this.Constructor.innerProvable, () =>
+      this.value.get()
+    );
+
+    // prove that the value hashes to the hash
+    let input = this.Constructor.innerProvable.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    let hash = Poseidon.hash(packed);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(hash);
+
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  toFields(): Field[] {
+    return [this.hash];
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<Hashed<any>> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableExtended<any> | undefined;
+
+  get Constructor(): typeof Hashed {
+    return this.constructor as typeof Hashed;
+  }
+
+  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<Hashed<any>> {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+  static get innerProvable(): ProvableExtended<any> {
+    assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
+    return this._innerProvable;
+  }
+}

From 66680a875c83cd8b7e96ff6d41ff496b31589e98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 12:57:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1321/1786] use hashed instead of packed in ecdsa for tiny
 improvement

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts     |  2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts      | 16 ++++++++--------
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 20 ++++++++++----------
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index b03266b1a2..250b088709 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ let msgHash =
   );
 
 const ia = initialAggregator(Secp256k1);
-const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 }, ia };
+const config = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 }, ia };
 
 let program = ZkProgram({
   name: 'ecdsa',
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 865113fc2f..9dbce8e544 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet, assertBoolean } from './basic.js';
 import { sliceField3 } from './bit-slices.js';
-import { Packed } from '../provable-types/packed.js';
+import { Hashed } from '../provable-types/packed.js';
 
 // external API
 export { EllipticCurve, Point, Ecdsa };
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ function verifyEcdsa(
     G?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     P?: { windowSize: number; multiples?: Point[] };
     ia?: point;
-  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 3 } }
+  } = { G: { windowSize: 4 }, P: { windowSize: 4 } }
 ) {
   // constant case
   if (
@@ -416,10 +416,10 @@ function multiScalarMul(
 
   // pack points to make array access more efficient
   // a Point is 6 x 88-bit field elements, which are packed into 3 field elements
-  const PackedPoint = Packed.create(Point.provable);
+  const HashedPoint = Hashed.create(Point.provable);
 
-  let packedTables = tables.map((table) =>
-    table.map((point) => PackedPoint.pack(point))
+  let hashedTables = tables.map((table) =>
+    table.map((point) => HashedPoint.hash(point))
   );
 
   ia ??= initialAggregator(Curve);
@@ -436,10 +436,10 @@ function multiScalarMul(
           windowSize === 1
             ? points[j]
             : arrayGetGeneric(
-                PackedPoint.provable,
-                packedTables[j],
+                HashedPoint.provable,
+                hashedTables[j],
                 sj
-              ).unpack();
+              ).unhash();
 
         // ec addition
         let added = add(sum, sjP, Curve);
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index acadee1f6b..2697fed274 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -236,29 +236,29 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "529de0fe555c4359b6a25097cc0c873736532f64c045155f68aa868517632e4",
+    "digest": "2a2beadf929015559514abb88dd77694dbe62a6a5904e5a9d05ab21a3f293c0c",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 28334,
-        "digest": "e8bcb74aa4278de6e4c31d9fec724f81"
+        "rows": 28186,
+        "digest": "dd43cd30a8277b5af02fd85a4762a488"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "15135058674307280144061130356720654447302609112077173286437081384990231021958"
+      "data": "AAAdmtvKeZvyx7UyPW6rIhb96GnTZEEywf8pGpbkt+QXNIm7oWxIDWYa4EWTiadEqzk8WXg3wiZmbXWcqBQU+uIoTiBnYTRcd7RsaAjbdbIbQJ9EuopFRFewZRx9qeQeEibNeMRcRMP4LdfS3AQRxhFZzN4HFa4MbtGs+Aja820cI9VFULH2/7BvD6JjpVWjVLvvo6zhO3S5axqfDh7QqtkPo3TLpand9OVvMHhTVlz/AV7rus5E/+0cv50MaEJ/wBfUh5XNLAlGgVi7FfWR6p9P72AAymyD3lUdecJyZmCREiVgPrTdFppkp45TefJWNTySkV9c5YzpNxQoXedZDvYP/5s4KBkfIeK+zB2yJC9eZ1ZDYfM88shGDYxmBtur9AkQ49QGquR+kYUI0lpXtuNMG+ZRy0FRJ8ci/TE+PIPIFnSiGcSOA3YM2G171LYf89abU2QUoQRHSP3PmmAOy/8CoRLVro7Nl6z/Ou0oZzX7RjOEo//LBqcSWa2S9X8TQz0R3uivbovTdq0rrba56SbEnK6LWItmBc6CubYWL7UzDbD3RZM6iRz1hqTHDzDz7UIWOzHgLqW9rjnZllQCyfsSAITXlARJtm/92FNCv1l4OZpkgNzYxgdZMklGYREU5jkPDDcmMS3d5m3Wy2QseEfGxs5WZMy2vCs/R54QgV/gCBkgKzcNZhhPW5VfbcSYDpx5nVaU5pTEFl+2+RlcuhBpG1ksAWbD64AUKDjdyTWIC5Wn68AagPtG65V13eFS5LgkSfVtNXxGodg7SdP4AJmXpBgZfzMg4RW6Qje5ZFfrwRzoHPo0y7nO1hkaNLGV3Wvd3/pYiebXvyo+DdTZmaMbJpJaGSCysnovOrVUIpcn4h1hvA12jztQFQcbNHoVeZgslPxA54y9ynjhN7VZfT8lNXXIrRCpmPaxZW6Bw6Op/g6FGIs8TlruzZJRhz1lOLvl2FPvrUsFtz4yWTPjbT+VGsKuJFPvMuYybxq8pGyWVQN023uObDel47krlcQoH4MAmAH4XEbE+wLC+5Tw3joRx/fT8EcGiB9f4puvRdxvRB81GU98bwq1ukQ4lZhF4GQzGaQAgF2T8XvSfVbfuwYXKvDR5DLlenSa0wQ3PXdv/C9LpDvkzJOLZs+/ZePd4YMI0+WuP2+6Xas4aNM+4JkNuHF5uMDcxgWID4TUy7Vdlzm3CVbhX15uBoKhuYWQgLr2rnVJ5SOZoDvlwJtcK2izLMYVAasejw4fvsehYGb88wvDbFxS6sM9gDSgTlavZRs95Qf+c1KpYf/jb8BxYNrwrqy8F++c1APDzfzQ/IbVLiaL28wkEy412qmXSjM+9hErKXFy8JIT/WBOIWMMg/7mMjvxngHnci+aYJZ6J+Lszh5zgo708vzO7fwaxC0wgd8anH3gFrbFnOg1hkmmoUEIgIwXh+ynuoZPOaoKNXNm1jOl8HpdFOG7vpQavC600YgzS2YGtY7K2WQ5GtN5ZTZBHPsUSir2yKSo9Le9CWXbDtn3SBDepWypwDa3YWKtNog+y10VmpL1N+RG3u1DXSuY7y9WZgkQ7tdvyx/Gjr91kjF0s3bt7vHIAZCtzNlRlWDBz3og0cSnEucCEuKR6dL2Mz+RuF1GmLoXZXapUjVG/82BjdAMAOxPlE67lEs+JWgnrVrA5NLJoL4DZ6+fhQKpNfk0uOrEfZIWR9Sau0IBwBxu6IYVm5/XAB19dt8MAuVcRdN/JGGzo0Hr3WVJuKzbAhuFwJZzcd1J1n4xO09ECT5NQdFSFXGsy8kIFjRNEOkLl+bAExePtGCt0w6cYqB0uCeX3lTI7ugIEgdStMtHFiWngJ218l8CuVrkwTJ7ZqHLtuJDiNqlLptkHWChDfw+IgDwz85dZrfBBzQrMRWranxQmisM+wx3vC+pLURRQHZJEasGCAElj0lTColrqQ/cXS7cBaqs1tBsQDGzKYMCMwsqL53fyxGCljVvljBa99+FpYfoUK+Fi0z6uEbem+luXRScr2yPB5I08lnBY23RmBb/pfSyBfbcmnmF5BkRlJTJKY7fQL/t9bFfywoquQe9e7OQvIjppA/FO7HmZS6hoOU+eS8+W94fEF2gvrowpTeqQHM6hLN9Qzl8niwZWUIyRCfyuzQnuSz/VP1K2sMFBKnZZNDcuBh1/xSFymOH6LfNKostvc6qHTIxrTjlH6952bo1bQl+mVvBUaJuRkYh12QbcyIyzcBFUYwaFazzkHXMof0O30oL3Q6wegTvJxTSZD5VCr5D26Myzoa0JBpqL0st9/MNGZe5a/+HW1qan/VtGA5nYkJcUzwKVqqlmZeuOZekFLGxlfp0lv9IQUQWtiU5uvd5HVoolEc/teUnx/IxYe01IDxX9cbmPMJnLYXJGSY=",
+      "hash": "16626558875595050675741741208497473516532634598762284173771479275503819571624"
     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "20942077320476aefd62a3271f60caf17cd442039d7572529bb77315db971d17",
+    "digest": "2f78a9c0307e6f9c6872499c3ca7c412f5771a7ac7e7e88c351ed1b62d6ac408",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 42832,
-        "digest": "29cb625b78e1ccf5dc4e897ecf08aca1"
+        "rows": 42684,
+        "digest": "2bb042b0fa7bbbb32f7e77d392f43d2c"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "6055195771858836384417585817623837831345819726617689986064045716966540411450"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "13907522711254991952405567976395529829664716172124500348498751038796408381729"
     }
   },
   "sha256": {

From 75696efac59e72551d24c767769187e79dd16a45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 13:06:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1322/1786] minor

---
 src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
index bebe6484fb..d681a8037e 100644
--- a/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/examples/crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import {
   createEcdsa,
   createForeignCurve,
   Bool,
-  Keccak,
   Bytes,
 } from 'o1js';
 

From 0a069c6d90cc03e12a6c20f6a1f363f65aa60016 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 08:52:43 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1323/1786] chore(bindings): update submodule to commit 5ed3f4

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index ecc3519753..5ed3f47ab9 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit ecc3519753aa9cc7aa88697520bd89a97ab5f8ec
+Subproject commit 5ed3f47ab9446422280aa04fe748bc72828bc0f1

From bb29f333b275e569febffb83d6a02936fbe75e43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 15:56:33 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1324/1786] chore(mina): update submodule to commit 94ae65

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 2a968c8347..94ae65b1d4 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2a968c83477ed9f9e3b30a02cc357e541b76dcac
+Subproject commit 94ae65b1d4d25459412fa34e7d1b51a7b991a307

From 50d250413fe102e8fff9fd7f30b5a23285a3f776 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 16:46:48 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1325/1786] docs(README-dev.md): restructure testing section
 and add debugging instructions

- Refactor 'Test zkApps against the local blockchain network' section under a new 'Testing and Debugging' section for better organization.
- Add 'Profiling o1js' section with instructions on how to use the 'run-debug' script and Chrome Debugger for performance profiling and debugging. This provides developers with more tools and guidance for testing and optimizing their code.
---
 README-dev.md | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index c81b561d08..2c459de44c 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -147,7 +147,9 @@ act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $G
 
 To release a new version of o1js, you must first update the version number in `package.json`. Then, you can create a new pull request to merge your changes into the main branch. Once the pull request is merged, a CI job will automatically publish the new version to npm.
 
-## Test zkApps against the local blockchain network
+## Testing and Debugging
+
+### Test zkApps against the local blockchain network
 
 In order to be able to test zkApps against the local blockchain network, you need to spin up such a network first.  
 You can do so in several ways.
@@ -184,3 +186,19 @@ You can do so in several ways.
 Next up, you will need the Mina blockchain accounts information in order to be used in your zkApp.  
 Once the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
 The corresponding example can be found here: [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts)
+
+### Profiling o1js
+
+To enhance the development experience and optimize the performance of o1js, we provide a setup that allows you to use the Chrome Debugger alongside Node.js. This setup is particularly useful when you want to profile the performance of your zkApp or o1js.
+
+#### Using the `run-debug` script
+
+We have included a script named `run-debug` to facilitate this process. To use this script, run:
+
+```sh
+./run-debug <path-to-your-zkapp> --bundle
+```
+
+This script initializes a Node.js process with the `--inspect-brk` flag, which starts the Node.js inspector and breaks before the user script starts (i.e., it pauses execution until a debugger is attached). The `--enable-source-maps` flag ensures that source maps are utilized, allowing easy debugging of o1js code directly.
+
+Once the Node.js process is running, you can open the Chrome browser and navigate to `chrome://inspect` to attach the Chrome Debugger to the Node.js process. This will allow you to set breakpoints, inspect variables, and profile the performance of your zkApp or o1js. For more information on how to use the Chrome Debugger, see the [official documentation](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/).

From b2fadfe2f8bfc38f90ede5bb0adfbca35a69e328 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: barriebyron <barrie@o1labs.org>
Date: Fri, 19 Jan 2024 09:07:11 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1326/1786] edits for Lightnet terminology and other style
 fixes

---
 README-dev.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 2c459de44c..2201c5d2c0 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -31,52 +31,52 @@ npm install
 npm run build
 ```
 
-This will compile the TypeScript source files, making it ready for use. The compiled OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users. These artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and contain the artifacts needed for both node and web builds. These files do not have to be regenerated unless there are changes to the OCaml or Rust source files.
+This command compiles the TypeScript source files, making them ready for use. The compiled OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end users. These artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled` and contain the artifacts needed for both node and web builds. These files only have to be regenerated if there are changes to the OCaml or Rust source files.
 
 ## Building Bindings
 
-If you need to regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js, so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
+To regenerate the OCaml and WebAssembly artifacts, you can do so within the o1js repo. The [bindings](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings) and [Mina](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina) repos are both submodules of o1js so you can build them from within the o1js repo.
 
-o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml), and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
+o1js depends on OCaml code that is transpiled to JavaScript using [Js_of_ocaml](https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml) and Rust code that is transpiled to WebAssembly using [wasm-pack](https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-pack). These artifacts allow o1js to call into [Pickles](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/src/lib/pickles/README.md), [snarky](https://github.com/o1-labs/snarky), and [Kimchi](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems) to write zk-SNARKs and zkApps.
 
-The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled`, and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
+The compiled artifacts are stored under `src/bindings/compiled` and are version-controlled to simplify the build process for end-users.
 
-If you wish to rebuild the OCaml and Rust artifacts, you must be able to build the Mina repo before building the bindings. See the [Mina Dev Readme](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/README-dev.md) for more information. Once you have configured your environment to build Mina, you can build the bindings:
+If you want to rebuild the OCaml and Rust artifacts, you must be able to build the mina repo before building the bindings. See the [Mina Dev Readme](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/develop/README-dev.md) for more information. After you have configured your environment to build mina, you can build the bindings:
 
 ```sh
 npm run build:update-bindings
 ```
 
-This will build the OCaml and Rust artifacts, and copy them to the `src/bindings/compiled` directory.
+This command builds the OCaml and Rust artifacts and copies them to the `src/bindings/compiled` directory.
 
 ### Build Scripts
 
-The root build script which kicks off the build process is under `src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh`. This script is responsible for building the Node.js and web artifacts for o1js, and places them under `src/bindings/compiled`, to be used by o1js.
+The root build script which kicks off the build process is under `src/bindings/scripts/update-snarkyjs-bindings.sh`. This script is responsible for building the Node.js and web artifacts for o1js and places them under `src/bindings/compiled` to be used by o1js.
 
 ### OCaml Bindings
 
 o1js depends on Pickles, snarky, and parts of the Mina transaction logic, all of which are compiled to JavaScript and stored as artifacts to be used by o1js natively. The OCaml bindings are located under `src/bindings`. See the [OCaml Bindings README](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js-bindings/blob/main/README.md) for more information.
 
-To compile the OCaml code, a build tool called Dune is used. Dune is a build system for OCaml projects, and is used in addition with Js_of_ocaml to compile the OCaml code to JavaScript. The dune file that is responsible for compiling the OCaml code is located under `src/bindings/ocaml/dune`. There are two build targets: `snarky_js_node` and `snarky_js_web`, which compile the Mina dependencies as well as link the wasm artifacts to build the Node.js and web artifacts, respectively. The output file is `snark_js_node.bc.js`, which is used by o1js.
+To compile the OCaml code, a build tool called Dune is used. Dune is a build system for OCaml projects and is used with Js_of_ocaml to compile the OCaml code to JavaScript. The Dune file responsible for compiling the OCaml code is located under `src/bindings/ocaml/dune`. Two build targets, `snarky_js_node` and `snarky_js_web`, compile the Mina dependencies and link the Wasm artifacts to build the Node.js and web artifacts, respectively. The output file is `snark_js_node.bc.js`, which is used by o1js.
 
 ### WebAssembly Bindings
 
-o1js additionally depends on Kimchi, which is compiled to WebAssembly. Kimchi is located in the Mina repo, under `src/mina`. See the [Kimchi README](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
+o1js additionally depends on Kimchi, which is compiled to WebAssembly. Kimchi is located in the Mina repo under `src/mina`. See the [Kimchi README](https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/master/README.md) for more information.
 
-To compile the wasm code, a combination of Cargo and Dune is used. Both build files are located under `src/mina/src/lib/crypto/kimchi`, where the `wasm` folder contains the Rust code which is compiled to wasm, and the `js` folder which contains a wrapper around the wasm code which allows Js_of_ocaml to compile against the wasm backend.
+To compile the Wasm code, a combination of Cargo and Dune is used. Both build files are located under `src/mina/src/lib/crypto/kimchi`, where the `wasm` folder contains the Rust code that is compiled to Wasm, and the `js` folder that contains a wrapper around the Wasm code which allows Js_of_ocaml to compile against the Wasm backend.
 
-For the wasm build, the output files are:
+For the Wasm build, the output files are:
 
 - `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm`: The compiled WebAssembly binary.
 - `plonk_wasm_bg.wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition files describing the types of .wasm or .js files.
-- `plonk_wasm.js`: JavaScript file that wraps the WASM code for use in Node.js.
+- `plonk_wasm.js`: JavaScript file that wraps the Wasm code for use in Node.js.
 - `plonk_wasm.d.ts`: TypeScript definition file for plonk_wasm.js.
 
 ### Generated Constant Types
 
-In addition to building the OCaml and Rust code, the build script also generates TypeScript types for constants used in the Mina protocol. These types are generated from the OCaml source files, and are located under `src/bindings/crypto/constants.ts` and `src/bindings/mina-transaction/gen`. When building the bindings, these constants are auto-generated by Dune. If you wish to add a new constant, you can edit the `src/bindings/ocaml/snarky_js_constants` file, and then run `npm run build:bindings` to regenerate the TypeScript files.
+In addition to building the OCaml and Rust code, the build script also generates TypeScript types for constants used in the Mina protocol. These types are generated from the OCaml source files and are located under `src/bindings/crypto/constants.ts` and `src/bindings/mina-transaction/gen`. When building the bindings, these constants are auto-generated by Dune. If you want to add a new constant, edit the `src/bindings/ocaml/snarky_js_constants` file and then run `npm run build:bindings` to regenerate the TypeScript files.
 
-These types are used by o1js to ensure that the constants used in the protocol are consistent with the OCaml source files.
+o1js uses these types to ensure that the constants used in the protocol are consistent with the OCaml source files.
 
 ## Development
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ If you work on o1js, create a feature branch off of one of these base branches.
 
 **Default to `main` as the base branch**.
 
-The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenarios where you want to adapt o1js to changes in the sibling repos on those other branches. Even then, consider whether it is feasible to land your changes to `main` and merge to `berkeley` and `develop` afterwards. Only changes in `main` will ever be released, so anything in the other branches has to be backported and reconciled with `main` eventually.
+The other base branches (`berkeley` and `develop`) are used only in specific scenarios where you want to adapt o1js to changes in the sibling repos on those other branches. Even then, consider whether it is feasible to land your changes to `main` and merge to `berkeley` and `develop` afterwards. Only changes in `main` will ever be released, so anything in the other branches has to be backported and reconciled with `main` eventually.
 
 | Repository | mina -> o1js -> o1js-bindings    |
 | ---------- | -------------------------------- |
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@ The other base branches (`berkeley`, `develop`) are only used in specific scenar
 |            | berkeley -> berkeley -> berkeley |
 |            | develop -> develop -> develop    |
 
-- `o1js-main`: The o1js-main branch in the Mina repository corresponds to the main branch in both o1js and o1js-bindings repositories. This is where stable releases and ramp-up features are maintained. The o1js-main branch runs in parallel to the Mina `berkeley` branch and does not have a subset or superset relationship with it. The branching structure is as follows (<- means direction to merge):
+- `o1js-main`: The `o1js-main` branch in the Mina repository corresponds to the `main` branch in both o1js and o1js-bindings repositories. This branch is where stable releases and ramp-up features are maintained. The `o1js-main` branch runs in parallel to the Mina `berkeley` branch and does not have a subset or superset relationship with it. The branching structure is as follows (<- means direction to merge):
 
-  - `develop` <- `o1js-main` <- `current testnet` - Typically, the current testnet often corresponds to the rampup branch.
+  - `develop` <- `o1js-main` <- `current testnet` - Typically, the current Testnet often corresponds to the rampup branch.
 
-- `berkeley`: The berkeley branch is maintained across all three repositories. This branch is used for features and updates specific to the Berkeley release of the project.
+- `berkeley`: The `berkeley` branch is maintained across all three repositories. This branch is used for features and updates specific to the Berkeley release of the project.
 
-- `develop`: The develop branch is also maintained across all three repositories. It is used for ongoing development, testing new features, and integration work.
+- `develop`: The `develop` branch is also maintained across all three repositories. It is used for ongoing development, testing new features, and integration work.
 
 ### Running Tests
 
@@ -113,15 +113,15 @@ npm run test
 npm run test:unit
 ```
 
-This will run all the unit tests and provide you with a summary of the test results.
+This runs all the unit tests and provides you with a summary of the test results.
 
-You can additionally run integration tests by running:
+You can also run integration tests by running:
 
 ```sh
 npm run test:integration
 ```
 
-Finally, we have a set of end-to-end tests that run against the browser. These tests are not run by default, but you can run them by running:
+Finally, a set of end-to-end tests are run against the browser. These tests are not run by default, but you can run them by running:
 
 ```sh
 npm install
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ npm run e2e:show-report
 
 <!-- The test example should stay in sync with a real value set in .github/workflows/build-actions.yml -->
 
-You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First generate a GitHub token and use:
+You can execute the CI locally by using [act](https://github.com/nektos/act). First, generate a GitHub token and use:
 
 ```sh
 act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $GITHUB_TOKEN
@@ -145,16 +145,15 @@ act -j Build-And-Test-Server --matrix test_type:"Simple integration tests" -s $G
 
 ### Releasing
 
-To release a new version of o1js, you must first update the version number in `package.json`. Then, you can create a new pull request to merge your changes into the main branch. Once the pull request is merged, a CI job will automatically publish the new version to npm.
+To release a new version of o1js, you must first update the version number in `package.json`. Then, you can create a new pull request to merge your changes into the main branch. After the pull request is merged, a CI job automatically publishes the new version to npm.
 
 ## Testing and Debugging
 
-### Test zkApps against the local blockchain network
+### Test zkApps against Lightnet network
 
-In order to be able to test zkApps against the local blockchain network, you need to spin up such a network first.  
-You can do so in several ways.
+Use the lightweight Mina blockchain network (Lightnet) to test on a local blockchain before you test with a live network. To test zkApps against the local blockchain, first spin up Lightnet.
 
-1. Using [zkapp-cli](https://www.npmjs.com/package/zkapp-cli)'s sub commands:
+The easiest way is to use [zkApp CLI](https://www.npmjs.com/package/zkapp-cli) sub-commands:
 
    ```shell
    zk lightnet start # start the local network
@@ -164,9 +163,9 @@ You can do so in several ways.
    zk lightnet stop # stop the local network
    ```
 
-   Please refer to `zk lightnet --help` for more information.
+   Use `zk lightnet --help` for more information.
 
-2. Using the corresponding [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) manually:
+You can also use the corresponding [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) manually:
 
    ```shell
    docker run --rm --pull=missing -it \
@@ -181,24 +180,24 @@ You can do so in several ways.
      o1labs/mina-local-network:o1js-main-latest-lightnet
    ```
 
-   Please refer to the [Docker Hub repository](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) for more information.
+   See the [Docker Hub repository](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-network) for more information.
 
-Next up, you will need the Mina blockchain accounts information in order to be used in your zkApp.  
-Once the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
-The corresponding example can be found here: [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts)
+Next up, get the Mina blockchain accounts information to be used in your zkApp.  
+After the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
+See the corresponding example in [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts).
 
 ### Profiling o1js
 
-To enhance the development experience and optimize the performance of o1js, we provide a setup that allows you to use the Chrome Debugger alongside Node.js. This setup is particularly useful when you want to profile the performance of your zkApp or o1js.
+To enhance the development experience and optimize the performance of o1js, use the Chrome Debugger alongside Node.js. This setup is particularly useful when you want to profile the performance of your zkApp or o1js.
 
 #### Using the `run-debug` script
 
-We have included a script named `run-debug` to facilitate this process. To use this script, run:
+To facilitate this process, use the provided script named `run-debug`. To use this script, run:
 
 ```sh
 ./run-debug <path-to-your-zkapp> --bundle
 ```
 
-This script initializes a Node.js process with the `--inspect-brk` flag, which starts the Node.js inspector and breaks before the user script starts (i.e., it pauses execution until a debugger is attached). The `--enable-source-maps` flag ensures that source maps are utilized, allowing easy debugging of o1js code directly.
+This script initializes a Node.js process with the `--inspect-brk` flag that starts the Node.js inspector and breaks before the user script starts (i.e., it pauses execution until a debugger is attached). The `--enable-source-maps` flag ensures that source maps are used to allow easy debugging of o1js code directly.
 
-Once the Node.js process is running, you can open the Chrome browser and navigate to `chrome://inspect` to attach the Chrome Debugger to the Node.js process. This will allow you to set breakpoints, inspect variables, and profile the performance of your zkApp or o1js. For more information on how to use the Chrome Debugger, see the [official documentation](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/).
+After the Node.js process is running, open the Chrome browser and navigate to `chrome://inspect` to attach the Chrome Debugger to the Node.js process. You can set breakpoints, inspect variables, and profile the performance of your zkApp or o1js. For more information on using the Chrome Debugger, see the [DevTools documentation](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/).

From 1cdaa3882d3f495c467e9af771f5507fe6a3d0ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Jan 2024 09:38:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1327/1786] chore(mina): update minda to 4d8161

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 697709dd3c..4d81614a94 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 697709dd3cf1d3626d084edff5523c6e41a3f2ef
+Subproject commit 4d81614a94ee68ae9afe350e46dbb878852695a7

From e565337e083f024552cbc781a6f0f17661ebcd4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Jan 2024 14:11:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1328/1786] Refactoring.

---
 src/examples/fetch_live.ts                    | 141 ++++++++++--------
 .../zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts |   9 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts                |   4 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts              |   2 +-
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts     |   4 +-
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts      |   4 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                |  16 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts           |   6 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts      |  18 ++-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     |   2 +-
 src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts                   |   2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                               |  49 +++---
 src/lib/precondition.ts                       |   8 +-
 src/lib/token.test.ts                         |   6 +-
 14 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/fetch_live.ts b/src/examples/fetch_live.ts
index f42b187504..85ce4b8d4d 100644
--- a/src/examples/fetch_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/fetch_live.ts
@@ -2,72 +2,91 @@ import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { Lightnet, Mina, PrivateKey, UInt64, fetchAccount } from 'o1js';
 
 const useCustomLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
-const minaGraphQlEndpoint = useCustomLocalNetwork
-  ? 'http://localhost:8080/graphql'
-  : 'https://berkeley.minascan.io/graphql';
-const network = Mina.Network({
-  mina: minaGraphQlEndpoint,
-  archive: useCustomLocalNetwork
-    ? 'http://localhost:8282'
-    : 'https://api.minascan.io/archive/berkeley/v1/graphql',
-  lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
-});
-Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
+Mina.setActiveInstance(configureMinaNetwork());
 const transactionFee = 100_000_000;
+let defaultNetworkConstants: Mina.NetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
+  slotTime: UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000),
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(1_000_000_000),
+};
+const { sender } = await configureFeePayer();
+
+await checkDefaultNetworkConstantsFetching();
+await checkActualNetworkConstantsFetching();
+
+await tearDown();
 
-// Fee payer setup
-console.log('');
-const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
-  ? (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
-  : PrivateKey.random();
-const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
-if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
-  console.log(`Funding the fee payer account.`);
-  await Mina.faucet(sender);
+async function checkDefaultNetworkConstantsFetching() {
+  console.log(
+    '\nCase #1: check that default network constants can be fetched outside of the transaction scope.'
+  );
+  const networkConstants = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+  expect(defaultNetworkConstants).toEqual(networkConstants);
+  logNetworkConstants(networkConstants);
 }
-console.log(`Fetching the fee payer account information.`);
-const accountDetails = (await fetchAccount({ publicKey: sender })).account;
-console.log(
-  `Using the fee payer account ${sender.toBase58()} with nonce: ${
-    accountDetails?.nonce
-  } and balance: ${accountDetails?.balance}.`
-);
 
-console.log('');
-console.log(
-  "Check that network constants CAN'T be fetched outside of a transaction."
-);
-const getNetworkConstants = () => {
-  Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
-};
-expect(getNetworkConstants).toThrow(
-  `getNetworkConstants: Could not fetch network constants from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphQlEndpoint} outside of a transaction.`
-);
+async function checkActualNetworkConstantsFetching() {
+  console.log(
+    '\nCase #2: check that actual network constants can be fetched within the transaction scope.'
+  );
+  let networkConstants: Mina.NetworkConstants | undefined;
+  await Mina.transaction({ sender, fee: transactionFee }, () => {
+    networkConstants = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+  });
+  expect(networkConstants?.slotTime).not.toBeUndefined();
+  expect(networkConstants?.genesisTimestamp).not.toBeUndefined();
+  expect(defaultNetworkConstants).not.toEqual(networkConstants);
+  logNetworkConstants(networkConstants);
+}
 
-console.log('');
-console.log(
-  'Check that network constants CAN be fetched within the transaction.'
-);
-let slotTime: UInt64 | undefined;
-let genesisTimestamp: UInt64 | undefined;
-await Mina.transaction({ sender, fee: transactionFee }, () => {
-  const networkConstants = Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
-  slotTime = networkConstants.slotTime;
-  genesisTimestamp = networkConstants.genesisTimestamp;
-});
+function configureMinaNetwork() {
+  const minaGraphQlEndpoint = useCustomLocalNetwork
+    ? 'http://localhost:8080/graphql'
+    : 'https://berkeley.minascan.io/graphql';
+  return Mina.Network({
+    mina: minaGraphQlEndpoint,
+    archive: useCustomLocalNetwork
+      ? 'http://localhost:8282'
+      : 'https://api.minascan.io/archive/berkeley/v1/graphql',
+    lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
+  });
+}
 
-expect(slotTime).not.toBeUndefined();
-expect(genesisTimestamp).not.toBeUndefined();
+async function configureFeePayer() {
+  const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
+    ? (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey
+    : PrivateKey.random();
+  const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
+  if (!useCustomLocalNetwork) {
+    console.log(`\nFunding the fee payer account.`);
+    await Mina.faucet(sender);
+  }
+  console.log(`\nFetching the fee payer account information.`);
+  const accountDetails = (await fetchAccount({ publicKey: sender })).account;
+  console.log(
+    `Using the fee payer account ${sender.toBase58()} with nonce: ${
+      accountDetails?.nonce
+    } and balance: ${accountDetails?.balance}.`
+  );
+  return { sender, senderKey };
+}
 
-console.log(`Slot time: ${slotTime}`);
-console.log(`Genesis timestamp: ${genesisTimestamp}`);
-console.log(
-  `Genesis date: ${new Date(Number(genesisTimestamp?.toString() ?? '0'))}`
-);
+async function tearDown() {
+  const keyPairReleaseMessage = await Lightnet.releaseKeyPair({
+    publicKey: sender.toBase58(),
+  });
+  if (keyPairReleaseMessage) console.info('\n' + keyPairReleaseMessage);
+}
 
-// Tear down
-console.log('');
-const keyPairReleaseMessage = await Lightnet.releaseKeyPair({
-  publicKey: sender.toBase58(),
-});
-if (keyPairReleaseMessage) console.info(keyPairReleaseMessage);
+function logNetworkConstants(
+  networkConstants: Mina.NetworkConstants | undefined
+) {
+  console.log(`Account creation fee: ${networkConstants?.accountCreationFee}`);
+  console.log(`Slot time: ${networkConstants?.slotTime}`);
+  console.log(`Genesis timestamp: ${networkConstants?.genesisTimestamp}`);
+  console.log(
+    `Genesis date: ${new Date(
+      Number(networkConstants?.genesisTimestamp.toString() ?? '0')
+    )}`
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
index aaf7d81555..182beb95fa 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
 let doProofs = true;
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
 
 let [{ privateKey: userKey, publicKey: userAddress }] = Local.testAccounts;
 let tx;
@@ -26,7 +25,9 @@ console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
   let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress);
-  feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(1));
+  feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1)
+  );
   tokenX.deploy();
 });
 await tx.prove();
@@ -36,7 +37,9 @@ await tx.send();
 console.log('arbitrary token minting...');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating user's token X account
-  AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress).balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(1));
+  AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress).balance.subInPlace(
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1)
+  );
   // 😈😈😈 mint any number of tokens to our account 😈😈😈
   let tokenContract = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
   tokenContract.token.mint({
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 8bf5a1ea8f..0db07a690a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
     receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay fees for opened account
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
     receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay fees for opened account
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
   }
 
   // this is a very standardized deploy method. instead, we could also take the account update from a callback
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index b18ba43dea..9648640f8a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
     receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
     // pay fees for opened account
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
 
     // since this is the only method of this zkApp that resets the entire state, provedState: true implies
     // that this function was run. Since it can be run only once, this implies it was run exactly once
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 16ea8fddcb..f7effd3360 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({
   enforceTransactionLimits: true,
 });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
 let [{ privateKey: feePayerKey, publicKey: feePayerAddress }] =
   Local.testAccounts;
 let tx, balances, oldBalances;
@@ -44,6 +43,7 @@ let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
 tic('deploy & init token contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
+  const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
   // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
   let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
   feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ tic('deploy dex contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 3 dex accounts
   AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress).balance.subInPlace(
-    accountFee.mul(3)
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(3)
   );
   dex.deploy();
   dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 4727851012..3922f82c39 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({
   enforceTransactionLimits: false,
 });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
 let [{ privateKey: feePayerKey, publicKey: feePayerAddress }] =
   Local.testAccounts;
 let tx, balances, oldBalances;
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@ let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
 tic('deploy & init token contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
+  const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
   // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
   let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
   feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ tic('deploy dex contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 3 dex accounts
   AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress).balance.subInPlace(
-    accountFee.mul(3)
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(3)
   );
   dex.deploy();
   dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index e9f15fad22..bb50b2c119 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({
   enforceTransactionLimits: false,
 });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
 let [{ privateKey: feePayerKey, publicKey: feePayerAddress }] =
   Local.testAccounts;
 let tx, balances, oldBalances;
@@ -77,6 +76,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
     feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
@@ -110,7 +110,10 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('transfer tokens to user');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(
-    { sender: feePayerAddress, fee: accountFee.mul(1) },
+    {
+      sender: feePayerAddress,
+      fee: Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1),
+    },
     () => {
       let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 4);
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
@@ -133,7 +136,10 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   // supply the initial liquidity where the token ratio can be arbitrary
   console.log('supply liquidity -- base');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(
-    { sender: feePayerAddress, fee: accountFee },
+    {
+      sender: feePayerAddress,
+      fee: Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee,
+    },
     () => {
       AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress);
       dex.supplyLiquidityBase(UInt64.from(10_000), UInt64.from(10_000));
@@ -437,7 +443,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   );
   tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user2, () => {
     AccountUpdate.createSigned(addresses.user2).balance.subInPlace(
-      accountFee.mul(2)
+      Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(2)
     );
     dex.redeemLiquidity(UInt64.from(USER_DL));
     dex.redeemLiquidity(UInt64.from(USER_DL));
@@ -451,7 +457,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   console.log('user2 redeem liquidity');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user2, () => {
     AccountUpdate.createSigned(addresses.user2).balance.subInPlace(
-      accountFee.mul(2)
+      Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(2)
     );
     dex.redeemLiquidity(UInt64.from(USER_DL));
   });
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index db9336fcc4..256ba5f87d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ const network = Mina.Network({
   lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
 });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
-let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
 
 let tx, pendingTx: Mina.TransactionId, balances, oldBalances;
 
@@ -74,6 +73,7 @@ let userSpec = { sender: addresses.user, fee: 0.1e9 };
 if (successfulTransactions <= 0) {
   tic('deploy & init token contracts');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(senderSpec, () => {
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender);
     feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
@@ -97,7 +97,9 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 1) {
   tic('deploy dex contracts');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(senderSpec, () => {
     // pay fees for creating 3 dex accounts
-    AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender).balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(3));
+    AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender).balance.subInPlace(
+      Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(3)
+    );
     dex.deploy();
     dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
     tokenX.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 273431c903..bf44ac97e5 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     enforceTransactionLimits: false,
   });
   Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-  let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
   let [{ privateKey: feePayerKey, publicKey: feePayerAddress }] =
     Local.testAccounts;
   let tx, balances;
@@ -51,6 +50,7 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
     feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     enforceTransactionLimits: false,
   });
   Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-  let accountFee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
   let [{ privateKey: feePayerKey, publicKey: feePayerAddress }] =
     Local.testAccounts;
   let tx, balances, oldBalances;
@@ -259,6 +258,7 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
     feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
@@ -309,10 +309,15 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('transfer tokens to user');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(
-    { sender: feePayerAddress, fee: accountFee.mul(1) },
+    {
+      sender: feePayerAddress,
+      fee: Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1),
+    },
     () => {
       let feePayer = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
-      feePayer.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee().mul(4));
+      feePayer.balance.subInPlace(
+        Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(4)
+      );
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user2, amount: 20e9 });
       // transfer to fee payer so they can provide initial liquidity
@@ -364,7 +369,10 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('supply liquidity -- base');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(
-    { sender: feePayerAddress, fee: accountFee.mul(1) },
+    {
+      sender: feePayerAddress,
+      fee: Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1),
+    },
     () => {
       AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress);
       modifiedDex.supplyLiquidityBase(UInt64.from(10_000), UInt64.from(10_000));
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 23f5e66c08..1077a0ae36 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   ) {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayer as PrivateKey);
     accountUpdate.label = 'AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount()';
-    let fee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
+    let fee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     numberOfAccounts ??= 1;
     if (typeof numberOfAccounts === 'number') fee = fee.mul(numberOfAccounts);
     else fee = fee.add(UInt64.from(numberOfAccounts.initialBalance ?? 0));
diff --git a/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
index 1c6508dcd6..47e242de6f 100644
--- a/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ let parentId = TokenId.derive(publicKey);
 let tx = await Mina.transaction(privateKey, () => {
   let parent = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(publicKey);
   parent.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
-  parent.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+  parent.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
 
   let child = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(publicKey, parentId);
   child.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index c984ee174c..bcc2573803 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ export {
   getAccount,
   hasAccount,
   getBalance,
+  getNetworkConstants,
   getNetworkState,
   accountCreationFee,
   sendTransaction,
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ export {
   getProofsEnabled,
   // for internal testing only
   filterGroups,
+  type NetworkConstants
 };
 
 interface TransactionId {
@@ -351,6 +353,9 @@ interface Mina {
   getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
   getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
   getNetworkConstants(): NetworkConstants;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use {@link getNetworkConstants}
+   */
   accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
   sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
   fetchEvents: (
@@ -372,7 +377,7 @@ interface Mina {
 }
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
-const defaultNetworkConstants = {
+const defaultNetworkConstants: NetworkConstants = {
   genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
   slotTime: UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000),
   accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
@@ -382,16 +387,13 @@ const defaultNetworkConstants = {
  * A mock Mina blockchain running locally and useful for testing.
  */
 function LocalBlockchain({
-  accountCreationFee = defaultAccountCreationFee as string | number,
   proofsEnabled = true,
   enforceTransactionLimits = true,
 } = {}) {
   const slotTime = 3 * 60 * 1000;
   const startTime = Date.now();
   const genesisTimestamp = UInt64.from(startTime);
-
   const ledger = Ledger.create();
-
   let networkState = defaultNetworkState();
 
   function addAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: string) {
@@ -420,12 +422,14 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 
   return {
     proofsEnabled,
-    accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(accountCreationFee),
+    /**
+   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+   */
+    accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       return {
+        ...defaultNetworkConstants,
         genesisTimestamp,
-        accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(accountCreationFee),
-        slotTime: UInt64.from(slotTime),
       };
     },
     currentSlot() {
@@ -498,7 +502,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       try {
         ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
           JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-          String(accountCreationFee),
+          defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
           JSON.stringify(networkState)
         );
       } catch (err: any) {
@@ -507,7 +511,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
           let errors = JSON.parse(err.message);
           err.message = invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, errors, {
-            accountCreationFee,
+            accountCreationFee: defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
           });
         } finally {
           throw err;
@@ -609,7 +613,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
     applyJsonTransaction(json: string) {
       return ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
         json,
-        String(accountCreationFee),
+        defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
         JSON.stringify(networkState)
       );
     },
@@ -699,7 +703,6 @@ function Network(
       }
     | string
 ): Mina {
-  let accountCreationFee = UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee);
   let minaGraphqlEndpoint: string;
   let archiveEndpoint: string;
   let lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint: string;
@@ -746,7 +749,10 @@ function Network(
   }
 
   return {
-    accountCreationFee: () => accountCreationFee,
+    /**
+   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+   */
+    accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       if (currentTransaction()?.fetchMode === 'test') {
         Fetch.markNetworkToBeFetched(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
@@ -765,9 +771,7 @@ function Network(
         if (genesisConstants !== undefined)
           return genesisToNetworkConstants(genesisConstants);
       }
-      throw Error(
-        `getNetworkConstants: Could not fetch network constants from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphqlEndpoint} outside of a transaction.`
-      );
+      return defaultNetworkConstants;
     },
     currentSlot() {
       throw Error(
@@ -1009,9 +1013,12 @@ function BerkeleyQANet(graphqlEndpoint: string) {
 }
 
 let activeInstance: Mina = {
-  accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+   */
+  accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
   getNetworkConstants() {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
+    return defaultNetworkConstants;
   },
   currentSlot: () => {
     throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
@@ -1192,6 +1199,13 @@ function hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean {
   return activeInstance.hasAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @return Data associated with the current Mina network constants.
+ */
+function getNetworkConstants() {
+  return activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+}
+
 /**
  * @return Data associated with the current state of the Mina network.
  */
@@ -1208,6 +1222,7 @@ function getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
 
 /**
  * Returns the default account creation fee.
+ * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
  */
 function accountCreationFee() {
   return activeInstance.accountCreationFee();
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index 25b10b9031..ac5fd8f8aa 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ function Network(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): Network {
     },
     requireEquals(value: UInt64) {
       let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-        Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+        Mina.getNetworkConstants();
       let slot = timestampToGlobalSlot(
         value,
         `Timestamp precondition unsatisfied: the timestamp can only equal numbers of the form ${genesisTimestamp} + k*${slotTime},\n` +
@@ -319,12 +319,12 @@ function getVariable<K extends LongKey, U extends FlatPreconditionValue[K]>(
 
 function globalSlotToTimestamp(slot: UInt32) {
   let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   return UInt64.from(slot).mul(slotTime).add(genesisTimestamp);
 }
 function timestampToGlobalSlot(timestamp: UInt64, message: string) {
   let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   let { quotient: slot, rest } = timestamp
     .sub(genesisTimestamp)
     .divMod(slotTime);
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ function timestampToGlobalSlotRange(
   // so we have to make the range smaller -- round up `tsLower` and round down `tsUpper`
   // also, we should clamp to the UInt32 max range [0, 2**32-1]
   let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+    Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   let tsLowerInt = Int64.from(tsLower)
     .sub(genesisTimestamp)
     .add(slotTime)
diff --git a/src/lib/token.test.ts b/src/lib/token.test.ts
index a8b6428af1..6f711f0a6a 100644
--- a/src/lib/token.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/token.test.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
       amount: this.SUPPLY,
     });
     receiver.account.isNew.assertEquals(Bool(true));
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
     this.totalAmountInCirculation.set(this.SUPPLY.sub(100_000_000));
     this.account.permissions.set({
       ...Permissions.default(),
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ async function setupLocal() {
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
     feePayerUpdate.send({
       to: tokenZkappAddress,
-      amount: Mina.accountCreationFee(),
+      amount: Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee,
     });
     tokenZkapp.deploy();
   });
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ async function setupLocalProofs() {
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer, 3);
     feePayerUpdate.send({
       to: tokenZkappAddress,
-      amount: Mina.accountCreationFee(),
+      amount: Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee,
     });
     tokenZkapp.deploy();
     tokenZkapp.deployZkapp(zkAppBAddress, ZkAppB._verificationKey!);

From 0cdac60734d1c03343c0707bb422253662dcd00f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Jan 2024 10:25:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1329/1786] Changelog entry.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bd76e3380e..e8f5d6c62f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/08ba27329...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- `Mina.accountCreationFee()` is deprecated in favor of `Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1367
+  - `Mina.getNetworkConstants()` returns:
+    - [default](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1367/files#diff-ef2c3547d64a8eaa8253cd82b3623288f3271e14f1dc893a0a3ddc1ff4b9688fR7) network constants if used outside of the transaction scope.
+    - [actual](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1367/files#diff-437f2c15df7c90ad8154c5de1677ec0838d51859bcc0a0cefd8a0424b5736f31R1051) network constants if used within the transaction scope.
+
 ## [0.15.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...08ba27329)
 
 ### Fixed

From 4644fb523eca1a915dd7ab95bfd9af7c978be25a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 19:00:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1330/1786] merkle list

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a1e696884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { Field, Poseidon, Provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
+
+export { MerkleList };
+
+class Element extends Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: Field }) {}
+
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+const dummyElement = Field(0);
+
+class MerkleList {
+  hash: Field;
+  value: Unconstrained<Element[]>;
+
+  private constructor(hash: Field, value: Element[]) {
+    this.hash = hash;
+    this.value = Unconstrained.from(value);
+  }
+
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
+  }
+
+  static create(): MerkleList {
+    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, []);
+  }
+
+  push(element: Field) {
+    let previousHash = this.hash;
+    this.hash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      this.value.set([...this.value.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+    });
+  }
+
+  private popWitness() {
+    return Provable.witness(Element, () => {
+      let value = this.value.get();
+      let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
+        previousHash: emptyHash,
+        element: dummyElement,
+      };
+      this.value.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      return head;
+    });
+  }
+
+  pop(): Field {
+    let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
+
+    let requiredHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    this.hash = previousHash;
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  popOrDummy(): Field {
+    let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
+
+    let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
+    let correctHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    let requiredHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, correctHash);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
+    return Provable.if(isEmpty, dummyElement, element);
+  }
+}

From 302c01dc7efe18013acb31dbdd044691139ad4b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barrie Byron <barrie@o1labs.org>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 14:23:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1331/1786] Create README.md

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b13789179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

From 90261ffab32082bbc6643a7e42fc119b371f03e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:48:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1332/1786] export unconstrained properly

---
 src/index.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 8fb4e0c9ef..8b8aa0672e 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ export type {
   FlexibleProvable,
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
-  Unconstrained,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@ export {
   provable,
   provablePure,
   Struct,
+  Unconstrained,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';

From c91e52c4966f0fab2dfeb361f654835fafc1587f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1333/1786] export hash with prefix

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 1a55da5181..3b24556b51 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -62,6 +62,17 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return MlFieldArray.from(newState) as [Field, Field, Field];
   },
 
+  hashWithPrefix(prefix: string, input: Field[]) {
+    let init = Poseidon.update(Poseidon.initialState(), [
+      prefixToField(prefix),
+    ]);
+    return Poseidon.update(init, input)[0];
+  },
+
+  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
+    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
+  },
+
   hashToGroup(input: Field[]) {
     if (isConstant(input)) {
       let result = PoseidonBigint.hashToGroup(toBigints(input));
@@ -96,10 +107,6 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return { x, y: { x0, x1 } };
   },
 
-  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
-    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
-  },
-
   Sponge,
 };
 

From 57c720b61a0f1dc1c2732589364cbda11084e7e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1334/1786] generic merkle tree

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 52 +++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 7a1e696884..3cefc1e941 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -4,65 +4,87 @@ export { MerkleList };
 
 class Element extends Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: Field }) {}
 
+type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
+function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
+}
+
 const emptyHash = Field(0);
-const dummyElement = Field(0);
 
-class MerkleList {
+class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
-  value: Unconstrained<Element[]>;
+  value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  provable: ProvableHashable<T>;
+  nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field;
 
-  private constructor(hash: Field, value: Element[]) {
+  private constructor(
+    hash: Field,
+    value: WithHash<T>[],
+    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
+  ) {
     this.hash = hash;
     this.value = Unconstrained.from(value);
+    this.provable = provable;
+    this.nextHash = nextHash;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
 
-  static create(): MerkleList {
-    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, []);
+  static create<T>(
+    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
+  ): MerkleList<T> {
+    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, [], provable, nextHash);
   }
 
-  push(element: Field) {
+  push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
-    this.hash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       this.value.set([...this.value.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
     });
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
-    return Provable.witness(Element, () => {
+    return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.provable), () => {
       let value = this.value.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
-        element: dummyElement,
+        element: this.provable.empty(),
       };
       this.value.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
     });
   }
 
-  pop(): Field {
+  pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
-    let requiredHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    let requiredHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
     this.hash = previousHash;
     return element;
   }
 
-  popOrDummy(): Field {
+  popOrDummy(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
-    let correctHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     let requiredHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, correctHash);
     this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
     this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
-    return Provable.if(isEmpty, dummyElement, element);
+    return Provable.if(isEmpty, this.provable, this.provable.empty(), element);
   }
 }
+
+type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
+  toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
+  empty: () => T;
+};

From 872a4ddec5bfde2edebc81a846d15a54eb6edd63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1335/1786] start call forest

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4384f51c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed } from 'o1js';
+import { MerkleList } from './merkle-list.js';
+
+export { CallForest };
+
+class CallTree {
+  accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: CallTree[];
+}
+
+// basically a MerkleList<CallTree> if MerkleList were generic
+type CallForest = MerkleList<CallTree>[];
+
+class PartialCallForest {
+  forest: Hashed<CallForest>;
+  pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
+}

From 7880ad3e40f86cab77a6e47f7318b51416aac982 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1336/1786] dump initial token contract code (copied)

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts | 109 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 109 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5c484089d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Bool,
+  DeployArgs,
+  Int64,
+  method,
+  Mina,
+  Permissions,
+  PublicKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  UInt64,
+  VerificationKey,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+/**
+ * Simple token with API flexible enough to handle all our use cases
+ */
+class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
+  // constant supply
+  SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
+
+  deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
+    super.deploy(args);
+    this.account.permissions.set({
+      ...Permissions.default(),
+      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  @method init() {
+    super.init();
+
+    // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
+    let receiver = this.token.mint({
+      address: this.address,
+      amount: this.SUPPLY,
+    });
+
+    // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
+    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+
+    // pay fees for opened account
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+  }
+
+  // this is a very standardized deploy method. instead, we could also take the account update from a callback
+  // => need callbacks for signatures
+  @method deployZkapp(address: PublicKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
+    let tokenId = this.token.id;
+    let zkapp = AccountUpdate.create(address, tokenId);
+    zkapp.account.permissions.set(Permissions.default());
+    zkapp.account.verificationKey.set(verificationKey);
+    zkapp.requireSignature();
+  }
+
+  @method approveUpdate(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    this.approve(zkappUpdate);
+    let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
+    balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(0));
+  }
+
+  // FIXME: remove this
+  @method approveAny(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
+  }
+
+  // let a zkapp send tokens to someone, provided the token supply stays constant
+  @method approveUpdateAndSend(
+    zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+    to: PublicKey,
+    amount: UInt64
+  ) {
+    // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
+    let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
+    this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
+    zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
+    let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
+    grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
+    grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
+
+    // see if balance change cancels the amount sent
+    let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
+    balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
+    // add same amount of tokens to the receiving address
+    this.token.mint({ address: to, amount });
+  }
+
+  transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
+    if (to instanceof PublicKey)
+      return this.transferToAddress(from, to, amount);
+    if (to instanceof AccountUpdate)
+      return this.transferToUpdate(from, to, amount);
+  }
+  @method transferToAddress(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64) {
+    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
+  }
+  @method transferToUpdate(from: PublicKey, to: AccountUpdate, value: UInt64) {
+    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
+  }
+
+  @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
+    let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
+    let balance = accountUpdate.account.balance.get();
+    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
+      accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
+    );
+    return balance;
+  }
+}

From c8a2943963eb14a85ec24e0f1ae65fe918753211 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 14:33:42 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1337/1786] refactor(snarky): revert 'o1js' obj to 'snarky'

---
 src/bindings  | 2 +-
 src/snarky.js | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 6e3476e833..e8fec4c64c 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 6e3476e833821adbad460b01741e0320fcf90b19
+Subproject commit e8fec4c64cedab7095c8ede90d56d0973be86fb1
diff --git a/src/snarky.js b/src/snarky.js
index 8487cbf7de..b80fa8e6bd 100644
--- a/src/snarky.js
+++ b/src/snarky.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import './bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
-import { getO1js, getWasm, withThreadPool } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
+import { getSnarky, getWasm, withThreadPool } from './bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import snarkySpec from './bindings/js/snarky-class-spec.js';
 import { proxyClasses } from './bindings/js/proxy.js';
 
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ let isReadyBoolean = true;
 let isItReady = () => isReadyBoolean;
 
 let { Snarky, Ledger, Pickles, Test } = proxyClasses(
-  getO1js,
+  getSnarky,
   isItReady,
   snarkySpec
 );

From f5a581dc4ae11a49d342dcaf248178c866a09af1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 00:55:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1338/1786] hashed can take an alternative hash function

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index d3ff8bbd31..a41080bfec 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -172,13 +172,18 @@ class Hashed<T> {
   /**
    * Create a hashed representation of `type`. You can then use `HashedType.hash(x)` to wrap a value in a `Hashed`.
    */
-  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Hashed<T> {
+  static create<T>(
+    type: ProvableExtended<T>,
+    hash?: (t: T) => Field
+  ): typeof Hashed<T> {
     return class Hashed_ extends Hashed<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
       static _provable = provableFromClass(Hashed_, {
         hash: Field,
         value: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
+
+      static _hash = (hash ?? Hashed._hash) satisfies (t: T) => Field;
     };
   }
 
@@ -187,13 +192,17 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     this.value = value;
   }
 
+  static _hash(t: any) {
+    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(t);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return Poseidon.hash(packed);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Wrap a value, and represent it by its hash in provable code.
    */
   static hash<T>(x: T): Hashed<T> {
-    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(x);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    let hash = Poseidon.hash(packed);
+    let hash = this._hash(x);
     return new this(hash, Unconstrained.from(x));
   }
 
@@ -206,9 +215,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     );
 
     // prove that the value hashes to the hash
-    let input = this.Constructor.innerProvable.toInput(value);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    let hash = Poseidon.hash(packed);
+    let hash = this.Constructor._hash(value);
     this.hash.assertEquals(hash);
 
     return value;

From 64c650fd902cd3b0668f88db953b44433c0fecbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 00:55:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1339/1786] call forest logic

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 24 +++++----
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 4384f51c54..0c431bb991 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,72 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed } from 'o1js';
-import { MerkleList } from './merkle-list.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
+import { MerkleList, WithStackHash, emptyHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest };
 
-class CallTree {
+class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
+  a.hash()
+) {}
+
+type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallTree[];
-}
+  calls: CallForest;
+};
+
+type CallForest = WithStackHash<CallTree>;
+
+const CallForest = {
+  fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+    let forest = CallForest.empty();
+
+    for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      CallForest.cons(forest, { accountUpdate, calls });
+    }
+    return forest;
+  },
+
+  empty(): CallForest {
+    return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+  },
 
-// basically a MerkleList<CallTree> if MerkleList were generic
-type CallForest = MerkleList<CallTree>[];
+  cons(forest: CallForest, tree: CallTree) {
+    let node = { previousHash: forest.hash, element: tree };
+    let nodeHash = CallForest.hashNode(tree);
+
+    forest.stack.set([...forest.stack.get(), node]);
+    forest.hash = CallForest.hashCons(forest, nodeHash);
+  },
+
+  hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
+      tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+      tree.calls.hash,
+    ]);
+  },
+  hashCons(forest: CallForest, nodeHash: Field) {
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
+      forest.hash,
+      nodeHash,
+    ]);
+  },
+
+  provable: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
+};
+
+const CallForestHashed = Hashed.create(
+  CallForest.provable,
+  (forest) => forest.hash
+);
 
 class PartialCallForest {
   forest: Hashed<CallForest>;
   pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
+
+  constructor(forest: CallForest) {
+    this.forest = CallForestHashed.hash(forest);
+    this.pendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
+      Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
+    );
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 3cefc1e941..1fd6b09c2c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
-import { Field, Poseidon, Provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Provable, ProvableExtended, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
 
-export { MerkleList };
-
-class Element extends Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: Field }) {}
+export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash };
 
 type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
 function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
+type WithStackHash<T> = {
+  hash: Field;
+  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+};
+function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable });
+}
+
 const emptyHash = Field(0);
 
 class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
-  value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
   provable: ProvableHashable<T>;
   nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field;
 
@@ -24,7 +30,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
   ) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.value = Unconstrained.from(value);
+    this.stack = Unconstrained.from(value);
     this.provable = provable;
     this.nextHash = nextHash;
   }
@@ -44,18 +50,18 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
-      this.value.set([...this.value.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+      this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
     });
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.provable), () => {
-      let value = this.value.get();
+      let value = this.stack.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
         element: this.provable.empty(),
       };
-      this.value.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      this.stack.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
     });
   }

From be748e42eba00bab84e1f321591f77deae77dabb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 00:04:47 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1340/1786] 0.15.3

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index e0edcd8ffa..d7e23d73cd 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.15.2",
+  "version": "0.15.3",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.15.2",
+      "version": "0.15.3",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index ee1d7b87f2..affed9efdc 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.15.2",
+  "version": "0.15.3",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From 84ed7d2294f87e8acde6d999b40c00e470792f46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Action <action@github.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 00:04:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1341/1786] Update CHANGELOG for new version v0.15.3

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a198341af1..d26e29efff 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/08ba27329...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...HEAD)
+
+## [0.15.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...be748e42e)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 

From b1b23b989cef8222d6d631d03da12d8cf945f507 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 01:37:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1342/1786] properly generic merkle list

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 88 ++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 1fd6b09c2c..b58599fb15 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
-import { Field, Provable, ProvableExtended, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
-
-export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash };
+import {
+  Field,
+  Provable,
+  ProvableExtended,
+  Struct,
+  Unconstrained,
+  assert,
+} from 'o1js';
+import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+
+export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash, ProvableHashable };
 
 type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
 function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
@@ -20,30 +28,18 @@ const emptyHash = Field(0);
 class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  provable: ProvableHashable<T>;
-  nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field;
 
-  private constructor(
-    hash: Field,
-    value: WithHash<T>[],
-    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
-  ) {
+  constructor(hash: Field, value: WithHash<T>[]) {
     this.hash = hash;
     this.stack = Unconstrained.from(value);
-    this.provable = provable;
-    this.nextHash = nextHash;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
 
-  static create<T>(
-    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
-  ): MerkleList<T> {
-    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, [], provable, nextHash);
+  static empty(): MerkleList<any> {
+    return new this(emptyHash, []);
   }
 
   push(element: T) {
@@ -55,11 +51,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
-    return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.provable), () => {
+    return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
       let value = this.stack.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
-        element: this.provable.empty(),
+        element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
       this.stack.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
@@ -85,7 +81,57 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
     this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
-    return Provable.if(isEmpty, this.provable, this.provable.empty(), element);
+    let provable = this.innerProvable;
+    return Provable.if(isEmpty, provable, provable.empty(), element);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a Merkle list type
+   */
+  static create<T>(
+    type: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
+  ): typeof MerkleList<T> {
+    return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleList_, {
+        hash: Field,
+        stack: Unconstrained.provable,
+      }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
+
+      static _nextHash = nextHash;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
+
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof MerkleList;
+  }
+
+  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
+      'MerkleList not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+  }
+
+  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+  get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
+      'MerkleList not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
   }
 }
 

From 3ef39b0b7ee059ad9a2864fd43b9ee90dfe279b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 01:37:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1343/1786] tweak hased input type

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index a41080bfec..2fdfd68988 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
    * Create a hashed representation of `type`. You can then use `HashedType.hash(x)` to wrap a value in a `Hashed`.
    */
   static create<T>(
-    type: ProvableExtended<T>,
+    type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     hash?: (t: T) => Field
   ): typeof Hashed<T> {
     return class Hashed_ extends Hashed<T> {
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<Hashed<any>> | undefined;
-  static _innerProvable: ProvableExtended<any> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
 
   get Constructor(): typeof Hashed {
     return this.constructor as typeof Hashed;
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
     return this._provable;
   }
-  static get innerProvable(): ProvableExtended<any> {
+  static get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<any> {
     assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
     return this._innerProvable;
   }

From afc5d5a01f90b196981ffed3d298a8b717f28f95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 01:37:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1344/1786] make callforest a merkle list

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 82 +++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 0c431bb991..1646d3e476 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
-import { MerkleList, WithStackHash, emptyHash } from './merkle-list.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest };
 
@@ -9,64 +9,58 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
 
 type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallForest;
+  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>;
 };
+const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
+  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
+  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
+});
 
-type CallForest = WithStackHash<CallTree>;
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, function (hash, tree) {
+  return hashCons(hash, hashNode(tree));
+}) {
+  static empty(): CallForest {
+    return super.empty();
+  }
 
-const CallForest = {
-  fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
     let forest = CallForest.empty();
 
     for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
       let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      CallForest.cons(forest, { accountUpdate, calls });
+      forest.push({ accountUpdate, calls });
     }
-    return forest;
-  },
-
-  empty(): CallForest {
-    return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
-  },
-
-  cons(forest: CallForest, tree: CallTree) {
-    let node = { previousHash: forest.hash, element: tree };
-    let nodeHash = CallForest.hashNode(tree);
 
-    forest.stack.set([...forest.stack.get(), node]);
-    forest.hash = CallForest.hashCons(forest, nodeHash);
-  },
-
-  hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
-    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
-      tree.accountUpdate.hash,
-      tree.calls.hash,
-    ]);
-  },
-  hashCons(forest: CallForest, nodeHash: Field) {
-    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
-      forest.hash,
-      nodeHash,
-    ]);
-  },
-
-  provable: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
-};
+    return forest;
+  }
+}
 
-const CallForestHashed = Hashed.create(
-  CallForest.provable,
-  (forest) => forest.hash
+const PendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
+  Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
 );
 
 class PartialCallForest {
-  forest: Hashed<CallForest>;
+  forest: CallForest;
   pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
 
   constructor(forest: CallForest) {
-    this.forest = CallForestHashed.hash(forest);
-    this.pendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
-      Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
-    );
+    this.forest = forest;
+    this.pendingForests = PendingForests.empty();
   }
 }
+
+// how to hash a forest
+
+function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
+    tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+    tree.calls.hash,
+  ]);
+}
+function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
+    forestHash,
+    nodeHash,
+  ]);
+}

From 79fd9ec8243a3f7cc5c8a858a18ec9dfc6cc8efc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 02:33:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1345/1786] correct dummy hash

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 12 +++++++++---
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index 2fdfd68988..ed78bd2b5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { Poseidon, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { fields } from './fields.js';
+import { fields, modifiedField } from './fields.js';
 
 export { Packed, Hashed };
 
@@ -120,7 +120,10 @@ class Packed<T> {
   }
 }
 
-type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
+  toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
+  empty: () => T;
+};
 
 function countFields(input: HashInput) {
   let n = input.fields?.length ?? 0;
@@ -176,10 +179,13 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     hash?: (t: T) => Field
   ): typeof Hashed<T> {
+    hash ??= Hashed._hash;
+    let dummyHash = hash(type.empty());
+
     return class Hashed_ extends Hashed<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
       static _provable = provableFromClass(Hashed_, {
-        hash: Field,
+        hash: modifiedField({ empty: () => dummyHash }),
         value: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
 

From c68cf5bf0ac275c6a7092391dbf1702ef4830c23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 02:33:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1346/1786] start writing pop account update

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 29 +++++++++++++++++++---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 1646d3e476..fa476bf727 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, function (hash, tree) {
-  return hashCons(hash, hashNode(tree));
-}) {
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, nextHash) {
   static empty(): CallForest {
     return super.empty();
   }
+  static from(value: WithStackHash<CallTree>): CallForest {
+    return new this(value.hash, value.stack);
+  }
 
   static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
     let forest = CallForest.empty();
@@ -34,6 +35,11 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, function (hash, tree) {
 
     return forest;
   }
+
+  pop() {
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = super.pop();
+    return { accountUpdate, calls: CallForest.from(calls) };
+  }
 }
 
 const PendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
@@ -48,10 +54,27 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     this.forest = forest;
     this.pendingForests = PendingForests.empty();
   }
+
+  popAccountUpdate() {
+    let { accountUpdate, calls: forest } = this.forest.pop();
+    let restOfForest = this.forest;
+
+    this.pendingForests.pushIf(restOfForest.isEmpty().not(), restOfForest);
+    this.forest = forest;
+
+    // TODO add a notion of 'current token' to partial call forest,
+    // or as input to this method
+    // TODO replace forest with empty forest if account update can't access current token
+    let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
+  }
 }
 
 // how to hash a forest
 
+function nextHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+  return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
+}
+
 function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
   return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index b58599fb15..16e5f0390f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {
+  Bool,
   Field,
   Provable,
   ProvableExtended,
@@ -15,23 +16,27 @@ function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+
 type WithStackHash<T> = {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 };
 function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
-  return Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable });
+  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
+    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
+      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+    }
+  };
 }
 
-const emptyHash = Field(0);
-
 class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
-  constructor(hash: Field, value: WithHash<T>[]) {
+  constructor(hash: Field, value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.stack = Unconstrained.from(value);
+    this.stack = value;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 
   static empty(): MerkleList<any> {
-    return new this(emptyHash, []);
+    return new this(emptyHash, Unconstrained.from([]));
   }
 
   push(element: T) {
@@ -50,6 +55,20 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     });
   }
 
+  pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
+    let previousHash = this.hash;
+    this.hash = Provable.if(
+      condition,
+      this.nextHash(previousHash, element),
+      previousHash
+    );
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      if (condition.toBoolean()) {
+        this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
       let value = this.stack.get();

From cdb62ffeae949e13a5580bbcad00ab66abc3cb77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 02:51:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1347/1786] finish core pop account update logic

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts |  9 +++++++--
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index fa476bf727..274d13fe8a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Provable, Struct } from 'o1js';
 import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest };
@@ -60,12 +60,32 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     let restOfForest = this.forest;
 
     this.pendingForests.pushIf(restOfForest.isEmpty().not(), restOfForest);
-    this.forest = forest;
 
     // TODO add a notion of 'current token' to partial call forest,
     // or as input to this method
     // TODO replace forest with empty forest if account update can't access current token
     let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
+
+    let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
+
+    let pendingForests = this.pendingForests.clone();
+    let nextForest = this.pendingForests.pop();
+    let newPendingForests = this.pendingForests;
+
+    this.forest = Provable.if(
+      currentIsEmpty,
+      CallForest.provable,
+      nextForest,
+      forest
+    );
+    this.pendingForests = Provable.if(
+      currentIsEmpty,
+      PendingForests.provable,
+      newPendingForests,
+      pendingForests
+    );
+
+    return update;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 16e5f0390f..b79402ee9a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     });
   }
 
-  pop(): T {
+  popExn(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
     let requiredHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     return element;
   }
 
-  popOrDummy(): T {
+  pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
@@ -104,6 +104,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     return Provable.if(isEmpty, provable, provable.empty(), element);
   }
 
+  clone(): MerkleList<T> {
+    let stack = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.stack.get()]);
+    return new this.Constructor(this.hash, stack);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
    */

From df2067a40d89b850552897fc5d27581413c17471 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 10:45:03 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 1348/1786] Trigger Build


From 76007d0f10ad1e1837357449194f459dc600f6c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 12:11:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1349/1786] finish pop account update & refactor partial call
 forest

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 112 ++++++++++++++---------
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts |  73 +++++++++------
 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 274d13fe8a..504618408b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Provable, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Field,
+  Hashed,
+  Poseidon,
+  Provable,
+  Struct,
+  TokenId,
+} from 'o1js';
 import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
-export { CallForest };
+export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
   a.hash()
@@ -16,15 +24,8 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, nextHash) {
-  static empty(): CallForest {
-    return super.empty();
-  }
-  static from(value: WithStackHash<CallTree>): CallForest {
-    return new this(value.hash, value.stack);
-  }
-
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]) {
     let forest = CallForest.empty();
 
     for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
@@ -35,63 +36,90 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, nextHash) {
 
     return forest;
   }
-
-  pop() {
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = super.pop();
-    return { accountUpdate, calls: CallForest.from(calls) };
-  }
 }
 
-const PendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
-  Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
-);
+class ForestMayUseToken extends Struct({
+  forest: CallForest.provable,
+  mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
+}) {}
+const PendingForests = MerkleList.create<ForestMayUseToken>(ForestMayUseToken);
+
+type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
+const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 class PartialCallForest {
-  forest: CallForest;
-  pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
+  current: ForestMayUseToken;
+  pending: MerkleList<ForestMayUseToken>;
 
-  constructor(forest: CallForest) {
-    this.forest = forest;
-    this.pendingForests = PendingForests.empty();
+  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
+    this.current = { forest, mayUseToken };
+    this.pending = PendingForests.empty();
   }
 
-  popAccountUpdate() {
-    let { accountUpdate, calls: forest } = this.forest.pop();
-    let restOfForest = this.forest;
+  popAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
+    // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.current.forest.pop();
+    let forest = new CallForest(calls);
+    let restOfForest = this.current.forest;
 
-    this.pendingForests.pushIf(restOfForest.isEmpty().not(), restOfForest);
+    this.pending.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
+      forest: restOfForest,
+      mayUseToken: this.current.mayUseToken,
+    });
 
-    // TODO add a notion of 'current token' to partial call forest,
-    // or as input to this method
-    // TODO replace forest with empty forest if account update can't access current token
+    // check if this account update / it's children can use the token
     let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
 
+    let canAccessThisToken = Provable.equal(
+      MayUseToken.type,
+      update.body.mayUseToken,
+      this.current.mayUseToken
+    );
+    let isSelf = TokenId.derive(update.publicKey, update.tokenId).equals(
+      selfToken
+    );
+
+    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId
+      .equals(selfToken)
+      .and(canAccessThisToken);
+
+    // if we don't have to check the children, replace forest with an empty one
+    let checkSubtree = canAccessThisToken.and(isSelf.not());
+    forest = Provable.if(
+      checkSubtree,
+      CallForest.provable,
+      forest,
+      CallForest.empty()
+    );
+
+    // if the current forest is empty, switch to the next pending forest
+    let current = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
     let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
 
-    let pendingForests = this.pendingForests.clone();
-    let nextForest = this.pendingForests.pop();
-    let newPendingForests = this.pendingForests;
+    let pendingForests = this.pending.clone();
+    let next = this.pending.pop();
+    let nextPendingForests = this.pending;
 
-    this.forest = Provable.if(
+    this.current = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
-      CallForest.provable,
-      nextForest,
-      forest
+      ForestMayUseToken,
+      next,
+      current
     );
-    this.pendingForests = Provable.if(
+    this.pending = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
       PendingForests.provable,
-      newPendingForests,
+      nextPendingForests,
       pendingForests
     );
 
-    return update;
+    return { update, usesThisToken };
   }
 }
 
 // how to hash a forest
 
-function nextHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
   return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
 }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index b79402ee9a..be02ccfa79 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import {
   Bool,
   Field,
+  Poseidon,
   Provable,
   ProvableExtended,
   Struct,
@@ -8,25 +9,15 @@ import {
   assert,
 } from 'o1js';
 import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
 
 export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash, ProvableHashable };
 
-type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
-function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
-  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
-}
-
-const emptyHash = Field(0);
-
-type WithStackHash<T> = {
-  hash: Field;
-  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-};
-function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
-    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
-      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
-    }
+function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
+  return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
+    let input = provable.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
   };
 }
 
@@ -34,17 +25,16 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
-  constructor(hash: Field, value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>) {
+  constructor({ hash, stack }: WithStackHash<T>) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.stack = value;
+    this.stack = stack;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
-
-  static empty(): MerkleList<any> {
-    return new this(emptyHash, Unconstrained.from([]));
+  notEmpty() {
+    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash).not();
   }
 
   push(element: T) {
@@ -106,7 +96,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
 
   clone(): MerkleList<T> {
     let stack = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.stack.get()]);
-    return new this.Constructor(this.hash, stack);
+    return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, stack });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -114,8 +104,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
-  ): typeof MerkleList<T> {
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
+  ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
+    empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
+    provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
+  } {
     return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
@@ -125,6 +118,15 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
       }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
+
+      static empty(): MerkleList<T> {
+        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) });
+      }
+
+      static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
+        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
+        return this._provable;
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -146,10 +148,6 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
   }
 
-  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> {
-    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
-    return this._provable;
-  }
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
@@ -159,6 +157,25 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 }
 
+type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
+function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
+}
+
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+
+type WithStackHash<T> = {
+  hash: Field;
+  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+};
+function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
+    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
+      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
 type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
 type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
   toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;

From 962482e87665d19317c946f9d8d13c0cfaf27e59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 12:25:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1350/1786] improve variable naming

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 50 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 504618408b..34a845391d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -38,33 +38,33 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   }
 }
 
-class ForestMayUseToken extends Struct({
+class Layer extends Struct({
   forest: CallForest.provable,
   mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
 }) {}
-const PendingForests = MerkleList.create<ForestMayUseToken>(ForestMayUseToken);
+const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
 
 type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
 const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 class PartialCallForest {
-  current: ForestMayUseToken;
-  pending: MerkleList<ForestMayUseToken>;
+  currentLayer: Layer;
+  nonEmptyParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
 
   constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
-    this.current = { forest, mayUseToken };
-    this.pending = PendingForests.empty();
+    this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
+    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
   popAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.current.forest.pop();
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.pop();
     let forest = new CallForest(calls);
-    let restOfForest = this.current.forest;
+    let restOfForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
-    this.pending.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
+    this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
       forest: restOfForest,
-      mayUseToken: this.current.mayUseToken,
+      mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
     });
 
     // check if this account update / it's children can use the token
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     let canAccessThisToken = Provable.equal(
       MayUseToken.type,
       update.body.mayUseToken,
-      this.current.mayUseToken
+      this.currentLayer.mayUseToken
     );
     let isSelf = TokenId.derive(update.publicKey, update.tokenId).equals(
       selfToken
@@ -92,25 +92,27 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       CallForest.empty()
     );
 
-    // if the current forest is empty, switch to the next pending forest
-    let current = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
+    // if the current forest is empty, step up to the next non-empty parent layer
+    // invariant: the current layer will _never_ be empty _except_ at the point where we stepped
+    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers
+    let currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
     let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
 
-    let pendingForests = this.pending.clone();
-    let next = this.pending.pop();
-    let nextPendingForests = this.pending;
+    let parentLayers = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.clone();
+    let nextParentLayer = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pop();
+    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.nonEmptyParentLayers;
 
-    this.current = Provable.if(
+    this.currentLayer = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
-      ForestMayUseToken,
-      next,
-      current
+      Layer,
+      nextParentLayer,
+      currentLayer
     );
-    this.pending = Provable.if(
+    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
-      PendingForests.provable,
-      nextPendingForests,
-      pendingForests
+      ParentLayers.provable,
+      parentLayersIfSteppingUp,
+      parentLayers
     );
 
     return { update, usesThisToken };

From a24e092f6a7438df62bb191e455d5d8686e10bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 13:49:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1351/1786] merkle array type

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 165 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                 |   7 +
 src/lib/provable.ts                      |   2 -
 3 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index be02ccfa79..3e0ecf7122 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,14 @@ import {
 import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
 
-export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash, ProvableHashable };
+export {
+  MerkleArray,
+  MerkleList,
+  WithHash,
+  WithStackHash,
+  emptyHash,
+  ProvableHashable,
+};
 
 function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
   return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
@@ -181,3 +188,159 @@ type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
   toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
   empty: () => T;
 };
+
+// merkle array
+
+type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
+  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly fullHash: Field;
+
+  currentHash: Field;
+  currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
+ * instead of needlessly mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
+ *
+ * We maintain two commitments, both of which are equivalent to a Merkle list hash starting _from the end_ of the array:
+ * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
+ * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
+ */
+class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
+  // fixed parts
+  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly fullHash: Field;
+
+  // mutable parts
+  currentHash: Field;
+  currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
+
+  constructor(value: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+    Object.assign(this, value);
+  }
+
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this.fullHash.equals(emptyHash);
+  }
+  isAtEnd() {
+    return this.currentHash.equals(emptyHash);
+  }
+  assertAtStart() {
+    return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.fullHash);
+  }
+
+  next() {
+    // next corresponds to `pop()` in MerkleList
+    // it returns a dummy element if we're at the end of the array
+    let index = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get() + 1);
+
+    let { previousHash, element } = Provable.witness(
+      WithHash(this.innerProvable),
+      () =>
+        this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
+          previousHash: this.fullHash,
+          element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
+        }
+    );
+
+    let isDummy = this.isAtEnd();
+    let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
+    let requiredHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, correctHash);
+    this.currentHash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    this.currentIndex.setTo(index);
+    this.currentHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, previousHash);
+
+    return Provable.if(
+      isDummy,
+      this.innerProvable,
+      this.innerProvable.empty(),
+      element
+    );
+  }
+
+  clone(): MerkleArray<T> {
+    let array = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.array.get()]);
+    let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
+    return new this.Constructor({
+      array,
+      fullHash: this.fullHash,
+      currentHash: this.currentHash,
+      currentIndex,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a Merkle list type
+   */
+  static create<T>(
+    type: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
+  ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
+    from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
+    provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+  } {
+    return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleArray<T> {
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
+        array: Unconstrained.provable,
+        fullHash: Field,
+        currentHash: Field,
+        currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
+      }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+
+      static _nextHash = nextHash;
+
+      static from(array: T[]): MerkleArray<T> {
+        let n = array.length;
+        let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);
+        let currentHash = emptyHash;
+
+        for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          arrayWithHashes[i] = { previousHash: currentHash, element: array[i] };
+          currentHash = nextHash(currentHash, array[i]);
+        }
+
+        return new this({
+          array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
+          fullHash: currentHash,
+          currentHash: currentHash,
+          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+        });
+      }
+
+      static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> {
+        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleArray not initialized');
+        return this._provable;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<any>> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
+
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof MerkleArray;
+  }
+
+  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
+      'MerkleArray not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+  }
+
+  get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
+      'MerkleArray not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 6720c343cb..adccc9a249 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -538,6 +538,13 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
     this.option = { isSome: true, value };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Set the unconstrained value to the same as another `Unconstrained`.
+   */
+  setTo(value: Unconstrained<T>) {
+    this.option = value.option;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create an `Unconstrained` with the given `value`.
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 8094bcf89e..961f723451 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -341,8 +341,6 @@ function ifImplicit<T extends ToFieldable>(condition: Bool, x: T, y: T): T {
         `If x, y are Structs or other custom types, you can use the following:\n` +
         `Provable.if(bool, MyType, x, y)`
     );
-  // TODO remove second condition once we have consolidated field class back into one
-  // if (type !== y.constructor) {
   if (type !== y.constructor) {
     throw Error(
       'Provable.if: Mismatched argument types. Try using an explicit type argument:\n' +

From 3dd1880efb362abfbb083e03790f990946f576e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 14:28:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1352/1786] make call forest a merkle array, iteration

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 72 ++++++++++---------
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 34a845391d..938cb5e1b1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ import {
   Struct,
   TokenId,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
+import {
+  MerkleArray,
+  MerkleArrayBase,
+  MerkleList,
+  ProvableHashable,
+} from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
@@ -17,24 +22,22 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
 
 type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>;
+  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>;
 };
 const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
+  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]) {
-    let forest = CallForest.empty();
-
-    for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
+class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
       let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      forest.push({ accountUpdate, calls });
-    }
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
 
-    return forest;
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
   }
 }
 
@@ -49,21 +52,21 @@ const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 class PartialCallForest {
   currentLayer: Layer;
-  nonEmptyParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
+  unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
 
   constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
     this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
-    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
-  popAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
+  nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.pop();
-    let forest = new CallForest(calls);
-    let restOfForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
+    let forest = CallForest.startIterating(calls);
+    let parentLayer = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
-    this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
-      forest: restOfForest,
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentLayer.isAtEnd(), {
+      forest: parentLayer,
       mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
     });
 
@@ -83,33 +86,28 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       .equals(selfToken)
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
-    // if we don't have to check the children, replace forest with an empty one
-    let checkSubtree = canAccessThisToken.and(isSelf.not());
-    forest = Provable.if(
-      checkSubtree,
-      CallForest.provable,
-      forest,
-      CallForest.empty()
-    );
+    // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
+    let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
+    forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
 
-    // if the current forest is empty, step up to the next non-empty parent layer
-    // invariant: the current layer will _never_ be empty _except_ at the point where we stepped
-    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers
+    // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
+    // invariant: the new current layer will _never_ be finished _except_ at the point where we stepped
+    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers to finish
     let currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
-    let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
+    let currentIsFinished = forest.isAtEnd();
 
-    let parentLayers = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.clone();
-    let nextParentLayer = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pop();
-    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.nonEmptyParentLayers;
+    let parentLayers = this.unfinishedParentLayers.clone();
+    let nextParentLayer = this.unfinishedParentLayers.pop();
+    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.unfinishedParentLayers;
 
     this.currentLayer = Provable.if(
-      currentIsEmpty,
+      currentIsFinished,
       Layer,
       nextParentLayer,
       currentLayer
     );
-    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = Provable.if(
-      currentIsEmpty,
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers = Provable.if(
+      currentIsFinished,
       ParentLayers.provable,
       parentLayersIfSteppingUp,
       parentLayers
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 3e0ecf7122..a82c4f0e56 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import {
   Field,
   Poseidon,
   Provable,
-  ProvableExtended,
   Struct,
   Unconstrained,
   assert,
@@ -13,6 +12,8 @@ import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleArray,
+  MerkleArrayIterator,
+  MerkleArrayBase,
   MerkleList,
   WithHash,
   WithStackHash,
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ type WithStackHash<T> = {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 };
-function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
+function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableHashable<WithStackHash<T>> {
   return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
     static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
       return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
@@ -193,12 +194,43 @@ type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
 
 type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
   readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  readonly fullHash: Field;
+  readonly hash: Field;
+};
+
+function MerkleArrayBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayBase<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({ array: Unconstrained.provable, hash: Field }) {
+    static empty(): MerkleArrayBase<T> {
+      return { array: Unconstrained.from([]), hash: emptyHash };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+type MerkleArrayIterator<T> = {
+  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly hash: Field;
 
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 };
 
+function MerkleArrayIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayIterator<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({
+    array: Unconstrained.provable,
+    hash: Field,
+    currentHash: Field,
+    currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
+  }) {
+    static empty(): MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
+      return {
+        array: Unconstrained.from([]),
+        hash: emptyHash,
+        currentHash: emptyHash,
+        currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+      };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
  * instead of needlessly mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
@@ -207,27 +239,47 @@ type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
  * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
  * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
  */
-class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
+class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   // fixed parts
   readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  readonly fullHash: Field;
+  readonly hash: Field;
 
   // mutable parts
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 
-  constructor(value: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+  constructor(value: MerkleArrayIterator<T>) {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
-  isEmpty() {
-    return this.fullHash.equals(emptyHash);
+  static startIterating<T>({ array, hash }: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+    return new this({
+      array,
+      hash,
+      currentHash: hash,
+      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+    });
+  }
+  assertAtStart() {
+    return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.hash);
   }
+
   isAtEnd() {
     return this.currentHash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
-  assertAtStart() {
-    return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.fullHash);
+  jumpToEnd() {
+    this.currentIndex.setTo(
+      Unconstrained.witness(() => this.array.get().length)
+    );
+    this.currentHash = emptyHash;
+  }
+  jumpToEndIf(condition: Bool) {
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      if (condition.toBoolean()) {
+        this.currentIndex.set(this.array.get().length);
+      }
+    });
+    this.currentHash = Provable.if(condition, emptyHash, this.currentHash);
   }
 
   next() {
@@ -239,7 +291,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
         this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
-          previousHash: this.fullHash,
+          previousHash: this.hash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
     );
@@ -265,7 +317,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
     let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
     return new this.Constructor({
       array,
-      fullHash: this.fullHash,
+      hash: this.hash,
       currentHash: this.currentHash,
       currentIndex,
     });
@@ -279,6 +331,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
   ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
     from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
+    empty: () => MerkleArray<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
   } {
     return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleArray<T> {
@@ -286,10 +339,12 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
         array: Unconstrained.provable,
-        fullHash: Field,
+        hash: Field,
         currentHash: Field,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
-      }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+      }) satisfies ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> as ProvableHashable<
+        MerkleArray<T>
+      >;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
@@ -305,12 +360,16 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
 
         return new this({
           array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
-          fullHash: currentHash,
+          hash: currentHash,
           currentHash: currentHash,
           currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
         });
       }
 
+      static empty(): MerkleArray<T> {
+        return this.from([]);
+      }
+
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> {
         assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleArray not initialized');
         return this._provable;

From 503fdba7721acde530df652b372ce2f04bdfad32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 16:11:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1353/1786] tweaks, doccomments

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 16 +++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 938cb5e1b1..84e6320a22 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -59,14 +59,24 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Make a single step through a tree of account updates.
+   *
+   * This function will visit each account update in the tree exactly once when called repeatedly,
+   * and the internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done.
+   *
+   * Makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates
+   * -- but both can't be ruled out, so we're returning { update, usesThisToken } and let the caller handle the irrelevant case.
+   */
   nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
+    // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
     let forest = CallForest.startIterating(calls);
-    let parentLayer = this.currentLayer.forest;
+    let parentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
-    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentLayer.isAtEnd(), {
-      forest: parentLayer,
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentForest.isAtEnd().not(), {
+      forest: parentForest,
       mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
     });
 

From 5e4f58fbc8aa36e28cc9594ce7667c9ee775d2d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 16:16:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1354/1786] improve comment

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 15 ++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 84e6320a22..090ed664dd 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -60,13 +60,18 @@ class PartialCallForest {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Make a single step through a tree of account updates.
+   * Make a single step along a tree of account updates.
    *
-   * This function will visit each account update in the tree exactly once when called repeatedly,
-   * and the internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done.
+   * This function is guaranteed to visit each account update in the tree that uses the token
+   * exactly once, when called repeatedly.
    *
-   * Makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates
-   * -- but both can't be ruled out, so we're returning { update, usesThisToken } and let the caller handle the irrelevant case.
+   * The internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done, and
+   * can be passed from one proof to the next.
+   *
+   * The method makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token,
+   * and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates.
+   * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
+   * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
   nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)

From 9d9ed56e80f15de8c079abfae9bc5e0094630f21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 16:31:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1355/1786] move files for now

---
 src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/call-forest.ts    | 0
 src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/merkle-list.ts    | 0
 src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/token-contract.ts | 0
 3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/call-forest.ts (100%)
 rename src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/merkle-list.ts (100%)
 rename src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/token-contract.ts (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/token/token-contract.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts

From b49f9175fcdf6a48f29065552da86ec1dc95383b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:14:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1356/1786] start creating test

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 17 +++++++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts           | 15 ++++++--
 src/lib/testing/random.ts                   |  3 +-
 tsconfig.test.json                          |  1 +
 5 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 090ed664dd..d5e00897ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Field,
@@ -6,18 +7,20 @@ import {
   Provable,
   Struct,
   TokenId,
-} from 'o1js';
+} from '../../../index.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
   MerkleArrayBase,
   MerkleList,
   ProvableHashable,
+  genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
-class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
-  a.hash()
+class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
+  AccountUpdate,
+  hashAccountUpdate
 ) {}
 
 type CallTree = {
@@ -59,6 +62,10 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
+  static create(forest: CallForest) {
+    return new PartialCallForest(forest, MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Make a single step along a tree of account updates.
    *
@@ -150,3 +157,7 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
     nodeHash,
   ]);
 }
+
+function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73521b60a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
+import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
+import { CallForest, PartialCallForest } from './call-forest.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, ZkappCommand } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
+import { Field } from '../../../lib/core.js';
+
+// rng for account updates
+
+let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
+let verificationKey = { data, hash: Field(hashMl) };
+
+const accountUpdates = Random.map(
+  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
+  (txBigint) => {
+    // bigint to json, then to provable
+    let txJson = TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.toJSON(txBigint);
+
+    let accountUpdates = txJson.accountUpdates.map((aJson) => {
+      let a = AccountUpdate.fromJSON(aJson);
+
+      // fix verification key
+      if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
+        a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
+      }
+      return a;
+    });
+
+    return accountUpdates;
+  }
+);
+
+// tests begin here
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(accountUpdates, (updates) => {
+  console.log({ length: updates.length });
+
+  CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index a82c4f0e56..edd1577079 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import {
   Unconstrained,
   assert,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { packToFields } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleArray,
@@ -19,8 +19,19 @@ export {
   WithStackHash,
   emptyHash,
   ProvableHashable,
+  genericHash,
 };
 
+function genericHash<T>(
+  provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+  prefix: string,
+  value: T
+) {
+  let input = provable.toInput(value);
+  let packed = packToFields(input);
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packed);
+}
+
 function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
   return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
     let input = provable.toInput(value);
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 358b0ac206..12b82802ff 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -162,7 +162,8 @@ const accountUpdate = mapWithInvalid(
       a.body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(false);
     }
     if (!a.body.authorizationKind.isProved) {
-      a.body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash = Field(0);
+      a.body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash =
+        VerificationKeyHash.empty();
     }
     // ensure mayUseToken is valid
     let { inheritFromParent, parentsOwnToken } = a.body.mayUseToken;
diff --git a/tsconfig.test.json b/tsconfig.test.json
index 85717a9f8c..bd3694b834 100644
--- a/tsconfig.test.json
+++ b/tsconfig.test.json
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   "extends": "./tsconfig.json",
   "include": [
     "./src/**/*.unit-test.ts",
+    "./src/lib/**/*.ts",
     "./src/snarky.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js"
   ],

From cde3325184c3d3c8c02b1cf37d84c3a46c2323eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:39:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1357/1786] compute stack hash that is equivalent between
 provable & mins-aigner, but not yet the new implementation

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 73 +++++++++++++++++----
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts   |  1 +
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 73521b60a9..9387ff8ba6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,40 +1,85 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
 import { CallForest, PartialCallForest } from './call-forest.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, ZkappCommand } from '../../account_update.js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
+} from '../../account_update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
-import { Field } from '../../../lib/core.js';
+import {
+  accountUpdatesToCallForest,
+  callForestHash,
+  CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
+} from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 
 // rng for account updates
 
 let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
-let verificationKey = { data, hash: Field(hashMl) };
+let verificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
 
-const accountUpdates = Random.map(
+const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
   RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
   (txBigint) => {
-    // bigint to json, then to provable
-    let txJson = TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.toJSON(txBigint);
-
-    let accountUpdates = txJson.accountUpdates.map((aJson) => {
-      let a = AccountUpdate.fromJSON(aJson);
-
+    let flatUpdates = txBigint.accountUpdates.map((a) => {
       // fix verification key
       if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
         a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
       }
       return a;
     });
-
-    return accountUpdates;
+    return accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates);
   }
 );
 
 // tests begin here
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(accountUpdates, (updates) => {
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(callForest, (forestBigint) => {
+  // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
+  let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
+  );
+
   console.log({ length: updates.length });
 
-  CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+  let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+  dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
+
+  let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
+  hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
 });
+
+// call forest helpers
+
+type AbstractSimpleCallForest<A> = {
+  accountUpdate: A;
+  children: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>;
+}[];
+
+function mapCallForest<A, B>(
+  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>,
+  mapOne: (a: A) => B
+): AbstractSimpleCallForest<B> {
+  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => ({
+    accountUpdate: mapOne(accountUpdate),
+    children: mapCallForest(children, mapOne),
+  }));
+}
+
+function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
+  // bigint to json, then to provable
+  return AccountUpdate.fromJSON(TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.toJSON(a));
+}
+
+function callForestToNestedArray(
+  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
+): AccountUpdate[] {
+  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => {
+    accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates = callForestToNestedArray(children);
+    return accountUpdate;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 07d8a37c62..8f810ff96b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export {
   createFeePayer,
   accountUpdateFromFeePayer,
   isCallDepthValid,
+  CallForest,
 };
 
 function signZkappCommand(

From acd039cce26141caa849454d6f6505090a66433b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:48:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1358/1786] test on wider/deeper trees

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 13 ++++++++++---
 src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts   |  1 +
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 9387ff8ba6..2d06732feb 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -18,16 +18,23 @@ import {
 let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
 let verificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
 
+let accountUpdates = Random.array(
+  RandomTransaction.accountUpdateWithCallDepth,
+  Random.int(0, 50),
+  { reset: true }
+);
+
 const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
-  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
-  (txBigint) => {
-    let flatUpdates = txBigint.accountUpdates.map((a) => {
+  accountUpdates,
+  (accountUpdates) => {
+    let flatUpdates = accountUpdates.map((a) => {
       // fix verification key
       if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
         a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
       }
       return a;
     });
+    console.log({ totalLength: flatUpdates.length });
     return accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates);
   }
 );
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
index 80ecf9d7f6..18e80bb0a4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
@@ -141,4 +141,5 @@ const RandomTransaction = {
   zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey,
   zkappCommandJson,
   networkId: Random.oneOf<NetworkId[]>('testnet', 'mainnet'),
+  accountUpdateWithCallDepth: accountUpdate,
 };

From 60e21eb7f00e7715141effbde936f7e0eedb3f2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 21:38:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1359/1786] debugging

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  2 ++
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 40 +++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index d5e00897ae..6354199c37 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
+export { HashedAccountUpdate };
+
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
   AccountUpdate,
   hashAccountUpdate
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 2d06732feb..538f101344 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { CallForest, PartialCallForest } from './call-forest.js';
+import { CallForest, HashedAccountUpdate } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
@@ -41,24 +41,36 @@ const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
 
 // tests begin here
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(callForest, (forestBigint) => {
-  // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
-  let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  callForest,
+  (forestBigint) => {
+    // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
+    let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
-  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-    mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
-  );
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
+    );
 
-  console.log({ length: updates.length });
+    console.log({ length: updates.length });
 
-  let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-  dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
+    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
 
-  let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
-  hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+    let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
+    hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
 
-  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-});
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
+
+    console.log({ nodes: nodes.map((n) => n.calls.hash.toBigInt()) });
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    forest.hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+  }
+);
 
 // call forest helpers
 

From 8318ed720e59294defeafe352185c50dde11cd22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 21:38:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1360/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a884dc593d..339a03c984 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a884dc593dbab69e55ab9602b998ec12dfc3a288
+Subproject commit 339a03c984140c10dd8c4e1f3b26438d38550c6a

From d36c79f1b10936def78c1cf8e2097bf35ccec61f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 10:12:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1361/1786] fix test by fixing order in hashCons

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  6 ++---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 27 ++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 6354199c37..9a4a540388 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -148,15 +148,15 @@ function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
 }
 
 function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
     tree.calls.hash,
   ]);
 }
 function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
-    forestHash,
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
     nodeHash,
+    forestHash,
   ]);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 538f101344..782a4e7d9e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,40 +39,27 @@ const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
   }
 );
 
-// tests begin here
+// TESTS
+
+// correctly hashes a call forest
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
   callForest,
   (forestBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
-    let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+    let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
     );
 
-    console.log({ length: updates.length });
-
-    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
-
-    let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
-    hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
-
-    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
-      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
-    });
-
-    console.log({ nodes: nodes.map((n) => n.calls.hash.toBigInt()) });
-
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    forest.hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+    forest.hash.assertEquals(expectedHash);
   }
 );
 
-// call forest helpers
+// HELPERS
 
 type AbstractSimpleCallForest<A> = {
   accountUpdate: A;

From b0f6c947e2076f9dc226615b3cc0d0f03d8a66db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:08:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1362/1786] fix hash.empty() and merkleArray.next()

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 8 ++++----
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts  | 8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index edd1577079..b5cca46e5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
       array,
       hash,
       currentHash: hash,
-      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
     });
   }
   assertAtStart() {
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
         this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
-          previousHash: this.hash,
+          previousHash: emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
     );
@@ -372,8 +372,8 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
         return new this({
           array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
           hash: currentHash,
-          currentHash: currentHash,
-          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+          currentHash,
+          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
         });
       }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index ed78bd2b5a..8abbc310f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ class Packed<T> {
         packed: fields(packedSize),
         value: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<Packed<T>>;
+
+      static empty(): Packed<T> {
+        return Packed_.pack(type.empty());
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -190,6 +194,10 @@ class Hashed<T> {
       }) as ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
 
       static _hash = (hash ?? Hashed._hash) satisfies (t: T) => Field;
+
+      static empty(): Hashed<T> {
+        return new this(dummyHash, Unconstrained.from(type.empty()));
+      }
     };
   }
 

From 37f2ba705b3c10767e9980bf1424a0b7cbf3ed27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:08:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1363/1786] make some code generic for reuse

---
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts | 16 +++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 8f810ff96b..c2031731a3 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -123,16 +123,22 @@ function transactionCommitments(zkappCommand: ZkappCommand) {
   return { commitment, fullCommitment };
 }
 
-type CallTree = { accountUpdate: AccountUpdate; children: CallForest };
-type CallForest = CallTree[];
+type CallTree<AccountUpdate> = {
+  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
+  children: CallForest<AccountUpdate>;
+};
+type CallForest<AccountUpdate> = CallTree<AccountUpdate>[];
 
 /**
  * Turn flat list into a hierarchical structure (forest) by letting the callDepth
  * determine parent-child relationships
  */
-function accountUpdatesToCallForest(updates: AccountUpdate[], callDepth = 0) {
+function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
+  updates: A[],
+  callDepth = 0
+) {
   let remainingUpdates = callDepth > 0 ? updates : [...updates];
-  let forest: CallForest = [];
+  let forest: CallForest<A> = [];
   while (remainingUpdates.length > 0) {
     let accountUpdate = remainingUpdates[0];
     if (accountUpdate.body.callDepth < callDepth) return forest;
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate) {
   return hashWithPrefix(prefixes.body, fields);
 }
 
-function callForestHash(forest: CallForest): Field {
+function callForestHash(forest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>): Field {
   let stackHash = 0n;
   for (let callTree of [...forest].reverse()) {
     let calls = callForestHash(callTree.children);

From d561ee0e957fd105df5067b910ae6f49042a888b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:42:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1364/1786] refactor, start test that traverses the tree

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  22 ++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 111 +++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 9a4a540388..a60a93ea1b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
 
-export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
+export { CallForest, PartialCallForest, hashAccountUpdate };
 
 export { HashedAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -58,14 +58,20 @@ const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 class PartialCallForest {
   currentLayer: Layer;
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
+  selfToken: Field;
 
-  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
+  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken, selfToken: Field) {
     this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
+    this.selfToken = selfToken;
   }
 
-  static create(forest: CallForest) {
-    return new PartialCallForest(forest, MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken);
+  static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
+    return new PartialCallForest(
+      forest,
+      MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
+      selfToken
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
    * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
-  nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
+  next() {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
@@ -103,11 +109,11 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       this.currentLayer.mayUseToken
     );
     let isSelf = TokenId.derive(update.publicKey, update.tokenId).equals(
-      selfToken
+      this.selfToken
     );
 
     let usesThisToken = update.tokenId
-      .equals(selfToken)
+      .equals(this.selfToken)
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       parentLayers
     );
 
-    return { update, usesThisToken };
+    return { accountUpdate: update, usesThisToken };
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 782a4e7d9e..0d3d792bf9 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { CallForest, HashedAccountUpdate } from './call-forest.js';
+import {
+  CallForest,
+  HashedAccountUpdate,
+  PartialCallForest,
+  hashAccountUpdate,
+} from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
+  TokenId,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
@@ -12,46 +18,47 @@ import {
   callForestHash,
   CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
 } from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+import { Field } from '../../field.js';
 
-// rng for account updates
+// RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS for account updates
 
 let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
-let verificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
+let dummyVerificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
 
-let accountUpdates = Random.array(
+const accountUpdateBigint = Random.map(
   RandomTransaction.accountUpdateWithCallDepth,
-  Random.int(0, 50),
-  { reset: true }
-);
-
-const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
-  accountUpdates,
-  (accountUpdates) => {
-    let flatUpdates = accountUpdates.map((a) => {
-      // fix verification key
-      if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
-        a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
-      }
-      return a;
-    });
-    console.log({ totalLength: flatUpdates.length });
-    return accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates);
+  (a) => {
+    // fix verification key
+    if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome)
+      a.body.update.verificationKey.value = dummyVerificationKey;
+    return a;
   }
 );
+const accountUpdate = Random.map(accountUpdateBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint);
+
+const arrayOf = <T>(x: Random<T>) =>
+  // `reset: true` to start callDepth at 0 for each array
+  Random.array(x, Random.int(20, 50), { reset: true });
+
+const flatAccountUpdatesBigint = arrayOf(accountUpdateBigint);
+const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
 
 // TESTS
 
 // correctly hashes a call forest
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
-  callForest,
-  (forestBigint) => {
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
+  flatAccountUpdatesBigint,
+  (flatUpdatesBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
+    let forestBigint = accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdatesBigint);
     let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
     // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let flatUpdates = flatUpdatesBigint.map(accountUpdateFromBigint);
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
@@ -59,22 +66,46 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
   }
 );
 
-// HELPERS
+// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order
 
-type AbstractSimpleCallForest<A> = {
-  accountUpdate: A;
-  children: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>;
-}[];
-
-function mapCallForest<A, B>(
-  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>,
-  mapOne: (a: A) => B
-): AbstractSimpleCallForest<B> {
-  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => ({
-    accountUpdate: mapOne(accountUpdate),
-    children: mapCallForest(children, mapOne),
-  }));
-}
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
+  flatAccountUpdates,
+  (flatUpdates) => {
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+    );
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    let tokenId = Field.random();
+    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+
+    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+
+    let n = flatUpdates.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
+
+      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
+      let actual = partialForest.next().accountUpdate;
+
+      console.log(
+        'expected: ',
+        expected.body.callDepth,
+        expected.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
+        hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt()
+      );
+      console.log(
+        'actual:   ',
+        actual.body.callDepth,
+        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
+        hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt()
+      );
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// HELPERS
 
 function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
   // bigint to json, then to provable
@@ -82,7 +113,7 @@ function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
 }
 
 function callForestToNestedArray(
-  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
+  forest: SimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
 ): AccountUpdate[] {
   return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => {
     accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates = callForestToNestedArray(children);

From 0550703beacf2d9b2d6ac0c8ad884ee031e24f79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 13:07:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1365/1786] confirm that callforest.next() works

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 63 ++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 0d3d792bf9..291d84660d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const accountUpdate = Random.map(accountUpdateBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint);
 
 const arrayOf = <T>(x: Random<T>) =>
   // `reset: true` to start callDepth at 0 for each array
-  Random.array(x, Random.int(20, 50), { reset: true });
+  Random.array(x, 10, { reset: true });
 
 const flatAccountUpdatesBigint = arrayOf(accountUpdateBigint);
 const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
@@ -66,6 +66,31 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
   }
 );
 
+// traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
+// i.e., CallForest.next() works
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  flatAccountUpdates,
+  (flatUpdates) => {
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+    );
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+
+    let n = updates.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let expected = updates[i];
+      let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+      assertEqual(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    // doing next again should return a dummy
+    let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+  }
+);
+
 // traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
@@ -76,6 +101,10 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
+    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
+    console.log(dummyParent.toPrettyLayout());
+
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
     let tokenId = Field.random();
     let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
@@ -87,20 +116,31 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
       assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
 
       let expected = flatUpdates[i];
+      let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
       let actual = partialForest.next().accountUpdate;
+      let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
+
+      let isCorrect = String(expectedHash === actualHash).padStart(5, ' ');
 
+      console.log(
+        'actual:   ',
+        actual.body.callDepth,
+        isCorrect,
+        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
+        actualHash
+      );
+    }
+    console.log();
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
       console.log(
         'expected: ',
         expected.body.callDepth,
+        ' true',
         expected.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
         hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt()
       );
-      console.log(
-        'actual:   ',
-        actual.body.callDepth,
-        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
-        hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt()
-      );
     }
   }
 );
@@ -120,3 +160,12 @@ function callForestToNestedArray(
     return accountUpdate;
   });
 }
+
+function assertEqual(actual: AccountUpdate, expected: AccountUpdate) {
+  let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
+  let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
+
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.body, expected.body);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.authorization, expected.authorization);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(actualHash, expectedHash);
+}

From eea09cdffbe56403f002c38d94a5f4cbeeb77160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 14:04:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1366/1786] it actually works when not skipping subtrees

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  8 ++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 52 ++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index a60a93ea1b..607a1c365a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
-  Field,
   Hashed,
   Poseidon,
   Provable,
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
+import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest, hashAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
    * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
-  next() {
+  next({ skipSubtrees = true } = {}) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
@@ -117,7 +117,9 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
-    let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
+    let skipSubtree = skipSubtrees
+      ? canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf)
+      : new Bool(false);
     forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
 
     // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 291d84660d..ae5f79abb6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const accountUpdate = Random.map(accountUpdateBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint);
 
 const arrayOf = <T>(x: Random<T>) =>
   // `reset: true` to start callDepth at 0 for each array
-  Random.array(x, 10, { reset: true });
+  Random.array(x, Random.int(10, 40), { reset: true });
 
 const flatAccountUpdatesBigint = arrayOf(accountUpdateBigint);
 const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
 // i.e., CallForest.next() works
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
   (flatUpdates) => {
     // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
@@ -85,13 +85,46 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
       assertEqual(actual, expected);
     }
 
-    // doing next again should return a dummy
+    // doing next() again should return a dummy
     let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
     assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
   }
 );
 
-// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order
+// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order,
+// assuming we don't skip any subtrees
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  flatAccountUpdates,
+  (flatUpdates) => {
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+    );
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    let tokenId = Field.random();
+    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+
+    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+
+    let n = flatUpdates.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
+
+      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
+      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
+      assertEqual(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    // doing next() again should return a dummy
+    let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
+    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+  }
+);
+
+// TODO
+// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order, when skipping subtrees
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
@@ -117,7 +150,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
 
       let expected = flatUpdates[i];
       let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
-      let actual = partialForest.next().accountUpdate;
+      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
       let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
 
       let isCorrect = String(expectedHash === actualHash).padStart(5, ' ');
@@ -166,6 +199,13 @@ function assertEqual(actual: AccountUpdate, expected: AccountUpdate) {
   let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
 
   assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.body, expected.body);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.authorization, expected.authorization);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(
+    actual.authorization.proof,
+    expected.authorization.proof
+  );
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(
+    actual.authorization.signature,
+    expected.authorization.signature
+  );
   assert.deepStrictEqual(actualHash, expectedHash);
 }

From 2471c1006e47bf36bb4077074fc52701df82f2b4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 16:35:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1367/1786] finish unit tests for call forest iteration

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |   6 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 214 ++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 607a1c365a..146f97d1ff 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
    * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
-  next({ skipSubtrees = true } = {}) {
+  next() {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
@@ -117,9 +117,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
-    let skipSubtree = skipSubtrees
-      ? canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf)
-      : new Bool(false);
+    let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
     forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
 
     // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index ae5f79abb6..de62ceb354 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
 import {
   CallForest,
-  HashedAccountUpdate,
-  PartialCallForest,
+  PartialCallForest as CallForestIterator,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
@@ -19,7 +18,9 @@ import {
   CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
 } from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
-import { Field } from '../../field.js';
+import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
+import { Bool as BoolB } from '../../../provable/field-bigint.js';
+import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
 
 // RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS for account updates
 
@@ -32,6 +33,12 @@ const accountUpdateBigint = Random.map(
     // fix verification key
     if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome)
       a.body.update.verificationKey.value = dummyVerificationKey;
+
+    // ensure that, by default, all account updates are token-accessible
+    a.body.mayUseToken =
+      a.body.callDepth === 0
+        ? { parentsOwnToken: BoolB(true), inheritFromParent: BoolB(false) }
+        : { parentsOwnToken: BoolB(false), inheritFromParent: BoolB(true) };
     return a;
   }
 );
@@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
 
 // correctly hashes a call forest
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(
   flatAccountUpdatesBigint,
   (flatUpdatesBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
@@ -66,114 +73,163 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
   }
 );
 
+// can recover flat account updates from nested updates
+// this is here to assert that we compute `updates` correctly in the other tests
+
+test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+  );
+  let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+  let n = flatUpdates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
+  }
+});
+
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
 // i.e., CallForest.next() works
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
-  flatAccountUpdates,
-  (flatUpdates) => {
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
-    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-    );
-    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-
-    let n = updates.length;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      let expected = updates[i];
-      let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
-      assertEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
+  // prepare call forest from flat account updates
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+  );
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
 
-    // doing next() again should return a dummy
+  // step through top-level by calling forest.next() repeatedly
+  let n = updates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    let expected = updates[i];
     let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
-    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+    assertEqual(actual, expected);
   }
-);
+
+  // doing next() again should return a dummy
+  let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+  assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+});
 
 // traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order,
-// assuming we don't skip any subtrees
+// when no subtrees are skipped
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
+  // with default token id, no subtrees will be skipped
+  let tokenId = TokenId.default;
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+  );
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+  let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
+
+  // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
+  let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates;
+
+  let n = flatUpdates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    let expected = expectedUpdates[i];
+    let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
+    assertEqual(actual, expected);
+  }
+
+  // doing next() again should return a dummy
+  let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
+  assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+});
+
+// correctly skips subtrees for various reasons
+
+// in this test, we make all updates inaccessible by setting the top level to `no` or `inherit`, or to the token owner
+// this means we wouldn't need to traverse any update in the whole tree
+// but we only notice inaccessibility when we have already traversed the inaccessible update
+// so, the result should be that we traverse the top level and nothing else
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
-  (flatUpdates) => {
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+  Random.publicKey,
+  (flatUpdates, publicKey) => {
+    // create token owner and derive token id
+    let tokenOwner = PublicKey.fromObject({
+      x: Field.from(publicKey.x),
+      isOdd: Bool(!!publicKey.isOdd),
+    });
+    let tokenId = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner);
+
+    // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
+    // make all top-level updates inaccessible
+    updates.forEach((u, i) => {
+      if (i % 3 === 0) {
+        u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;
+      } else if (i % 3 === 1) {
+        u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+      } else {
+        u.body.publicKey = tokenOwner;
+        u.body.tokenId = TokenId.default;
+      }
+    });
+
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    let tokenId = Field.random();
-    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+    let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
-    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+    // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
+    let expectedUpdates = updates;
 
     let n = flatUpdates.length;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
-
-      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
-      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
+      let expected = expectedUpdates[i] ?? AccountUpdate.dummy();
+      let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
       assertEqual(actual, expected);
     }
-
-    // doing next() again should return a dummy
-    let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
-    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
   }
 );
 
-// TODO
-// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order, when skipping subtrees
-
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
+// similar to the test before, but now we make all updates in the second layer inaccessible
+// so the iteration should walk through the first and second layer
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
-  (flatUpdates) => {
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+  Random.publicKey,
+  (flatUpdates, publicKey) => {
+    // create token owner and derive token id
+    let tokenOwner = PublicKey.fromObject({
+      x: Field.from(publicKey.x),
+      isOdd: Bool(!!publicKey.isOdd),
+    });
+    let tokenId = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner);
+
+    // make all second-level updates inaccessible
+    flatUpdates
+      .filter((u) => u.body.callDepth === 1)
+      .forEach((u, i) => {
+        if (i % 3 === 0) {
+          u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;
+        } else if (i % 3 === 1) {
+          u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken;
+        } else {
+          u.body.publicKey = tokenOwner;
+          u.body.tokenId = TokenId.default;
+        }
+      });
+
+    // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
-
-    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
-    console.log(dummyParent.toPrettyLayout());
-
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    let tokenId = Field.random();
-    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+    let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
-    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+    // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
+    let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates.filter((u) => u.body.callDepth <= 1);
 
     let n = flatUpdates.length;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
-
-      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
-      let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
-      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
-      let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
-
-      let isCorrect = String(expectedHash === actualHash).padStart(5, ' ');
-
-      console.log(
-        'actual:   ',
-        actual.body.callDepth,
-        isCorrect,
-        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
-        actualHash
-      );
-    }
-    console.log();
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
-      console.log(
-        'expected: ',
-        expected.body.callDepth,
-        ' true',
-        expected.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
-        hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt()
-      );
+      let expected = expectedUpdates[i] ?? AccountUpdate.dummy();
+      let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
+      assertEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   }
 );

From b3ca62e624809e600a87f68bc7e043795dcc1034 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 18:16:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1368/1786] rename, doccomments

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 37 +++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 146f97d1ff..8b2d953d65 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ import {
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
-import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
+import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
-export { CallForest, PartialCallForest, hashAccountUpdate };
+export { CallForest, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
 export { HashedAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -55,7 +55,13 @@ const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
 type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
 const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
-class PartialCallForest {
+/**
+ * Data structure to represent a forest tree of account updates that is being iterated over.
+ *
+ * Important: Since this is to be used for token manager contracts to process it's entire subtree
+ * of account updates, the iterator skips subtrees that don't inherit token permissions.
+ */
+class CallForestIterator {
   currentLayer: Layer;
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
   selfToken: Field;
@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
   }
 
   static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
-    return new PartialCallForest(
+    return new CallForestIterator(
       forest,
       MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
       selfToken
@@ -80,9 +86,6 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * This function is guaranteed to visit each account update in the tree that uses the token
    * exactly once, when called repeatedly.
    *
-   * The internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done, and
-   * can be passed from one proof to the next.
-   *
    * The method makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token,
    * and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates.
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
@@ -112,9 +115,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       this.selfToken
     );
 
-    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId
-      .equals(this.selfToken)
-      .and(canAccessThisToken);
+    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId.equals(this.selfToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
     let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
@@ -147,6 +148,22 @@ class PartialCallForest {
   }
 }
 
+// helper class to represent the position in a tree = the last visited node
+
+// every entry in the array is a layer
+// so if there are two entries, we last visited a node in the second layer
+// this index is the index of the node in that layer
+type TreePosition = { index: number; isDone: boolean }[];
+// const TreePosition = {
+//   stepDown(position: TreePosition, numberOfChildren: number) {
+//     position.push({ index: 0, isDone: false });
+//   },
+//   stepUp(position: TreePosition) {
+//     position.pop();
+//     position[position.length - 1].index++;
+//   },
+// };
+
 // how to hash a forest
 
 function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index de62ceb354..11b1ea3592 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
 import {
   CallForest,
-  PartialCallForest as CallForestIterator,
+  CallForestIterator,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 } from './call-forest.js';
 import {

From 2b0dbf5c283cafd1eebbd50522e9199bc09cd1c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2024 16:19:18 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1369/1786] chore(bindings): update submodule to commit 29167d

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a884dc593d..29167d5395 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a884dc593dbab69e55ab9602b998ec12dfc3a288
+Subproject commit 29167d53953ee2134b8bf764a56d1cb5ada2726d

From 2ed13d9a06299b243b18cce919d02307bcd8a4c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Jan 2024 09:44:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1370/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): update changelog with
 performance improvement details for Poseidon hashing

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dadf1323e4..0e8c745f3e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Fix approving of complex account update layouts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1364
 
+### Changed
+
+- Improve performance of Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
+
 ## [0.15.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...08ba27329)
 
 ### Fixed

From 88998ceab0518baeab111b1c4f261a1baad7cd8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 10:48:30 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1371/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): move Poseidon hashing
 performance improvement note to 'Unreleased' section

This change is made to correctly reflect the status of the improvement, as it has not been released yet.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 998774da6f..0594d6dc9e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...HEAD)
 
+### Changed
+
+- Improve performance of Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
+
 ## [0.15.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...be748e42e)
 
 ### Breaking changes
@@ -34,10 +38,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Fix approving of complex account update layouts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1364
 
-### Changed
-
-- Improve performance of Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
-
 ## [0.15.2](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...08ba27329)
 
 ### Fixed

From d967878eac0cb04f4e5de3715f118ca5086d9bd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 10:54:18 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1372/1786] chore(bindings): update submodule to commit 6df837

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 29167d5395..6df837ccf6 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 29167d53953ee2134b8bf764a56d1cb5ada2726d
+Subproject commit 6df837ccf654d3c1cc027a78718cca0eb2299e96

From cc0e391ed7b33c88fb2e8c31c5de35198b0fe24d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barrie Byron <barrie@o1labs.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 14:36:07 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1373/1786] describe hashing example and link to docs

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md
index 8b13789179..0193400352 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hashing/README.md
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
+Hash functions under the `Hash` namespace in o1js require binary arithmetic and operate over binary data. 
 
+This example shows how to extend the `Bytes` class and specify the length of bytes.
+
+See the [Keccak](https://docs.minaprotocol.com/zkapps/o1js/keccak) and [SHA-256](https://docs.minaprotocol.com/zkapps/o1js/sha256) documentation for o1js.

From 1a52cc0c60c6e76e33af0fe0044b4239058c8799 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:09:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1374/1786] unify base types of merklelist/array

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts |   6 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 164 +++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 8b2d953d65..36d0840578 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../../index.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
-  MerkleArrayBase,
+  MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
 
 type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>;
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
 };
 const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>(),
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
 class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index b5cca46e5a..ae0164f5c3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -11,42 +11,49 @@ import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { packToFields } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
-  MerkleArray,
-  MerkleArrayIterator,
-  MerkleArrayBase,
+  MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
+  MerkleListIterator,
+  MerkleArray,
   WithHash,
-  WithStackHash,
   emptyHash,
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
+  merkleListHash,
 };
 
-function genericHash<T>(
-  provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
-  prefix: string,
-  value: T
-) {
-  let input = provable.toInput(value);
-  let packed = packToFields(input);
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packed);
+// common base types for both MerkleList and MerkleArray
+
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+
+type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
+
+function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): ProvableHashable<WithHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
-function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
-  return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
-    let input = provable.toInput(value);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
+type MerkleListBase<T> = {
+  hash: Field;
+  data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+};
+
+function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, data: Unconstrained.provable }) {
+    static empty(): MerkleListBase<T> {
+      return { hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+    }
   };
 }
 
-class MerkleList<T> {
+// merkle list
+
+class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   hash: Field;
-  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
-  constructor({ hash, stack }: WithStackHash<T>) {
+  constructor({ hash, data }: MerkleListBase<T>) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.stack = stack;
+    this.data = data;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
@@ -60,7 +67,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
-      this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+      this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
     });
   }
 
@@ -73,19 +80,19 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     );
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       if (condition.toBoolean()) {
-        this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+        this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
       }
     });
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
-      let value = this.stack.get();
+      let value = this.data.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
         element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
-      this.stack.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      this.data.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
     });
   }
@@ -114,8 +121,8 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 
   clone(): MerkleList<T> {
-    let stack = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.stack.get()]);
-    return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, stack });
+    let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.data.get()]);
+    return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, data });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -125,6 +132,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
   ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
+    // override static methods with strict types
     empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
   } {
@@ -133,13 +141,13 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleList_, {
         hash: Field,
-        stack: Unconstrained.provable,
+        data: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
       static empty(): MerkleList<T> {
-        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) });
+        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) });
       }
 
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
@@ -176,25 +184,6 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 }
 
-type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
-function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
-  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
-}
-
-const emptyHash = Field(0);
-
-type WithStackHash<T> = {
-  hash: Field;
-  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-};
-function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableHashable<WithStackHash<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
-    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
-      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
 type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
 type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
   toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
@@ -203,38 +192,25 @@ type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
 
 // merkle array
 
-type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
-  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  readonly hash: Field;
-};
-
-function MerkleArrayBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayBase<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({ array: Unconstrained.provable, hash: Field }) {
-    static empty(): MerkleArrayBase<T> {
-      return { array: Unconstrained.from([]), hash: emptyHash };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
-type MerkleArrayIterator<T> = {
-  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+type MerkleListIterator<T> = {
   readonly hash: Field;
+  readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 };
 
-function MerkleArrayIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayIterator<T>> {
+function MerkleListIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>> {
   return class extends Struct({
-    array: Unconstrained.provable,
     hash: Field,
+    data: Unconstrained.provable,
     currentHash: Field,
     currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
   }) {
-    static empty(): MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
+    static empty(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
       return {
-        array: Unconstrained.from([]),
         hash: emptyHash,
+        data: Unconstrained.from([]),
         currentHash: emptyHash,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
       };
@@ -244,28 +220,28 @@ function MerkleArrayIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayIterator<T>> {
 
 /**
  * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
- * instead of needlessly mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
+ * instead of mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
  *
  * We maintain two commitments, both of which are equivalent to a Merkle list hash starting _from the end_ of the array:
  * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
  * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
  */
-class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
+class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   // fixed parts
-  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
   readonly hash: Field;
 
   // mutable parts
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 
-  constructor(value: MerkleArrayIterator<T>) {
+  constructor(value: MerkleListIterator<T>) {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
-  static startIterating<T>({ array, hash }: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+  static startIterating<T>({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>) {
     return new this({
-      array,
+      data,
       hash,
       currentHash: hash,
       currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
@@ -280,14 +256,14 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
   jumpToEnd() {
     this.currentIndex.setTo(
-      Unconstrained.witness(() => this.array.get().length)
+      Unconstrained.witness(() => this.data.get().length)
     );
     this.currentHash = emptyHash;
   }
   jumpToEndIf(condition: Bool) {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       if (condition.toBoolean()) {
-        this.currentIndex.set(this.array.get().length);
+        this.currentIndex.set(this.data.get().length);
       }
     });
     this.currentHash = Provable.if(condition, emptyHash, this.currentHash);
@@ -301,7 +277,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
     let { previousHash, element } = Provable.witness(
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
-        this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
+        this.data.get()[index.get()] ?? {
           previousHash: emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
@@ -324,10 +300,10 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
 
   clone(): MerkleArray<T> {
-    let array = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.array.get()]);
+    let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.data.get()]);
     let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
     return new this.Constructor({
-      array,
+      data,
       hash: this.hash,
       currentHash: this.currentHash,
       currentIndex,
@@ -335,7 +311,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Create a Merkle list type
+   * Create a Merkle array type
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
@@ -349,8 +325,8 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
-        array: Unconstrained.provable,
         hash: Field,
+        data: Unconstrained.provable,
         currentHash: Field,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) satisfies ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> as ProvableHashable<
@@ -370,7 +346,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
         }
 
         return new this({
-          array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
+          data: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
           hash: currentHash,
           currentHash,
           currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
@@ -389,7 +365,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
-  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, value: any) => Field) | undefined;
 
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<any>> | undefined;
   static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
@@ -398,12 +374,12 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
     return this.constructor as typeof MerkleArray;
   }
 
-  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+  nextHash(hash: Field, value: T): Field {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
       'MerkleArray not initialized'
     );
-    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
 
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
@@ -414,3 +390,23 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
     return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
   }
 }
+
+// hash helpers
+
+function genericHash<T>(
+  provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+  prefix: string,
+  value: T
+) {
+  let input = provable.toInput(value);
+  let packed = packToFields(input);
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packed);
+}
+
+function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
+  return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
+    let input = provable.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
+  };
+}

From 598ba4419b238b661fa47232b5febbf36ab5112f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:35:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1375/1786] simple way to update unconstrained

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index adccc9a249..67bc6515af 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -562,6 +562,16 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Update an `Unconstrained` by a witness computation.
+   */
+  updateAsProver(compute: (value: T) => T) {
+    return Provable.asProver(() => {
+      let value = this.get();
+      this.set(compute(value));
+    });
+  }
+
   static provable: Provable<Unconstrained<any>> & {
     toInput: (x: Unconstrained<any>) => {
       fields?: Field[];

From 832f123c1493ec90929f8d85d0308b5eb8fc2930 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:38:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1376/1786] change merkle array start index from -1 to 0

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 52 ++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index ae0164f5c3..0e621f7279 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -66,9 +66,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
-    });
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [...data, { previousHash, element }]);
   }
 
   pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
@@ -78,11 +76,9 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
       this.nextHash(previousHash, element),
       previousHash
     );
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      if (condition.toBoolean()) {
-        this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
-      }
-    });
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
+      condition.toBoolean() ? [...data, { previousHash, element }] : data
+    );
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
@@ -196,28 +192,20 @@ type MerkleListIterator<T> = {
   readonly hash: Field;
   readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
+  /**
+   * The merkle list hash of `[data[currentIndex], ..., data[length-1]]` (when hashing from right to left).
+   *
+   * For example:
+   * - If `currentIndex === 0`, then `currentHash === this.hash` is the hash of the entire array.
+   * - If `currentIndex === length`, then `currentHash === emptyHash` is the hash of an empty array.
+   */
   currentHash: Field;
+  /**
+   * The index of the element that will be returned by the next call to `next()`.
+   */
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 };
 
-function MerkleListIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({
-    hash: Field,
-    data: Unconstrained.provable,
-    currentHash: Field,
-    currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
-  }) {
-    static empty(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
-      return {
-        hash: emptyHash,
-        data: Unconstrained.from([]),
-        currentHash: emptyHash,
-        currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
-      };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
 /**
  * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
  * instead of mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
@@ -244,7 +232,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
       data,
       hash,
       currentHash: hash,
-      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
+      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
     });
   }
   assertAtStart() {
@@ -272,12 +260,10 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   next() {
     // next corresponds to `pop()` in MerkleList
     // it returns a dummy element if we're at the end of the array
-    let index = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get() + 1);
-
     let { previousHash, element } = Provable.witness(
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
-        this.data.get()[index.get()] ?? {
+        this.data.get()[this.currentIndex.get()] ?? {
           previousHash: emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
@@ -288,7 +274,9 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     let requiredHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, correctHash);
     this.currentHash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
-    this.currentIndex.setTo(index);
+    this.currentIndex.updateAsProver((i) =>
+      Math.min(i + 1, this.data.get().length)
+    );
     this.currentHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, previousHash);
 
     return Provable.if(
@@ -349,7 +337,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
           data: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
           hash: currentHash,
           currentHash,
-          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
+          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
         });
       }
 

From 3e03b273b975082731653d0deb39aae3388e9d2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 12:37:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1377/1786] invert internal order in merkle list

---
 src/lib/hash.ts                   |  6 +++
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 3b24556b51..ab3dc883ca 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
 
 // internal API
 export {
+  ProvableHashable,
   HashInput,
   HashHelpers,
   emptyHashWithPrefix,
@@ -24,6 +25,11 @@ export {
   hashConstant,
 };
 
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
+  toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
+  empty: () => T;
+};
+
 class Sponge {
   #sponge: unknown;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index 0e621f7279..a3ded82ab3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import {
   Struct,
   Unconstrained,
   assert,
-} from 'o1js';
+} from '../../../index.js';
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { packToFields } from '../../hash.js';
+import { packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleListBase,
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): ProvableHashable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
+/**
+ * Common base type for {@link MerkleList} and {@link MerkleArray}
+ */
 type MerkleListBase<T> = {
   hash: Field;
   data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
@@ -47,6 +50,25 @@ function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
 
 // merkle list
 
+/**
+ * Dynamic-length list which is represented as a single hash
+ *
+ * Supported operations are {@link push()} and {@link pop()} and some variants thereof.
+ *
+ * **Important:** `push()` adds elements to the _start_ of the internal array and `pop()` removes them from the start.
+ * This is so that the hash which represents the list is consistent with {@link MerkleArray},
+ * and so a `MerkleList` can be used as input to `MerkleArray.startIterating(list)` (which will then iterate starting from the last pushed element).
+ *
+ * A Merkle list is generic over its element types, so before using it you must create a subclass for your element type:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * class MyList extends MerkleList.create(MyType) {}
+ *
+ * // now use it
+ * let list = MyList.empty();
+ * list.push(new MyType(...));
+ * ```
+ */
 class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   hash: Field;
   data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
@@ -59,14 +81,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
-  notEmpty() {
-    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash).not();
-  }
 
   push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [...data, { previousHash, element }]);
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [{ previousHash, element }, ...data]);
   }
 
   pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
@@ -77,18 +96,18 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
       previousHash
     );
     this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
-      condition.toBoolean() ? [...data, { previousHash, element }] : data
+      condition.toBoolean() ? [{ previousHash, element }, ...data] : data
     );
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
-      let value = this.data.get();
-      let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
+      let [value, ...data] = this.data.get();
+      let head = value ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
         element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
-      this.data.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      this.data.set(data);
       return head;
     });
   }
@@ -96,8 +115,8 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   popExn(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
-    let requiredHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+    let currentHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(currentHash);
 
     this.hash = previousHash;
     return element;
@@ -105,11 +124,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
 
   pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
-
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
-    let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    let requiredHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, correctHash);
-    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    let currentHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
+    currentHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, currentHash);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(currentHash);
 
     this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
     let provable = this.innerProvable;
@@ -123,6 +142,15 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
 
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
+   *
+   * Optionally, you can tell `create()` how to do the hash that pushed a new list element, by passing a `nextHash` function.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * class MyList extends MerkleList.create(Field, (hash, x) =>
+   *   Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('custom', [hash, x])
+   * ) {}
+   * ```
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
@@ -163,12 +191,12 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return this.constructor as typeof MerkleList;
   }
 
-  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+  nextHash(hash: Field, value: T): Field {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
       'MerkleList not initialized'
     );
-    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
 
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
@@ -180,12 +208,6 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   }
 }
 
-type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
-type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
-  toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
-  empty: () => T;
-};
-
 // merkle array
 
 type MerkleListIterator<T> = {

From f3a4a29b5e6535ac7515bde647d6ea583e38dcac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 13:51:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1378/1786] make merkle list the main callforest intf

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 18 ++++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts |  8 +--
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts           | 61 ++++++++++++++-------
 3 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 36d0840578..a4b070481d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
 } from './merkle-list.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
-export { CallForest, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
+export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
 export { HashedAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
     let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
@@ -46,8 +46,10 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   }
 }
 
+class CallForestArray extends MerkleArray.createFromList(CallForest) {}
+
 class Layer extends Struct({
-  forest: CallForest.provable,
+  forest: CallForestArray.provable,
   mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
 }) {}
 const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
@@ -66,7 +68,11 @@ class CallForestIterator {
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
   selfToken: Field;
 
-  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken, selfToken: Field) {
+  constructor(
+    forest: CallForestArray,
+    mayUseToken: MayUseToken,
+    selfToken: Field
+  ) {
     this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
     this.selfToken = selfToken;
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ class CallForestIterator {
 
   static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
     return new CallForestIterator(
-      forest,
+      CallForestArray.startIterating(forest),
       MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
       selfToken
     );
@@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
-    let forest = CallForest.startIterating(calls);
+    let forest = CallForestArray.startIterating(calls);
     let parentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
     this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentForest.isAtEnd().not(), {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 11b1ea3592..a9ca56bc56 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -88,25 +88,25 @@ test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
 });
 
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
-// i.e., CallForest.next() works
+// i.e., CallForestArray works
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   // prepare call forest from flat account updates
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates).startIterating();
 
   // step through top-level by calling forest.next() repeatedly
   let n = updates.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     let expected = updates[i];
-    let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+    let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.unhash();
     assertEqual(actual, expected);
   }
 
   // doing next() again should return a dummy
-  let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+  let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.unhash();
   assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index a3ded82ab3..60139dca77 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, data });
   }
 
+  startIterating(): MerkleArray<T> {
+    let merkleArray = MerkleArray.createFromList<T>(this.Constructor);
+    return merkleArray.startIterating(this);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
    *
@@ -158,6 +163,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
     // override static methods with strict types
     empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
+    from: (array: T[]) => MerkleList<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
   } {
     return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
@@ -174,6 +180,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
         return new this({ hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) });
       }
 
+      static from(array: T[]): MerkleList<T> {
+        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
+        return new this({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
+      }
+
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
         assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
         return this._provable;
@@ -249,14 +260,6 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
-  static startIterating<T>({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>) {
-    return new this({
-      data,
-      hash,
-      currentHash: hash,
-      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
-    });
-  }
   assertAtStart() {
     return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.hash);
   }
@@ -328,6 +331,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
   ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
     from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
+    startIterating: (list: MerkleListBase<T>) => MerkleArray<T>;
     empty: () => MerkleArray<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
   } {
@@ -346,19 +350,15 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
       static from(array: T[]): MerkleArray<T> {
-        let n = array.length;
-        let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);
-        let currentHash = emptyHash;
-
-        for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-          arrayWithHashes[i] = { previousHash: currentHash, element: array[i] };
-          currentHash = nextHash(currentHash, array[i]);
-        }
+        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
+        return this.startIterating({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
+      }
 
+      static startIterating({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>): MerkleArray<T> {
         return new this({
-          data: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
-          hash: currentHash,
-          currentHash,
+          data,
+          hash,
+          currentHash: hash,
           currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
         });
       }
@@ -374,6 +374,13 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     };
   }
 
+  static createFromList<T>(merkleList: typeof MerkleList<T>) {
+    return this.create<T>(
+      merkleList.prototype.innerProvable,
+      merkleList._nextHash
+    );
+  }
+
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, value: any) => Field) | undefined;
 
@@ -420,3 +427,19 @@ function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
     return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
   };
 }
+
+function withHashes<T>(
+  data: T[],
+  nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field
+): { data: WithHash<T>[]; hash: Field } {
+  let n = data.length;
+  let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);
+  let currentHash = emptyHash;
+
+  for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    arrayWithHashes[i] = { previousHash: currentHash, element: data[i] };
+    currentHash = nextHash(currentHash, data[i]);
+  }
+
+  return { data: arrayWithHashes, hash: currentHash };
+}

From d232aa91c527395c18c00d262960c782c89ff015 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 14:49:43 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1379/1786] token contract using call forest iterator

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            |  20 +++-
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts    |   5 +
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 145 ++++++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index b24b32354b..3b61e3a98d 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -671,7 +671,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     callsType:
       | { type: 'None' }
       | { type: 'Witness' }
-      | { type: 'Equals'; value: Field };
+      | { type: 'Equals'; value: Field }
+      | { type: 'WitnessEquals'; value: Field };
     accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
   } = {
     callsType: { type: 'None' },
@@ -874,6 +875,13 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     AccountUpdate.witnessChildren(childUpdate, layout, { skipCheck: true });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child-{@link AccountUpdate} of this.
+   */
+  adopt(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
+  }
+
   get balance() {
     let accountUpdate = this;
 
@@ -889,6 +897,13 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     };
   }
 
+  get balanceChange() {
+    return Int64.fromObject(this.body.balanceChange);
+  }
+  set balanceChange(x: Int64) {
+    this.body.balanceChange = x;
+  }
+
   get update(): Update {
     return this.body.update;
   }
@@ -1611,6 +1626,9 @@ const CallForest = {
     if (callsType.type === 'Witness') {
       return Provable.witness(Field, () => CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update));
     }
+    if (callsType.type === 'WitnessEquals') {
+      return callsType.value;
+    }
     let calls = CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
     if (callsType.type === 'Equals' && Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
       calls.assertEquals(callsType.value);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index a4b070481d..b56664a195 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   Provable,
   Struct,
   TokenId,
+  assert,
 } from '../../../index.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
@@ -152,6 +153,10 @@ class CallForestIterator {
 
     return { accountUpdate: update, usesThisToken };
   }
+
+  assertFinished() {
+    assert(this.currentLayer.forest.isAtEnd(), 'CallForest not finished');
+  }
 }
 
 // helper class to represent the position in a tree = the last visited node
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index e5c484089d..5f587be223 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -6,16 +6,89 @@ import {
   method,
   Mina,
   Permissions,
+  Provable,
   PublicKey,
   SmartContract,
   UInt64,
-  VerificationKey,
-} from 'o1js';
+} from '../../../index.js';
+import { CallForest, CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
+
+export { TransferableTokenContract };
+
+// it's fine to have this restriction, because the protocol also has a limit of ~20
+// TODO find out precise protocol limit
+const MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES = 20;
 
 /**
- * Simple token with API flexible enough to handle all our use cases
+ * Attempt at a standardized token contract which seemlessly supports all of the following model use cases:
+ *
+ * **Transfer** { from, to, amount }, supporting the various configurations:
+ *
+ * - from `send: signature` to `receive: none` (classical end-user transfer)
+ * - from `send: signature` to `receive: signature` (atypical end-user transfer)
+ * - from `send: signature` to `receive: proof` (deposit into zkapp w/ strict setup)
+ *
+ * - from `send: proof` to `receive: none` (typical transfer from zkapp)
+ * - from `send: proof` to `receive: signature` (transfer from zkapp to atypical end-user)
+ * - from `send: proof` to `receive: proof` (transfer from zkapp to zkapp w/ strict setup)
  */
-class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
+class TransferableTokenContract extends SmartContract {
+  // APPROVABLE API
+
+  @method
+  approveUpdates(updatesList: CallForest) {
+    let forest = CallForestIterator.create(updatesList, this.token.id);
+    let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
+
+    // iterate through the forest and accumulate balance changes
+    for (let i = 0; i < MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES; i++) {
+      let { accountUpdate, usesThisToken } = forest.next();
+
+      totalBalanceChange = totalBalanceChange.add(
+        Provable.if(usesThisToken, accountUpdate.balanceChange, Int64.zero)
+      );
+
+      this.self.adopt(accountUpdate);
+    }
+
+    // prove that we checked all updates
+    forest.assertFinished();
+
+    // prove that the total balance change is zero
+    totalBalanceChange.assertEquals(0);
+
+    // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
+    // since we just did that in the loop above
+    this.self.children.callsType = {
+      type: 'WitnessEquals',
+      value: updatesList.hash,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // TRANSFERABLE API - simple wrapper around Approvable API
+
+  transfer(
+    from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
+    to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
+    amount: UInt64
+  ) {
+    // coerce the inputs to AccountUpdate and pass to `approveUpdates()`
+    let tokenId = this.token.id;
+    if (from instanceof PublicKey) {
+      from = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(from, tokenId);
+    }
+    if (to instanceof PublicKey) {
+      to = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(to, tokenId);
+    }
+    from.balance.subInPlace(amount);
+    to.balance.addInPlace(amount);
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([from, to]);
+    this.approveUpdates(forest);
+  }
+
+  // BELOW: example implementation specific to this token
+
   // constant supply
   SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
 
@@ -42,68 +115,4 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     // pay fees for opened account
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
   }
-
-  // this is a very standardized deploy method. instead, we could also take the account update from a callback
-  // => need callbacks for signatures
-  @method deployZkapp(address: PublicKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
-    let zkapp = AccountUpdate.create(address, tokenId);
-    zkapp.account.permissions.set(Permissions.default());
-    zkapp.account.verificationKey.set(verificationKey);
-    zkapp.requireSignature();
-  }
-
-  @method approveUpdate(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate);
-    let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-    balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(0));
-  }
-
-  // FIXME: remove this
-  @method approveAny(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
-  }
-
-  // let a zkapp send tokens to someone, provided the token supply stays constant
-  @method approveUpdateAndSend(
-    zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    to: PublicKey,
-    amount: UInt64
-  ) {
-    // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
-    let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
-    zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
-    let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
-    grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-    grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-
-    // see if balance change cancels the amount sent
-    let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-    balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
-    // add same amount of tokens to the receiving address
-    this.token.mint({ address: to, amount });
-  }
-
-  transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
-    if (to instanceof PublicKey)
-      return this.transferToAddress(from, to, amount);
-    if (to instanceof AccountUpdate)
-      return this.transferToUpdate(from, to, amount);
-  }
-  @method transferToAddress(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64) {
-    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-  }
-  @method transferToUpdate(from: PublicKey, to: AccountUpdate, value: UInt64) {
-    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-  }
-
-  @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
-    let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
-    let balance = accountUpdate.account.balance.get();
-    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
-      accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
-    );
-    return balance;
-  }
 }

From ff799dec1eb5aef7e407b7854d527365f01de13f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 15:30:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1380/1786] start testing

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 8 ++++++++
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     | 5 +++--
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 5f587be223..ffd8ee31f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -116,3 +116,11 @@ class TransferableTokenContract extends SmartContract {
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
   }
 }
+
+// TESTS
+
+TransferableTokenContract.analyzeMethods({ printSummary: true });
+
+console.time('compile');
+await TransferableTokenContract.compile();
+console.timeEnd('compile');
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9346973f72..c317b92cdc 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ super.init();
    *  - `actions` the number of actions the method dispatches
    *  - `gates` the constraint system, represented as an array of gates
    */
-  static analyzeMethods() {
+  static analyzeMethods({ printSummary = false } = {}) {
     let ZkappClass = this as typeof SmartContract;
     let methodMetadata = (ZkappClass._methodMetadata ??= {});
     let methodIntfs = ZkappClass._methods ?? [];
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ super.init();
       try {
         for (let methodIntf of methodIntfs) {
           let accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
-          let { rows, digest, result, gates } = analyzeMethod(
+          let { rows, digest, result, gates, summary } = analyzeMethod(
             ZkappPublicInput,
             methodIntf,
             (publicInput, publicKey, tokenId, ...args) => {
@@ -1206,6 +1206,7 @@ super.init();
             hasReturn: result !== undefined,
             gates,
           };
+          if (printSummary) console.log(methodIntf.methodName, summary());
         }
       } finally {
         if (insideSmartContract) smartContractContext.leave(id!);

From 83a4d9f5681b2945ece8cbe408825e813a648b6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 20:47:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1381/1786] only zkapps with proof authorization can be called

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index c317b92cdc..9933d9db20 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ import {
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -473,6 +474,11 @@ function wrapMethod(
       accountUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(this.address);
       accountUpdate.body.tokenId.assertEquals(this.self.body.tokenId);
 
+      // assert that the callee account update has proof authorization. everything else would have much worse security trade-offs,
+      // because a one-time change of the callee semantics by using a signature could go unnoticed even if we monitor the callee's
+      // onchain verification key
+      assert(accountUpdate.body.authorizationKind.isProved, 'callee is proved');
+
       // assert that the inputs & outputs we have match what the callee put on its callData
       let callDataFields = computeCallData(
         methodIntf,

From 1b54524ccb851ad4feb6ee150247a6212ccdc3d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:05:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1382/1786] lower level deps for merkle list

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 15 +++++----------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index 60139dca77..7fc72b1592 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
-import {
-  Bool,
-  Field,
-  Poseidon,
-  Provable,
-  Struct,
-  Unconstrained,
-  assert,
-} from '../../../index.js';
+import { Bool, Field } from '../../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
+import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
+import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleListBase,

From ca471a4351f78435cd0badc16e1a8d3aefb06962 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:06:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1383/1786] move merkle list

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts                    |  2 +-
 .../{mina/token => provable-types}/merkle-list.ts    | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{mina/token => provable-types}/merkle-list.ts (97%)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index b56664a195..00799ccc5d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   MerkleList,
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
-} from './merkle-list.js';
+} from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
 export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
rename to src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 7fc72b1592..3e299f8c0c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import { Bool, Field } from '../../core.js';
-import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
-import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../../circuit_value.js';
-import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
-import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
+import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleListBase,

From 491b93b511da1f2cc6464d1cebbb81f965593132 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:06:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1384/1786] expose merkle list/array

---
 src/index.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 8b8aa0672e..81f3bb4193 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ export { Packed, Hashed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
+export {
+  MerkleList,
+  MerkleArray,
+  ProvableHashable,
+} from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {

From 29829d4f8b280e6476ab56120d27152004eaf352 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:17:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1385/1786] remove unnecessary code

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts | 16 ----------------
 1 file changed, 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 00799ccc5d..0e3d869d99 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -159,22 +159,6 @@ class CallForestIterator {
   }
 }
 
-// helper class to represent the position in a tree = the last visited node
-
-// every entry in the array is a layer
-// so if there are two entries, we last visited a node in the second layer
-// this index is the index of the node in that layer
-type TreePosition = { index: number; isDone: boolean }[];
-// const TreePosition = {
-//   stepDown(position: TreePosition, numberOfChildren: number) {
-//     position.push({ index: 0, isDone: false });
-//   },
-//   stepUp(position: TreePosition) {
-//     position.pop();
-//     position[position.length - 1].index++;
-//   },
-// };
-
 // how to hash a forest
 
 function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {

From 5465321f8ba1a423e957e8be30b3cf1288751659 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:36:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1386/1786] split out general base contract which example
 contract is implemented on

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts             |   7 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts          | 104 ++++++------------
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    |  64 +++++++++++
 3 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 0e3d869d99..d8804de9da 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -154,8 +154,11 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     return { accountUpdate: update, usesThisToken };
   }
 
-  assertFinished() {
-    assert(this.currentLayer.forest.isAtEnd(), 'CallForest not finished');
+  assertFinished(message?: string) {
+    assert(
+      this.currentLayer.forest.isAtEnd(),
+      message ?? 'CallForest not finished'
+    );
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index ffd8ee31f0..5ad25da313 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -2,66 +2,71 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Bool,
   DeployArgs,
-  Int64,
-  method,
-  Mina,
   Permissions,
-  Provable,
   PublicKey,
   SmartContract,
   UInt64,
 } from '../../../index.js';
 import { CallForest, CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
 
-export { TransferableTokenContract };
+export { TokenContract };
 
 // it's fine to have this restriction, because the protocol also has a limit of ~20
 // TODO find out precise protocol limit
 const MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES = 20;
 
 /**
- * Attempt at a standardized token contract which seemlessly supports all of the following model use cases:
- *
- * **Transfer** { from, to, amount }, supporting the various configurations:
- *
- * - from `send: signature` to `receive: none` (classical end-user transfer)
- * - from `send: signature` to `receive: signature` (atypical end-user transfer)
- * - from `send: signature` to `receive: proof` (deposit into zkapp w/ strict setup)
- *
- * - from `send: proof` to `receive: none` (typical transfer from zkapp)
- * - from `send: proof` to `receive: signature` (transfer from zkapp to atypical end-user)
- * - from `send: proof` to `receive: proof` (transfer from zkapp to zkapp w/ strict setup)
+ * Base token contract which
+ * - implements the `Approvable` API with some easy bit left to be defined by subclasses
+ * - implements the `Transferable` API as a wrapper around the `Approvable` API
  */
-class TransferableTokenContract extends SmartContract {
-  // APPROVABLE API
+class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
+  // change default permissions - important that token contracts use an access permission
 
-  @method
-  approveUpdates(updatesList: CallForest) {
-    let forest = CallForestIterator.create(updatesList, this.token.id);
-    let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
+  deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
+    super.deploy(args);
+    this.account.permissions.set({
+      ...Permissions.default(),
+      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  // APPROVABLE API has to be specified by subclasses,
+  // but the hard part is `approveEachUpdate()`
 
-    // iterate through the forest and accumulate balance changes
+  approveUpdates(_: CallForest) {
+    throw Error(
+      'TokenContract.approveUpdates() must be implemented by subclasses'
+    );
+  }
+
+  forEachUpdate(
+    updates: CallForest,
+    callback: (update: AccountUpdate, usesToken: Bool) => void
+  ) {
+    let forest = CallForestIterator.create(updates, this.token.id);
+
+    // iterate through the forest and apply user-defined logc
     for (let i = 0; i < MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES; i++) {
       let { accountUpdate, usesThisToken } = forest.next();
 
-      totalBalanceChange = totalBalanceChange.add(
-        Provable.if(usesThisToken, accountUpdate.balanceChange, Int64.zero)
-      );
+      callback(accountUpdate, usesThisToken);
 
+      // add update to our children
       this.self.adopt(accountUpdate);
     }
 
     // prove that we checked all updates
-    forest.assertFinished();
-
-    // prove that the total balance change is zero
-    totalBalanceChange.assertEquals(0);
+    forest.assertFinished(
+      `Number of account updates to approve exceed ` +
+        `the supported limit of ${MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES}.\n`
+    );
 
     // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
     // since we just did that in the loop above
     this.self.children.callsType = {
       type: 'WitnessEquals',
-      value: updatesList.hash,
+      value: updates.hash,
     };
   }
 
@@ -86,41 +91,4 @@ class TransferableTokenContract extends SmartContract {
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([from, to]);
     this.approveUpdates(forest);
   }
-
-  // BELOW: example implementation specific to this token
-
-  // constant supply
-  SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
-
-  deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
-    super.deploy(args);
-    this.account.permissions.set({
-      ...Permissions.default(),
-      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-    });
-  }
-
-  @method init() {
-    super.init();
-
-    // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
-    let receiver = this.token.mint({
-      address: this.address,
-      amount: this.SUPPLY,
-    });
-
-    // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
-    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
-
-    // pay fees for opened account
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
-  }
 }
-
-// TESTS
-
-TransferableTokenContract.analyzeMethods({ printSummary: true });
-
-console.time('compile');
-await TransferableTokenContract.compile();
-console.timeEnd('compile');
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff5a3c4b6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { Bool, Int64, method, Mina, Provable, UInt64 } from '../../../index.js';
+import { CallForest } from './call-forest.js';
+import { TokenContract } from './token-contract.js';
+
+/**
+ * Attempt at a standardized token contract which seemlessly supports all of the following model use cases:
+ *
+ * **Transfer** { from, to, amount }, supporting the various configurations:
+ *
+ * - from `send: signature` to `receive: none` (classical end-user transfer)
+ * - from `send: signature` to `receive: signature` (atypical end-user transfer)
+ * - from `send: signature` to `receive: proof` (deposit into zkapp w/ strict setup)
+ *
+ * - from `send: proof` to `receive: none` (typical transfer from zkapp)
+ * - from `send: proof` to `receive: signature` (transfer from zkapp to atypical end-user)
+ * - from `send: proof` to `receive: proof` (transfer from zkapp to zkapp w/ strict setup)
+ */
+class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
+  // APPROVABLE API
+
+  @method
+  approveUpdates(updates: CallForest) {
+    let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
+
+    this.forEachUpdate(updates, (accountUpdate, usesToken) => {
+      totalBalanceChange = totalBalanceChange.add(
+        Provable.if(usesToken, accountUpdate.balanceChange, Int64.zero)
+      );
+    });
+
+    // prove that the total balance change is zero
+    totalBalanceChange.assertEquals(0);
+  }
+
+  // BELOW: example implementation specific to this token
+
+  // constant supply
+  SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
+
+  @method
+  init() {
+    super.init();
+
+    // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
+    let receiver = this.token.mint({
+      address: this.address,
+      amount: this.SUPPLY,
+    });
+
+    // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
+    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+
+    // pay fees for opened account
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+  }
+}
+
+// TESTS
+
+ExampleTokenContract.analyzeMethods({ printSummary: true });
+
+console.time('compile');
+await ExampleTokenContract.compile();
+console.timeEnd('compile');

From b1ce65844ec1cc3e75fe2b2df9825e79757775f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:41:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1387/1786] fix dependencies

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts     | 18 +++++++-----------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts  | 14 +++++---------
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts |  1 -
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index d8804de9da..ccf3ccec9a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
 import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
-import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  Hashed,
-  Poseidon,
-  Provable,
-  Struct,
-  TokenId,
-  assert,
-} from '../../../index.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { Field } from '../../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
+import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
+import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
+import { Hashed } from '../../provable-types/packed.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
   MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
-  ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
 } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
-import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
 export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 5ad25da313..af0301bf3e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  Bool,
-  DeployArgs,
-  Permissions,
-  PublicKey,
-  SmartContract,
-  UInt64,
-} from '../../../index.js';
+import { Bool } from '../../core.js';
+import { UInt64 } from '../../int.js';
+import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Permissions } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { CallForest, CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 3e299f8c0c..72dee6d025 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ export {
   MerkleArray,
   WithHash,
   emptyHash,
-  ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
   merkleListHash,
 };

From 407d31af5ff778f050ca2e2a0bc4bdbf8b2b6478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:42:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1388/1786] fix build

---
 src/index.ts | 8 ++------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 81f3bb4193..d18500bfb7 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export {
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, ProvableHashable } from './lib/hash.js';
 export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
 export { Hash } from './lib/hashes-combined.js';
 
@@ -40,11 +40,7 @@ export { Packed, Hashed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
-export {
-  MerkleList,
-  MerkleArray,
-  ProvableHashable,
-} from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';

From ebca276e82ed0971e5705591c9c0129ce5c8d1d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2024 08:55:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1389/1786] submodules

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index df4ca0e729..14bddb6f69 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit df4ca0e7291d7eb0af5034726d8eb975e359c62d
+Subproject commit 14bddb6f69cd0240b81a9d74488a5a6e10ad319f
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 00e3aa4ef3..f4e67fe467 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 00e3aa4ef3aaaa13822a714f32926c824daae487
+Subproject commit f4e67fe4672762b327026614882a2e8847287688

From b8e90d5417208109078b854ce4b2daa463323774 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2024 12:11:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1390/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0594d6dc9e..36b3109217 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Changed
 
-- Improve performance of Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
+- Improve performance of Wasm Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
+  - Speeds up local blockchain tests without proving by ~40%
+- Improve performance of Field inverse https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1373
+  - Speeds up proving by ~2-4%
 
 ## [0.15.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...be748e42e)
 

From f1e5b9b11b17237880abfa3918932693f97f9a39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 26 Jan 2024 21:35:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1391/1786] Add support for mainnet.

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     |  4 +--
 src/lib/mina.ts                               | 31 ++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/signature.ts                          | 11 +++++--
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts                 | 10 +++---
 src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts                |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts     |  3 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts            |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts  |  3 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts     |  2 +-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts              |  4 +--
 11 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 714fba42c5..f5f6c3a015 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1934,7 +1934,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       fullCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      'testnet'
+      Mina.networkId
     );
     return { body, authorization: Signature.toBase58(signature) };
   }
@@ -1967,7 +1967,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       transactionCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      'testnet'
+      Mina.networkId
     );
     Authorization.setSignature(accountUpdate, Signature.toBase58(signature));
     return accountUpdate as AccountUpdate & { lazyAuthorization: undefined };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index bcc2573803..2d7905405f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import {
   transactionCommitments,
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { NetworkId } from 'src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -65,9 +66,12 @@ export {
   getProofsEnabled,
   // for internal testing only
   filterGroups,
-  type NetworkConstants
+  type NetworkConstants,
+  networkId
 };
 
+let networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
+
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
@@ -685,22 +689,21 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 // assert type compatibility without preventing LocalBlockchain to return additional properties / methods
 LocalBlockchain satisfies (...args: any) => Mina;
 
+type MinaNetworkEndpoints = {
+  mina: string | string[];
+  archive?: string | string[];
+  lightnetAccountManager?: string;
+};
+
 /**
  * Represents the Mina blockchain running on a real network
  */
 function Network(graphqlEndpoint: string): Mina;
-function Network(endpoints: {
-  mina: string | string[];
-  archive?: string | string[];
-  lightnetAccountManager?: string;
-}): Mina;
+function Network(endpoints: MinaNetworkEndpoints): Mina;
 function Network(
   input:
-    | {
-        mina: string | string[];
-        archive?: string | string[];
-        lightnetAccountManager?: string;
-      }
+    | { networkId: NetworkId; endpoints: MinaNetworkEndpoints }
+    | MinaNetworkEndpoints
     | string
 ): Mina {
   let minaGraphqlEndpoint: string;
@@ -711,6 +714,10 @@ function Network(
     minaGraphqlEndpoint = input;
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
   } else if (input && typeof input === 'object') {
+    if ('endpoints' in input) {
+      networkId = input.networkId;
+      input = input.endpoints;
+    }
     if (!input.mina)
       throw new Error(
         "Network: malformed input. Please provide an object with 'mina' endpoint."
@@ -1406,7 +1413,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
       isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
         TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
         transactionCommitments,
-        'testnet'
+        networkId
       );
     } catch (error) {
       errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 58d68ccef0..63100dcb05 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { constantScalarToBigint } from './scalar.js';
 import { toConstantField } from './field.js';
+import { networkId } from './mina.js';
 
 // external API
 export { PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature };
@@ -243,13 +244,15 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        'testnet'
+        networkId
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      prefixes.signatureTestnet,
+      networkId === 'mainnet' 
+        ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
+        : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"
@@ -266,7 +269,9 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
   verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      prefixes.signatureTestnet,
+      networkId === 'mainnet' 
+        ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
+        : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index d4dce0e2df..b79859a8ea 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import * as Json from './src/TSTypes.js';
-import type { SignedLegacy, Signed, Network } from './src/TSTypes.js';
+import type { SignedLegacy, Signed, NetworkId } from './src/TSTypes.js';
 
 import {
   isPayment,
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ export { Client as default };
 const defaultValidUntil = '4294967295';
 
 class Client {
-  private network: Network;
+  private network: NetworkId; // TODO: Rename to "networkId" for consistency with remaining codebase.
 
-  constructor(options: { network: Network }) {
+  constructor(options: { network: NetworkId }) {
     if (!options?.network) {
       throw Error('Invalid Specified Network');
     }
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Client {
    */
   signFields(fields: bigint[], privateKey: Json.PrivateKey): Signed<bigint[]> {
     let privateKey_ = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'testnet');
+    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, this.network);
     return {
       signature: Signature.toBase58(signature),
       publicKey: PublicKey.toBase58(PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privateKey_)),
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Client {
       Signature.fromBase58(signature),
       { fields: data },
       PublicKey.fromBase58(publicKey),
-      'testnet'
+      this.network
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts
index 732b85845d..d0e2c6991a 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export type Field = number | bigint | string;
 export type PublicKey = string;
 export type PrivateKey = string;
 export type Signature = SignatureJson;
-export type Network = 'mainnet' | 'testnet';
+export type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet';
 
 export type Keypair = {
   readonly privateKey: PrivateKey;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
index 80ecf9d7f6..8b58405ae3 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import {
   ZkappCommand,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import { PrivateKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
-import { NetworkId, Signature } from './signature.js';
+import { Signature } from './signature.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 export { RandomTransaction };
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts
index 2cc71b9e98..11c262c308 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ import { HashInputLegacy } from '../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import { Memo } from './memo.js';
 import {
   SignatureJson,
-  NetworkId,
   Signature,
   signLegacy,
   verifyLegacy,
 } from './signature.js';
 import { Json } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import { bytesToBits, stringToBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 export {
   signPayment,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
index f414f1c7fa..e5d6eb64ea 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@ import {
   verifyStakeDelegation,
   verifyStringSignature,
 } from './sign-legacy.js';
-import { NetworkId, Signature, SignatureJson } from './signature.js';
+import { Signature, SignatureJson } from './signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { PublicKey, Scalar } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../../lib/testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 let { privateKey, publicKey } = keypair;
 let networks: NetworkId[] = ['testnet', 'mainnet'];
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 07d8a37c62..7644c2ee32 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ import {
 } from '../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import { Memo } from './memo.js';
 import {
-  NetworkId,
   Signature,
   signFieldElement,
   verifyFieldElement,
 } from './signature.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 // external API
 export { signZkappCommand, verifyZkappCommandSignature };
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index e400f9c8d4..49677e6ca9 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import {
 import { packToFields as packToFieldsSnarky } from '../../lib/hash.js';
 import { Memo } from './memo.js';
 import {
-  NetworkId,
   Signature,
   signFieldElement,
   verifyFieldElement,
@@ -44,6 +43,7 @@ import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
 import { Ml, MlHashInput } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import { FieldConst } from '../../lib/field.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 // monkey-patch bigint to json
 (BigInt.prototype as any).toJSON = function () {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 2731b7874e..9e719cebdd 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import {
 import { base58 } from '../../lib/base58.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 export {
   sign,
@@ -35,7 +36,6 @@ export {
   verifyFieldElement,
   Signature,
   SignatureJson,
-  NetworkId,
   signLegacy,
   verifyLegacy,
   deriveNonce,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export {
 
 const networkIdMainnet = 0x01n;
 const networkIdTestnet = 0x00n;
-type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet';
+
 type Signature = { r: Field; s: Scalar };
 type SignatureJson = { field: string; scalar: string };
 

From 88025a4b6a3d00e45a19a6712f0c5f60fab5b557 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 2024 11:04:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1392/1786] Add support for mainnet.

---
 src/index.ts              |  1 +
 src/lib/account_update.ts |  5 +++--
 src/lib/mina.ts           | 10 ++++------
 src/lib/mina/config.ts    | 11 +++++++++++
 src/lib/signature.ts      |  8 ++++----
 5 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/config.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 47d35c815a..fe7c0f23d7 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
+export * as Config from './lib/mina/config.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {
   SmartContract,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f5f6c3a015..c38675e55c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import * as Config from './mina/config.js';
 
 // external API
 export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
@@ -1934,7 +1935,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       fullCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Mina.networkId
+      Config.getNetworkId()
     );
     return { body, authorization: Signature.toBase58(signature) };
   }
@@ -1967,7 +1968,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       transactionCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Mina.networkId
+      Config.getNetworkId()
     );
     Authorization.setSignature(accountUpdate, Signature.toBase58(signature));
     return accountUpdate as AccountUpdate & { lazyAuthorization: undefined };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 2d7905405f..ea4729a6f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ import {
   transactionCommitments,
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import { NetworkId } from 'src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import * as Config from './mina/config.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -67,11 +68,8 @@ export {
   // for internal testing only
   filterGroups,
   type NetworkConstants,
-  networkId
 };
 
-let networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
-
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
@@ -715,7 +713,7 @@ function Network(
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
   } else if (input && typeof input === 'object') {
     if ('endpoints' in input) {
-      networkId = input.networkId;
+      Config.setNetworkId(input.networkId);
       input = input.endpoints;
     }
     if (!input.mina)
@@ -1413,7 +1411,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
       isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
         TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
         transactionCommitments,
-        networkId
+        Config.getNetworkId()
       );
     } catch (error) {
       errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/config.ts b/src/lib/mina/config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3faba480e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+
+let networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
+
+export function setNetworkId(id: NetworkId) {
+  networkId = id;
+}
+
+export function getNetworkId() {
+  return networkId;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 63100dcb05..d58d9fb137 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { constantScalarToBigint } from './scalar.js';
 import { toConstantField } from './field.js';
-import { networkId } from './mina.js';
+import * as Config from './mina/config.js';
 
 // external API
 export { PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature };
@@ -244,13 +244,13 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        networkId
+        Config.getNetworkId()
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      networkId === 'mainnet' 
+      Config.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
         ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
         : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
   verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      networkId === 'mainnet' 
+      Config.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
         ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
         : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])

From dfbea2222149e332f30453f1a891e4dfd8c08127 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 2024 15:22:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1393/1786] Rename Mina.Network::input to options.

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index ea4729a6f8..1c370a9a4d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ type MinaNetworkEndpoints = {
 function Network(graphqlEndpoint: string): Mina;
 function Network(endpoints: MinaNetworkEndpoints): Mina;
 function Network(
-  input:
+  options:
     | { networkId: NetworkId; endpoints: MinaNetworkEndpoints }
     | MinaNetworkEndpoints
     | string
@@ -708,43 +708,43 @@ function Network(
   let archiveEndpoint: string;
   let lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint: string;
 
-  if (input && typeof input === 'string') {
-    minaGraphqlEndpoint = input;
+  if (options && typeof options === 'string') {
+    minaGraphqlEndpoint = options;
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
-  } else if (input && typeof input === 'object') {
-    if ('endpoints' in input) {
-      Config.setNetworkId(input.networkId);
-      input = input.endpoints;
+  } else if (options && typeof options === 'object') {
+    if ('endpoints' in options) {
+      Config.setNetworkId(options.networkId);
+      options = options.endpoints;
     }
-    if (!input.mina)
+    if (!options.mina)
       throw new Error(
         "Network: malformed input. Please provide an object with 'mina' endpoint."
       );
-    if (Array.isArray(input.mina) && input.mina.length !== 0) {
-      minaGraphqlEndpoint = input.mina[0];
+    if (Array.isArray(options.mina) && options.mina.length !== 0) {
+      minaGraphqlEndpoint = options.mina[0];
       Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
-      Fetch.setMinaGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(input.mina.slice(1));
-    } else if (typeof input.mina === 'string') {
-      minaGraphqlEndpoint = input.mina;
+      Fetch.setMinaGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(options.mina.slice(1));
+    } else if (typeof options.mina === 'string') {
+      minaGraphqlEndpoint = options.mina;
       Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
     }
 
-    if (input.archive !== undefined) {
-      if (Array.isArray(input.archive) && input.archive.length !== 0) {
-        archiveEndpoint = input.archive[0];
+    if (options.archive !== undefined) {
+      if (Array.isArray(options.archive) && options.archive.length !== 0) {
+        archiveEndpoint = options.archive[0];
         Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
-        Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(input.archive.slice(1));
-      } else if (typeof input.archive === 'string') {
-        archiveEndpoint = input.archive;
+        Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints(options.archive.slice(1));
+      } else if (typeof options.archive === 'string') {
+        archiveEndpoint = options.archive;
         Fetch.setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint(archiveEndpoint);
       }
     }
 
     if (
-      input.lightnetAccountManager !== undefined &&
-      typeof input.lightnetAccountManager === 'string'
+      options.lightnetAccountManager !== undefined &&
+      typeof options.lightnetAccountManager === 'string'
     ) {
-      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = input.lightnetAccountManager;
+      lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint = options.lightnetAccountManager;
       Fetch.setLightnetAccountManagerEndpoint(lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint);
     }
   } else {

From 8a6e3c3090c8aba47bba2cbed053be5ae9b7a440 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 2024 17:43:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1394/1786] Updating the tests.

---
 src/index.ts                                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                          | 6 +++---
 src/lib/mina.ts                                    | 6 +++---
 src/lib/signature.ts                               | 8 ++++----
 src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts | 2 ++
 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index fe7c0f23d7..3aa1f4a29f 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
-export * as Config from './lib/mina/config.js';
+export * as MinaConfig from './lib/mina/config.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {
   SmartContract,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c38675e55c..7436fb1ff4 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import * as Config from './mina/config.js';
+import * as MinaConfig from './mina/config.js';
 
 // external API
 export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
@@ -1935,7 +1935,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       fullCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Config.getNetworkId()
+      MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
     );
     return { body, authorization: Signature.toBase58(signature) };
   }
@@ -1968,7 +1968,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       transactionCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Config.getNetworkId()
+      MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
     );
     Authorization.setSignature(accountUpdate, Signature.toBase58(signature));
     return accountUpdate as AccountUpdate & { lazyAuthorization: undefined };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 1c370a9a4d..faec79115f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import {
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
-import * as Config from './mina/config.js';
+import * as MinaConfig from './mina/config.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ function Network(
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
   } else if (options && typeof options === 'object') {
     if ('endpoints' in options) {
-      Config.setNetworkId(options.networkId);
+      MinaConfig.setNetworkId(options.networkId);
       options = options.endpoints;
     }
     if (!options.mina)
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
       isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
         TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
         transactionCommitments,
-        Config.getNetworkId()
+        MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
       );
     } catch (error) {
       errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index d58d9fb137..99e9bcba34 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { constantScalarToBigint } from './scalar.js';
 import { toConstantField } from './field.js';
-import * as Config from './mina/config.js';
+import * as MinaConfig from './mina/config.js';
 
 // external API
 export { PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature };
@@ -244,13 +244,13 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        Config.getNetworkId()
+        MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      Config.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
+      MinaConfig.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
         ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
         : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
   verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      Config.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
+      MinaConfig.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
         ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
         : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index c32180cff0..3b3f765eef 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ import Client from '../MinaSigner.js';
 import { PrivateKey, Signature } from '../../lib/signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { Provable } from '../../lib/provable.js';
+import * as MinaConfig from '../../lib/mina/config.js';
 
 let fields = [10n, 20n, 30n, 340817401n, 2091283n, 1n, 0n];
 let privateKey = 'EKENaWFuAiqktsnWmxq8zaoR8bSgVdscsghJE5tV6hPoNm8qBKWM';
 
 // sign with mina-signer
+MinaConfig.setNetworkId('mainnet');
 let client = new Client({ network: 'mainnet' });
 let signed = client.signFields(fields, privateKey);
 

From 91dbd97ffed953bc49db3aba3d140727e760ac30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 2024 18:03:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1395/1786] add edge case to investigate

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 250b088709..f21adb722f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,17 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
   });
+  badSignature.rng = Random.withHardCoded(badSignature.rng, {
+    signature: {
+      r: 3243632040670678816425112099743675011873398345579979202080647260629177216981n,
+      s: 0n,
+    },
+    msg: 0n,
+    publicKey: {
+      x: 28948022309329048855892746252171976963363056481941560715954676764349967630336n,
+      y: 2n,
+    },
+  });
 
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 

From 7a8597e6f491c3df7726412e6201eff25a1209b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 10:23:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1396/1786] Addressing review comments.

---
 src/index.ts                                  |  1 -
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     |  5 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                               | 64 ++++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/mina/config.ts                        | 11 ----
 src/lib/signature.ts                          | 12 ++--
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts                 |  2 +-
 .../tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts        |  2 -
 7 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/mina/config.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 3aa1f4a29f..47d35c815a 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
-export * as MinaConfig from './lib/mina/config.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {
   SmartContract,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 7436fb1ff4..f585fed1cd 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import * as MinaConfig from './mina/config.js';
 
 // external API
 export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
@@ -1935,7 +1934,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       fullCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
+      Mina.getNetworkId()
     );
     return { body, authorization: Signature.toBase58(signature) };
   }
@@ -1968,7 +1967,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       transactionCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
+      Mina.getNetworkId()
     );
     Authorization.setSignature(accountUpdate, Signature.toBase58(signature));
     return accountUpdate as AccountUpdate & { lazyAuthorization: undefined };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index faec79115f..da54abf118 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import {
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
-import * as MinaConfig from './mina/config.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -53,6 +52,7 @@ export {
   getAccount,
   hasAccount,
   getBalance,
+  getNetworkId,
   getNetworkConstants,
   getNetworkState,
   accountCreationFee,
@@ -376,6 +376,7 @@ interface Mina {
     tokenId?: Field
   ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
   proofsEnabled: boolean;
+  getNetworkId(): NetworkId;
 }
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
@@ -391,12 +392,23 @@ const defaultNetworkConstants: NetworkConstants = {
 function LocalBlockchain({
   proofsEnabled = true,
   enforceTransactionLimits = true,
+  networkId = 'testnet' as NetworkId,
 } = {}) {
   const slotTime = 3 * 60 * 1000;
   const startTime = Date.now();
   const genesisTimestamp = UInt64.from(startTime);
   const ledger = Ledger.create();
   let networkState = defaultNetworkState();
+  let minaNetworkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
+
+  if (networkId) {
+    if (networkId !== 'mainnet' && networkId !== 'testnet') {
+      throw Error(
+        "Invalid network id specified. Please use 'mainnet' or 'testnet'"
+      );
+    }
+    minaNetworkId = networkId;
+  }
 
   function addAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: string) {
     ledger.addAccount(Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey), balance);
@@ -423,6 +435,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
   > = {};
 
   return {
+    getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
     proofsEnabled,
     /**
    * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
@@ -496,7 +509,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             account,
             update,
             commitments,
-            this.proofsEnabled
+            this.proofsEnabled,
+            this.getNetworkId()
           );
         }
       }
@@ -687,23 +701,27 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 // assert type compatibility without preventing LocalBlockchain to return additional properties / methods
 LocalBlockchain satisfies (...args: any) => Mina;
 
-type MinaNetworkEndpoints = {
-  mina: string | string[];
-  archive?: string | string[];
-  lightnetAccountManager?: string;
-};
-
 /**
  * Represents the Mina blockchain running on a real network
  */
 function Network(graphqlEndpoint: string): Mina;
-function Network(endpoints: MinaNetworkEndpoints): Mina;
+function Network(options: {
+  networkId?: NetworkId;
+  mina: string | string[];
+  archive?: string | string[];
+  lightnetAccountManager?: string;
+}): Mina;
 function Network(
   options:
-    | { networkId: NetworkId; endpoints: MinaNetworkEndpoints }
-    | MinaNetworkEndpoints
+    | {
+        networkId?: NetworkId;
+        mina: string | string[];
+        archive?: string | string[];
+        lightnetAccountManager?: string;
+      }
     | string
 ): Mina {
+  let minaNetworkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
   let minaGraphqlEndpoint: string;
   let archiveEndpoint: string;
   let lightnetAccountManagerEndpoint: string;
@@ -712,9 +730,13 @@ function Network(
     minaGraphqlEndpoint = options;
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
   } else if (options && typeof options === 'object') {
-    if ('endpoints' in options) {
-      MinaConfig.setNetworkId(options.networkId);
-      options = options.endpoints;
+    if (options.networkId) {
+      if (options.networkId !== 'mainnet' && options.networkId !== 'testnet') {
+        throw Error(
+          "Invalid network id specified. Please use 'mainnet' or 'testnet'"
+        );
+      }
+      minaNetworkId = options.networkId;
     }
     if (!options.mina)
       throw new Error(
@@ -754,6 +776,7 @@ function Network(
   }
 
   return {
+    getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
     /**
    * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
    */
@@ -1018,6 +1041,7 @@ function BerkeleyQANet(graphqlEndpoint: string) {
 }
 
 let activeInstance: Mina = {
+  getNetworkId: () => 'testnet',
   /**
    * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
    */
@@ -1204,6 +1228,13 @@ function hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean {
   return activeInstance.hasAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @return The current Mina network ID.
+ */
+function getNetworkId() {
+  return activeInstance.getNetworkId();
+}
+
 /**
  * @return Data associated with the current Mina network constants.
  */
@@ -1303,7 +1334,8 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
   account: Account,
   accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
   transactionCommitments: { commitment: bigint; fullCommitment: bigint },
-  proofsEnabled: boolean
+  proofsEnabled: boolean,
+  networkId: NetworkId
 ): Promise<void> {
   // check that that top-level updates have mayUseToken = No
   // (equivalent check exists in the Mina node)
@@ -1411,7 +1443,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
       isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
         TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
         transactionCommitments,
-        MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
+        networkId
       );
     } catch (error) {
       errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/config.ts b/src/lib/mina/config.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index c3faba480e..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/mina/config.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-import { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
-
-let networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
-
-export function setNetworkId(id: NetworkId) {
-  networkId = id;
-}
-
-export function getNetworkId() {
-  return networkId;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 99e9bcba34..0adced0ff8 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { constantScalarToBigint } from './scalar.js';
 import { toConstantField } from './field.js';
-import * as MinaConfig from './mina/config.js';
+import { NetworkId } from 'src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 // external API
 export { PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature };
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Signs a message using a {@link PrivateKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Signature}
    */
-  static create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[]): Signature {
+  static create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[], networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet'): Signature {
     const publicKey = PublicKey.fromPrivateKey(privKey).toGroup();
     const d = privKey.s;
     const kPrime = Scalar.fromBigInt(
@@ -244,13 +244,13 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        MinaConfig.getNetworkId()
+        networkId
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      MinaConfig.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
+      networkId === 'mainnet'
         ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
         : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
@@ -266,10 +266,10 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Verifies the {@link Signature} using a message and the corresponding {@link PublicKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Bool}
    */
-  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
+  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[], networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet'): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      MinaConfig.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
+      networkId === 'mainnet'
         ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
         : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index b79859a8ea..ef73961c11 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Client {
    */
   signFields(fields: bigint[], privateKey: Json.PrivateKey): Signed<bigint[]> {
     let privateKey_ = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, this.network);
+    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'testnet');
     return {
       signature: Signature.toBase58(signature),
       publicKey: PublicKey.toBase58(PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privateKey_)),
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index 3b3f765eef..c32180cff0 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ import Client from '../MinaSigner.js';
 import { PrivateKey, Signature } from '../../lib/signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { Provable } from '../../lib/provable.js';
-import * as MinaConfig from '../../lib/mina/config.js';
 
 let fields = [10n, 20n, 30n, 340817401n, 2091283n, 1n, 0n];
 let privateKey = 'EKENaWFuAiqktsnWmxq8zaoR8bSgVdscsghJE5tV6hPoNm8qBKWM';
 
 // sign with mina-signer
-MinaConfig.setNetworkId('mainnet');
 let client = new Client({ network: 'mainnet' });
 let signed = client.signFields(fields, privateKey);
 

From 04f1b20765d5039fd5bd0c4dc03a7d515dd5c6bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 11:28:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1397/1786] Missed revert item.

---
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index ef73961c11..4a1575ccb7 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Client {
    */
   signFields(fields: bigint[], privateKey: Json.PrivateKey): Signed<bigint[]> {
     let privateKey_ = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'testnet');
+    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'mainnet');
     return {
       signature: Signature.toBase58(signature),
       publicKey: PublicKey.toBase58(PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privateKey_)),
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Client {
       Signature.fromBase58(signature),
       { fields: data },
       PublicKey.fromBase58(publicKey),
-      this.network
+      'mainnet'
     );
   }
 

From 77fc82cb4a9a13999de069cf8a37f4ebd9753561 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 12:19:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1398/1786] Yse correct methods signature in tests.

---
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts                  |  9 +++++++++
 .../tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts         | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index 4a1575ccb7..8671f5c92d 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -493,6 +493,15 @@ class Client {
     let sk = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKeyBase58);
     return createNullifier(message, sk);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the network ID.
+   * 
+   * @returns {NetworkId} The network ID.
+   */
+  getNetworkId(): NetworkId {
+    return this.network;
+  }
 }
 
 function validNonNegative(n: number | string | bigint): string {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index c32180cff0..4c1c84e555 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -19,14 +19,18 @@ expect(ok).toEqual(true);
 // sign with o1js and check that we get the same signature
 let fieldsSnarky = fields.map(Field);
 let privateKeySnarky = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-let signatureSnarky = Signature.create(privateKeySnarky, fieldsSnarky);
+let signatureSnarky = Signature.create(
+  privateKeySnarky,
+  fieldsSnarky,
+  client.getNetworkId()
+);
 expect(signatureSnarky.toBase58()).toEqual(signed.signature);
 
 // verify out-of-snark with o1js
 let publicKey = privateKeySnarky.toPublicKey();
 let signature = Signature.fromBase58(signed.signature);
 Provable.assertEqual(Signature, signature, signatureSnarky);
-signature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky).assertTrue();
+signature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky, client.getNetworkId()).assertTrue();
 
 // verify in-snark with o1js
 const Message = Provable.Array(Field, fields.length);
@@ -37,7 +41,9 @@ const MyProgram = ZkProgram({
     verifySignature: {
       privateInputs: [Signature, Message],
       method(signature: Signature, message: Field[]) {
-        signature.verify(publicKey, message).assertTrue();
+        signature
+          .verify(publicKey, message, client.getNetworkId())
+          .assertTrue();
       },
     },
   },
@@ -55,7 +61,9 @@ let invalidSigned = client.signFields(fields, wrongKey);
 let invalidSignature = Signature.fromBase58(invalidSigned.signature);
 
 // can't verify out of snark
-invalidSignature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky).assertFalse();
+invalidSignature
+  .verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky, client.getNetworkId())
+  .assertFalse();
 
 // can't verify in snark
 await expect(() =>
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@ let wrongFields = [...fieldsSnarky];
 wrongFields[0] = wrongFields[0].add(1);
 
 // can't verify out of snark
-signature.verify(publicKey, wrongFields).assertFalse();
+signature.verify(publicKey, wrongFields, client.getNetworkId()).assertFalse();
 
 // can't verify in snark
 await expect(() =>

From a3a25d0f560b3cb09364d8dc193a7694961f07dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 12:13:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1399/1786] export token contract

---
 src/index.ts                                  |  5 ++++
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    | 26 +++++++------------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index d18500bfb7..dd06c7ee65 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+export {
+  CallForest,
+  CallForestIterator,
+} from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+export { TokenContract } from './lib/mina/token/token-contract.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index ff5a3c4b6d..d3fe7968d0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,14 @@
-import { Bool, Int64, method, Mina, Provable, UInt64 } from '../../../index.js';
-import { CallForest } from './call-forest.js';
-import { TokenContract } from './token-contract.js';
+import {
+  Bool,
+  Int64,
+  method,
+  Mina,
+  Provable,
+  UInt64,
+  CallForest,
+  TokenContract,
+} from '../../../index.js';
 
-/**
- * Attempt at a standardized token contract which seemlessly supports all of the following model use cases:
- *
- * **Transfer** { from, to, amount }, supporting the various configurations:
- *
- * - from `send: signature` to `receive: none` (classical end-user transfer)
- * - from `send: signature` to `receive: signature` (atypical end-user transfer)
- * - from `send: signature` to `receive: proof` (deposit into zkapp w/ strict setup)
- *
- * - from `send: proof` to `receive: none` (typical transfer from zkapp)
- * - from `send: proof` to `receive: signature` (transfer from zkapp to atypical end-user)
- * - from `send: proof` to `receive: proof` (transfer from zkapp to zkapp w/ strict setup)
- */
 class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
   // APPROVABLE API
 

From 14b7aed747effddafe171f69feba5db86840ccb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 12:29:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1400/1786] more token contract methods

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index af0301bf3e..1659e506d9 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Bool } from '../../core.js';
-import { UInt64 } from '../../int.js';
+import { UInt64, Int64 } from '../../int.js';
+import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
 import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
 import { AccountUpdate, Permissions } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   // APPROVABLE API has to be specified by subclasses,
-  // but the hard part is `approveEachUpdate()`
+  // but the hard part is `forEachUpdate()`
 
   approveUpdates(_: CallForest) {
     throw Error(
@@ -36,6 +37,11 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Iterate through the account updates in `updates` and apply `callback` to each.
+   *
+   * This method is provable and is suitable as a base for implementing `approveUpdates()`.
+   */
   forEachUpdate(
     updates: CallForest,
     callback: (update: AccountUpdate, usesToken: Bool) => void
@@ -66,8 +72,36 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Use `forEachUpdate()` to prove that the total balance change of child account updates is zero.
+   *
+   * This is provided out of the box as it is both a good example, and probably the most common implementation, of `approveUpdates()`.
+   */
+  checkZeroBalanceChange(updates: CallForest) {
+    let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
+
+    this.forEachUpdate(updates, (accountUpdate, usesToken) => {
+      totalBalanceChange = totalBalanceChange.add(
+        Provable.if(usesToken, accountUpdate.balanceChange, Int64.zero)
+      );
+    });
+
+    // prove that the total balance change is zero
+    totalBalanceChange.assertEquals(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convenience method for approving a single account update.
+   */
+  approveAccountUpdate(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    this.approveUpdates(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]));
+  }
+
   // TRANSFERABLE API - simple wrapper around Approvable API
 
+  /**
+   * Transfer `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
+   */
   transfer(
     from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,

From cface0f23943ecf0859f9f8540512526a5fb4a1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 13:56:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1401/1786] fix token contract child adopting

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                      |  5 ++-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts          | 40 ++++++++++++-------
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 67bc6515af..a24e58e83a 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -599,14 +599,15 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
   // primitive JS types and functions aren't cloned
   if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) return obj;
 
-  // HACK: callbacks, account udpates
+  // HACK: callbacks
   if (
     obj.constructor?.name.includes('GenericArgument') ||
     obj.constructor?.name.includes('Callback')
   ) {
     return obj;
   }
-  if (obj.constructor?.name.includes('AccountUpdate')) {
+  // classes that define clone() are cloned using that method
+  if (obj.constructor !== undefined && 'clone' in obj.constructor) {
     return (obj as any).constructor.clone(obj);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 1659e506d9..3dfe8b38d6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ const MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES = 20;
  * - implements the `Approvable` API with some easy bit left to be defined by subclasses
  * - implements the `Transferable` API as a wrapper around the `Approvable` API
  */
-class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
+abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   // change default permissions - important that token contracts use an access permission
 
   deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
@@ -31,11 +31,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   // APPROVABLE API has to be specified by subclasses,
   // but the hard part is `forEachUpdate()`
 
-  approveUpdates(_: CallForest) {
-    throw Error(
-      'TokenContract.approveUpdates() must be implemented by subclasses'
-    );
-  }
+  abstract approveBase(forest: CallForest): void;
 
   /**
    * Iterate through the account updates in `updates` and apply `callback` to each.
@@ -51,11 +47,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     // iterate through the forest and apply user-defined logc
     for (let i = 0; i < MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES; i++) {
       let { accountUpdate, usesThisToken } = forest.next();
-
       callback(accountUpdate, usesThisToken);
-
-      // add update to our children
-      this.self.adopt(accountUpdate);
     }
 
     // prove that we checked all updates
@@ -70,6 +62,13 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
       type: 'WitnessEquals',
       value: updates.hash,
     };
+
+    // make top-level updates our children
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      updates.data.get().forEach((update) => {
+        this.self.adopt(update.element.accountUpdate.value.get());
+      });
+    });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -91,10 +90,17 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Convenience method for approving a single account update.
+   * Approve a single account update (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
   approveAccountUpdate(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    this.approveUpdates(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]));
+    this.approveBase(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Approve a list of account updates (with arbitrarily many children).
+   */
+  approveAccountUpdates(accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]) {
+    this.approveBase(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(accountUpdates));
   }
 
   // TRANSFERABLE API - simple wrapper around Approvable API
@@ -111,14 +117,18 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     let tokenId = this.token.id;
     if (from instanceof PublicKey) {
       from = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(from, tokenId);
+      from.requireSignature();
+      from.label = `${this.constructor.name}.transfer() (from)`;
     }
     if (to instanceof PublicKey) {
       to = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(to, tokenId);
+
+      to.label = `${this.constructor.name}.transfer() (to)`;
     }
-    from.balance.subInPlace(amount);
-    to.balance.addInPlace(amount);
+    from.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount).neg();
+    to.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount);
 
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([from, to]);
-    this.approveUpdates(forest);
+    this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index d3fe7968d0..974749736f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
   // APPROVABLE API
 
   @method
-  approveUpdates(updates: CallForest) {
+  approveBase(updates: CallForest) {
     let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
 
     this.forEachUpdate(updates, (accountUpdate, usesToken) => {

From 926901ad379a7a9fad87d2db6e424c76b6337994 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 14:14:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1402/1786] unlink account updates to prevent them from being
 in caller's public input in compile()

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 3dfe8b38d6..5837995e49 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
    * Approve a single account update (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
   approveAccountUpdate(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    AccountUpdate.unlink(accountUpdate);
     this.approveBase(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]));
   }
 
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
    * Approve a list of account updates (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
   approveAccountUpdates(accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]) {
+    accountUpdates.forEach(AccountUpdate.unlink);
     this.approveBase(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(accountUpdates));
   }
 
@@ -127,6 +129,8 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     }
     from.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount).neg();
     to.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount);
+    AccountUpdate.unlink(from);
+    AccountUpdate.unlink(to);
 
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([from, to]);
     this.approveBase(forest);

From 66a892aebc65e939614615436213682259456ce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 15:16:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1403/1786] Addressing review comments.

---
 src/lib/signature.ts                           | 15 +++++----------
 src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts                  |  6 +++---
 .../tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts         | 18 +++++-------------
 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 0adced0ff8..58d68ccef0 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
 import { prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { constantScalarToBigint } from './scalar.js';
 import { toConstantField } from './field.js';
-import { NetworkId } from 'src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 // external API
 export { PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature };
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Signs a message using a {@link PrivateKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Signature}
    */
-  static create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[], networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet'): Signature {
+  static create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[]): Signature {
     const publicKey = PublicKey.fromPrivateKey(privKey).toGroup();
     const d = privKey.s;
     const kPrime = Scalar.fromBigInt(
@@ -244,15 +243,13 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        networkId
+        'testnet'
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      networkId === 'mainnet'
-        ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
-        : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
+      prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"
@@ -266,12 +263,10 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Verifies the {@link Signature} using a message and the corresponding {@link PublicKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Bool}
    */
-  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[], networkId: NetworkId = 'testnet'): Bool {
+  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      networkId === 'mainnet'
-        ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
-        : prefixes.signatureTestnet,
+      prefixes.signatureTestnet,
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
index 8671f5c92d..559bcb27d3 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Client {
    */
   signFields(fields: bigint[], privateKey: Json.PrivateKey): Signed<bigint[]> {
     let privateKey_ = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'mainnet');
+    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'testnet');
     return {
       signature: Signature.toBase58(signature),
       publicKey: PublicKey.toBase58(PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privateKey_)),
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class Client {
       Signature.fromBase58(signature),
       { fields: data },
       PublicKey.fromBase58(publicKey),
-      'mainnet'
+      'testnet'
     );
   }
 
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ class Client {
    * 
    * @returns {NetworkId} The network ID.
    */
-  getNetworkId(): NetworkId {
+  get networkId(): NetworkId {
     return this.network;
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index 4c1c84e555..c32180cff0 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -19,18 +19,14 @@ expect(ok).toEqual(true);
 // sign with o1js and check that we get the same signature
 let fieldsSnarky = fields.map(Field);
 let privateKeySnarky = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-let signatureSnarky = Signature.create(
-  privateKeySnarky,
-  fieldsSnarky,
-  client.getNetworkId()
-);
+let signatureSnarky = Signature.create(privateKeySnarky, fieldsSnarky);
 expect(signatureSnarky.toBase58()).toEqual(signed.signature);
 
 // verify out-of-snark with o1js
 let publicKey = privateKeySnarky.toPublicKey();
 let signature = Signature.fromBase58(signed.signature);
 Provable.assertEqual(Signature, signature, signatureSnarky);
-signature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky, client.getNetworkId()).assertTrue();
+signature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky).assertTrue();
 
 // verify in-snark with o1js
 const Message = Provable.Array(Field, fields.length);
@@ -41,9 +37,7 @@ const MyProgram = ZkProgram({
     verifySignature: {
       privateInputs: [Signature, Message],
       method(signature: Signature, message: Field[]) {
-        signature
-          .verify(publicKey, message, client.getNetworkId())
-          .assertTrue();
+        signature.verify(publicKey, message).assertTrue();
       },
     },
   },
@@ -61,9 +55,7 @@ let invalidSigned = client.signFields(fields, wrongKey);
 let invalidSignature = Signature.fromBase58(invalidSigned.signature);
 
 // can't verify out of snark
-invalidSignature
-  .verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky, client.getNetworkId())
-  .assertFalse();
+invalidSignature.verify(publicKey, fieldsSnarky).assertFalse();
 
 // can't verify in snark
 await expect(() =>
@@ -76,7 +68,7 @@ let wrongFields = [...fieldsSnarky];
 wrongFields[0] = wrongFields[0].add(1);
 
 // can't verify out of snark
-signature.verify(publicKey, wrongFields, client.getNetworkId()).assertFalse();
+signature.verify(publicKey, wrongFields).assertFalse();
 
 // can't verify in snark
 await expect(() =>

From f7a1e8568969e8e5d908bdc3a4a3faa948f912e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 16:18:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1404/1786] Addressing review comments.

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 16 +---------------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index da54abf118..fbac14657b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -399,16 +399,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
   const genesisTimestamp = UInt64.from(startTime);
   const ledger = Ledger.create();
   let networkState = defaultNetworkState();
-  let minaNetworkId: NetworkId = 'testnet';
-
-  if (networkId) {
-    if (networkId !== 'mainnet' && networkId !== 'testnet') {
-      throw Error(
-        "Invalid network id specified. Please use 'mainnet' or 'testnet'"
-      );
-    }
-    minaNetworkId = networkId;
-  }
+  let minaNetworkId: NetworkId = networkId;
 
   function addAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: string) {
     ledger.addAccount(Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey), balance);
@@ -731,11 +722,6 @@ function Network(
     Fetch.setGraphqlEndpoint(minaGraphqlEndpoint);
   } else if (options && typeof options === 'object') {
     if (options.networkId) {
-      if (options.networkId !== 'mainnet' && options.networkId !== 'testnet') {
-        throw Error(
-          "Invalid network id specified. Please use 'mainnet' or 'testnet'"
-        );
-      }
       minaNetworkId = options.networkId;
     }
     if (!options.mina)

From 429d2d25cbd06ecfdeadf5d942272f37ff64994a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 17:01:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1405/1786] CHANGELOG entry.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 36b3109217..3ec9738103 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Improve performance of Field inverse https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1373
   - Speeds up proving by ~2-4%
 
+### Added
+
+- Target `network ID` configuration. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1387
+  - Defaults to the `testnet` (as it was before).
+
 ## [0.15.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...be748e42e)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From e5d1e0f72838ffa29de12fe534fc89f27917653f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 17:05:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1406/1786] Minor version bump.

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index d7e23d73cd..f6abce7a96 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.15.3",
+  "version": "0.15.4",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.15.3",
+      "version": "0.15.4",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index affed9efdc..59b5e2c705 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.15.3",
+  "version": "0.15.4",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From 61d85ad4764b96281df8af64e8360b5729a87faf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 20:47:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1407/1786] Bump mina-signer and export NetworkId type.

---
 src/mina-signer/index.d.ts        | 1 +
 src/mina-signer/package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/package.json      | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
index d021add39e..9c3a5698e8 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // this file is a wrapper for supporting types in both commonjs and esm projects
 
 import Client from './MinaSigner.js';
+export { type NetworkId } from './src/TSTypes.js';
 
 export = Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
index b73b420ae1..325fd4e3e0 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
-  "version": "2.1.1",
+  "version": "2.1.2",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "mina-signer",
-      "version": "2.1.1",
+      "version": "2.1.2",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "^1.2.1",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index bb2dc803d7..1eda8112fd 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
   "description": "Node API for signing transactions on various networks for Mina Protocol",
-  "version": "2.1.1",
+  "version": "2.1.2",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer.json",

From a9bbee576fb46514a65c742da961c8c8c3ed3e7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cristiantroy <154241727+cristiantroy@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 21:42:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1408/1786] fix typo in src/examples/api_exploration.ts

---
 src/examples/api_exploration.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
index 43e2284950..6ed949a862 100644
--- a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
+++ b/src/examples/api_exploration.ts
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ const b3: Bool = b0.and(b1.not()).or(b1);
    ): T
    ```
 
-   `Provable.if(b, x, y)` evaluates to `x` if `b` is true, and evalutes to `y` if `b` is false,
+   `Provable.if(b, x, y)` evaluates to `x` if `b` is true, and evaluates to `y` if `b` is false,
    so it works like a ternary if expression `b ? x : y`.
 
    The generic type T can be instantiated to primitive types like Bool, Field, or Group, or

From 1a367a73ebe5c8d4330b2aa37a251be1cb369b8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cristiantroy <154241727+cristiantroy@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 21:43:06 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1409/1786] fix typo in src/lib/circuit_value.ts

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index d42f267cdf..f3f0705a60 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
   // primitive JS types and functions aren't cloned
   if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) return obj;
 
-  // HACK: callbacks, account udpates
+  // HACK: callbacks, account updates
   if (
     obj.constructor?.name.includes('GenericArgument') ||
     obj.constructor?.name.includes('Callback')

From af7414fe8032cd4cb6396d6f0237387239d2afb5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cristiantroy <154241727+cristiantroy@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 21:43:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1410/1786] fix typo in src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts

---
 src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
index 35b5436dd6..5b5f357dca 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash-input.unit-test.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ let NetworkPrecondition = provableFromLayout<NetworkPrecondition, any>(
 );
 let Body = provableFromLayout<Body, any>(bodyLayout as any);
 
-// test with random account udpates
+// test with random account updates
 test(Random.json.accountUpdate, (accountUpdateJson) => {
   fixVerificationKey(accountUpdateJson);
   let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);

From b878012bc0f94d58f2011c655aa8b6edbec4832b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cristiantroy <154241727+cristiantroy@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 21:43:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1411/1786] fix typo in src/lib/precondition.ts

---
 src/lib/precondition.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index ac5fd8f8aa..1badbf5c66 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ function assertPreconditionInvariants(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
   let self = context.isSelf ? 'this' : 'accountUpdate';
   let dummyPreconditions = Preconditions.ignoreAll();
   for (let preconditionPath of context.read) {
-    // check if every precondition that was read was also contrained
+    // check if every precondition that was read was also constrained
     if (context.constrained.has(preconditionPath)) continue;
 
     // check if the precondition was modified manually, which is also a valid way of avoiding an error

From 0a36b025b95c390a6f891555a52203a27451954f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cristiantroy <154241727+cristiantroy@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 21:43:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1412/1786] fix typo in src/lib/state.ts

---
 src/lib/state.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index dc848a1996..bf6a534ec6 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ const reservedPropNames = new Set(['_methods', '_']);
 function assertStatePrecondition(sc: SmartContract) {
   try {
     for (let [key, context] of getStateContexts(sc)) {
-      // check if every state that was read was also contrained
+      // check if every state that was read was also constrained
       if (!context?.wasRead || context.wasConstrained) continue;
       // we accessed a precondition field but not constrained it explicitly - throw an error
       let errorMessage = `You used \`this.${key}.get()\` without adding a precondition that links it to the actual on-chain state.

From 67074b68e233c7a0e645b07ce365555fc3ab2ecf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cristiantroy <154241727+cristiantroy@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 21:43:52 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1413/1786] fix typo in src/lib/string.ts

---
 src/lib/string.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/string.ts b/src/lib/string.ts
index 8045dd3318..360f66465f 100644
--- a/src/lib/string.ts
+++ b/src/lib/string.ts
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class CircuitString extends CircuitValue {
         .slice(0, length)
         .concat(otherChars.slice(0, n - length));
     }
-    // compute the actual result, by always picking the char which correponds to the actual length
+    // compute the actual result, by always picking the char which corresponds to the actual length
     let result: Character[] = [];
     let mask = this.lengthMask();
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {

From 70ed6da1864dd24f95d75fe20509ccce010e8ff6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 14:16:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1414/1786] (wip) use base token contract for dex

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts   |   4 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts                | 130 ++++++++----------
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts     |   8 +-
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts      |   8 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                |   8 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts           |   8 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts      |   4 +-
 7 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index 145197319b..0a93ce572a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
     let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
     let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-    tokenY.approveUpdateAndSend(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+    tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
     return dy;
   }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
     let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
     let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
-    tokenX.approveUpdateAndSend(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+    tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
     return dx;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 44ac6b5178..e10aa44668 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@ import {
   Account,
   AccountUpdate,
   Bool,
-  DeployArgs,
-  Field,
-  Int64,
   Mina,
   Permissions,
   PrivateKey,
@@ -19,6 +16,8 @@ import {
   VerificationKey,
   method,
   state,
+  TokenContract as BaseTokenContract,
+  CallForest,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 export { TokenContract, addresses, createDex, keys, randomAccounts, tokenIds };
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ function createDex({
       let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dxdy = dexX.redeemLiquidity(this.sender, dl, this.tokenY);
       let dx = dxdy[0];
-      tokenX.approveUpdateAndSend(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dxdy;
     }
 
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-      tokenY.approveUpdateAndSend(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
     }
 
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
       let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
-      tokenX.approveUpdateAndSend(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dx;
     }
 
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-      tokenY.approveUpdateAndSend(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
     }
   }
@@ -250,7 +249,7 @@ function createDex({
       let result = dexY.redeemLiquidityPartial(user, dl);
       let l = result[0];
       let dy = result[1];
-      tokenY.approveUpdateAndSend(dexY.self, user, dy);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, user, dy);
 
       // in return for dl, we give back dx, the X token part
       let x = this.account.balance.get();
@@ -371,14 +370,7 @@ function createDex({
 /**
  * Simple token with API flexible enough to handle all our use cases
  */
-class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
-  deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
-    super.deploy(args);
-    this.account.permissions.set({
-      ...Permissions.default(),
-      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-    });
-  }
+class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
   @method init() {
     super.init();
     // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
@@ -413,6 +405,11 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
   }
 
+  @method
+  approveBase(forest: CallForest) {
+    this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
+  }
+
   // this is a very standardized deploy method. instead, we could also take the account update from a callback
   // => need callbacks for signatures
   @method deployZkapp(address: PublicKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
@@ -423,50 +420,50 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     zkapp.requireSignature();
   }
 
-  @method approveUpdate(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate);
-    let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-    balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(0));
-  }
-
-  // FIXME: remove this
-  @method approveAny(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
-  }
-
-  // let a zkapp send tokens to someone, provided the token supply stays constant
-  @method approveUpdateAndSend(
-    zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    to: PublicKey,
-    amount: UInt64
-  ) {
-    // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
-    let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
-    this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
-    zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
-    let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
-    grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-    grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-
-    // see if balance change cancels the amount sent
-    let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-    balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
-    // add same amount of tokens to the receiving address
-    this.token.mint({ address: to, amount });
-  }
-
-  transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
-    if (to instanceof PublicKey)
-      return this.transferToAddress(from, to, amount);
-    if (to instanceof AccountUpdate)
-      return this.transferToUpdate(from, to, amount);
-  }
-  @method transferToAddress(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64) {
-    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-  }
-  @method transferToUpdate(from: PublicKey, to: AccountUpdate, value: UInt64) {
-    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-  }
+  // @method _approveUpdate(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+  //   this.approve(zkappUpdate);
+  //   let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
+  //   balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(0));
+  // }
+
+  // // FIXME: remove this
+  // @method _approveAny(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+  //   this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
+  // }
+
+  // // let a zkapp send tokens to someone, provided the token supply stays constant
+  // @method _approveUpdateAndSend(
+  //   zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+  //   to: PublicKey,
+  //   amount: UInt64
+  // ) {
+  //   // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
+  //   let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
+  //   this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
+  //   zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
+  //   let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
+  //   grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
+  //   grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
+
+  //   // see if balance change cancels the amount sent
+  //   let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
+  //   balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
+  //   // add same amount of tokens to the receiving address
+  //   this.token.mint({ address: to, amount });
+  // }
+
+  // _transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
+  //   if (to instanceof PublicKey)
+  //     return this._transferToAddress(from, to, amount);
+  //   if (to instanceof AccountUpdate)
+  //     return this._transferToUpdate(from, to, amount);
+  // }
+  // @method _transferToAddress(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64) {
+  //   this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
+  // }
+  // @method _transferToUpdate(from: PublicKey, to: AccountUpdate, value: UInt64) {
+  //   this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
+  // }
 
   @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
@@ -502,19 +499,6 @@ let tokenIds = {
   lqXY: TokenId.derive(addresses.dex),
 };
 
-/**
- * Sum of balances of the account update and all its descendants
- */
-function balanceSum(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate, tokenId: Field) {
-  let myTokenId = accountUpdate.body.tokenId;
-  let myBalance = Int64.fromObject(accountUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-  let balance = Provable.if(myTokenId.equals(tokenId), myBalance, Int64.zero);
-  for (let child of accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates) {
-    balance = balance.add(balanceSum(child, tokenId));
-  }
-  return balance;
-}
-
 /**
  * Predefined accounts keys, labeled by the input strings. Useful for testing/debugging with consistent keys.
  */
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 16ea8fddcb..1e722e0785 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   );
   dex.deploy();
   dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
-  tokenX.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+  tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
   dexTokenHolderY.deploy();
-  tokenY.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+  tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send();
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ console.log(getTokenBalances());
 tic('redeem liquidity, step 2a (get back token X)');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {
   dexTokenHolderX.redeemLiquidityFinalize();
-  tokenX.approveAny(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+  tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([keys.user]).send();
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ console.log(getTokenBalances());
 tic('redeem liquidity, step 2b (get back token Y)');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {
   dexTokenHolderY.redeemLiquidityFinalize();
-  tokenY.approveAny(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+  tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([keys.user]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 4727851012..046fd46efc 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   );
   dex.deploy();
   dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
-  tokenX.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+  tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
   dexTokenHolderY.deploy();
-  tokenY.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+  tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send();
@@ -109,6 +109,10 @@ let USER_DL = 100n;
 tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {
   dex.redeemLiquidity(UInt64.from(USER_DL));
 });
+
+console.log(tx.transaction.accountUpdates[0].toPrettyLayout());
+console.log(tx.toPretty());
+
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([keys.user]).send();
 toc();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index e9f15fad22..f6e0b67166 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
     dex.deploy();
     dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
-    tokenX.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+    tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
     dexTokenHolderY.deploy();
-    tokenY.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+    tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]);
@@ -360,6 +360,10 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([keys.user]);
+
+  console.log(tx.transaction.accountUpdates[0].toPrettyLayout());
+  console.log(tx.toPretty());
+
   await tx.send();
   [oldBalances, balances] = [balances, getTokenBalances()];
   console.log('DEX liquidity (X, Y):', balances.dex.X, balances.dex.Y);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index db9336fcc4..5627e4579d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 1) {
     AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender).balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(3));
     dex.deploy();
     dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
-    tokenX.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+    tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
     dexTokenHolderY.deploy();
-    tokenY.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+    tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
   });
   await tx.prove();
   pendingTx = await tx.sign([senderKey, keys.dex]).send();
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 6) {
   tic('redeem liquidity, step 2a (get back token X)');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(userSpec, () => {
     dexTokenHolderX.redeemLiquidityFinalize();
-    tokenX.approveAny(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+    tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
   });
   await tx.prove();
   pendingTx = await tx.sign([keys.user]).send();
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 7) {
   tic('redeem liquidity, step 2b (get back token Y)');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(userSpec, () => {
     dexTokenHolderY.redeemLiquidityFinalize();
-    tokenY.approveAny(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+    tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
   });
   await tx.prove();
   pendingTx = await tx.sign([keys.user]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 273431c903..5765a39a71 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
     dex.deploy();
     dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
-    tokenX.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+    tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
     dexTokenHolderY.deploy();
-    tokenY.approveUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
+    tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
     console.log('manipulating setDelegate field to impossible...');
     // setting the setDelegate permission field to impossible
     let dexAccount = AccountUpdate.create(addresses.dex);

From b46bd14062154e5e1eb830ffbfd7c48a856a60aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 22:03:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1415/1786] wip debugging / start fixing

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts |  4 ++++
 src/lib/account_update.ts                         |  6 +++++-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                                  | 15 +++++----------
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 046fd46efc..71aff062c3 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ let dex = new Dex(addresses.dex);
 let dexTokenHolderX = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.X);
 let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
+Local.setProofsEnabled(false);
+
 tic('deploy & init token contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ console.log('account updates length', tx.transaction.accountUpdates.length);
 [oldBalances, balances] = [balances, getTokenBalances()];
 expect(balances.user.X).toEqual(0n);
 
+Local.setProofsEnabled(true);
+
 tic('redeem liquidity');
 let USER_DL = 100n;
 tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 3b61e3a98d..d51d97ee59 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1620,6 +1620,10 @@ const CallForest = {
   // hashes a accountUpdate's children (and their children, and ...) to compute
   // the `calls` field of ZkappPublicInput
   hashChildren(update: AccountUpdate): Field {
+    if (!Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
+      return CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
+    }
+
     let { callsType } = update.children;
     // compute hash outside the circuit if callsType is "Witness"
     // i.e., allowing accountUpdates with arbitrary children
@@ -1630,7 +1634,7 @@ const CallForest = {
       return callsType.value;
     }
     let calls = CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
-    if (callsType.type === 'Equals' && Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
+    if (callsType.type === 'Equals') {
       calls.assertEquals(callsType.value);
     }
     return calls;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9933d9db20..f167cf57e7 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -446,16 +446,11 @@ function wrapMethod(
       };
 
       // we have to run the called contract inside a witness block, to not affect the caller's circuit
-      // however, if this is a nested call -- the caller is already called by another contract --,
-      // then we're already in a witness block, and shouldn't open another one
-      let { accountUpdate, result } =
-        methodCallDepth === 0
-          ? AccountUpdate.witness<any>(
-              returnType ?? provable(null),
-              runCalledContract,
-              { skipCheck: true }
-            )
-          : runCalledContract();
+      let { accountUpdate, result } = AccountUpdate.witness<any>(
+        returnType ?? provable(null),
+        runCalledContract,
+        { skipCheck: true }
+      );
 
       // we're back in the _caller's_ circuit now, where we assert stuff about the method call
 

From ad8ce691b361017e5d892cf91252e73995c6917f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 12:47:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1416/1786] add data structure for in-circuit call forest
 construction which only persists through a contract call

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts             |  2 +
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts     | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts |  1 +
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                      |  3 +
 4 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index d51d97ee59..e2fede277f 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
 
 // external API
 export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ type SmartContractContext = {
   this: SmartContract;
   methodCallDepth: number;
   selfUpdate: AccountUpdate;
+  selfCalls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
 };
 let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
   default: null,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index ccf3ccec9a..63016c9130 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
-import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
 import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
 import { Hashed } from '../../provable-types/packed.js';
@@ -11,11 +11,12 @@ import {
   MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
   genericHash,
+  withHashes,
 } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
-export { HashedAccountUpdate };
+export { HashedAccountUpdate, CallForestUnderConstruction };
 
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
   AccountUpdate,
@@ -180,3 +181,94 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
 function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
   return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Structure for constructing a call forest from a circuit.
+ *
+ * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
+ * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
+ * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
+ */
+type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<
+  {
+    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+  }[]
+>;
+
+type HashOrValue<T> =
+  | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
+  | { useHash: false; value: T };
+
+const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
+  empty(): CallForestUnderConstruction {
+    return { useHash: false, value: [] };
+  },
+
+  setHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, hash: Field) {
+    Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true, hash });
+  },
+
+  witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
+    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+      let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+      return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
+    });
+    CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
+  },
+
+  push(
+    forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
+    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
+    calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
+  ) {
+    forest.value.push({
+      accountUpdate,
+      calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
+    });
+  },
+
+  remove(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    // find account update by .id
+    let index = forest.value.findIndex(
+      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
+    );
+
+    // nothing to do if it's not there
+    if (index === -1) return;
+
+    // remove it
+    forest.value.splice(index, 1);
+  },
+
+  finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): CallForest {
+    if (forest.useHash) {
+      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => {
+        let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+        return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).data;
+      });
+      return new CallForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
+    }
+
+    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
+    let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
+  },
+};
+
+function toCallTree(node: {
+  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+}): CallTree {
+  let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
+    ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
+        node.accountUpdate.hash,
+        Unconstrained.from(node.accountUpdate.value)
+      )
+    : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
+
+  return {
+    accountUpdate,
+    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 72dee6d025..0ee9c1500d 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export {
   emptyHash,
   genericHash,
   merkleListHash,
+  withHashes,
 };
 
 // common base types for both MerkleList and MerkleArray
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index f167cf57e7..6140eca774 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ import {
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -165,6 +166,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
         this: this,
         methodCallDepth: 0,
         selfUpdate: selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName),
+        selfCalls: CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
       };
       let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
       try {
@@ -363,6 +365,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       this: this,
       methodCallDepth: methodCallDepth + 1,
       selfUpdate: selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName),
+      selfCalls: CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
     };
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(innerContext);
     try {

From 8f45168c426ceca82d3d2e08ec71a063d2422c56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 14:01:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1417/1786] fixed Hashed default hash

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 20 +++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index 8abbc310f8..5edc947dfa 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -183,8 +183,16 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     hash?: (t: T) => Field
   ): typeof Hashed<T> {
-    hash ??= Hashed._hash;
-    let dummyHash = hash(type.empty());
+    // default hash function
+    let _hash =
+      hash ??
+      function hash(t: T) {
+        let input = type.toInput(t);
+        let packed = packToFields(input);
+        return Poseidon.hash(packed);
+      };
+
+    let dummyHash = _hash(type.empty());
 
     return class Hashed_ extends Hashed<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
@@ -193,7 +201,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
         value: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
 
-      static _hash = (hash ?? Hashed._hash) satisfies (t: T) => Field;
+      static _hash = _hash satisfies (t: T) => Field;
 
       static empty(): Hashed<T> {
         return new this(dummyHash, Unconstrained.from(type.empty()));
@@ -206,10 +214,8 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     this.value = value;
   }
 
-  static _hash(t: any) {
-    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(t);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    return Poseidon.hash(packed);
+  static _hash(_: any): Field {
+    assert(false, 'Hashed not initialized');
   }
 
   /**

From 27bf6fa4ffb0e77af82b61b62461664bdb6fac4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 14:18:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1418/1786] fix edge case in ecdsa unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 26 ++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index f21adb722f..a04ccc932c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -43,17 +43,6 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
   });
-  badSignature.rng = Random.withHardCoded(badSignature.rng, {
-    signature: {
-      r: 3243632040670678816425112099743675011873398345579979202080647260629177216981n,
-      s: 0n,
-    },
-    msg: 0n,
-    publicKey: {
-      x: 28948022309329048855892746252171976963363056481941560715954676764349967630336n,
-      y: 2n,
-    },
-  });
 
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 
@@ -70,14 +59,23 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let noGlv = fromRandom(Random.map(Random.fraction(), (f) => f < 0.3));
 
   // provable method we want to test
-  const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>, noGlv: boolean) => {
+  const verify = (sig: Second<typeof signature>, noGlv: boolean) => {
     // invalid public key can lead to either a failing constraint, or verify() returning false
-    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(s.publicKey, Curve);
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(sig.publicKey, Curve);
+
+    // additional checks which are inconsistent between constant and variable verification
+    let { s, r } = sig.signature;
+    if (Field3.isConstant(s)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(s) !== 0n, 'invalid signature (s=0)');
+    }
+    if (Field3.isConstant(r)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(r) !== 0n, 'invalid signature (r=0)');
+    }
 
     let hasGlv = Curve.hasEndomorphism;
     if (noGlv) Curve.hasEndomorphism = false; // hack to force non-GLV version
     try {
-      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, sig.signature, sig.msg, sig.publicKey);
     } finally {
       Curve.hasEndomorphism = hasGlv;
     }

From c016072c84741f2ac9650388dafe524cecc04622 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 15:49:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1419/1786] restructure code to fix import cycles in
 account_update.ts

---
 src/index.ts                        |  11 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts           | 211 ++++------------------------
 src/lib/mina.ts                     | 182 ++----------------------
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts       | 123 ++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts |  13 ++
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts   |   2 +-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts |  16 +++
 src/lib/precondition.ts             | 173 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                    |  65 ++++++++-
 9 files changed, 415 insertions(+), 381 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index dd06c7ee65..94233cadda 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -41,11 +41,6 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
-export {
-  CallForest,
-  CallForestIterator,
-} from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
-export { TokenContract } from './lib/mina/token/token-contract.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
@@ -78,6 +73,12 @@ export {
   ZkappPublicInput,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
+export {
+  CallForest,
+  CallForestIterator,
+} from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+export { TokenContract } from './lib/mina/token/token-contract.js';
+
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export {
   fetchAccount,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index e2fede277f..1d4d25f239 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -15,9 +15,17 @@ import {
 } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import { UInt64, UInt32, Int64, Sign } from './int.js';
-import * as Mina from './mina.js';
-import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
-import * as Precondition from './precondition.js';
+import type { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
+import {
+  Preconditions,
+  Account,
+  Network,
+  CurrentSlot,
+  preconditions,
+  OrIgnore,
+  ClosedInterval,
+  getAccountPreconditions,
+} from './precondition.js';
 import { dummyBase64Proof, Empty, Proof, Prover } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Memo } from '../mina-signer/src/memo.js';
 import {
@@ -28,12 +36,14 @@ import { TokenId as Base58TokenId } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import { hashWithPrefix, packToFields } from './hash.js';
 import { mocks, prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
+import type { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
+import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
+import { isSmartContract } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
+import { activeInstance } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 // external API
 export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
@@ -60,6 +70,7 @@ export {
   zkAppProver,
   SmartContractContext,
   dummySignature,
+  LazyProof,
 };
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
@@ -88,11 +99,6 @@ type Update = AccountUpdateBody['update'];
 
 type MayUseToken = AccountUpdateBody['mayUseToken'];
 
-/**
- * Preconditions for the network and accounts
- */
-type Preconditions = AccountUpdateBody['preconditions'];
-
 /**
  * Either set a value or keep it the same.
  */
@@ -485,107 +491,6 @@ type FeePayerUnsigned = FeePayer & {
   lazyAuthorization?: LazySignature | undefined;
 };
 
-/**
- * Either check a value or ignore it.
- *
- * Used within [[ AccountPredicate ]]s and [[ ProtocolStatePredicate ]]s.
- */
-type OrIgnore<T> = { isSome: Bool; value: T };
-
-/**
- * An interval representing all the values between `lower` and `upper` inclusive
- * of both the `lower` and `upper` values.
- *
- * @typeParam A something with an ordering where one can quantify a lower and
- *            upper bound.
- */
-type ClosedInterval<T> = { lower: T; upper: T };
-
-type NetworkPrecondition = Preconditions['network'];
-let NetworkPrecondition = {
-  ignoreAll(): NetworkPrecondition {
-    let stakingEpochData = {
-      ledger: { hash: ignore(Field(0)), totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()) },
-      seed: ignore(Field(0)),
-      startCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
-      lockCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
-      epochLength: ignore(uint32()),
-    };
-    let nextEpochData = cloneCircuitValue(stakingEpochData);
-    return {
-      snarkedLedgerHash: ignore(Field(0)),
-      blockchainLength: ignore(uint32()),
-      minWindowDensity: ignore(uint32()),
-      totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()),
-      globalSlotSinceGenesis: ignore(uint32()),
-      stakingEpochData,
-      nextEpochData,
-    };
-  },
-};
-
-/**
- * Ignores a `dummy`
- *
- * @param dummy The value to ignore
- * @returns Always an ignored value regardless of the input.
- */
-function ignore<T>(dummy: T): OrIgnore<T> {
-  return { isSome: Bool(false), value: dummy };
-}
-
-/**
- * Ranges between all uint32 values
- */
-const uint32 = () => ({ lower: UInt32.from(0), upper: UInt32.MAXINT() });
-
-/**
- * Ranges between all uint64 values
- */
-const uint64 = () => ({ lower: UInt64.from(0), upper: UInt64.MAXINT() });
-
-type AccountPrecondition = Preconditions['account'];
-const AccountPrecondition = {
-  ignoreAll(): AccountPrecondition {
-    let appState: Array<OrIgnore<Field>> = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < ZkappStateLength; ++i) {
-      appState.push(ignore(Field(0)));
-    }
-    return {
-      balance: ignore(uint64()),
-      nonce: ignore(uint32()),
-      receiptChainHash: ignore(Field(0)),
-      delegate: ignore(PublicKey.empty()),
-      state: appState,
-      actionState: ignore(Actions.emptyActionState()),
-      provedState: ignore(Bool(false)),
-      isNew: ignore(Bool(false)),
-    };
-  },
-  nonce(nonce: UInt32): AccountPrecondition {
-    let p = AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll();
-    AccountUpdate.assertEquals(p.nonce, nonce);
-    return p;
-  },
-};
-
-type GlobalSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
-const GlobalSlotPrecondition = {
-  ignoreAll(): GlobalSlotPrecondition {
-    return ignore(uint32());
-  },
-};
-
-const Preconditions = {
-  ignoreAll(): Preconditions {
-    return {
-      account: AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
-      network: NetworkPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
-      validWhile: GlobalSlotPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
-    };
-  },
-};
-
 type Control = Types.AccountUpdate['authorization'];
 type LazyNone = {
   kind: 'lazy-none';
@@ -666,9 +571,9 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   authorization: Control;
   lazyAuthorization: LazySignature | LazyProof | LazyNone | undefined =
     undefined;
-  account: Precondition.Account;
-  network: Precondition.Network;
-  currentSlot: Precondition.CurrentSlot;
+  account: Account;
+  network: Network;
+  currentSlot: CurrentSlot;
   children: {
     callsType:
       | { type: 'None' }
@@ -691,10 +596,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     this.id = Math.random();
     this.body = body;
     this.authorization = authorization;
-    let { account, network, currentSlot } = Precondition.preconditions(
-      this,
-      isSelf
-    );
+    let { account, network, currentSlot } = preconditions(this, isSelf);
     this.account = account;
     this.network = network;
     this.currentSlot = currentSlot;
@@ -733,7 +635,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       accountLike: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract,
       label: string
     ) {
-      if (accountLike instanceof SmartContract) {
+      if (isSmartContract(accountLike)) {
         accountLike = accountLike.self;
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof AccountUpdate) {
@@ -845,7 +747,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (to instanceof AccountUpdate) {
       receiver = to;
       receiver.body.tokenId.assertEquals(this.body.tokenId);
-    } else if (to instanceof SmartContract) {
+    } else if (isSmartContract(to)) {
       receiver = to.self;
       receiver.body.tokenId.assertEquals(this.body.tokenId);
     } else {
@@ -1049,13 +951,11 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     let publicKey = update.body.publicKey;
     let tokenId =
       update instanceof AccountUpdate ? update.body.tokenId : TokenId.default;
-    let nonce = Number(
-      Precondition.getAccountPreconditions(update.body).nonce.toString()
-    );
+    let nonce = Number(getAccountPreconditions(update.body).nonce.toString());
     // if the fee payer is the same account update as this one, we have to start
     // the nonce predicate at one higher, bc the fee payer already increases its
     // nonce
-    let isFeePayer = Mina.currentTransaction()?.sender?.equals(publicKey);
+    let isFeePayer = currentTransaction()?.sender?.equals(publicKey);
     let isSameAsFeePayer = !!isFeePayer
       ?.and(tokenId.equals(TokenId.default))
       .toBoolean();
@@ -1063,7 +963,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
     CallForest.forEachPredecessor(
-      Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
+      currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
       update as AccountUpdate,
       (otherUpdate) => {
         let shouldIncreaseNonce = otherUpdate.publicKey
@@ -1180,7 +1080,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
         self.label || 'Unlabeled'
       } > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     } else {
-      Mina.currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
+      currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
       accountUpdate.label = `Mina.transaction > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     }
     return accountUpdate;
@@ -1199,8 +1099,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       if (selfUpdate === accountUpdate) return;
       insideContract.this.self.approve(accountUpdate);
     } else {
-      if (!Mina.currentTransaction.has()) return;
-      let updates = Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
+      if (!currentTransaction.has()) return;
+      let updates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
       if (!updates.find((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id)) {
         updates.push(accountUpdate);
       }
@@ -1212,7 +1112,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     let siblings =
       accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates ??
-      Mina.currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;
+      currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;
     if (siblings === undefined) return;
     let i = siblings?.findIndex((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id);
     if (i !== undefined && i !== -1) {
@@ -1290,7 +1190,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   ) {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayer as PrivateKey);
     accountUpdate.label = 'AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount()';
-    let fee = Mina.accountCreationFee();
+    let fee = activeInstance.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     numberOfAccounts ??= 1;
     if (typeof numberOfAccounts === 'number') fee = fee.mul(numberOfAccounts);
     else fee = fee.add(UInt64.from(numberOfAccounts.initialBalance ?? 0));
@@ -1866,57 +1766,6 @@ const Authorization = {
     accountUpdate.authorization = {};
     accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = { ...signature, kind: 'lazy-signature' };
   },
-  setProofAuthorizationKind(
-    { body, id }: AccountUpdate,
-    priorAccountUpdates?: AccountUpdate[]
-  ) {
-    body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
-    body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(true);
-    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      let proverData = zkAppProver.getData();
-      let isProver = proverData !== undefined;
-      assert(
-        isProver || priorAccountUpdates !== undefined,
-        'Called `setProofAuthorizationKind()` outside the prover without passing in `priorAccountUpdates`.'
-      );
-      let myAccountUpdateId = isProver ? proverData.accountUpdate.id : id;
-      priorAccountUpdates ??= proverData.transaction.accountUpdates;
-      priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
-        (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
-      );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
-        priorAccountUpdates,
-        false
-      );
-      let accountUpdate = [...priorAccountUpdatesFlat]
-        .reverse()
-        .find((body_) =>
-          body_.update.verificationKey.isSome
-            .and(body_.tokenId.equals(body.tokenId))
-            .and(body_.publicKey.equals(body.publicKey))
-            .toBoolean()
-        );
-      if (accountUpdate !== undefined) {
-        return accountUpdate.body.update.verificationKey.value.hash;
-      }
-      try {
-        let account = Mina.getAccount(body.publicKey, body.tokenId);
-        return account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.hash ?? Field(0);
-      } catch {
-        return Field(0);
-      }
-    });
-    body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash = hash;
-  },
-  setLazyProof(
-    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    proof: Omit<LazyProof, 'kind'>,
-    priorAccountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]
-  ) {
-    Authorization.setProofAuthorizationKind(accountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates);
-    accountUpdate.authorization = {};
-    accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = { ...proof, kind: 'lazy-proof' };
-  },
   setLazyNone(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     accountUpdate.body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
     accountUpdate.body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(false);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index e3b5823a9c..579d8defa0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
-import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
@@ -33,6 +32,15 @@ import {
   transactionCommitments,
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { FetchMode, currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
+import {
+  activeInstance,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  Mina,
+  FeePayerSpec,
+  DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  ActionStates,
+} from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -40,7 +48,6 @@ export {
   Network,
   LocalBlockchain,
   currentTransaction,
-  CurrentTransaction,
   Transaction,
   TransactionId,
   activeInstance,
@@ -115,54 +122,6 @@ const Transaction = {
   },
 };
 
-type FetchMode = 'fetch' | 'cached' | 'test';
-type CurrentTransaction = {
-  sender?: PublicKey;
-  accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
-  fetchMode: FetchMode;
-  isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: boolean;
-  numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined;
-};
-
-let currentTransaction = Context.create<CurrentTransaction>();
-
-/**
- * Allows you to specify information about the fee payer account and the transaction.
- */
-type FeePayerSpec =
-  | PublicKey
-  | {
-      sender: PublicKey;
-      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
-      memo?: string;
-      nonce?: number;
-    }
-  | undefined;
-
-type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec =
-  | PublicKey
-  | PrivateKey
-  | ((
-      | {
-          feePayerKey: PrivateKey;
-          sender?: PublicKey;
-        }
-      | {
-          feePayerKey?: PrivateKey;
-          sender: PublicKey;
-        }
-    ) & {
-      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
-      memo?: string;
-      nonce?: number;
-    })
-  | undefined;
-
-type ActionStates = {
-  fromActionState?: Field;
-  endActionState?: Field;
-};
-
 function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
   if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
     return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
@@ -331,43 +290,6 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
   return self;
 }
 
-interface Mina {
-  transaction(
-    sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
-    f: () => void
-  ): Promise<Transaction>;
-  currentSlot(): UInt32;
-  hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
-  getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
-  getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
-  getNetworkConstants(): {
-    genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
-    /**
-     * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
-     */
-    slotTime: UInt64;
-    accountCreationFee: UInt64;
-  };
-  accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
-  sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
-  fetchEvents: (
-    publicKey: PublicKey,
-    tokenId?: Field,
-    filterOptions?: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions
-  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchEvents>;
-  fetchActions: (
-    publicKey: PublicKey,
-    actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    tokenId?: Field
-  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchActions>;
-  getActions: (
-    publicKey: PublicKey,
-    actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    tokenId?: Field
-  ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
-  proofsEnabled: boolean;
-}
-
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
 
 /**
@@ -993,92 +915,6 @@ function BerkeleyQANet(graphqlEndpoint: string) {
   return Network(graphqlEndpoint);
 }
 
-let activeInstance: Mina = {
-  accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
-  getNetworkConstants() {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  currentSlot: () => {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-    if (
-      !currentTransaction.has() ||
-      currentTransaction.get().fetchMode === 'cached'
-    ) {
-      return !!Fetch.getCachedAccount(
-        publicKey,
-        tokenId,
-        Fetch.networkConfig.minaEndpoint
-      );
-    }
-    return false;
-  },
-  getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-    if (currentTransaction()?.fetchMode === 'test') {
-      Fetch.markAccountToBeFetched(
-        publicKey,
-        tokenId,
-        Fetch.networkConfig.minaEndpoint
-      );
-      return dummyAccount(publicKey);
-    }
-    if (
-      !currentTransaction.has() ||
-      currentTransaction.get().fetchMode === 'cached'
-    ) {
-      let account = Fetch.getCachedAccount(
-        publicKey,
-        tokenId,
-        Fetch.networkConfig.minaEndpoint
-      );
-      if (account === undefined)
-        throw Error(
-          `${reportGetAccountError(
-            publicKey.toBase58(),
-            TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)
-          )}\n\nEither call Mina.setActiveInstance first or explicitly add the account with addCachedAccount`
-        );
-      return account;
-    }
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  getNetworkState() {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  sendTransaction() {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
-    return createTransaction(sender, f, 0);
-  },
-  fetchEvents(_publicKey: PublicKey, _tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-    throw Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  fetchActions(
-    _publicKey: PublicKey,
-    _actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    _tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-  ) {
-    throw Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  getActions(
-    _publicKey: PublicKey,
-    _actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    _tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-  ) {
-    throw Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  proofsEnabled: true,
-};
-
-/**
- * Set the currently used Mina instance.
- */
-function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
-  activeInstance = m;
-}
-
 /**
  * Construct a smart contract transaction. Within the callback passed to this function,
  * you can call into the methods of smart contracts.
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a64f82ec01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/**
+ * This module holds the global Mina instance and its interface.
+ */
+import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { UInt64, UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import type { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from '../signature.js';
+import type { Transaction, TransactionId } from '../mina.js';
+import type { Account } from './account.js';
+import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
+import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
+
+export {
+  Mina,
+  FeePayerSpec,
+  DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  ActionStates,
+  activeInstance,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  ZkappStateLength,
+};
+
+const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
+const ZkappStateLength = 8;
+
+/**
+ * Allows you to specify information about the fee payer account and the transaction.
+ */
+type FeePayerSpec =
+  | PublicKey
+  | {
+      sender: PublicKey;
+      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
+      memo?: string;
+      nonce?: number;
+    }
+  | undefined;
+
+type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec =
+  | PublicKey
+  | PrivateKey
+  | ((
+      | {
+          feePayerKey: PrivateKey;
+          sender?: PublicKey;
+        }
+      | {
+          feePayerKey?: PrivateKey;
+          sender: PublicKey;
+        }
+    ) & {
+      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
+      memo?: string;
+      nonce?: number;
+    })
+  | undefined;
+
+type ActionStates = {
+  fromActionState?: Field;
+  endActionState?: Field;
+};
+
+interface Mina {
+  transaction(
+    sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+    f: () => void
+  ): Promise<Transaction>;
+  currentSlot(): UInt32;
+  hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
+  getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
+  getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
+  getNetworkConstants(): {
+    genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
+    /**
+     * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
+     */
+    slotTime: UInt64;
+    accountCreationFee: UInt64;
+  };
+  accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
+  sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
+  fetchEvents: (
+    publicKey: PublicKey,
+    tokenId?: Field,
+    filterOptions?: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions
+  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchEvents>;
+  fetchActions: (
+    publicKey: PublicKey,
+    actionStates?: ActionStates,
+    tokenId?: Field
+  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchActions>;
+  getActions: (
+    publicKey: PublicKey,
+    actionStates?: ActionStates,
+    tokenId?: Field
+  ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
+  proofsEnabled: boolean;
+}
+
+let activeInstance: Mina = {
+  accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
+  getNetworkConstants: noActiveInstance,
+  currentSlot: noActiveInstance,
+  hasAccount: noActiveInstance,
+  getAccount: noActiveInstance,
+  getNetworkState: noActiveInstance,
+  sendTransaction: noActiveInstance,
+  transaction: noActiveInstance,
+  fetchEvents: noActiveInstance,
+  fetchActions: noActiveInstance,
+  getActions: noActiveInstance,
+  proofsEnabled: true,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Set the currently used Mina instance.
+ */
+function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
+  activeInstance = m;
+}
+
+function noActiveInstance(): never {
+  throw Error('Must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37d54379e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/**
+ * This file exists to avoid an import cycle between code that just needs access
+ * to a smart contract base class, and the code that implements `SmartContract`.
+ */
+import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
+
+export { isSmartContract, SmartContractBase };
+
+class SmartContractBase {}
+
+function isSmartContract(object: unknown): object is SmartContract {
+  return object instanceof SmartContractBase;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 63016c9130..e5bed5328d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
 
 export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
-export { HashedAccountUpdate, CallForestUnderConstruction };
+export { CallForestUnderConstruction };
 
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
   AccountUpdate,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3bb040b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { AccountUpdate } from '../account_update.js';
+import type { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
+
+export { currentTransaction, CurrentTransaction, FetchMode };
+
+type FetchMode = 'fetch' | 'cached' | 'test';
+type CurrentTransaction = {
+  sender?: PublicKey;
+  accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
+  fetchMode: FetchMode;
+  isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: boolean;
+  numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined;
+};
+
+let currentTransaction = Context.create<CurrentTransaction>();
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index 25b10b9031..eba86036bf 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
 import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
-import { circuitValueEquals } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { circuitValueEquals, cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import * as Mina from './mina.js';
-import { Actions, AccountUpdate, Preconditions } from './account_update.js';
+import { activeInstance as Mina } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate } from './account_update.js';
 import { Int64, UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { Layout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import { emptyReceiptChainHash, TokenSymbol } from './hash.js';
 import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
-import { ZkappUri } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
+import {
+  Actions,
+  ZkappUri,
+} from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
+import type { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
   preconditions,
@@ -20,6 +25,145 @@ export {
   AccountValue,
   NetworkValue,
   getAccountPreconditions,
+  Preconditions,
+  OrIgnore,
+  ClosedInterval,
+};
+
+type AccountUpdateBody = Types.AccountUpdate['body'];
+
+/**
+ * Preconditions for the network and accounts
+ */
+type Preconditions = AccountUpdateBody['preconditions'];
+
+/**
+ * Either check a value or ignore it.
+ *
+ * Used within [[ AccountPredicate ]]s and [[ ProtocolStatePredicate ]]s.
+ */
+type OrIgnore<T> = { isSome: Bool; value: T };
+
+/**
+ * An interval representing all the values between `lower` and `upper` inclusive
+ * of both the `lower` and `upper` values.
+ *
+ * @typeParam A something with an ordering where one can quantify a lower and
+ *            upper bound.
+ */
+type ClosedInterval<T> = { lower: T; upper: T };
+
+type NetworkPrecondition = Preconditions['network'];
+let NetworkPrecondition = {
+  ignoreAll(): NetworkPrecondition {
+    let stakingEpochData = {
+      ledger: { hash: ignore(Field(0)), totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()) },
+      seed: ignore(Field(0)),
+      startCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
+      lockCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
+      epochLength: ignore(uint32()),
+    };
+    let nextEpochData = cloneCircuitValue(stakingEpochData);
+    return {
+      snarkedLedgerHash: ignore(Field(0)),
+      blockchainLength: ignore(uint32()),
+      minWindowDensity: ignore(uint32()),
+      totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()),
+      globalSlotSinceGenesis: ignore(uint32()),
+      stakingEpochData,
+      nextEpochData,
+    };
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Ignores a `dummy`
+ *
+ * @param dummy The value to ignore
+ * @returns Always an ignored value regardless of the input.
+ */
+function ignore<T>(dummy: T): OrIgnore<T> {
+  return { isSome: Bool(false), value: dummy };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ranges between all uint32 values
+ */
+const uint32 = () => ({ lower: UInt32.from(0), upper: UInt32.MAXINT() });
+
+/**
+ * Ranges between all uint64 values
+ */
+const uint64 = () => ({ lower: UInt64.from(0), upper: UInt64.MAXINT() });
+
+/**
+ * Fix a property to a certain value.
+ *
+ * @param property The property to constrain
+ * @param value The value it is fixed to
+ *
+ * Example: To fix the account nonce of a SmartContract to 0, you can use
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * \@method onlyRunsWhenNonceIsZero() {
+ *   AccountUpdate.assertEquals(this.self.body.preconditions.account.nonce, UInt32.zero);
+ *   // ...
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+function assertEquals<T extends object>(
+  property: OrIgnore<ClosedInterval<T> | T>,
+  value: T
+) {
+  property.isSome = Bool(true);
+  if ('lower' in property.value && 'upper' in property.value) {
+    property.value.lower = value;
+    property.value.upper = value;
+  } else {
+    property.value = value;
+  }
+}
+
+type AccountPrecondition = Preconditions['account'];
+const AccountPrecondition = {
+  ignoreAll(): AccountPrecondition {
+    let appState: Array<OrIgnore<Field>> = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < ZkappStateLength; ++i) {
+      appState.push(ignore(Field(0)));
+    }
+    return {
+      balance: ignore(uint64()),
+      nonce: ignore(uint32()),
+      receiptChainHash: ignore(Field(0)),
+      delegate: ignore(PublicKey.empty()),
+      state: appState,
+      actionState: ignore(Actions.emptyActionState()),
+      provedState: ignore(Bool(false)),
+      isNew: ignore(Bool(false)),
+    };
+  },
+  nonce(nonce: UInt32): AccountPrecondition {
+    let p = AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll();
+    assertEquals(p.nonce, nonce);
+    return p;
+  },
+};
+
+type GlobalSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
+const GlobalSlotPrecondition = {
+  ignoreAll(): GlobalSlotPrecondition {
+    return ignore(uint32());
+  },
+};
+
+const Preconditions = {
+  ignoreAll(): Preconditions {
+    return {
+      account: AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
+      network: NetworkPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
+      validWhile: GlobalSlotPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
+    };
+  },
 };
 
 function preconditions(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate, isSelf: boolean) {
@@ -57,8 +201,7 @@ function Network(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): Network {
       return this.getAndRequireEquals();
     },
     requireEquals(value: UInt64) {
-      let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-        Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+      let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
       let slot = timestampToGlobalSlot(
         value,
         `Timestamp precondition unsatisfied: the timestamp can only equal numbers of the form ${genesisTimestamp} + k*${slotTime},\n` +
@@ -318,13 +461,11 @@ function getVariable<K extends LongKey, U extends FlatPreconditionValue[K]>(
 }
 
 function globalSlotToTimestamp(slot: UInt32) {
-  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   return UInt64.from(slot).mul(slotTime).add(genesisTimestamp);
 }
 function timestampToGlobalSlot(timestamp: UInt64, message: string) {
-  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   let { quotient: slot, rest } = timestamp
     .sub(genesisTimestamp)
     .divMod(slotTime);
@@ -339,8 +480,7 @@ function timestampToGlobalSlotRange(
   // we need `slotLower <= current slot <= slotUpper` to imply `tsLower <= current timestamp <= tsUpper`
   // so we have to make the range smaller -- round up `tsLower` and round down `tsUpper`
   // also, we should clamp to the UInt32 max range [0, 2**32-1]
-  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   let tsLowerInt = Int64.from(tsLower)
     .sub(genesisTimestamp)
     .add(slotTime)
@@ -452,7 +592,6 @@ const preconditionContexts = new WeakMap<AccountUpdate, PreconditionContext>();
 
 // exported types
 
-type NetworkPrecondition = Preconditions['network'];
 type NetworkValue = PreconditionBaseTypes<NetworkPrecondition>;
 type RawNetwork = PreconditionClassType<NetworkPrecondition>;
 type Network = RawNetwork & {
@@ -461,9 +600,9 @@ type Network = RawNetwork & {
 
 // TODO: should we add account.state?
 // then can just use circuitArray(Field, 8) as the type
-type AccountPrecondition = Omit<Preconditions['account'], 'state'>;
-type AccountValue = PreconditionBaseTypes<AccountPrecondition>;
-type Account = PreconditionClassType<AccountPrecondition> & Update;
+type AccountPreconditionNoState = Omit<Preconditions['account'], 'state'>;
+type AccountValue = PreconditionBaseTypes<AccountPreconditionNoState>;
+type Account = PreconditionClassType<AccountPreconditionNoState> & Update;
 
 type CurrentSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
 type CurrentSlot = {
@@ -552,7 +691,7 @@ type PreconditionFlatEntry<T> = T extends RangeCondition<infer V>
 type FlatPreconditionValue = {
   [S in PreconditionFlatEntry<NetworkPrecondition> as `network.${S[0]}`]: S[2];
 } & {
-  [S in PreconditionFlatEntry<AccountPrecondition> as `account.${S[0]}`]: S[2];
+  [S in PreconditionFlatEntry<AccountPreconditionNoState> as `account.${S[0]}`]: S[2];
 } & { validWhile: PreconditionFlatEntry<CurrentSlotPrecondition>[2] };
 
 type LongKey = keyof FlatPreconditionValue;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 6140eca774..53be3bf380 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   ZkappStateLength,
   SmartContractContext,
+  LazyProof,
+  CallForest,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -58,6 +60,9 @@ import {
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
+import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
+
+console.log('importing zkapp');
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
               blindingValue
             );
             accountUpdate.body.callData = Poseidon.hash(callDataFields);
-            Authorization.setProofAuthorizationKind(accountUpdate);
+            ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
             // TODO: currently commented out, but could come back in some form when we add caller to the public input
             // // compute `caller` field from `isDelegateCall` and a context determined by the transaction
@@ -334,7 +339,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
           accountUpdate.body.callData = Poseidon.hash(callDataFields);
 
           if (!Authorization.hasAny(accountUpdate)) {
-            Authorization.setLazyProof(
+            ProofAuthorization.setLazyProof(
               accountUpdate,
               {
                 methodName: methodIntf.methodName,
@@ -429,7 +434,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
         accountUpdate.body.callData = hashConstant(callDataFields);
 
         if (!Authorization.hasAny(accountUpdate)) {
-          Authorization.setLazyProof(
+          ProofAuthorization.setLazyProof(
             accountUpdate,
             {
               methodName: methodIntf.methodName,
@@ -601,7 +606,7 @@ class Callback<Result> extends GenericArgument {
  * ```
  *
  */
-class SmartContract {
+class SmartContract extends SmartContractBase {
   address: PublicKey;
   tokenId: Field;
 
@@ -639,6 +644,7 @@ class SmartContract {
   }
 
   constructor(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
+    super();
     this.address = address;
     this.tokenId = tokenId ?? TokenId.default;
     Object.defineProperty(this, 'reducer', {
@@ -1563,6 +1569,57 @@ const Reducer: (<
   { get: Actions.emptyActionState }
 ) as any;
 
+const ProofAuthorization = {
+  setKind({ body, id }: AccountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates?: AccountUpdate[]) {
+    body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
+    body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(true);
+    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+      let proverData = zkAppProver.getData();
+      let isProver = proverData !== undefined;
+      assert(
+        isProver || priorAccountUpdates !== undefined,
+        'Called `setProofAuthorizationKind()` outside the prover without passing in `priorAccountUpdates`.'
+      );
+      let myAccountUpdateId = isProver ? proverData.accountUpdate.id : id;
+      priorAccountUpdates ??= proverData.transaction.accountUpdates;
+      priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
+        (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
+      );
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
+        priorAccountUpdates,
+        false
+      );
+      let accountUpdate = [...priorAccountUpdatesFlat]
+        .reverse()
+        .find((body_) =>
+          body_.update.verificationKey.isSome
+            .and(body_.tokenId.equals(body.tokenId))
+            .and(body_.publicKey.equals(body.publicKey))
+            .toBoolean()
+        );
+      if (accountUpdate !== undefined) {
+        return accountUpdate.body.update.verificationKey.value.hash;
+      }
+      try {
+        let account = Mina.getAccount(body.publicKey, body.tokenId);
+        return account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.hash ?? Field(0);
+      } catch {
+        return Field(0);
+      }
+    });
+    body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash = hash;
+  },
+  setLazyProof(
+    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+    proof: Omit<LazyProof, 'kind'>,
+    priorAccountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]
+  ) {
+    this.setKind(accountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates);
+    accountUpdate.authorization = {};
+    accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = { ...proof, kind: 'lazy-proof' };
+  },
+};
+
 /**
  * this is useful to debug a very common error: when the consistency check between
  * -) the account update that went into the public input, and

From fd6e36d5a69c5e3fc5e72c7d3a49dd226dc6ba09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 16:04:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1420/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/mina.ts  | 9 +++++++++
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 2 --
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 579d8defa0..06095e6610 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -72,6 +72,15 @@ export {
   // for internal testing only
   filterGroups,
 };
+
+// patch active instance so that we can still create basic transactions without giving Mina network details
+setActiveInstance({
+  ...activeInstance,
+  async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
+    return createTransaction(sender, f, 0);
+  },
+});
+
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 53be3bf380..7b852f086b 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 
-console.log('importing zkapp');
-
 // external API
 export {
   SmartContract,

From d40a8defc8e667c8f7d56197909f4d215e5fa2c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 16:09:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1421/1786] fix proof systems unit test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 3aab1dc9a5..5da3390e71 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -124,7 +124,6 @@ expect(emptyMethodsMetadata.run).toEqual(
   expect.objectContaining({
     rows: 0,
     digest: '4f5ddea76d29cfcfd8c595f14e31f21b',
-    result: undefined,
     gates: [],
     publicInputSize: 0,
   })

From 8f5acbd946caa0da9ba34022a07a3b992db97070 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 10:03:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1422/1786] minor

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index e10aa44668..073ce21de0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -55,15 +55,13 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
 
       // get balances of X and Y token
-      // TODO: this creates extra account updates. we need to reuse these by passing them to or returning them from transfer()
-      // but for that, we need the @method argument generalization
       let dexXUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dexXBalance = dexXUpdate.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
       let dexYUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dexYBalance = dexYUpdate.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
-      // // assert dy === [dx * y/x], or x === 0
+      // assert dy === [dx * y/x], or x === 0
       let isXZero = dexXBalance.equals(UInt64.zero);
       let xSafe = Provable.if(isXZero, UInt64.one, dexXBalance);
       let isDyCorrect = dy.equals(dx.mul(dexYBalance).div(xSafe));
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ function createDex({
       tokenX.transfer(user, dexXUpdate, dx);
       tokenY.transfer(user, dexYUpdate, dy);
 
-      // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dx
+      // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dy
       // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
       let dl = dy.add(dx);
       let userUpdate = this.token.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });

From c6f32187662e9ddf494214c11c9091589908b9d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 10:07:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1423/1786] remove unusedd code which just adds confusion

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 70 ---------------------------------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          | 11 ------
 2 files changed, 81 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 1d4d25f239..b2aa86b689 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1484,12 +1484,6 @@ type AccountUpdatesLayout =
   | 'NoDelegation'
   | AccountUpdatesLayout[];
 
-type WithCallers = {
-  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
-  caller: Field;
-  children: WithCallers[];
-};
-
 const CallForest = {
   // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
   // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
@@ -1560,70 +1554,6 @@ const CallForest = {
     return stackHash;
   },
 
-  // Mina_base.Zkapp_command.Call_forest.add_callers
-  // TODO: currently unused, but could come back when we add caller to the
-  // public input
-  addCallers(
-    updates: AccountUpdate[],
-    context: { self: Field; caller: Field } = {
-      self: TokenId.default,
-      caller: TokenId.default,
-    }
-  ): WithCallers[] {
-    let withCallers: WithCallers[] = [];
-    for (let update of updates) {
-      let { mayUseToken } = update.body;
-      let caller = Provable.if(
-        mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken,
-        context.self,
-        Provable.if(
-          mayUseToken.inheritFromParent,
-          context.caller,
-          TokenId.default
-        )
-      );
-      let self = TokenId.derive(update.body.publicKey, update.body.tokenId);
-      let childContext = { caller, self };
-      withCallers.push({
-        accountUpdate: update,
-        caller,
-        children: CallForest.addCallers(
-          update.children.accountUpdates,
-          childContext
-        ),
-      });
-    }
-    return withCallers;
-  },
-  /**
-   * Used in the prover to witness the context from which to compute its caller
-   *
-   * TODO: currently unused, but could come back when we add caller to the
-   * public input
-   */
-  computeCallerContext(update: AccountUpdate) {
-    // compute the line of ancestors
-    let current = update;
-    let ancestors = [];
-    while (true) {
-      let parent = current.parent;
-      if (parent === undefined) break;
-      ancestors.unshift(parent);
-      current = parent;
-    }
-    let context = { self: TokenId.default, caller: TokenId.default };
-    for (let update of ancestors) {
-      if (update.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.toBoolean()) {
-        context.caller = context.self;
-      } else if (!update.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.toBoolean()) {
-        context.caller = TokenId.default;
-      }
-      context.self = TokenId.derive(update.body.publicKey, update.body.tokenId);
-    }
-    return context;
-  },
-  callerContextType: provablePure({ self: Field, caller: Field }),
-
   computeCallDepth(update: AccountUpdate) {
     for (let callDepth = 0; ; callDepth++) {
       if (update.parent === undefined) return callDepth;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 7b852f086b..01735b07ea 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -217,17 +217,6 @@ function wrapMethod(
             accountUpdate.body.callData = Poseidon.hash(callDataFields);
             ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
-            // TODO: currently commented out, but could come back in some form when we add caller to the public input
-            // // compute `caller` field from `isDelegateCall` and a context determined by the transaction
-            // let callerContext = Provable.witness(
-            //   CallForest.callerContextType,
-            //   () => {
-            //     let { accountUpdate } = zkAppProver.getData();
-            //     return CallForest.computeCallerContext(accountUpdate);
-            //   }
-            // );
-            // CallForest.addCallers([accountUpdate], callerContext);
-
             // connect the public input to the account update & child account updates we created
             if (DEBUG_PUBLIC_INPUT_CHECK) {
               Provable.asProver(() => {

From a4dec71e5d1a009b723e472f8c6f90fdf645f04c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 10:18:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1424/1786] move annoying debug code out of sight

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 97 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 01735b07ea..1efb6b45aa 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -217,51 +217,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
             accountUpdate.body.callData = Poseidon.hash(callDataFields);
             ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
-            // connect the public input to the account update & child account updates we created
-            if (DEBUG_PUBLIC_INPUT_CHECK) {
-              Provable.asProver(() => {
-                // TODO: print a nice diff string instead of the two objects
-                // something like `expect` or `json-diff`, but web-compatible
-                function diff(prover: any, input: any) {
-                  delete prover.id;
-                  delete prover.callDepth;
-                  delete input.id;
-                  delete input.callDepth;
-                  if (JSON.stringify(prover) !== JSON.stringify(input)) {
-                    console.log(
-                      'transaction:',
-                      ZkappCommand.toPretty(transaction)
-                    );
-                    console.log('index', index);
-                    console.log('inconsistent account updates:');
-                    console.log('update created by the prover:');
-                    console.log(prover);
-                    console.log('update created in transaction block:');
-                    console.log(input);
-                  }
-                }
-                function diffRecursive(
-                  prover: AccountUpdate,
-                  input: AccountUpdate
-                ) {
-                  diff(prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
-                  let nChildren = input.children.accountUpdates.length;
-                  for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
-                    let inputChild = input.children.accountUpdates[i];
-                    let child = prover.children.accountUpdates[i];
-                    if (!inputChild || !child) return;
-                    diffRecursive(child, inputChild);
-                  }
-                }
-
-                let {
-                  accountUpdate: inputUpdate,
-                  transaction,
-                  index,
-                } = zkAppProver.getData();
-                diffRecursive(accountUpdate, inputUpdate);
-              });
-            }
+            debugPublicInput(accountUpdate);
             checkPublicInput(publicInput, accountUpdate);
 
             // check the self accountUpdate right after calling the method
@@ -1618,3 +1574,54 @@ const ProofAuthorization = {
  * TODO find or write library that can print nice JS object diffs
  */
 const DEBUG_PUBLIC_INPUT_CHECK = false;
+
+function debugPublicInput(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+  if (!DEBUG_PUBLIC_INPUT_CHECK) return;
+
+  // connect the public input to the account update & child account updates we created
+  Provable.asProver(() => {
+    diffRecursive(accountUpdate, zkAppProver.getData());
+  });
+}
+
+function diffRecursive(
+  prover: AccountUpdate,
+  inputData: {
+    transaction: ZkappCommand;
+    index: number;
+    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
+  }
+) {
+  let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
+  diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
+  let nChildren = input.children.accountUpdates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
+    let inputChild = input.children.accountUpdates[i];
+    let child = prover.children.accountUpdates[i];
+    if (!inputChild || !child) return;
+    diffRecursive(child, { transaction, index, accountUpdate: inputChild });
+  }
+}
+
+// TODO: print a nice diff string instead of the two objects
+// something like `expect` or `json-diff`, but web-compatible
+function diff(
+  transaction: ZkappCommand,
+  index: number,
+  prover: any,
+  input: any
+) {
+  delete prover.id;
+  delete prover.callDepth;
+  delete input.id;
+  delete input.callDepth;
+  if (JSON.stringify(prover) !== JSON.stringify(input)) {
+    console.log('transaction:', ZkappCommand.toPretty(transaction));
+    console.log('index', index);
+    console.log('inconsistent account updates:');
+    console.log('update created by the prover:');
+    console.log(prover);
+    console.log('update created in transaction block:');
+    console.log(input);
+  }
+}

From a3b2e97bd296bad4ccf3e71b97a5ac923a0d6b09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 12:05:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1425/1786] move call forest code next to account update

---
 src/index.ts                                |   6 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                   | 193 ++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/mina.ts                             |   9 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 159 +---------------
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts |  12 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts        |   8 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                            |   6 +-
 7 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 192 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 94233cadda..5fe75fe101 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -71,12 +71,10 @@ export {
   AccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
   ZkappPublicInput,
+  CallForest,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export {
-  CallForest,
-  CallForestIterator,
-} from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+export { CallForestIterator } from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
 export { TokenContract } from './lib/mina/token/token-contract.js';
 
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index b2aa86b689..1a02a01fbc 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvable,
   provable,
   provablePure,
+  Struct,
+  Unconstrained,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
@@ -33,20 +35,31 @@ import {
   Actions,
 } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
 import { TokenId as Base58TokenId } from './base58-encodings.js';
-import { hashWithPrefix, packToFields } from './hash.js';
+import {
+  hashWithPrefix,
+  packToFields,
+  Poseidon,
+  ProvableHashable,
+} from './hash.js';
 import { mocks, prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import type { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import { isSmartContract } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { activeInstance } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
+import {
+  genericHash,
+  MerkleList,
+  MerkleListBase,
+  withHashes,
+} from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 
 // external API
-export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
+export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput, CallForest };
 // internal API
 export {
   smartContractContext,
@@ -64,13 +77,16 @@ export {
   Actions,
   TokenId,
   Token,
-  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
   createChildAccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdatesLayout,
   zkAppProver,
   SmartContractContext,
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
+  CallTree,
+  CallForestUnderConstruction,
+  hashAccountUpdate,
 };
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
@@ -962,7 +978,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (isSameAsFeePayer) nonce++;
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
-    CallForest.forEachPredecessor(
+    CallForestHelpers.forEachPredecessor(
       currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
       update as AccountUpdate,
       (otherUpdate) => {
@@ -1009,7 +1025,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
 
   toPublicInput(): ZkappPublicInput {
     let accountUpdate = this.hash();
-    let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(this);
+    let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildren(this);
     return { accountUpdate, calls };
   }
 
@@ -1285,7 +1301,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (n === 0) {
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = {
         type: 'Equals',
-        value: CallForest.emptyHash(),
+        value: CallForestHelpers.emptyHash(),
       };
     }
   }
@@ -1484,7 +1500,148 @@ type AccountUpdatesLayout =
   | 'NoDelegation'
   | AccountUpdatesLayout[];
 
-const CallForest = {
+// call forest stuff
+
+function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
+}
+
+class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
+  AccountUpdate,
+  hashAccountUpdate
+) {}
+
+type CallTree = {
+  accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
+};
+const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
+  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
+});
+
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
+
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
+  }
+}
+
+// how to hash a forest
+
+function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+  return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
+}
+function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
+    tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+    tree.calls.hash,
+  ]);
+}
+function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
+    nodeHash,
+    forestHash,
+  ]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Structure for constructing a call forest from a circuit.
+ *
+ * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
+ * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
+ * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
+ */
+type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<
+  {
+    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+  }[]
+>;
+
+type HashOrValue<T> =
+  | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
+  | { useHash: false; value: T };
+
+const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
+  empty(): CallForestUnderConstruction {
+    return { useHash: false, value: [] };
+  },
+
+  setHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, hash: Field) {
+    Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true, hash });
+  },
+
+  witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
+    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+      let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+      return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
+    });
+    CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
+  },
+
+  push(
+    forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
+    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
+    calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
+  ) {
+    forest.value.push({
+      accountUpdate,
+      calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
+    });
+  },
+
+  remove(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    // find account update by .id
+    let index = forest.value.findIndex(
+      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
+    );
+
+    // nothing to do if it's not there
+    if (index === -1) return;
+
+    // remove it
+    forest.value.splice(index, 1);
+  },
+
+  finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): CallForest {
+    if (forest.useHash) {
+      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => {
+        let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+        return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).data;
+      });
+      return new CallForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
+    }
+
+    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
+    let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
+  },
+};
+
+function toCallTree(node: {
+  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+}): CallTree {
+  let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
+    ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
+        node.accountUpdate.hash,
+        Unconstrained.from(node.accountUpdate.value)
+      )
+    : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
+
+  return {
+    accountUpdate,
+    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
+  };
+}
+
+const CallForestHelpers = {
   // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
   // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
   // returns a flattened list, with `accountUpdate.body.callDepth` specifying positions in the forest
@@ -1501,7 +1658,7 @@ const CallForest = {
       let children = accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
       accountUpdates.push(
         accountUpdate,
-        ...CallForest.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
+        ...CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
       );
     }
     return accountUpdates;
@@ -1517,19 +1674,21 @@ const CallForest = {
   // the `calls` field of ZkappPublicInput
   hashChildren(update: AccountUpdate): Field {
     if (!Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
-      return CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
+      return CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update);
     }
 
     let { callsType } = update.children;
     // compute hash outside the circuit if callsType is "Witness"
     // i.e., allowing accountUpdates with arbitrary children
     if (callsType.type === 'Witness') {
-      return Provable.witness(Field, () => CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update));
+      return Provable.witness(Field, () =>
+        CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update)
+      );
     }
     if (callsType.type === 'WitnessEquals') {
       return callsType.value;
     }
-    let calls = CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
+    let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update);
     if (callsType.type === 'Equals') {
       calls.assertEquals(callsType.value);
     }
@@ -1537,9 +1696,9 @@ const CallForest = {
   },
 
   hashChildrenBase({ children }: AccountUpdate) {
-    let stackHash = CallForest.emptyHash();
+    let stackHash = CallForestHelpers.emptyHash();
     for (let accountUpdate of [...children.accountUpdates].reverse()) {
-      let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
+      let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
       let nodeHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
         accountUpdate.hash(),
         calls,
@@ -1565,7 +1724,7 @@ const CallForest = {
     let newUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
     for (let update of updates) {
       let newUpdate = map(update);
-      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(
+      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.map(
         update.children.accountUpdates,
         map
       );
@@ -1577,7 +1736,7 @@ const CallForest = {
   forEach(updates: AccountUpdate[], callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void) {
     for (let update of updates) {
       callback(update);
-      CallForest.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
+      CallForestHelpers.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
     }
   },
 
@@ -1587,7 +1746,7 @@ const CallForest = {
     callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void
   ) {
     let isPredecessor = true;
-    CallForest.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
+    CallForestHelpers.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
       if (otherUpdate.id === update.id) isPredecessor = false;
       if (isPredecessor) callback(otherUpdate);
     });
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 06095e6610..1e9dca7568 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   ZkappPublicInput,
   TokenId,
-  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
   Authorization,
   Actions,
   Events,
@@ -196,8 +196,9 @@ function createTransaction(
             f();
             Provable.asProver(() => {
               let tx = currentTransaction.get();
-              tx.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(tx.accountUpdates, (a) =>
-                toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
+              tx.accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.map(
+                tx.accountUpdates,
+                (a) => toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
               );
             });
           });
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ function createTransaction(
   let accountUpdates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
   // TODO: I'll be back
   // CallForest.addCallers(accountUpdates);
-  accountUpdates = CallForest.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
+  accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
 
   try {
     // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index e5bed5328d..89158e712a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,48 +1,11 @@
-import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, CallForest, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
-import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
-import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
-import { Hashed } from '../../provable-types/packed.js';
-import {
-  MerkleArray,
-  MerkleListBase,
-  MerkleList,
-  genericHash,
-  withHashes,
-} from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+import { MerkleArray, MerkleList } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
-export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
-
-export { CallForestUnderConstruction };
-
-class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
-  AccountUpdate,
-  hashAccountUpdate
-) {}
-
-type CallTree = {
-  accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
-};
-const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
-  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
-});
-
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
-    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
-      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
-    });
-
-    return CallForest.from(nodes);
-  }
-}
+export { CallForestArray, CallForestIterator };
 
 class CallForestArray extends MerkleArray.createFromList(CallForest) {}
 
@@ -158,117 +121,3 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     );
   }
 }
-
-// how to hash a forest
-
-function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
-  return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
-}
-
-function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
-    tree.accountUpdate.hash,
-    tree.calls.hash,
-  ]);
-}
-function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
-    nodeHash,
-    forestHash,
-  ]);
-}
-
-function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
-  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
-}
-
-/**
- * Structure for constructing a call forest from a circuit.
- *
- * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
- * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
- * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
- */
-type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<
-  {
-    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
-    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
-  }[]
->;
-
-type HashOrValue<T> =
-  | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
-  | { useHash: false; value: T };
-
-const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
-  empty(): CallForestUnderConstruction {
-    return { useHash: false, value: [] };
-  },
-
-  setHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, hash: Field) {
-    Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true, hash });
-  },
-
-  witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
-    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-      return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
-    });
-    CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
-  },
-
-  push(
-    forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
-    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
-    calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
-  ) {
-    forest.value.push({
-      accountUpdate,
-      calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
-    });
-  },
-
-  remove(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    // find account update by .id
-    let index = forest.value.findIndex(
-      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
-    );
-
-    // nothing to do if it's not there
-    if (index === -1) return;
-
-    // remove it
-    forest.value.splice(index, 1);
-  },
-
-  finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): CallForest {
-    if (forest.useHash) {
-      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => {
-        let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-        return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).data;
-      });
-      return new CallForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
-    }
-
-    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
-    let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-    return CallForest.from(nodes);
-  },
-};
-
-function toCallTree(node: {
-  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
-}): CallTree {
-  let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
-    ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
-        node.accountUpdate.hash,
-        Unconstrained.from(node.accountUpdate.value)
-      )
-    : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
-
-  return {
-    accountUpdate,
-    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index a9ca56bc56..fa5d46b508 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import {
-  CallForest,
-  CallForestIterator,
-  hashAccountUpdate,
-} from './call-forest.js';
+import { CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
-  CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
+  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
   TokenId,
+  hashAccountUpdate,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+  let flatUpdates2 = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(updates, false);
   let n = flatUpdates.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 5837995e49..acb0908946 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,13 @@ import { Bool } from '../../core.js';
 import { UInt64, Int64 } from '../../int.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
 import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, Permissions } from '../../account_update.js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  CallForest,
+  Permissions,
+} from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
-import { CallForest, CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
+import { CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 1efb6b45aa..8f653b97a2 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ import {
   ZkappStateLength,
   SmartContractContext,
   LazyProof,
-  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
+  CallForestUnderConstruction,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@ import {
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
-import { CallForestUnderConstruction } from './mina/token/call-forest.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 
 // external API
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ const ProofAuthorization = {
       priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
         (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
       );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(
         priorAccountUpdates,
         false
       );

From f291743541e03a2296b81494cfcb502cfe89e675 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 18:12:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1426/1786] make token contract work w/ dex (hacky first
 iteration)

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++-----
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     |  8 +++++
 3 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 1a02a01fbc..223d28b9f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ export {
   CallTree,
   CallForestUnderConstruction,
   hashAccountUpdate,
+  HashedAccountUpdate,
 };
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
@@ -793,6 +794,15 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   ) {
     makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
     AccountUpdate.witnessChildren(childUpdate, layout, { skipCheck: true });
+
+    // TODO: this is not as general as approve suggests
+    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, {
+        useHash: false,
+        value: childUpdate,
+      });
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -800,6 +810,15 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    */
   adopt(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
+
+    // TODO: this is not as general as adopt suggests
+    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, {
+        useHash: false,
+        value: childUpdate,
+      });
+    }
   }
 
   get balance() {
@@ -1126,6 +1145,14 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    * Disattach an account update from where it's currently located in the transaction
    */
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    // TODO duplicate logic
+    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    if (insideContract) {
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.remove(
+        insideContract.selfCalls,
+        accountUpdate
+      );
+    }
     let siblings =
       accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates ??
       currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;
@@ -1585,6 +1612,25 @@ const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
     CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
   },
 
+  fromAccountUpdates(
+    updates: AccountUpdate[],
+    useHash = false
+  ): CallForestUnderConstruction {
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
+      let accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate> = {
+        useHash: false,
+        value: update,
+      };
+      let calls = CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
+        update.children.accountUpdates
+      );
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
+    let forest: CallForestUnderConstruction = { useHash: false, value: nodes };
+    if (useHash) CallForestUnderConstruction.witnessHash(forest);
+    return forest;
+  },
+
   push(
     forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
     accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index acb0908946..272145f25f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   CallForest,
+  CallForestUnderConstruction,
+  CallTree,
+  HashedAccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
+  smartContractContext,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
@@ -97,16 +101,16 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
    * Approve a single account update (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
   approveAccountUpdate(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    AccountUpdate.unlink(accountUpdate);
-    this.approveBase(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]));
+    let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]);
+    this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 
   /**
    * Approve a list of account updates (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
   approveAccountUpdates(accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]) {
-    accountUpdates.forEach(AccountUpdate.unlink);
-    this.approveBase(CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(accountUpdates));
+    let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates(accountUpdates);
+    this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 
   // TRANSFERABLE API - simple wrapper around Approvable API
@@ -128,15 +132,36 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     }
     if (to instanceof PublicKey) {
       to = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(to, tokenId);
-
       to.label = `${this.constructor.name}.transfer() (to)`;
     }
+
     from.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount).neg();
     to.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount);
-    AccountUpdate.unlink(from);
-    AccountUpdate.unlink(to);
 
-    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates([from, to]);
+    let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates([from, to]);
     this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 }
+
+function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+  let trees = updates.map(finalizeAccountUpdate);
+  return CallForest.from(trees);
+}
+
+function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): CallTree {
+  let calls: CallForest;
+
+  let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+  if (insideContract) {
+    let node = insideContract.selfCalls.value.find(
+      (c) => c.accountUpdate.value.id === update.id
+    );
+    if (node !== undefined) {
+      calls = CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls);
+    }
+  }
+  calls ??= CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+  AccountUpdate.unlink(update);
+
+  return { accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update), calls };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 8f653b97a2..267c625211 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -415,6 +415,14 @@ function wrapMethod(
       // nothing is asserted about them -- it's the callee's task to check their children
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
       parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(
+        insideContract.selfCalls,
+        { useHash: false, value: accountUpdate },
+        CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
+          accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates,
+          true
+        )
+      );
 
       // assert that we really called the right zkapp
       accountUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(this.address);

From b8e43ccfe9f279f5c7a7d1d0b0347bcd8312657a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 18:33:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1427/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 82 +++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 2697fed274..a22d774c87 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "3f56ff09ceba13daf64b20cd48419395a04aa0007cac20e6e9c5f9106f251c3a",
+    "digest": "22daa074b7870490b90b23421015e6d08e682f4ed5e622a9db2504dee5cd5671",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
         "rows": 1258,
-        "digest": "5572b0d59feea6b199f3f45af7498d92"
+        "digest": "ae840e7007243291e18a1bd5216a49ed"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
         "rows": 1258,
-        "digest": "07c8451f1c1ea4e9653548d411d5728c"
+        "digest": "e4f3b101d10ead3ce9cb2ccb37f6bc11"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
         "rows": 1146,
-        "digest": "ec68c1d8ab22e779ccbd2659dd6b46cd"
+        "digest": "fe826d28b553da5307c15d28d0fd632d"
       },
       "vote": {
         "rows": 1672,
-        "digest": "fa5671190ca2cc46084cae922a62288e"
+        "digest": "cfbc84a918636da1ca6afc95d02e014e"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "1740450553572902301764143810281331039416167348454304895395553400061364101079"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "1875936070919967236715828287620658152293796457000976946864180886256059059334"
     }
   },
   "Membership_": {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     }
   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "f97dbbb67a72f01d956539b9f510633c0f88057f5dfbad8493e8d08dc4ca049",
+    "digest": "20b64a7b0520ae119f8dc91a8ef10bb91b3f30ab8d6ade52b5b628c429b43d0b",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
         "rows": 655,
@@ -73,54 +73,38 @@
         "rows": 652,
         "digest": "1ebb84a10bafd30accfd3e8046d2e20d"
       },
+      "approveBase": {
+        "rows": 13194,
+        "digest": "46100d5f715c68fc81f93c70e32c21f2"
+      },
       "deployZkapp": {
         "rows": 702,
         "digest": "e5ac2667a79f44f1e7a65b12d8ac006c"
       },
-      "approveUpdate": {
-        "rows": 1928,
-        "digest": "f8bd1807567dc405f841283227dfb158"
-      },
-      "approveAny": {
-        "rows": 1928,
-        "digest": "240aada76b79de1ca67ecbe455621378"
-      },
-      "approveUpdateAndSend": {
-        "rows": 3102,
-        "digest": "77efc708b9517c16722bad9cca54eb9c"
-      },
-      "transferToAddress": {
-        "rows": 1044,
-        "digest": "212879ca2441ccc20f5e58940833cf35"
-      },
-      "transferToUpdate": {
-        "rows": 2326,
-        "digest": "a7241cbc2946a3c468e600003a5d9a16"
-      },
       "getBalance": {
         "rows": 686,
         "digest": "44a90b65d1d7ee553811759b115d12cc"
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     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "20215142001741862869723990740096021895498505655157925381074115836190155964997"
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+      "hash": "27384842021225823013412718366201408258687963922479378403873398307032584328437"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "14f902411526156cdf7de9a822a3f6467f7608a135504038993cbc8efeaf720a",
+    "digest": "6c2cdcc82896f8438ccae4490b4c2b47cc3ba430a9cdf53018eead6ba782950",
     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
-        "rows": 3749,
-        "digest": "08830f49d9e8a4bf683db63c1c19bd28"
+        "rows": 2877,
+        "digest": "f7d4b4e34113b33d8543a74dfc3110dc"
       },
       "swapX": {
-        "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "e1c79fee9c8f94815daa5d6fee7c5181"
+        "rows": 1561,
+        "digest": "563d256fe4739dda2a992f8984fddd06"
       },
       "swapY": {
-        "rows": 1986,
-        "digest": "4cf07c1491e7fc167edcf3a26d636f3d"
+        "rows": 1561,
+        "digest": "e2b1374e5ab54c3de6c5f31b9e4cd9b9"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
         "rows": 718,
@@ -132,8 +116,8 @@
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     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "6361961148584909856756402479432671413765163664396823312454174383287651676472"
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+      "hash": "23362525313143196140641665177215350862002766202717183338959891568504853279430"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {
@@ -236,29 +220,29 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "2a2beadf929015559514abb88dd77694dbe62a6a5904e5a9d05ab21a3f293c0c",
+    "digest": "f4439d84374753ce55c597e7d9593bc50aa45b942c95068ee9e4c96fef2a293",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 28186,
-        "digest": "dd43cd30a8277b5af02fd85a4762a488"
+        "rows": 28220,
+        "digest": "5e793e1d827ea3900ab558c586c8b4cf"
       }
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     "verificationKey": {
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     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
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-        "digest": "2bb042b0fa7bbbb32f7e77d392f43d2c"
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   "sha256": {

From 58e7128cd1dff1244b2d64556c371bae1cd5e627 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 08:46:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1428/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a884dc593d..a9354195b4 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a884dc593dbab69e55ab9602b998ec12dfc3a288
+Subproject commit a9354195b4bb369cb9da827ccdfe81628385c1b6

From 51c55587907167dbcc6fa798e68ae3d45590fe69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 09:23:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1429/1786] fix changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 25 +++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 229892c5e7..e76325b791 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Reduce number of constraints of ECDSA verification by 5%, which breaks deployed contracts using ECDSA https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
+
 ### Changed
 
 - Improve performance of Wasm Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
@@ -26,27 +30,24 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
-- Target `network ID` configuration. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1387
-  - Defaults to the `testnet` (as it was before).
+- Configurable `networkId` when declaring a Mina instance. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1387
+  - Defaults to `"testnet"`, the other option is `"mainnet"`
+  - The `networkId` parameter influences the algorithm used for signatures, and ensures that testnet transactions can't be replayed on mainnet
+- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
 
 ## [0.15.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...be748e42e)
 
-### Breaking changes
+### Added
+
+- **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
+
+### Changed
 
 - `Mina.accountCreationFee()` is deprecated in favor of `Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1367
   - `Mina.getNetworkConstants()` returns:
     - [default](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1367/files#diff-ef2c3547d64a8eaa8253cd82b3623288f3271e14f1dc893a0a3ddc1ff4b9688fR7) network constants if used outside of the transaction scope.
     - [actual](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1367/files#diff-437f2c15df7c90ad8154c5de1677ec0838d51859bcc0a0cefd8a0424b5736f31R1051) network constants if used within the transaction scope.
 
-### Breaking changes
-
-- Reduce number of constraints of ECDSA verification by 5%, which breaks deployed contracts using ECDSA https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
-
-### Added
-
-- **SHA256 hash function** exposed via `Hash.SHA2_256` or `Gadgets.SHA256`. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1285
-- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
-
 ### Fixed
 
 - Fix approving of complex account update layouts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1364

From 59e531e8310e2bed799ed95c274611b90d7b19fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 09:30:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1430/1786] fix changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 71e7e94c86..caa07e8004 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,12 +15,19 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...HEAD)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
 - Reduce number of constraints of ECDSA verification by 5%, which breaks deployed contracts using ECDSA https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
 
+### Added
+
+- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
+- Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
+
+## [0.15.4](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...e5d1e0f)
+
 ### Changed
 
 - Improve performance of Wasm Poseidon hashing by a factor of 13x https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1378
@@ -33,8 +40,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Configurable `networkId` when declaring a Mina instance. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1387
   - Defaults to `"testnet"`, the other option is `"mainnet"`
   - The `networkId` parameter influences the algorithm used for signatures, and ensures that testnet transactions can't be replayed on mainnet
-- Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
-- Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
 
 ## [0.15.3](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/1ad7333e9e...be748e42e)
 

From 58eb90ed375f5ea4e1fde1e2a376892d4fe3ab0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:09:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1431/1786] allow overriding the hash function, expose
 `hashPacked`

---
 src/lib/hash.ts                  | 22 +++++++++++++++
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 1a55da5181..6f4dbc9347 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
 
 // internal API
 export {
+  ProvableHashable,
   HashInput,
   HashHelpers,
   emptyHashWithPrefix,
@@ -24,6 +25,9 @@ export {
   hashConstant,
 };
 
+type Hashable<T> = { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput; empty: () => T };
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & Hashable<T>;
+
 class Sponge {
   #sponge: unknown;
 
@@ -96,6 +100,24 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return { x, y: { x0, x1 } };
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Hashes a provable type efficiently.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let skHash = Poseidon.hashPacked(PrivateKey, secretKey);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * Note: Instead of just doing `Poseidon.hash(value.toFields())`, this
+   * uses the `toInput()` method on the provable type to pack the input into as few
+   * field elements as possible. This saves constraints because packing has a much
+   * lower per-field element cost than hashing.
+   */
+  hashPacked<T>(type: Hashable<T>, value: T) {
+    let input = type.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return Poseidon.hash(packed);
+  },
+
   initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
     return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index d3ff8bbd31..a12b9cbb54 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import {
 } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
-import { Poseidon, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
+import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { fields } from './fields.js';
+import { fields, modifiedField } from './fields.js';
 
 export { Packed, Hashed };
 
@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ class Packed<T> {
         packed: fields(packedSize),
         value: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<Packed<T>>;
+
+      static empty(): Packed<T> {
+        return Packed_.pack(type.empty());
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -120,8 +124,6 @@ class Packed<T> {
   }
 }
 
-type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput };
-
 function countFields(input: HashInput) {
   let n = input.fields?.length ?? 0;
   let pendingBits = 0;
@@ -172,13 +174,26 @@ class Hashed<T> {
   /**
    * Create a hashed representation of `type`. You can then use `HashedType.hash(x)` to wrap a value in a `Hashed`.
    */
-  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Hashed<T> {
+  static create<T>(
+    type: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    hash?: (t: T) => Field
+  ): typeof Hashed<T> {
+    let _hash = hash ?? ((t: T) => Poseidon.hashPacked(type, t));
+
+    let dummyHash = _hash(type.empty());
+
     return class Hashed_ extends Hashed<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
       static _provable = provableFromClass(Hashed_, {
-        hash: Field,
+        hash: modifiedField({ empty: () => dummyHash }),
         value: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
+
+      static _hash = _hash satisfies (t: T) => Field;
+
+      static empty(): Hashed<T> {
+        return new this(dummyHash, Unconstrained.from(type.empty()));
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -187,14 +202,16 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     this.value = value;
   }
 
+  static _hash(_: any): Field {
+    assert(false, 'Hashed not initialized');
+  }
+
   /**
    * Wrap a value, and represent it by its hash in provable code.
    */
-  static hash<T>(x: T): Hashed<T> {
-    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(x);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    let hash = Poseidon.hash(packed);
-    return new this(hash, Unconstrained.from(x));
+  static hash<T>(value: T): Hashed<T> {
+    let hash = this._hash(value);
+    return new this(hash, Unconstrained.from(value));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -206,9 +223,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     );
 
     // prove that the value hashes to the hash
-    let input = this.Constructor.innerProvable.toInput(value);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    let hash = Poseidon.hash(packed);
+    let hash = this.Constructor._hash(value);
     this.hash.assertEquals(hash);
 
     return value;
@@ -220,7 +235,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<Hashed<any>> | undefined;
-  static _innerProvable: ProvableExtended<any> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
 
   get Constructor(): typeof Hashed {
     return this.constructor as typeof Hashed;
@@ -230,7 +245,7 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
     return this._provable;
   }
-  static get innerProvable(): ProvableExtended<any> {
+  static get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<any> {
     assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
     return this._innerProvable;
   }

From 40344b6a0438b7d7e8f91ecb5d0225c2af844767 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:09:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1432/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a9354195b4..c7d681e395 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a9354195b4bb369cb9da827ccdfe81628385c1b6
+Subproject commit c7d681e395d7758c0a5d339ad934c002e2c1e8de

From 2cd85061c78f7ac1b520454f3227c5bdff62adc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:10:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1433/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index caa07e8004..433daf8f5e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
 - Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
+  - This also exposes `Poseidon.hashPacked()` to efficiently hash an arbitrary type
 
 ## [0.15.4](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...e5d1e0f)
 

From 6f61b567a0974848e4982b413f865d07a87df8ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:21:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1434/1786] bindings fixup

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index c7d681e395..772ce4ba92 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit c7d681e395d7758c0a5d339ad934c002e2c1e8de
+Subproject commit 772ce4ba92e63453253250bb706339016a8d1e8c

From a811a87b55f09b6a9f9ee1df02d817622701f505 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:32:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1435/1786] submodules

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 339a03c984..772ce4ba92 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 339a03c984140c10dd8c4e1f3b26438d38550c6a
+Subproject commit 772ce4ba92e63453253250bb706339016a8d1e8c
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 2a968c8347..f4e67fe467 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2a968c83477ed9f9e3b30a02cc357e541b76dcac
+Subproject commit f4e67fe4672762b327026614882a2e8847287688

From c40bfa3d22e2f03c8a97cde7c4761b435fe118cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:46:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1436/1786] merge fixups

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts     |  4 ++--
 src/lib/hash.ts               |  4 ----
 src/lib/mina.ts               |  2 ++
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 17d39df40c..bb15d8450f 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1942,7 +1942,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       fullCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Mina.getNetworkId()
+      activeInstance.getNetworkId()
     );
     return { body, authorization: Signature.toBase58(signature) };
   }
@@ -1975,7 +1975,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       transactionCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Mina.getNetworkId()
+      activeInstance.getNetworkId()
     );
     Authorization.setSignature(accountUpdate, Signature.toBase58(signature));
     return accountUpdate as AccountUpdate & { lazyAuthorization: undefined };
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index a66ce1b946..7f766c9412 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -129,10 +129,6 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return Poseidon.hash(packed);
   },
 
-  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
-    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
-  },
-
   Sponge,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index d01884f4e2..e98bf61a83 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ import {
   FeePayerSpec,
   DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   ActionStates,
+  defaultNetworkConstants,
+  NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index a64f82ec01..dbaba81b33 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -8,18 +8,27 @@ import type { Transaction, TransactionId } from '../mina.js';
 import type { Account } from './account.js';
 import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
 import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
+import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 export {
   Mina,
   FeePayerSpec,
   DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   ActionStates,
+  NetworkConstants,
+  defaultNetworkConstants,
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   ZkappStateLength,
 };
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
+const defaultNetworkConstants: NetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
+  slotTime: UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000),
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
+};
+
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
 
 /**
@@ -59,6 +68,15 @@ type ActionStates = {
   endActionState?: Field;
 };
 
+type NetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
+  /**
+   * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
+   */
+  slotTime: UInt64;
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64;
+};
+
 interface Mina {
   transaction(
     sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
@@ -68,14 +86,10 @@ interface Mina {
   hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
   getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
   getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
-  getNetworkConstants(): {
-    genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
-    /**
-     * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
-     */
-    slotTime: UInt64;
-    accountCreationFee: UInt64;
-  };
+  getNetworkConstants(): NetworkConstants;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use {@link getNetworkConstants}
+   */
   accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
   sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
   fetchEvents: (
@@ -94,11 +108,12 @@ interface Mina {
     tokenId?: Field
   ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
   proofsEnabled: boolean;
+  getNetworkId(): NetworkId;
 }
 
 let activeInstance: Mina = {
-  accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
-  getNetworkConstants: noActiveInstance,
+  accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
+  getNetworkConstants: () => defaultNetworkConstants,
   currentSlot: noActiveInstance,
   hasAccount: noActiveInstance,
   getAccount: noActiveInstance,
@@ -109,6 +124,7 @@ let activeInstance: Mina = {
   fetchActions: noActiveInstance,
   getActions: noActiveInstance,
   proofsEnabled: true,
+  getNetworkId: () => 'testnet',
 };
 
 /**

From a6c3ebff0b0a32f46e033449b60602249badd464 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 19:00:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1437/1786] merkle list

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a1e696884
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { Field, Poseidon, Provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
+
+export { MerkleList };
+
+class Element extends Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: Field }) {}
+
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+const dummyElement = Field(0);
+
+class MerkleList {
+  hash: Field;
+  value: Unconstrained<Element[]>;
+
+  private constructor(hash: Field, value: Element[]) {
+    this.hash = hash;
+    this.value = Unconstrained.from(value);
+  }
+
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
+  }
+
+  static create(): MerkleList {
+    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, []);
+  }
+
+  push(element: Field) {
+    let previousHash = this.hash;
+    this.hash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      this.value.set([...this.value.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+    });
+  }
+
+  private popWitness() {
+    return Provable.witness(Element, () => {
+      let value = this.value.get();
+      let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
+        previousHash: emptyHash,
+        element: dummyElement,
+      };
+      this.value.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      return head;
+    });
+  }
+
+  pop(): Field {
+    let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
+
+    let requiredHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    this.hash = previousHash;
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  popOrDummy(): Field {
+    let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
+
+    let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
+    let correctHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    let requiredHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, correctHash);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
+    return Provable.if(isEmpty, dummyElement, element);
+  }
+}

From f89c5a71280e32ee0a9459f020e1cb9d1e512e40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:48:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1438/1786] export unconstrained properly

---
 src/index.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 8fb4e0c9ef..8b8aa0672e 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ export type {
   FlexibleProvable,
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
-  Unconstrained,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@ export {
   provable,
   provablePure,
   Struct,
+  Unconstrained,
 } from './lib/circuit_value.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';

From dc58706d5a8584ea5dd6364e483d7b518d3d971a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1439/1786] export hash with prefix

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 15 +++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 6f4dbc9347..7f766c9412 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -66,6 +66,17 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return MlFieldArray.from(newState) as [Field, Field, Field];
   },
 
+  hashWithPrefix(prefix: string, input: Field[]) {
+    let init = Poseidon.update(Poseidon.initialState(), [
+      prefixToField(prefix),
+    ]);
+    return Poseidon.update(init, input)[0];
+  },
+
+  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
+    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
+  },
+
   hashToGroup(input: Field[]) {
     if (isConstant(input)) {
       let result = PoseidonBigint.hashToGroup(toBigints(input));
@@ -118,10 +129,6 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return Poseidon.hash(packed);
   },
 
-  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
-    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
-  },
-
   Sponge,
 };
 

From 9719eb76357ce7c200e888d5d632302380198d14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1440/1786] generic merkle tree

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 52 +++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 7a1e696884..3cefc1e941 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -4,65 +4,87 @@ export { MerkleList };
 
 class Element extends Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: Field }) {}
 
+type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
+function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
+}
+
 const emptyHash = Field(0);
-const dummyElement = Field(0);
 
-class MerkleList {
+class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
-  value: Unconstrained<Element[]>;
+  value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  provable: ProvableHashable<T>;
+  nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field;
 
-  private constructor(hash: Field, value: Element[]) {
+  private constructor(
+    hash: Field,
+    value: WithHash<T>[],
+    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
+  ) {
     this.hash = hash;
     this.value = Unconstrained.from(value);
+    this.provable = provable;
+    this.nextHash = nextHash;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
 
-  static create(): MerkleList {
-    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, []);
+  static create<T>(
+    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
+  ): MerkleList<T> {
+    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, [], provable, nextHash);
   }
 
-  push(element: Field) {
+  push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
-    this.hash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       this.value.set([...this.value.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
     });
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
-    return Provable.witness(Element, () => {
+    return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.provable), () => {
       let value = this.value.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
-        element: dummyElement,
+        element: this.provable.empty(),
       };
       this.value.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
     });
   }
 
-  pop(): Field {
+  pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
-    let requiredHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    let requiredHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
     this.hash = previousHash;
     return element;
   }
 
-  popOrDummy(): Field {
+  popOrDummy(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
-    let correctHash = Poseidon.hash([previousHash, element]);
+    let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     let requiredHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, correctHash);
     this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
     this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
-    return Provable.if(isEmpty, dummyElement, element);
+    return Provable.if(isEmpty, this.provable, this.provable.empty(), element);
   }
 }
+
+type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
+type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
+  toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
+  empty: () => T;
+};

From 6540c420728c6866266df30a458b09eeef963517 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 22 Jan 2024 21:49:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1441/1786] start call forest

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4384f51c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed } from 'o1js';
+import { MerkleList } from './merkle-list.js';
+
+export { CallForest };
+
+class CallTree {
+  accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: CallTree[];
+}
+
+// basically a MerkleList<CallTree> if MerkleList were generic
+type CallForest = MerkleList<CallTree>[];
+
+class PartialCallForest {
+  forest: Hashed<CallForest>;
+  pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
+}

From 8219ef0aa63367d2df4519852f93226b2a39d82e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 00:55:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1442/1786] call forest logic

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 24 +++++----
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 4384f51c54..0c431bb991 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,17 +1,72 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed } from 'o1js';
-import { MerkleList } from './merkle-list.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
+import { MerkleList, WithStackHash, emptyHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest };
 
-class CallTree {
+class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
+  a.hash()
+) {}
+
+type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallTree[];
-}
+  calls: CallForest;
+};
+
+type CallForest = WithStackHash<CallTree>;
+
+const CallForest = {
+  fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+    let forest = CallForest.empty();
+
+    for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      CallForest.cons(forest, { accountUpdate, calls });
+    }
+    return forest;
+  },
+
+  empty(): CallForest {
+    return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+  },
 
-// basically a MerkleList<CallTree> if MerkleList were generic
-type CallForest = MerkleList<CallTree>[];
+  cons(forest: CallForest, tree: CallTree) {
+    let node = { previousHash: forest.hash, element: tree };
+    let nodeHash = CallForest.hashNode(tree);
+
+    forest.stack.set([...forest.stack.get(), node]);
+    forest.hash = CallForest.hashCons(forest, nodeHash);
+  },
+
+  hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
+      tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+      tree.calls.hash,
+    ]);
+  },
+  hashCons(forest: CallForest, nodeHash: Field) {
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
+      forest.hash,
+      nodeHash,
+    ]);
+  },
+
+  provable: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
+};
+
+const CallForestHashed = Hashed.create(
+  CallForest.provable,
+  (forest) => forest.hash
+);
 
 class PartialCallForest {
   forest: Hashed<CallForest>;
   pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
+
+  constructor(forest: CallForest) {
+    this.forest = CallForestHashed.hash(forest);
+    this.pendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
+      Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
+    );
+  }
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 3cefc1e941..1fd6b09c2c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,25 @@
-import { Field, Poseidon, Provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
+import { Field, Provable, ProvableExtended, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
 
-export { MerkleList };
-
-class Element extends Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: Field }) {}
+export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash };
 
 type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
 function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
+type WithStackHash<T> = {
+  hash: Field;
+  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+};
+function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable });
+}
+
 const emptyHash = Field(0);
 
 class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
-  value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
   provable: ProvableHashable<T>;
   nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field;
 
@@ -24,7 +30,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
   ) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.value = Unconstrained.from(value);
+    this.stack = Unconstrained.from(value);
     this.provable = provable;
     this.nextHash = nextHash;
   }
@@ -44,18 +50,18 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
-      this.value.set([...this.value.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+      this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
     });
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.provable), () => {
-      let value = this.value.get();
+      let value = this.stack.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
         element: this.provable.empty(),
       };
-      this.value.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      this.stack.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
     });
   }

From c65c92c506375c13d065fbc7f40fd1ab31018f41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 01:37:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1443/1786] properly generic merkle list

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 88 ++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 1fd6b09c2c..b58599fb15 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
-import { Field, Provable, ProvableExtended, Struct, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
-
-export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash };
+import {
+  Field,
+  Provable,
+  ProvableExtended,
+  Struct,
+  Unconstrained,
+  assert,
+} from 'o1js';
+import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+
+export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash, ProvableHashable };
 
 type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
 function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
@@ -20,30 +28,18 @@ const emptyHash = Field(0);
 class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  provable: ProvableHashable<T>;
-  nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field;
 
-  private constructor(
-    hash: Field,
-    value: WithHash<T>[],
-    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
-  ) {
+  constructor(hash: Field, value: WithHash<T>[]) {
     this.hash = hash;
     this.stack = Unconstrained.from(value);
-    this.provable = provable;
-    this.nextHash = nextHash;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
 
-  static create<T>(
-    provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
-  ): MerkleList<T> {
-    return new MerkleList(emptyHash, [], provable, nextHash);
+  static empty(): MerkleList<any> {
+    return new this(emptyHash, []);
   }
 
   push(element: T) {
@@ -55,11 +51,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
-    return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.provable), () => {
+    return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
       let value = this.stack.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
-        element: this.provable.empty(),
+        element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
       this.stack.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
@@ -85,7 +81,57 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
     this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
-    return Provable.if(isEmpty, this.provable, this.provable.empty(), element);
+    let provable = this.innerProvable;
+    return Provable.if(isEmpty, provable, provable.empty(), element);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a Merkle list type
+   */
+  static create<T>(
+    type: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
+  ): typeof MerkleList<T> {
+    return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleList_, {
+        hash: Field,
+        stack: Unconstrained.provable,
+      }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
+
+      static _nextHash = nextHash;
+    };
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
+
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof MerkleList;
+  }
+
+  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
+      'MerkleList not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+  }
+
+  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> {
+    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
+    return this._provable;
+  }
+  get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
+      'MerkleList not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
   }
 }
 

From 85f917412e294fe174e19493e7832b6fd51e943f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 01:37:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1444/1786] make callforest a merkle list

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 82 +++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 0c431bb991..1646d3e476 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Unconstrained } from 'o1js';
-import { MerkleList, WithStackHash, emptyHash } from './merkle-list.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest };
 
@@ -9,64 +9,58 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
 
 type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallForest;
+  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>;
 };
+const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
+  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
+  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
+});
 
-type CallForest = WithStackHash<CallTree>;
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, function (hash, tree) {
+  return hashCons(hash, hashNode(tree));
+}) {
+  static empty(): CallForest {
+    return super.empty();
+  }
 
-const CallForest = {
-  fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
     let forest = CallForest.empty();
 
     for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
       let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      CallForest.cons(forest, { accountUpdate, calls });
+      forest.push({ accountUpdate, calls });
     }
-    return forest;
-  },
-
-  empty(): CallForest {
-    return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
-  },
-
-  cons(forest: CallForest, tree: CallTree) {
-    let node = { previousHash: forest.hash, element: tree };
-    let nodeHash = CallForest.hashNode(tree);
 
-    forest.stack.set([...forest.stack.get(), node]);
-    forest.hash = CallForest.hashCons(forest, nodeHash);
-  },
-
-  hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
-    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
-      tree.accountUpdate.hash,
-      tree.calls.hash,
-    ]);
-  },
-  hashCons(forest: CallForest, nodeHash: Field) {
-    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
-      forest.hash,
-      nodeHash,
-    ]);
-  },
-
-  provable: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
-};
+    return forest;
+  }
+}
 
-const CallForestHashed = Hashed.create(
-  CallForest.provable,
-  (forest) => forest.hash
+const PendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
+  Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
 );
 
 class PartialCallForest {
-  forest: Hashed<CallForest>;
+  forest: CallForest;
   pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
 
   constructor(forest: CallForest) {
-    this.forest = CallForestHashed.hash(forest);
-    this.pendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
-      Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
-    );
+    this.forest = forest;
+    this.pendingForests = PendingForests.empty();
   }
 }
+
+// how to hash a forest
+
+function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
+    tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+    tree.calls.hash,
+  ]);
+}
+function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
+    forestHash,
+    nodeHash,
+  ]);
+}

From c4dc1f47f0d793dc8c20d928e53072c99bd24eed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 02:33:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1445/1786] start writing pop account update

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 29 +++++++++++++++++++---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 1646d3e476..fa476bf727 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, function (hash, tree) {
-  return hashCons(hash, hashNode(tree));
-}) {
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, nextHash) {
   static empty(): CallForest {
     return super.empty();
   }
+  static from(value: WithStackHash<CallTree>): CallForest {
+    return new this(value.hash, value.stack);
+  }
 
   static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
     let forest = CallForest.empty();
@@ -34,6 +35,11 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, function (hash, tree) {
 
     return forest;
   }
+
+  pop() {
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = super.pop();
+    return { accountUpdate, calls: CallForest.from(calls) };
+  }
 }
 
 const PendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
@@ -48,10 +54,27 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     this.forest = forest;
     this.pendingForests = PendingForests.empty();
   }
+
+  popAccountUpdate() {
+    let { accountUpdate, calls: forest } = this.forest.pop();
+    let restOfForest = this.forest;
+
+    this.pendingForests.pushIf(restOfForest.isEmpty().not(), restOfForest);
+    this.forest = forest;
+
+    // TODO add a notion of 'current token' to partial call forest,
+    // or as input to this method
+    // TODO replace forest with empty forest if account update can't access current token
+    let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
+  }
 }
 
 // how to hash a forest
 
+function nextHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+  return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
+}
+
 function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
   return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index b58599fb15..16e5f0390f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {
+  Bool,
   Field,
   Provable,
   ProvableExtended,
@@ -15,23 +16,27 @@ function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+
 type WithStackHash<T> = {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 };
 function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
-  return Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable });
+  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
+    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
+      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+    }
+  };
 }
 
-const emptyHash = Field(0);
-
 class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
-  constructor(hash: Field, value: WithHash<T>[]) {
+  constructor(hash: Field, value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.stack = Unconstrained.from(value);
+    this.stack = value;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 
   static empty(): MerkleList<any> {
-    return new this(emptyHash, []);
+    return new this(emptyHash, Unconstrained.from([]));
   }
 
   push(element: T) {
@@ -50,6 +55,20 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     });
   }
 
+  pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
+    let previousHash = this.hash;
+    this.hash = Provable.if(
+      condition,
+      this.nextHash(previousHash, element),
+      previousHash
+    );
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      if (condition.toBoolean()) {
+        this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
       let value = this.stack.get();

From c21ca68a72bd0154a321febc4f8fbbff46a6e09c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 02:51:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1446/1786] finish core pop account update logic

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts |  9 +++++++--
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index fa476bf727..274d13fe8a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Provable, Struct } from 'o1js';
 import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest };
@@ -60,12 +60,32 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     let restOfForest = this.forest;
 
     this.pendingForests.pushIf(restOfForest.isEmpty().not(), restOfForest);
-    this.forest = forest;
 
     // TODO add a notion of 'current token' to partial call forest,
     // or as input to this method
     // TODO replace forest with empty forest if account update can't access current token
     let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
+
+    let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
+
+    let pendingForests = this.pendingForests.clone();
+    let nextForest = this.pendingForests.pop();
+    let newPendingForests = this.pendingForests;
+
+    this.forest = Provable.if(
+      currentIsEmpty,
+      CallForest.provable,
+      nextForest,
+      forest
+    );
+    this.pendingForests = Provable.if(
+      currentIsEmpty,
+      PendingForests.provable,
+      newPendingForests,
+      pendingForests
+    );
+
+    return update;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 16e5f0390f..b79402ee9a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     });
   }
 
-  pop(): T {
+  popExn(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
     let requiredHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     return element;
   }
 
-  popOrDummy(): T {
+  pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
@@ -104,6 +104,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     return Provable.if(isEmpty, provable, provable.empty(), element);
   }
 
+  clone(): MerkleList<T> {
+    let stack = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.stack.get()]);
+    return new this.Constructor(this.hash, stack);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
    */

From ae3ac66907eb5c5eaf1805eb71f92b9039db0d10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 12:11:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1447/1786] finish pop account update & refactor partial call
 forest

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 112 ++++++++++++++---------
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts |  73 +++++++++------
 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 274d13fe8a..504618408b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Field, Hashed, Poseidon, Provable, Struct } from 'o1js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Field,
+  Hashed,
+  Poseidon,
+  Provable,
+  Struct,
+  TokenId,
+} from 'o1js';
 import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
 
-export { CallForest };
+export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
   a.hash()
@@ -16,15 +24,8 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, nextHash) {
-  static empty(): CallForest {
-    return super.empty();
-  }
-  static from(value: WithStackHash<CallTree>): CallForest {
-    return new this(value.hash, value.stack);
-  }
-
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]) {
     let forest = CallForest.empty();
 
     for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
@@ -35,63 +36,90 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, nextHash) {
 
     return forest;
   }
-
-  pop() {
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = super.pop();
-    return { accountUpdate, calls: CallForest.from(calls) };
-  }
 }
 
-const PendingForests = MerkleList.create(CallForest.provable, (hash, t) =>
-  Poseidon.hash([hash, t.hash])
-);
+class ForestMayUseToken extends Struct({
+  forest: CallForest.provable,
+  mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
+}) {}
+const PendingForests = MerkleList.create<ForestMayUseToken>(ForestMayUseToken);
+
+type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
+const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 class PartialCallForest {
-  forest: CallForest;
-  pendingForests: MerkleList<CallForest>;
+  current: ForestMayUseToken;
+  pending: MerkleList<ForestMayUseToken>;
 
-  constructor(forest: CallForest) {
-    this.forest = forest;
-    this.pendingForests = PendingForests.empty();
+  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
+    this.current = { forest, mayUseToken };
+    this.pending = PendingForests.empty();
   }
 
-  popAccountUpdate() {
-    let { accountUpdate, calls: forest } = this.forest.pop();
-    let restOfForest = this.forest;
+  popAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
+    // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.current.forest.pop();
+    let forest = new CallForest(calls);
+    let restOfForest = this.current.forest;
 
-    this.pendingForests.pushIf(restOfForest.isEmpty().not(), restOfForest);
+    this.pending.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
+      forest: restOfForest,
+      mayUseToken: this.current.mayUseToken,
+    });
 
-    // TODO add a notion of 'current token' to partial call forest,
-    // or as input to this method
-    // TODO replace forest with empty forest if account update can't access current token
+    // check if this account update / it's children can use the token
     let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
 
+    let canAccessThisToken = Provable.equal(
+      MayUseToken.type,
+      update.body.mayUseToken,
+      this.current.mayUseToken
+    );
+    let isSelf = TokenId.derive(update.publicKey, update.tokenId).equals(
+      selfToken
+    );
+
+    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId
+      .equals(selfToken)
+      .and(canAccessThisToken);
+
+    // if we don't have to check the children, replace forest with an empty one
+    let checkSubtree = canAccessThisToken.and(isSelf.not());
+    forest = Provable.if(
+      checkSubtree,
+      CallForest.provable,
+      forest,
+      CallForest.empty()
+    );
+
+    // if the current forest is empty, switch to the next pending forest
+    let current = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
     let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
 
-    let pendingForests = this.pendingForests.clone();
-    let nextForest = this.pendingForests.pop();
-    let newPendingForests = this.pendingForests;
+    let pendingForests = this.pending.clone();
+    let next = this.pending.pop();
+    let nextPendingForests = this.pending;
 
-    this.forest = Provable.if(
+    this.current = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
-      CallForest.provable,
-      nextForest,
-      forest
+      ForestMayUseToken,
+      next,
+      current
     );
-    this.pendingForests = Provable.if(
+    this.pending = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
       PendingForests.provable,
-      newPendingForests,
+      nextPendingForests,
       pendingForests
     );
 
-    return update;
+    return { update, usesThisToken };
   }
 }
 
 // how to hash a forest
 
-function nextHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
   return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
 }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index b79402ee9a..be02ccfa79 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import {
   Bool,
   Field,
+  Poseidon,
   Provable,
   ProvableExtended,
   Struct,
@@ -8,25 +9,15 @@ import {
   assert,
 } from 'o1js';
 import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
 
 export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash, ProvableHashable };
 
-type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
-function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
-  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
-}
-
-const emptyHash = Field(0);
-
-type WithStackHash<T> = {
-  hash: Field;
-  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-};
-function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
-    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
-      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
-    }
+function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
+  return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
+    let input = provable.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
   };
 }
 
@@ -34,17 +25,16 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
-  constructor(hash: Field, value: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>) {
+  constructor({ hash, stack }: WithStackHash<T>) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.stack = value;
+    this.stack = stack;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
-
-  static empty(): MerkleList<any> {
-    return new this(emptyHash, Unconstrained.from([]));
+  notEmpty() {
+    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash).not();
   }
 
   push(element: T) {
@@ -106,7 +96,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
 
   clone(): MerkleList<T> {
     let stack = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.stack.get()]);
-    return new this.Constructor(this.hash, stack);
+    return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, stack });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -114,8 +104,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, t: T) => Field
-  ): typeof MerkleList<T> {
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
+  ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
+    empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
+    provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
+  } {
     return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
@@ -125,6 +118,15 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
       }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
+
+      static empty(): MerkleList<T> {
+        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) });
+      }
+
+      static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
+        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
+        return this._provable;
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -146,10 +148,6 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
   }
 
-  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> {
-    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
-    return this._provable;
-  }
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
@@ -159,6 +157,25 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 }
 
+type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
+function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
+}
+
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+
+type WithStackHash<T> = {
+  hash: Field;
+  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+};
+function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
+    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
+      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
 type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
 type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
   toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;

From c6b7f6cf3ac40578a07d65426d55c64704da0d54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 12:25:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1448/1786] improve variable naming

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 50 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 504618408b..34a845391d 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -38,33 +38,33 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   }
 }
 
-class ForestMayUseToken extends Struct({
+class Layer extends Struct({
   forest: CallForest.provable,
   mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
 }) {}
-const PendingForests = MerkleList.create<ForestMayUseToken>(ForestMayUseToken);
+const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
 
 type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
 const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 class PartialCallForest {
-  current: ForestMayUseToken;
-  pending: MerkleList<ForestMayUseToken>;
+  currentLayer: Layer;
+  nonEmptyParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
 
   constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
-    this.current = { forest, mayUseToken };
-    this.pending = PendingForests.empty();
+    this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
+    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
   popAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.current.forest.pop();
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.pop();
     let forest = new CallForest(calls);
-    let restOfForest = this.current.forest;
+    let restOfForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
-    this.pending.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
+    this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
       forest: restOfForest,
-      mayUseToken: this.current.mayUseToken,
+      mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
     });
 
     // check if this account update / it's children can use the token
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     let canAccessThisToken = Provable.equal(
       MayUseToken.type,
       update.body.mayUseToken,
-      this.current.mayUseToken
+      this.currentLayer.mayUseToken
     );
     let isSelf = TokenId.derive(update.publicKey, update.tokenId).equals(
       selfToken
@@ -92,25 +92,27 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       CallForest.empty()
     );
 
-    // if the current forest is empty, switch to the next pending forest
-    let current = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
+    // if the current forest is empty, step up to the next non-empty parent layer
+    // invariant: the current layer will _never_ be empty _except_ at the point where we stepped
+    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers
+    let currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
     let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
 
-    let pendingForests = this.pending.clone();
-    let next = this.pending.pop();
-    let nextPendingForests = this.pending;
+    let parentLayers = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.clone();
+    let nextParentLayer = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pop();
+    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.nonEmptyParentLayers;
 
-    this.current = Provable.if(
+    this.currentLayer = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
-      ForestMayUseToken,
-      next,
-      current
+      Layer,
+      nextParentLayer,
+      currentLayer
     );
-    this.pending = Provable.if(
+    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = Provable.if(
       currentIsEmpty,
-      PendingForests.provable,
-      nextPendingForests,
-      pendingForests
+      ParentLayers.provable,
+      parentLayersIfSteppingUp,
+      parentLayers
     );
 
     return { update, usesThisToken };

From 6a76e43e25e992133f17d7206b9f107039746f05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 13:49:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1449/1786] merkle array type

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 165 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts                 |   7 +
 src/lib/provable.ts                      |   2 -
 3 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index be02ccfa79..3e0ecf7122 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,14 @@ import {
 import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
 
-export { MerkleList, WithHash, WithStackHash, emptyHash, ProvableHashable };
+export {
+  MerkleArray,
+  MerkleList,
+  WithHash,
+  WithStackHash,
+  emptyHash,
+  ProvableHashable,
+};
 
 function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
   return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
@@ -181,3 +188,159 @@ type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
   toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
   empty: () => T;
 };
+
+// merkle array
+
+type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
+  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly fullHash: Field;
+
+  currentHash: Field;
+  currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
+ * instead of needlessly mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
+ *
+ * We maintain two commitments, both of which are equivalent to a Merkle list hash starting _from the end_ of the array:
+ * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
+ * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
+ */
+class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
+  // fixed parts
+  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly fullHash: Field;
+
+  // mutable parts
+  currentHash: Field;
+  currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
+
+  constructor(value: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+    Object.assign(this, value);
+  }
+
+  isEmpty() {
+    return this.fullHash.equals(emptyHash);
+  }
+  isAtEnd() {
+    return this.currentHash.equals(emptyHash);
+  }
+  assertAtStart() {
+    return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.fullHash);
+  }
+
+  next() {
+    // next corresponds to `pop()` in MerkleList
+    // it returns a dummy element if we're at the end of the array
+    let index = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get() + 1);
+
+    let { previousHash, element } = Provable.witness(
+      WithHash(this.innerProvable),
+      () =>
+        this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
+          previousHash: this.fullHash,
+          element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
+        }
+    );
+
+    let isDummy = this.isAtEnd();
+    let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
+    let requiredHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, correctHash);
+    this.currentHash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    this.currentIndex.setTo(index);
+    this.currentHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, previousHash);
+
+    return Provable.if(
+      isDummy,
+      this.innerProvable,
+      this.innerProvable.empty(),
+      element
+    );
+  }
+
+  clone(): MerkleArray<T> {
+    let array = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.array.get()]);
+    let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
+    return new this.Constructor({
+      array,
+      fullHash: this.fullHash,
+      currentHash: this.currentHash,
+      currentIndex,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a Merkle list type
+   */
+  static create<T>(
+    type: ProvableHashable<T>,
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
+  ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
+    from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
+    provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+  } {
+    return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleArray<T> {
+      static _innerProvable = type;
+
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
+        array: Unconstrained.provable,
+        fullHash: Field,
+        currentHash: Field,
+        currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
+      }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+
+      static _nextHash = nextHash;
+
+      static from(array: T[]): MerkleArray<T> {
+        let n = array.length;
+        let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);
+        let currentHash = emptyHash;
+
+        for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          arrayWithHashes[i] = { previousHash: currentHash, element: array[i] };
+          currentHash = nextHash(currentHash, array[i]);
+        }
+
+        return new this({
+          array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
+          fullHash: currentHash,
+          currentHash: currentHash,
+          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+        });
+      }
+
+      static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> {
+        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleArray not initialized');
+        return this._provable;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  // dynamic subclassing infra
+  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<any>> | undefined;
+  static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
+
+  get Constructor() {
+    return this.constructor as typeof MerkleArray;
+  }
+
+  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
+      'MerkleArray not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+  }
+
+  get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
+    assert(
+      this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
+      'MerkleArray not initialized'
+    );
+    return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 6720c343cb..adccc9a249 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -538,6 +538,13 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
     this.option = { isSome: true, value };
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Set the unconstrained value to the same as another `Unconstrained`.
+   */
+  setTo(value: Unconstrained<T>) {
+    this.option = value.option;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create an `Unconstrained` with the given `value`.
    */
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 8094bcf89e..961f723451 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -341,8 +341,6 @@ function ifImplicit<T extends ToFieldable>(condition: Bool, x: T, y: T): T {
         `If x, y are Structs or other custom types, you can use the following:\n` +
         `Provable.if(bool, MyType, x, y)`
     );
-  // TODO remove second condition once we have consolidated field class back into one
-  // if (type !== y.constructor) {
   if (type !== y.constructor) {
     throw Error(
       'Provable.if: Mismatched argument types. Try using an explicit type argument:\n' +

From e096d3c156418372ab587c14db44e2ae6adfefea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 14:28:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1450/1786] make call forest a merkle array, iteration

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 72 ++++++++++---------
 src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 34a845391d..938cb5e1b1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,12 @@ import {
   Struct,
   TokenId,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { MerkleList, ProvableHashable, WithStackHash } from './merkle-list.js';
+import {
+  MerkleArray,
+  MerkleArrayBase,
+  MerkleList,
+  ProvableHashable,
+} from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
@@ -17,24 +22,22 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
 
 type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>;
+  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>;
 };
 const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: WithStackHash<CallTree>(),
+  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]) {
-    let forest = CallForest.empty();
-
-    for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
+class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
       let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      forest.push({ accountUpdate, calls });
-    }
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
 
-    return forest;
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
   }
 }
 
@@ -49,21 +52,21 @@ const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 class PartialCallForest {
   currentLayer: Layer;
-  nonEmptyParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
+  unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
 
   constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
     this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
-    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
-  popAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
+  nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.pop();
-    let forest = new CallForest(calls);
-    let restOfForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
+    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
+    let forest = CallForest.startIterating(calls);
+    let parentLayer = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
-    this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pushIf(restOfForest.notEmpty(), {
-      forest: restOfForest,
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentLayer.isAtEnd(), {
+      forest: parentLayer,
       mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
     });
 
@@ -83,33 +86,28 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       .equals(selfToken)
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
-    // if we don't have to check the children, replace forest with an empty one
-    let checkSubtree = canAccessThisToken.and(isSelf.not());
-    forest = Provable.if(
-      checkSubtree,
-      CallForest.provable,
-      forest,
-      CallForest.empty()
-    );
+    // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
+    let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
+    forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
 
-    // if the current forest is empty, step up to the next non-empty parent layer
-    // invariant: the current layer will _never_ be empty _except_ at the point where we stepped
-    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers
+    // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
+    // invariant: the new current layer will _never_ be finished _except_ at the point where we stepped
+    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers to finish
     let currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
-    let currentIsEmpty = forest.isEmpty();
+    let currentIsFinished = forest.isAtEnd();
 
-    let parentLayers = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.clone();
-    let nextParentLayer = this.nonEmptyParentLayers.pop();
-    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.nonEmptyParentLayers;
+    let parentLayers = this.unfinishedParentLayers.clone();
+    let nextParentLayer = this.unfinishedParentLayers.pop();
+    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.unfinishedParentLayers;
 
     this.currentLayer = Provable.if(
-      currentIsEmpty,
+      currentIsFinished,
       Layer,
       nextParentLayer,
       currentLayer
     );
-    this.nonEmptyParentLayers = Provable.if(
-      currentIsEmpty,
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers = Provable.if(
+      currentIsFinished,
       ParentLayers.provable,
       parentLayersIfSteppingUp,
       parentLayers
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
index 3e0ecf7122..a82c4f0e56 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import {
   Field,
   Poseidon,
   Provable,
-  ProvableExtended,
   Struct,
   Unconstrained,
   assert,
@@ -13,6 +12,8 @@ import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleArray,
+  MerkleArrayIterator,
+  MerkleArrayBase,
   MerkleList,
   WithHash,
   WithStackHash,
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ type WithStackHash<T> = {
   hash: Field;
   stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 };
-function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableExtended<WithStackHash<T>> {
+function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableHashable<WithStackHash<T>> {
   return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
     static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
       return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
@@ -193,12 +194,43 @@ type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
 
 type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
   readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  readonly fullHash: Field;
+  readonly hash: Field;
+};
+
+function MerkleArrayBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayBase<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({ array: Unconstrained.provable, hash: Field }) {
+    static empty(): MerkleArrayBase<T> {
+      return { array: Unconstrained.from([]), hash: emptyHash };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+type MerkleArrayIterator<T> = {
+  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly hash: Field;
 
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 };
 
+function MerkleArrayIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayIterator<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({
+    array: Unconstrained.provable,
+    hash: Field,
+    currentHash: Field,
+    currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
+  }) {
+    static empty(): MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
+      return {
+        array: Unconstrained.from([]),
+        hash: emptyHash,
+        currentHash: emptyHash,
+        currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+      };
+    }
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
  * instead of needlessly mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
@@ -207,27 +239,47 @@ type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
  * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
  * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
  */
-class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
+class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   // fixed parts
   readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  readonly fullHash: Field;
+  readonly hash: Field;
 
   // mutable parts
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 
-  constructor(value: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+  constructor(value: MerkleArrayIterator<T>) {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
-  isEmpty() {
-    return this.fullHash.equals(emptyHash);
+  static startIterating<T>({ array, hash }: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+    return new this({
+      array,
+      hash,
+      currentHash: hash,
+      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+    });
+  }
+  assertAtStart() {
+    return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.hash);
   }
+
   isAtEnd() {
     return this.currentHash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
-  assertAtStart() {
-    return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.fullHash);
+  jumpToEnd() {
+    this.currentIndex.setTo(
+      Unconstrained.witness(() => this.array.get().length)
+    );
+    this.currentHash = emptyHash;
+  }
+  jumpToEndIf(condition: Bool) {
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      if (condition.toBoolean()) {
+        this.currentIndex.set(this.array.get().length);
+      }
+    });
+    this.currentHash = Provable.if(condition, emptyHash, this.currentHash);
   }
 
   next() {
@@ -239,7 +291,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
         this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
-          previousHash: this.fullHash,
+          previousHash: this.hash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
     );
@@ -265,7 +317,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
     let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
     return new this.Constructor({
       array,
-      fullHash: this.fullHash,
+      hash: this.hash,
       currentHash: this.currentHash,
       currentIndex,
     });
@@ -279,6 +331,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
   ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
     from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
+    empty: () => MerkleArray<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
   } {
     return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleArray<T> {
@@ -286,10 +339,12 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
         array: Unconstrained.provable,
-        fullHash: Field,
+        hash: Field,
         currentHash: Field,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
-      }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+      }) satisfies ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> as ProvableHashable<
+        MerkleArray<T>
+      >;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
@@ -305,12 +360,16 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayBase<T> {
 
         return new this({
           array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
-          fullHash: currentHash,
+          hash: currentHash,
           currentHash: currentHash,
           currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
         });
       }
 
+      static empty(): MerkleArray<T> {
+        return this.from([]);
+      }
+
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> {
         assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleArray not initialized');
         return this._provable;

From fa64041ea49bd9ea9db930e933c9ac5bc891c214 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 16:11:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1451/1786] tweaks, doccomments

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 16 +++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 938cb5e1b1..84e6320a22 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -59,14 +59,24 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Make a single step through a tree of account updates.
+   *
+   * This function will visit each account update in the tree exactly once when called repeatedly,
+   * and the internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done.
+   *
+   * Makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates
+   * -- but both can't be ruled out, so we're returning { update, usesThisToken } and let the caller handle the irrelevant case.
+   */
   nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
+    // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
     let forest = CallForest.startIterating(calls);
-    let parentLayer = this.currentLayer.forest;
+    let parentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
-    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentLayer.isAtEnd(), {
-      forest: parentLayer,
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentForest.isAtEnd().not(), {
+      forest: parentForest,
       mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
     });
 

From 7576435e2a1edbdf07642c0ad0dff2ad6e03d382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 16:16:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1452/1786] improve comment

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts | 15 ++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
index 84e6320a22..090ed664dd 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -60,13 +60,18 @@ class PartialCallForest {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Make a single step through a tree of account updates.
+   * Make a single step along a tree of account updates.
    *
-   * This function will visit each account update in the tree exactly once when called repeatedly,
-   * and the internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done.
+   * This function is guaranteed to visit each account update in the tree that uses the token
+   * exactly once, when called repeatedly.
    *
-   * Makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates
-   * -- but both can't be ruled out, so we're returning { update, usesThisToken } and let the caller handle the irrelevant case.
+   * The internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done, and
+   * can be passed from one proof to the next.
+   *
+   * The method makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token,
+   * and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates.
+   * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
+   * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
   nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)

From 482007d806c3842994e17fb2ade00cc0f3994299 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 16:31:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1453/1786] move files for now

---
 src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/call-forest.ts | 0
 src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/merkle-list.ts | 0
 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/call-forest.ts (100%)
 rename src/{examples/zkapps => lib/mina}/token/merkle-list.ts (100%)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/token/call-forest.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/token/merkle-list.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts

From f679c156697a37c63e5493e090f567aaeefb43d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:14:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1454/1786] start creating test

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 17 +++++++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts           | 15 ++++++--
 src/lib/testing/random.ts                   |  3 +-
 4 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 090ed664dd..d5e00897ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Field,
@@ -6,18 +7,20 @@ import {
   Provable,
   Struct,
   TokenId,
-} from 'o1js';
+} from '../../../index.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
   MerkleArrayBase,
   MerkleList,
   ProvableHashable,
+  genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
-class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(AccountUpdate, (a) =>
-  a.hash()
+class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
+  AccountUpdate,
+  hashAccountUpdate
 ) {}
 
 type CallTree = {
@@ -59,6 +62,10 @@ class PartialCallForest {
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
   }
 
+  static create(forest: CallForest) {
+    return new PartialCallForest(forest, MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Make a single step along a tree of account updates.
    *
@@ -150,3 +157,7 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
     nodeHash,
   ]);
 }
+
+function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73521b60a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
+import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
+import { CallForest, PartialCallForest } from './call-forest.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, ZkappCommand } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
+import { Field } from '../../../lib/core.js';
+
+// rng for account updates
+
+let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
+let verificationKey = { data, hash: Field(hashMl) };
+
+const accountUpdates = Random.map(
+  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
+  (txBigint) => {
+    // bigint to json, then to provable
+    let txJson = TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.toJSON(txBigint);
+
+    let accountUpdates = txJson.accountUpdates.map((aJson) => {
+      let a = AccountUpdate.fromJSON(aJson);
+
+      // fix verification key
+      if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
+        a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
+      }
+      return a;
+    });
+
+    return accountUpdates;
+  }
+);
+
+// tests begin here
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(accountUpdates, (updates) => {
+  console.log({ length: updates.length });
+
+  CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index a82c4f0e56..edd1577079 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import {
   Unconstrained,
   assert,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { provableFromClass } from 'src/bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { packToFields } from 'src/lib/hash.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { packToFields } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleArray,
@@ -19,8 +19,19 @@ export {
   WithStackHash,
   emptyHash,
   ProvableHashable,
+  genericHash,
 };
 
+function genericHash<T>(
+  provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+  prefix: string,
+  value: T
+) {
+  let input = provable.toInput(value);
+  let packed = packToFields(input);
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packed);
+}
+
 function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
   return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
     let input = provable.toInput(value);
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index 358b0ac206..12b82802ff 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -162,7 +162,8 @@ const accountUpdate = mapWithInvalid(
       a.body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(false);
     }
     if (!a.body.authorizationKind.isProved) {
-      a.body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash = Field(0);
+      a.body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash =
+        VerificationKeyHash.empty();
     }
     // ensure mayUseToken is valid
     let { inheritFromParent, parentsOwnToken } = a.body.mayUseToken;

From 342705f91f19667eebec631d3b306438ad9b70e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:39:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1455/1786] compute stack hash that is equivalent between
 provable & mins-aigner, but not yet the new implementation

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 73 +++++++++++++++++----
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts   |  1 +
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 73521b60a9..9387ff8ba6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,40 +1,85 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
 import { CallForest, PartialCallForest } from './call-forest.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, ZkappCommand } from '../../account_update.js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
+} from '../../account_update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
-import { Field } from '../../../lib/core.js';
+import {
+  accountUpdatesToCallForest,
+  callForestHash,
+  CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
+} from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 
 // rng for account updates
 
 let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
-let verificationKey = { data, hash: Field(hashMl) };
+let verificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
 
-const accountUpdates = Random.map(
+const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
   RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
   (txBigint) => {
-    // bigint to json, then to provable
-    let txJson = TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.toJSON(txBigint);
-
-    let accountUpdates = txJson.accountUpdates.map((aJson) => {
-      let a = AccountUpdate.fromJSON(aJson);
-
+    let flatUpdates = txBigint.accountUpdates.map((a) => {
       // fix verification key
       if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
         a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
       }
       return a;
     });
-
-    return accountUpdates;
+    return accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates);
   }
 );
 
 // tests begin here
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(accountUpdates, (updates) => {
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(callForest, (forestBigint) => {
+  // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
+  let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
+  );
+
   console.log({ length: updates.length });
 
-  CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+  let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+  dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
+
+  let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
+  hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
 });
+
+// call forest helpers
+
+type AbstractSimpleCallForest<A> = {
+  accountUpdate: A;
+  children: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>;
+}[];
+
+function mapCallForest<A, B>(
+  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>,
+  mapOne: (a: A) => B
+): AbstractSimpleCallForest<B> {
+  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => ({
+    accountUpdate: mapOne(accountUpdate),
+    children: mapCallForest(children, mapOne),
+  }));
+}
+
+function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
+  // bigint to json, then to provable
+  return AccountUpdate.fromJSON(TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.toJSON(a));
+}
+
+function callForestToNestedArray(
+  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
+): AccountUpdate[] {
+  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => {
+    accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates = callForestToNestedArray(children);
+    return accountUpdate;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 7644c2ee32..4daea29443 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ export {
   createFeePayer,
   accountUpdateFromFeePayer,
   isCallDepthValid,
+  CallForest,
 };
 
 function signZkappCommand(

From 895dd71cd9694d2a4e7a80201dae71caccc01716 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 17:48:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1456/1786] test on wider/deeper trees

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 13 ++++++++++---
 src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts   |  1 +
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 9387ff8ba6..2d06732feb 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -18,16 +18,23 @@ import {
 let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
 let verificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
 
+let accountUpdates = Random.array(
+  RandomTransaction.accountUpdateWithCallDepth,
+  Random.int(0, 50),
+  { reset: true }
+);
+
 const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
-  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
-  (txBigint) => {
-    let flatUpdates = txBigint.accountUpdates.map((a) => {
+  accountUpdates,
+  (accountUpdates) => {
+    let flatUpdates = accountUpdates.map((a) => {
       // fix verification key
       if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
         a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
       }
       return a;
     });
+    console.log({ totalLength: flatUpdates.length });
     return accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates);
   }
 );
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
index 8b58405ae3..f75c7ae93b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
@@ -142,4 +142,5 @@ const RandomTransaction = {
   zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey,
   zkappCommandJson,
   networkId: Random.oneOf<NetworkId[]>('testnet', 'mainnet'),
+  accountUpdateWithCallDepth: accountUpdate,
 };

From 7372293b81fc4638e5bbb0b4bdf6ee937908002a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 23 Jan 2024 21:38:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1457/1786] debugging

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  2 ++
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 40 +++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index d5e00897ae..6354199c37 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
 
+export { HashedAccountUpdate };
+
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
   AccountUpdate,
   hashAccountUpdate
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 2d06732feb..538f101344 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { CallForest, PartialCallForest } from './call-forest.js';
+import { CallForest, HashedAccountUpdate } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
@@ -41,24 +41,36 @@ const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
 
 // tests begin here
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000 })(callForest, (forestBigint) => {
-  // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
-  let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  callForest,
+  (forestBigint) => {
+    // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
+    let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
-  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-    mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
-  );
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
+    );
 
-  console.log({ length: updates.length });
+    console.log({ length: updates.length });
 
-  let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-  dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
+    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
 
-  let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
-  hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+    let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
+    hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
 
-  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-});
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
+
+    console.log({ nodes: nodes.map((n) => n.calls.hash.toBigInt()) });
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    forest.hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+  }
+);
 
 // call forest helpers
 

From 12d7449e97eb5a1647835a09610c62e1c8d210a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 10:12:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1458/1786] fix test by fixing order in hashCons

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  6 ++---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 27 ++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 6354199c37..9a4a540388 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -148,15 +148,15 @@ function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
 }
 
 function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateNode**', [
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
     tree.calls.hash,
   ]);
 }
 function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('MinaAcctUpdateCons**', [
-    forestHash,
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
     nodeHash,
+    forestHash,
   ]);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 538f101344..782a4e7d9e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,40 +39,27 @@ const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
   }
 );
 
-// tests begin here
+// TESTS
+
+// correctly hashes a call forest
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
   callForest,
   (forestBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
-    let stackHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+    let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
     );
 
-    console.log({ length: updates.length });
-
-    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
-
-    let hash = ProvableCallForest.hashChildren(dummyParent);
-    hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
-
-    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
-      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
-    });
-
-    console.log({ nodes: nodes.map((n) => n.calls.hash.toBigInt()) });
-
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    forest.hash.assertEquals(stackHash);
+    forest.hash.assertEquals(expectedHash);
   }
 );
 
-// call forest helpers
+// HELPERS
 
 type AbstractSimpleCallForest<A> = {
   accountUpdate: A;

From 4c4ce8e3bc4fdcceb35a68553ffb7daf38d607c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:08:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1459/1786] fix hash.empty() and merkleArray.next()

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index edd1577079..b5cca46e5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
       array,
       hash,
       currentHash: hash,
-      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
     });
   }
   assertAtStart() {
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
         this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
-          previousHash: this.hash,
+          previousHash: emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
     );
@@ -372,8 +372,8 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
         return new this({
           array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
           hash: currentHash,
-          currentHash: currentHash,
-          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
+          currentHash,
+          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
         });
       }
 

From 737fc24cdc29e29d86a16838962c05319c8a63f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:08:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1460/1786] make some code generic for reuse

---
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts | 16 +++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 4daea29443..004a3f0940 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -123,16 +123,22 @@ function transactionCommitments(zkappCommand: ZkappCommand) {
   return { commitment, fullCommitment };
 }
 
-type CallTree = { accountUpdate: AccountUpdate; children: CallForest };
-type CallForest = CallTree[];
+type CallTree<AccountUpdate> = {
+  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
+  children: CallForest<AccountUpdate>;
+};
+type CallForest<AccountUpdate> = CallTree<AccountUpdate>[];
 
 /**
  * Turn flat list into a hierarchical structure (forest) by letting the callDepth
  * determine parent-child relationships
  */
-function accountUpdatesToCallForest(updates: AccountUpdate[], callDepth = 0) {
+function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
+  updates: A[],
+  callDepth = 0
+) {
   let remainingUpdates = callDepth > 0 ? updates : [...updates];
-  let forest: CallForest = [];
+  let forest: CallForest<A> = [];
   while (remainingUpdates.length > 0) {
     let accountUpdate = remainingUpdates[0];
     if (accountUpdate.body.callDepth < callDepth) return forest;
@@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate) {
   return hashWithPrefix(prefixes.body, fields);
 }
 
-function callForestHash(forest: CallForest): Field {
+function callForestHash(forest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>): Field {
   let stackHash = 0n;
   for (let callTree of [...forest].reverse()) {
     let calls = callForestHash(callTree.children);

From fb8b3fa1e0a18c3840028555f0a0edbb816a77bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 12:42:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1461/1786] refactor, start test that traverses the tree

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  22 ++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 111 +++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 9a4a540388..a60a93ea1b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
 
-export { CallForest, PartialCallForest };
+export { CallForest, PartialCallForest, hashAccountUpdate };
 
 export { HashedAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -58,14 +58,20 @@ const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 class PartialCallForest {
   currentLayer: Layer;
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
+  selfToken: Field;
 
-  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken) {
+  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken, selfToken: Field) {
     this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
+    this.selfToken = selfToken;
   }
 
-  static create(forest: CallForest) {
-    return new PartialCallForest(forest, MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken);
+  static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
+    return new PartialCallForest(
+      forest,
+      MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
+      selfToken
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
    * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
-  nextAccountUpdate(selfToken: Field) {
+  next() {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
@@ -103,11 +109,11 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       this.currentLayer.mayUseToken
     );
     let isSelf = TokenId.derive(update.publicKey, update.tokenId).equals(
-      selfToken
+      this.selfToken
     );
 
     let usesThisToken = update.tokenId
-      .equals(selfToken)
+      .equals(this.selfToken)
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       parentLayers
     );
 
-    return { update, usesThisToken };
+    return { accountUpdate: update, usesThisToken };
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 782a4e7d9e..0d3d792bf9 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { CallForest, HashedAccountUpdate } from './call-forest.js';
+import {
+  CallForest,
+  HashedAccountUpdate,
+  PartialCallForest,
+  hashAccountUpdate,
+} from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
+  TokenId,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
@@ -12,46 +18,47 @@ import {
   callForestHash,
   CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
 } from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import assert from 'assert';
+import { Field } from '../../field.js';
 
-// rng for account updates
+// RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS for account updates
 
 let [, data, hashMl] = Pickles.dummyVerificationKey();
-let verificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
+let dummyVerificationKey = { data, hash: hashMl[1] };
 
-let accountUpdates = Random.array(
+const accountUpdateBigint = Random.map(
   RandomTransaction.accountUpdateWithCallDepth,
-  Random.int(0, 50),
-  { reset: true }
-);
-
-const callForest: Random<SimpleCallForest> = Random.map(
-  accountUpdates,
-  (accountUpdates) => {
-    let flatUpdates = accountUpdates.map((a) => {
-      // fix verification key
-      if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome) {
-        a.body.update.verificationKey.value = verificationKey;
-      }
-      return a;
-    });
-    console.log({ totalLength: flatUpdates.length });
-    return accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates);
+  (a) => {
+    // fix verification key
+    if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome)
+      a.body.update.verificationKey.value = dummyVerificationKey;
+    return a;
   }
 );
+const accountUpdate = Random.map(accountUpdateBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint);
+
+const arrayOf = <T>(x: Random<T>) =>
+  // `reset: true` to start callDepth at 0 for each array
+  Random.array(x, Random.int(20, 50), { reset: true });
+
+const flatAccountUpdatesBigint = arrayOf(accountUpdateBigint);
+const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
 
 // TESTS
 
 // correctly hashes a call forest
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
-  callForest,
-  (forestBigint) => {
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
+  flatAccountUpdatesBigint,
+  (flatUpdatesBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
+    let forestBigint = accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdatesBigint);
     let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
     // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let flatUpdates = flatUpdatesBigint.map(accountUpdateFromBigint);
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      mapCallForest(forestBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint)
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
@@ -59,22 +66,46 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
   }
 );
 
-// HELPERS
+// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order
 
-type AbstractSimpleCallForest<A> = {
-  accountUpdate: A;
-  children: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>;
-}[];
-
-function mapCallForest<A, B>(
-  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<A>,
-  mapOne: (a: A) => B
-): AbstractSimpleCallForest<B> {
-  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => ({
-    accountUpdate: mapOne(accountUpdate),
-    children: mapCallForest(children, mapOne),
-  }));
-}
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
+  flatAccountUpdates,
+  (flatUpdates) => {
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+    );
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    let tokenId = Field.random();
+    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+
+    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+
+    let n = flatUpdates.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
+
+      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
+      let actual = partialForest.next().accountUpdate;
+
+      console.log(
+        'expected: ',
+        expected.body.callDepth,
+        expected.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
+        hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt()
+      );
+      console.log(
+        'actual:   ',
+        actual.body.callDepth,
+        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
+        hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt()
+      );
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// HELPERS
 
 function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
   // bigint to json, then to provable
@@ -82,7 +113,7 @@ function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
 }
 
 function callForestToNestedArray(
-  forest: AbstractSimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
+  forest: SimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
 ): AccountUpdate[] {
   return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => {
     accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates = callForestToNestedArray(children);

From e1adaaf223ff0c2b6b6b78a63470a84cf0d09abe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 13:07:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1462/1786] confirm that callforest.next() works

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 63 ++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 0d3d792bf9..291d84660d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const accountUpdate = Random.map(accountUpdateBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint);
 
 const arrayOf = <T>(x: Random<T>) =>
   // `reset: true` to start callDepth at 0 for each array
-  Random.array(x, Random.int(20, 50), { reset: true });
+  Random.array(x, 10, { reset: true });
 
 const flatAccountUpdatesBigint = arrayOf(accountUpdateBigint);
 const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
@@ -66,6 +66,31 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
   }
 );
 
+// traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
+// i.e., CallForest.next() works
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  flatAccountUpdates,
+  (flatUpdates) => {
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+    );
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+
+    let n = updates.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let expected = updates[i];
+      let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+      assertEqual(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    // doing next again should return a dummy
+    let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+  }
+);
+
 // traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
@@ -76,6 +101,10 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
+    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
+    console.log(dummyParent.toPrettyLayout());
+
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
     let tokenId = Field.random();
     let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
@@ -87,20 +116,31 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
       assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
 
       let expected = flatUpdates[i];
+      let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
       let actual = partialForest.next().accountUpdate;
+      let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
+
+      let isCorrect = String(expectedHash === actualHash).padStart(5, ' ');
 
+      console.log(
+        'actual:   ',
+        actual.body.callDepth,
+        isCorrect,
+        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
+        actualHash
+      );
+    }
+    console.log();
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
       console.log(
         'expected: ',
         expected.body.callDepth,
+        ' true',
         expected.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
         hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt()
       );
-      console.log(
-        'actual:   ',
-        actual.body.callDepth,
-        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
-        hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt()
-      );
     }
   }
 );
@@ -120,3 +160,12 @@ function callForestToNestedArray(
     return accountUpdate;
   });
 }
+
+function assertEqual(actual: AccountUpdate, expected: AccountUpdate) {
+  let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
+  let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
+
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.body, expected.body);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.authorization, expected.authorization);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(actualHash, expectedHash);
+}

From 32e606b8d3aed14a24c21d444af504e26545dc13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 14:04:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1463/1786] it actually works when not skipping subtrees

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  8 ++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 52 ++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index a60a93ea1b..607a1c365a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
-  Field,
   Hashed,
   Poseidon,
   Provable,
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
+import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
 
 export { CallForest, PartialCallForest, hashAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
    * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
-  next() {
+  next({ skipSubtrees = true } = {}) {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
@@ -117,7 +117,9 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
-    let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
+    let skipSubtree = skipSubtrees
+      ? canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf)
+      : new Bool(false);
     forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
 
     // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 291d84660d..ae5f79abb6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const accountUpdate = Random.map(accountUpdateBigint, accountUpdateFromBigint);
 
 const arrayOf = <T>(x: Random<T>) =>
   // `reset: true` to start callDepth at 0 for each array
-  Random.array(x, 10, { reset: true });
+  Random.array(x, Random.int(10, 40), { reset: true });
 
 const flatAccountUpdatesBigint = arrayOf(accountUpdateBigint);
 const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
 // i.e., CallForest.next() works
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
   (flatUpdates) => {
     // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
@@ -85,13 +85,46 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
       assertEqual(actual, expected);
     }
 
-    // doing next again should return a dummy
+    // doing next() again should return a dummy
     let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
     assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
   }
 );
 
-// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order
+// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order,
+// assuming we don't skip any subtrees
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  flatAccountUpdates,
+  (flatUpdates) => {
+    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+    );
+
+    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    let tokenId = Field.random();
+    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+
+    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+
+    let n = flatUpdates.length;
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
+
+      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
+      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
+      assertEqual(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    // doing next() again should return a dummy
+    let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
+    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+  }
+);
+
+// TODO
+// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order, when skipping subtrees
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
@@ -117,7 +150,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
 
       let expected = flatUpdates[i];
       let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
-      let actual = partialForest.next().accountUpdate;
+      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
       let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
 
       let isCorrect = String(expectedHash === actualHash).padStart(5, ' ');
@@ -166,6 +199,13 @@ function assertEqual(actual: AccountUpdate, expected: AccountUpdate) {
   let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
 
   assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.body, expected.body);
-  assert.deepStrictEqual(actual.authorization, expected.authorization);
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(
+    actual.authorization.proof,
+    expected.authorization.proof
+  );
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(
+    actual.authorization.signature,
+    expected.authorization.signature
+  );
   assert.deepStrictEqual(actualHash, expectedHash);
 }

From ad069e5585648dc7820c3fa4a9f9f83d09d20afd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 16:35:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1464/1786] finish unit tests for call forest iteration

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |   6 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 214 ++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 607a1c365a..146f97d1ff 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
    * caller handle the irrelevant case where `usesThisToken` is false.
    */
-  next({ skipSubtrees = true } = {}) {
+  next() {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
@@ -117,9 +117,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       .and(canAccessThisToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
-    let skipSubtree = skipSubtrees
-      ? canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf)
-      : new Bool(false);
+    let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
     forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
 
     // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index ae5f79abb6..de62ceb354 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
 import {
   CallForest,
-  HashedAccountUpdate,
-  PartialCallForest,
+  PartialCallForest as CallForestIterator,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
@@ -19,7 +18,9 @@ import {
   CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
 } from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
-import { Field } from '../../field.js';
+import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
+import { Bool as BoolB } from '../../../provable/field-bigint.js';
+import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
 
 // RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS for account updates
 
@@ -32,6 +33,12 @@ const accountUpdateBigint = Random.map(
     // fix verification key
     if (a.body.update.verificationKey.isSome)
       a.body.update.verificationKey.value = dummyVerificationKey;
+
+    // ensure that, by default, all account updates are token-accessible
+    a.body.mayUseToken =
+      a.body.callDepth === 0
+        ? { parentsOwnToken: BoolB(true), inheritFromParent: BoolB(false) }
+        : { parentsOwnToken: BoolB(false), inheritFromParent: BoolB(true) };
     return a;
   }
 );
@@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ const flatAccountUpdates = arrayOf(accountUpdate);
 
 // correctly hashes a call forest
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(
   flatAccountUpdatesBigint,
   (flatUpdatesBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
@@ -66,114 +73,163 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
   }
 );
 
+// can recover flat account updates from nested updates
+// this is here to assert that we compute `updates` correctly in the other tests
+
+test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+  );
+  let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+  let n = flatUpdates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
+  }
+});
+
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
 // i.e., CallForest.next() works
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000, logFailures: false })(
-  flatAccountUpdates,
-  (flatUpdates) => {
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
-    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-    );
-    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-
-    let n = updates.length;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      let expected = updates[i];
-      let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
-      assertEqual(actual, expected);
-    }
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
+  // prepare call forest from flat account updates
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+  );
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
 
-    // doing next() again should return a dummy
+  // step through top-level by calling forest.next() repeatedly
+  let n = updates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    let expected = updates[i];
     let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
-    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+    assertEqual(actual, expected);
   }
-);
+
+  // doing next() again should return a dummy
+  let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+  assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+});
 
 // traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order,
-// assuming we don't skip any subtrees
+// when no subtrees are skipped
+
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
+  // with default token id, no subtrees will be skipped
+  let tokenId = TokenId.default;
 
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false })(
+  // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
+  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
+    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
+  );
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+  let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
+
+  // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
+  let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates;
+
+  let n = flatUpdates.length;
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    let expected = expectedUpdates[i];
+    let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
+    assertEqual(actual, expected);
+  }
+
+  // doing next() again should return a dummy
+  let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
+  assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
+});
+
+// correctly skips subtrees for various reasons
+
+// in this test, we make all updates inaccessible by setting the top level to `no` or `inherit`, or to the token owner
+// this means we wouldn't need to traverse any update in the whole tree
+// but we only notice inaccessibility when we have already traversed the inaccessible update
+// so, the result should be that we traverse the top level and nothing else
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
-  (flatUpdates) => {
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+  Random.publicKey,
+  (flatUpdates, publicKey) => {
+    // create token owner and derive token id
+    let tokenOwner = PublicKey.fromObject({
+      x: Field.from(publicKey.x),
+      isOdd: Bool(!!publicKey.isOdd),
+    });
+    let tokenId = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner);
+
+    // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
+    // make all top-level updates inaccessible
+    updates.forEach((u, i) => {
+      if (i % 3 === 0) {
+        u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;
+      } else if (i % 3 === 1) {
+        u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+      } else {
+        u.body.publicKey = tokenOwner;
+        u.body.tokenId = TokenId.default;
+      }
+    });
+
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    let tokenId = Field.random();
-    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+    let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
-    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+    // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
+    let expectedUpdates = updates;
 
     let n = flatUpdates.length;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
-
-      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
-      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
+      let expected = expectedUpdates[i] ?? AccountUpdate.dummy();
+      let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
       assertEqual(actual, expected);
     }
-
-    // doing next() again should return a dummy
-    let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
-    assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
   }
 );
 
-// TODO
-// traverses a call forest in correct depth-first order, when skipping subtrees
-
-test.custom({ timeBudget: 10000, logFailures: false, minRuns: 1, maxRuns: 1 })(
+// similar to the test before, but now we make all updates in the second layer inaccessible
+// so the iteration should walk through the first and second layer
+test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
   flatAccountUpdates,
-  (flatUpdates) => {
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
+  Random.publicKey,
+  (flatUpdates, publicKey) => {
+    // create token owner and derive token id
+    let tokenOwner = PublicKey.fromObject({
+      x: Field.from(publicKey.x),
+      isOdd: Bool(!!publicKey.isOdd),
+    });
+    let tokenId = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner);
+
+    // make all second-level updates inaccessible
+    flatUpdates
+      .filter((u) => u.body.callDepth === 1)
+      .forEach((u, i) => {
+        if (i % 3 === 0) {
+          u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;
+        } else if (i % 3 === 1) {
+          u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken;
+        } else {
+          u.body.publicKey = tokenOwner;
+          u.body.tokenId = TokenId.default;
+        }
+      });
+
+    // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
-
-    let dummyParent = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    dummyParent.children.accountUpdates = updates;
-    console.log(dummyParent.toPrettyLayout());
-
     let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    let tokenId = Field.random();
-    let partialForest = PartialCallForest.create(forest, tokenId);
+    let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
-    let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+    // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
+    let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates.filter((u) => u.body.callDepth <= 1);
 
     let n = flatUpdates.length;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
-
-      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
-      let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();
-      let actual = partialForest.next({ skipSubtrees: false }).accountUpdate;
-      let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
-
-      let isCorrect = String(expectedHash === actualHash).padStart(5, ' ');
-
-      console.log(
-        'actual:   ',
-        actual.body.callDepth,
-        isCorrect,
-        actual.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
-        actualHash
-      );
-    }
-    console.log();
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      let expected = flatUpdates[i];
-      console.log(
-        'expected: ',
-        expected.body.callDepth,
-        ' true',
-        expected.body.publicKey.toBase58(),
-        hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt()
-      );
+      let expected = expectedUpdates[i] ?? AccountUpdate.dummy();
+      let actual = forestIterator.next().accountUpdate;
+      assertEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   }
 );

From 2803ed904f9b4694b5984b943a25bbf34dd38e32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 24 Jan 2024 18:16:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1465/1786] rename, doccomments

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 37 +++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 146f97d1ff..8b2d953d65 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ import {
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
 } from './merkle-list.js';
-import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
+import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
-export { CallForest, PartialCallForest, hashAccountUpdate };
+export { CallForest, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
 export { HashedAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -55,7 +55,13 @@ const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
 type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
 const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
-class PartialCallForest {
+/**
+ * Data structure to represent a forest tree of account updates that is being iterated over.
+ *
+ * Important: Since this is to be used for token manager contracts to process it's entire subtree
+ * of account updates, the iterator skips subtrees that don't inherit token permissions.
+ */
+class CallForestIterator {
   currentLayer: Layer;
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
   selfToken: Field;
@@ -67,7 +73,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
   }
 
   static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
-    return new PartialCallForest(
+    return new CallForestIterator(
       forest,
       MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
       selfToken
@@ -80,9 +86,6 @@ class PartialCallForest {
    * This function is guaranteed to visit each account update in the tree that uses the token
    * exactly once, when called repeatedly.
    *
-   * The internal state of `PartialCallForest` represents the work still to be done, and
-   * can be passed from one proof to the next.
-   *
    * The method makes a best effort to avoid visiting account updates that are not using the token,
    * and in particular, to avoid returning dummy updates.
    * However, neither can be ruled out. We're returning { update, usesThisToken: Bool } and let the
@@ -112,9 +115,7 @@ class PartialCallForest {
       this.selfToken
     );
 
-    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId
-      .equals(this.selfToken)
-      .and(canAccessThisToken);
+    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId.equals(this.selfToken);
 
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
     let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
@@ -147,6 +148,22 @@ class PartialCallForest {
   }
 }
 
+// helper class to represent the position in a tree = the last visited node
+
+// every entry in the array is a layer
+// so if there are two entries, we last visited a node in the second layer
+// this index is the index of the node in that layer
+type TreePosition = { index: number; isDone: boolean }[];
+// const TreePosition = {
+//   stepDown(position: TreePosition, numberOfChildren: number) {
+//     position.push({ index: 0, isDone: false });
+//   },
+//   stepUp(position: TreePosition) {
+//     position.pop();
+//     position[position.length - 1].index++;
+//   },
+// };
+
 // how to hash a forest
 
 function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index de62ceb354..11b1ea3592 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
 import {
   CallForest,
-  PartialCallForest as CallForestIterator,
+  CallForestIterator,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 } from './call-forest.js';
 import {

From 18fb5699a04788ab00689fb39bf3ecb342e978b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:09:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1466/1786] unify base types of merklelist/array

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts |   6 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 164 +++++++++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 8b2d953d65..36d0840578 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../../index.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
-  MerkleArrayBase,
+  MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
 
 type CallTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>;
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
 };
 const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleArrayBase<CallTree>(),
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
 class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index b5cca46e5a..ae0164f5c3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -11,42 +11,49 @@ import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { packToFields } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
-  MerkleArray,
-  MerkleArrayIterator,
-  MerkleArrayBase,
+  MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
+  MerkleListIterator,
+  MerkleArray,
   WithHash,
-  WithStackHash,
   emptyHash,
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
+  merkleListHash,
 };
 
-function genericHash<T>(
-  provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
-  prefix: string,
-  value: T
-) {
-  let input = provable.toInput(value);
-  let packed = packToFields(input);
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packed);
+// common base types for both MerkleList and MerkleArray
+
+const emptyHash = Field(0);
+
+type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
+
+function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): ProvableHashable<WithHash<T>> {
+  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
-function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
-  return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
-    let input = provable.toInput(value);
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
+type MerkleListBase<T> = {
+  hash: Field;
+  data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+};
+
+function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
+  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, data: Unconstrained.provable }) {
+    static empty(): MerkleListBase<T> {
+      return { hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) };
+    }
   };
 }
 
-class MerkleList<T> {
+// merkle list
+
+class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   hash: Field;
-  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
-  constructor({ hash, stack }: WithStackHash<T>) {
+  constructor({ hash, data }: MerkleListBase<T>) {
     this.hash = hash;
-    this.stack = stack;
+    this.data = data;
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
@@ -60,7 +67,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     Provable.asProver(() => {
-      this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+      this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
     });
   }
 
@@ -73,19 +80,19 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     );
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       if (condition.toBoolean()) {
-        this.stack.set([...this.stack.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
+        this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
       }
     });
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
-      let value = this.stack.get();
+      let value = this.data.get();
       let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
         element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
-      this.stack.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      this.data.set(value.slice(0, -1));
       return head;
     });
   }
@@ -114,8 +121,8 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 
   clone(): MerkleList<T> {
-    let stack = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.stack.get()]);
-    return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, stack });
+    let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.data.get()]);
+    return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, data });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -125,6 +132,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
   ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
+    // override static methods with strict types
     empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
   } {
@@ -133,13 +141,13 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleList_, {
         hash: Field,
-        stack: Unconstrained.provable,
+        data: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
       static empty(): MerkleList<T> {
-        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) });
+        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) });
       }
 
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
@@ -176,25 +184,6 @@ class MerkleList<T> {
   }
 }
 
-type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
-function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): Provable<WithHash<T>> {
-  return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
-}
-
-const emptyHash = Field(0);
-
-type WithStackHash<T> = {
-  hash: Field;
-  stack: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-};
-function WithStackHash<T>(): ProvableHashable<WithStackHash<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({ hash: Field, stack: Unconstrained.provable }) {
-    static empty(): WithStackHash<T> {
-      return { hash: emptyHash, stack: Unconstrained.from([]) };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
 type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
 type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
   toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
@@ -203,38 +192,25 @@ type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
 
 // merkle array
 
-type MerkleArrayBase<T> = {
-  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
-  readonly hash: Field;
-};
-
-function MerkleArrayBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayBase<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({ array: Unconstrained.provable, hash: Field }) {
-    static empty(): MerkleArrayBase<T> {
-      return { array: Unconstrained.from([]), hash: emptyHash };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
-type MerkleArrayIterator<T> = {
-  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+type MerkleListIterator<T> = {
   readonly hash: Field;
+  readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 };
 
-function MerkleArrayIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayIterator<T>> {
+function MerkleListIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>> {
   return class extends Struct({
-    array: Unconstrained.provable,
     hash: Field,
+    data: Unconstrained.provable,
     currentHash: Field,
     currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
   }) {
-    static empty(): MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
+    static empty(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
       return {
-        array: Unconstrained.from([]),
         hash: emptyHash,
+        data: Unconstrained.from([]),
         currentHash: emptyHash,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
       };
@@ -244,28 +220,28 @@ function MerkleArrayIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArrayIterator<T>> {
 
 /**
  * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
- * instead of needlessly mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
+ * instead of mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
  *
  * We maintain two commitments, both of which are equivalent to a Merkle list hash starting _from the end_ of the array:
  * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
  * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
  */
-class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
+class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   // fixed parts
-  readonly array: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
+  readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
   readonly hash: Field;
 
   // mutable parts
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 
-  constructor(value: MerkleArrayIterator<T>) {
+  constructor(value: MerkleListIterator<T>) {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
-  static startIterating<T>({ array, hash }: MerkleArrayBase<T>) {
+  static startIterating<T>({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>) {
     return new this({
-      array,
+      data,
       hash,
       currentHash: hash,
       currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
@@ -280,14 +256,14 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
   jumpToEnd() {
     this.currentIndex.setTo(
-      Unconstrained.witness(() => this.array.get().length)
+      Unconstrained.witness(() => this.data.get().length)
     );
     this.currentHash = emptyHash;
   }
   jumpToEndIf(condition: Bool) {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       if (condition.toBoolean()) {
-        this.currentIndex.set(this.array.get().length);
+        this.currentIndex.set(this.data.get().length);
       }
     });
     this.currentHash = Provable.if(condition, emptyHash, this.currentHash);
@@ -301,7 +277,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
     let { previousHash, element } = Provable.witness(
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
-        this.array.get()[index.get()] ?? {
+        this.data.get()[index.get()] ?? {
           previousHash: emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
@@ -324,10 +300,10 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
 
   clone(): MerkleArray<T> {
-    let array = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.array.get()]);
+    let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.data.get()]);
     let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
     return new this.Constructor({
-      array,
+      data,
       hash: this.hash,
       currentHash: this.currentHash,
       currentIndex,
@@ -335,7 +311,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Create a Merkle list type
+   * Create a Merkle array type
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
@@ -349,8 +325,8 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
-        array: Unconstrained.provable,
         hash: Field,
+        data: Unconstrained.provable,
         currentHash: Field,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) satisfies ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> as ProvableHashable<
@@ -370,7 +346,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
         }
 
         return new this({
-          array: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
+          data: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
           hash: currentHash,
           currentHash,
           currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
@@ -389,7 +365,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
   }
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
-  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+  static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, value: any) => Field) | undefined;
 
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<any>> | undefined;
   static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
@@ -398,12 +374,12 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
     return this.constructor as typeof MerkleArray;
   }
 
-  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+  nextHash(hash: Field, value: T): Field {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
       'MerkleArray not initialized'
     );
-    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
 
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
@@ -414,3 +390,23 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleArrayIterator<T> {
     return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
   }
 }
+
+// hash helpers
+
+function genericHash<T>(
+  provable: ProvableHashable<T>,
+  prefix: string,
+  value: T
+) {
+  let input = provable.toInput(value);
+  let packed = packToFields(input);
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packed);
+}
+
+function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
+  return function nextHash(hash: Field, value: T) {
+    let input = provable.toInput(value);
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
+  };
+}

From d3d777bcb391dca29342b30c3e090aec09e42f46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:35:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1467/1786] simple way to update unconstrained

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index adccc9a249..67bc6515af 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -562,6 +562,16 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Update an `Unconstrained` by a witness computation.
+   */
+  updateAsProver(compute: (value: T) => T) {
+    return Provable.asProver(() => {
+      let value = this.get();
+      this.set(compute(value));
+    });
+  }
+
   static provable: Provable<Unconstrained<any>> & {
     toInput: (x: Unconstrained<any>) => {
       fields?: Field[];

From a970de2391d94e79e00eb889736098868d698c40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:38:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1468/1786] change merkle array start index from -1 to 0

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 52 ++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index ae0164f5c3..0e621f7279 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -66,9 +66,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
-    });
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [...data, { previousHash, element }]);
   }
 
   pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
@@ -78,11 +76,9 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
       this.nextHash(previousHash, element),
       previousHash
     );
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      if (condition.toBoolean()) {
-        this.data.set([...this.data.get(), { previousHash, element }]);
-      }
-    });
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
+      condition.toBoolean() ? [...data, { previousHash, element }] : data
+    );
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
@@ -196,28 +192,20 @@ type MerkleListIterator<T> = {
   readonly hash: Field;
   readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
+  /**
+   * The merkle list hash of `[data[currentIndex], ..., data[length-1]]` (when hashing from right to left).
+   *
+   * For example:
+   * - If `currentIndex === 0`, then `currentHash === this.hash` is the hash of the entire array.
+   * - If `currentIndex === length`, then `currentHash === emptyHash` is the hash of an empty array.
+   */
   currentHash: Field;
+  /**
+   * The index of the element that will be returned by the next call to `next()`.
+   */
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 };
 
-function MerkleListIterator<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>> {
-  return class extends Struct({
-    hash: Field,
-    data: Unconstrained.provable,
-    currentHash: Field,
-    currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
-  }) {
-    static empty(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
-      return {
-        hash: emptyHash,
-        data: Unconstrained.from([]),
-        currentHash: emptyHash,
-        currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
-      };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
 /**
  * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
  * instead of mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
@@ -244,7 +232,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
       data,
       hash,
       currentHash: hash,
-      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
+      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
     });
   }
   assertAtStart() {
@@ -272,12 +260,10 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   next() {
     // next corresponds to `pop()` in MerkleList
     // it returns a dummy element if we're at the end of the array
-    let index = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get() + 1);
-
     let { previousHash, element } = Provable.witness(
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
-        this.data.get()[index.get()] ?? {
+        this.data.get()[this.currentIndex.get()] ?? {
           previousHash: emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
@@ -288,7 +274,9 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     let requiredHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, correctHash);
     this.currentHash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
 
-    this.currentIndex.setTo(index);
+    this.currentIndex.updateAsProver((i) =>
+      Math.min(i + 1, this.data.get().length)
+    );
     this.currentHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, previousHash);
 
     return Provable.if(
@@ -349,7 +337,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
           data: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
           hash: currentHash,
           currentHash,
-          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(-1),
+          currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
         });
       }
 

From 42fcb39830975ac94631b0f21c573c34c0cb7c5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 12:37:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1469/1786] invert internal order in merkle list

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index 0e621f7279..a3ded82ab3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import {
   Struct,
   Unconstrained,
   assert,
-} from 'o1js';
+} from '../../../index.js';
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { packToFields } from '../../hash.js';
+import { packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleListBase,
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): ProvableHashable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
 
+/**
+ * Common base type for {@link MerkleList} and {@link MerkleArray}
+ */
 type MerkleListBase<T> = {
   hash: Field;
   data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
@@ -47,6 +50,25 @@ function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
 
 // merkle list
 
+/**
+ * Dynamic-length list which is represented as a single hash
+ *
+ * Supported operations are {@link push()} and {@link pop()} and some variants thereof.
+ *
+ * **Important:** `push()` adds elements to the _start_ of the internal array and `pop()` removes them from the start.
+ * This is so that the hash which represents the list is consistent with {@link MerkleArray},
+ * and so a `MerkleList` can be used as input to `MerkleArray.startIterating(list)` (which will then iterate starting from the last pushed element).
+ *
+ * A Merkle list is generic over its element types, so before using it you must create a subclass for your element type:
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * class MyList extends MerkleList.create(MyType) {}
+ *
+ * // now use it
+ * let list = MyList.empty();
+ * list.push(new MyType(...));
+ * ```
+ */
 class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   hash: Field;
   data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
@@ -59,14 +81,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   isEmpty() {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
-  notEmpty() {
-    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash).not();
-  }
 
   push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [...data, { previousHash, element }]);
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [{ previousHash, element }, ...data]);
   }
 
   pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
@@ -77,18 +96,18 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
       previousHash
     );
     this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
-      condition.toBoolean() ? [...data, { previousHash, element }] : data
+      condition.toBoolean() ? [{ previousHash, element }, ...data] : data
     );
   }
 
   private popWitness() {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
-      let value = this.data.get();
-      let head = value.at(-1) ?? {
+      let [value, ...data] = this.data.get();
+      let head = value ?? {
         previousHash: emptyHash,
         element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
-      this.data.set(value.slice(0, -1));
+      this.data.set(data);
       return head;
     });
   }
@@ -96,8 +115,8 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   popExn(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
-    let requiredHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+    let currentHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(currentHash);
 
     this.hash = previousHash;
     return element;
@@ -105,11 +124,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
 
   pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
-
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
-    let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    let requiredHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, correctHash);
-    this.hash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
+
+    let currentHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
+    currentHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, currentHash);
+    this.hash.assertEquals(currentHash);
 
     this.hash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, previousHash);
     let provable = this.innerProvable;
@@ -123,6 +142,15 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
 
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
+   *
+   * Optionally, you can tell `create()` how to do the hash that pushed a new list element, by passing a `nextHash` function.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * class MyList extends MerkleList.create(Field, (hash, x) =>
+   *   Poseidon.hashWithPrefix('custom', [hash, x])
+   * ) {}
+   * ```
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
@@ -163,12 +191,12 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return this.constructor as typeof MerkleList;
   }
 
-  nextHash(hash: Field, t: T): Field {
+  nextHash(hash: Field, value: T): Field {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
       'MerkleList not initialized'
     );
-    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, t);
+    return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
 
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
@@ -180,12 +208,6 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   }
 }
 
-type HashInput = { fields?: Field[]; packed?: [Field, number][] };
-type ProvableHashable<T> = Provable<T> & {
-  toInput: (x: T) => HashInput;
-  empty: () => T;
-};
-
 // merkle array
 
 type MerkleListIterator<T> = {

From 28e906bb84493fba58d31be90bd6ae464fc77795 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 13:51:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1470/1786] make merkle list the main callforest intf

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 18 ++++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts |  8 +--
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts           | 61 ++++++++++++++-------
 3 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 36d0840578..a4b070481d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
 } from './merkle-list.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
-export { CallForest, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
+export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
 export { HashedAccountUpdate };
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
     let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
@@ -46,8 +46,10 @@ class CallForest extends MerkleArray.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   }
 }
 
+class CallForestArray extends MerkleArray.createFromList(CallForest) {}
+
 class Layer extends Struct({
-  forest: CallForest.provable,
+  forest: CallForestArray.provable,
   mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
 }) {}
 const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
@@ -66,7 +68,11 @@ class CallForestIterator {
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
   selfToken: Field;
 
-  constructor(forest: CallForest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken, selfToken: Field) {
+  constructor(
+    forest: CallForestArray,
+    mayUseToken: MayUseToken,
+    selfToken: Field
+  ) {
     this.currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken };
     this.unfinishedParentLayers = ParentLayers.empty();
     this.selfToken = selfToken;
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ class CallForestIterator {
 
   static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
     return new CallForestIterator(
-      forest,
+      CallForestArray.startIterating(forest),
       MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
       selfToken
     );
@@ -95,7 +101,7 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
-    let forest = CallForest.startIterating(calls);
+    let forest = CallForestArray.startIterating(calls);
     let parentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
     this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentForest.isAtEnd().not(), {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index 11b1ea3592..a9ca56bc56 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -88,25 +88,25 @@ test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
 });
 
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
-// i.e., CallForest.next() works
+// i.e., CallForestArray works
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   // prepare call forest from flat account updates
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates).startIterating();
 
   // step through top-level by calling forest.next() repeatedly
   let n = updates.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     let expected = updates[i];
-    let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+    let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.unhash();
     assertEqual(actual, expected);
   }
 
   // doing next() again should return a dummy
-  let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.value.get();
+  let actual = forest.next().accountUpdate.unhash();
   assertEqual(actual, AccountUpdate.dummy());
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index a3ded82ab3..60139dca77 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -140,6 +140,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, data });
   }
 
+  startIterating(): MerkleArray<T> {
+    let merkleArray = MerkleArray.createFromList<T>(this.Constructor);
+    return merkleArray.startIterating(this);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
    *
@@ -158,6 +163,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
     // override static methods with strict types
     empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
+    from: (array: T[]) => MerkleList<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
   } {
     return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
@@ -174,6 +180,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
         return new this({ hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) });
       }
 
+      static from(array: T[]): MerkleList<T> {
+        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
+        return new this({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
+      }
+
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
         assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
         return this._provable;
@@ -249,14 +260,6 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
-  static startIterating<T>({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>) {
-    return new this({
-      data,
-      hash,
-      currentHash: hash,
-      currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
-    });
-  }
   assertAtStart() {
     return this.currentHash.assertEquals(this.hash);
   }
@@ -328,6 +331,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
   ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
     from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
+    startIterating: (list: MerkleListBase<T>) => MerkleArray<T>;
     empty: () => MerkleArray<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
   } {
@@ -346,19 +350,15 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
       static from(array: T[]): MerkleArray<T> {
-        let n = array.length;
-        let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);
-        let currentHash = emptyHash;
-
-        for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-          arrayWithHashes[i] = { previousHash: currentHash, element: array[i] };
-          currentHash = nextHash(currentHash, array[i]);
-        }
+        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
+        return this.startIterating({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
+      }
 
+      static startIterating({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>): MerkleArray<T> {
         return new this({
-          data: Unconstrained.from(arrayWithHashes),
-          hash: currentHash,
-          currentHash,
+          data,
+          hash,
+          currentHash: hash,
           currentIndex: Unconstrained.from(0),
         });
       }
@@ -374,6 +374,13 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     };
   }
 
+  static createFromList<T>(merkleList: typeof MerkleList<T>) {
+    return this.create<T>(
+      merkleList.prototype.innerProvable,
+      merkleList._nextHash
+    );
+  }
+
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, value: any) => Field) | undefined;
 
@@ -420,3 +427,19 @@ function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
     return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefix, [hash, ...packed]);
   };
 }
+
+function withHashes<T>(
+  data: T[],
+  nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field
+): { data: WithHash<T>[]; hash: Field } {
+  let n = data.length;
+  let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);
+  let currentHash = emptyHash;
+
+  for (let i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    arrayWithHashes[i] = { previousHash: currentHash, element: data[i] };
+    currentHash = nextHash(currentHash, data[i]);
+  }
+
+  return { data: arrayWithHashes, hash: currentHash };
+}

From e0c44fd0961a245d4359120a4002290550a6609c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:05:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1471/1786] lower level deps for merkle list

---
 src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts | 15 +++++----------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
index 60139dca77..7fc72b1592 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
-import {
-  Bool,
-  Field,
-  Poseidon,
-  Provable,
-  Struct,
-  Unconstrained,
-  assert,
-} from '../../../index.js';
+import { Bool, Field } from '../../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
+import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
+import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleListBase,

From cbde4ff6e70d56e563890c251397d8b34b9456d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:06:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1472/1786] move merkle list

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts                    |  2 +-
 .../{mina/token => provable-types}/merkle-list.ts    | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{mina/token => provable-types}/merkle-list.ts (97%)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index a4b070481d..a589546838 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
   MerkleList,
   ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
-} from './merkle-list.js';
+} from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
 export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
similarity index 97%
rename from src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
rename to src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 7fc72b1592..3e299f8c0c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import { Bool, Field } from '../../core.js';
-import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
-import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../../circuit_value.js';
-import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
-import { provableFromClass } from '../../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
+import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../hash.js';
 
 export {
   MerkleListBase,

From c6813a4e7f37c2d4bba212fb5c00ec1eaf72eee2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:06:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1473/1786] expose merkle list/array

---
 src/index.ts | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 8b8aa0672e..81f3bb4193 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,12 @@ export { Packed, Hashed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
+export {
+  MerkleList,
+  MerkleArray,
+  ProvableHashable,
+} from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {

From de2f3ca50b81a8fa2f8bfe503c2c68f30da62b4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:17:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1474/1786] remove unnecessary code

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts | 16 ----------------
 1 file changed, 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index a589546838..84fa0f1a41 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -154,22 +154,6 @@ class CallForestIterator {
   }
 }
 
-// helper class to represent the position in a tree = the last visited node
-
-// every entry in the array is a layer
-// so if there are two entries, we last visited a node in the second layer
-// this index is the index of the node in that layer
-type TreePosition = { index: number; isDone: boolean }[];
-// const TreePosition = {
-//   stepDown(position: TreePosition, numberOfChildren: number) {
-//     position.push({ index: 0, isDone: false });
-//   },
-//   stepUp(position: TreePosition) {
-//     position.pop();
-//     position[position.length - 1].index++;
-//   },
-// };
-
 // how to hash a forest
 
 function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {

From dc09c20ff2784355734bf73b4918fa18f6e5f408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:41:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1475/1786] fix dependencies

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts     | 17 +++++++----------
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts |  1 -
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 84fa0f1a41..2083842f5a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
-import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  Hashed,
-  Poseidon,
-  Provable,
-  Struct,
-  TokenId,
-} from '../../../index.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { Field } from '../../core.js';
+import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
+import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
+import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
+import { Hashed } from '../../provable-types/packed.js';
 import {
   MerkleArray,
   MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
-  ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
 } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
-import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 
 export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 3e299f8c0c..72dee6d025 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ export {
   MerkleArray,
   WithHash,
   emptyHash,
-  ProvableHashable,
   genericHash,
   merkleListHash,
 };

From bd8f5359e5d5cbb91ea130483aea201d2f73e01b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 25 Jan 2024 21:42:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1476/1786] fix build

---
 src/index.ts | 8 ++------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 81f3bb4193..d18500bfb7 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export {
 } from './lib/foreign-field.js';
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve } from './lib/foreign-curve.js';
 export { createEcdsa, EcdsaSignature } from './lib/foreign-ecdsa.js';
-export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol } from './lib/hash.js';
+export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol, ProvableHashable } from './lib/hash.js';
 export { Keccak } from './lib/keccak.js';
 export { Hash } from './lib/hashes-combined.js';
 
@@ -40,11 +40,7 @@ export { Packed, Hashed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
-export {
-  MerkleList,
-  MerkleArray,
-  ProvableHashable,
-} from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';

From 985f5708b8c4a7441fc15d81858ecd1fe321c9f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Sat, 27 Jan 2024 18:03:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1477/1786] add edge case to investigate

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 250b088709..f21adb722f 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,17 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
   });
+  badSignature.rng = Random.withHardCoded(badSignature.rng, {
+    signature: {
+      r: 3243632040670678816425112099743675011873398345579979202080647260629177216981n,
+      s: 0n,
+    },
+    msg: 0n,
+    publicKey: {
+      x: 28948022309329048855892746252171976963363056481941560715954676764349967630336n,
+      y: 2n,
+    },
+  });
 
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 

From 09f9fb9b401a4a36f360a4b26427321be5614788 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 29 Jan 2024 12:13:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1478/1786] export token contract

---
 src/index.ts | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index d18500bfb7..c2eac0ee4a 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+export {
+  CallForest,
+  CallForestIterator,
+} from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';

From 05b300b8cf0f9c736a9fe701efe9a4499b224fc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 12:05:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1479/1786] move call forest code next to account update

---
 src/index.ts                                |   7 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                   | 201 ++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/mina.ts                             |   9 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           |  65 +------
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts |  12 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts       |   1 +
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                            |   4 +
 7 files changed, 204 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index c2eac0ee4a..dc7607afa7 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -41,10 +41,6 @@ export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
-export {
-  CallForest,
-  CallForestIterator,
-} from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
@@ -75,8 +71,11 @@ export {
   AccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
   ZkappPublicInput,
+  CallForest,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
+export { CallForestIterator } from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export {
   fetchAccount,
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f585fed1cd..22e3d6ea9f 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvable,
   provable,
   provablePure,
+  Struct,
+  Unconstrained,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
@@ -25,7 +27,12 @@ import {
   Actions,
 } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
 import { TokenId as Base58TokenId } from './base58-encodings.js';
-import { hashWithPrefix, packToFields } from './hash.js';
+import {
+  hashWithPrefix,
+  packToFields,
+  Poseidon,
+  ProvableHashable,
+} from './hash.js';
 import { mocks, prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
@@ -33,9 +40,16 @@ import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import {
+  genericHash,
+  MerkleList,
+  MerkleListBase,
+  withHashes,
+} from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 
 // external API
-export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
+export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput, CallForest };
 // internal API
 export {
   smartContractContext,
@@ -53,12 +67,16 @@ export {
   Actions,
   TokenId,
   Token,
-  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
   createChildAccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdatesLayout,
   zkAppProver,
   SmartContractContext,
   dummySignature,
+  LazyProof,
+  CallTree,
+  CallForestUnderConstruction,
+  hashAccountUpdate,
 };
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
@@ -1045,7 +1063,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (isSameAsFeePayer) nonce++;
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
-    CallForest.forEachPredecessor(
+    CallForestHelpers.forEachPredecessor(
       Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
       update as AccountUpdate,
       (otherUpdate) => {
@@ -1092,7 +1110,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
 
   toPublicInput(): ZkappPublicInput {
     let accountUpdate = this.hash();
-    let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(this);
+    let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildren(this);
     return { accountUpdate, calls };
   }
 
@@ -1368,7 +1386,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (n === 0) {
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = {
         type: 'Equals',
-        value: CallForest.emptyHash(),
+        value: CallForestHelpers.emptyHash(),
       };
     }
   }
@@ -1573,7 +1591,148 @@ type WithCallers = {
   children: WithCallers[];
 };
 
-const CallForest = {
+// call forest stuff
+
+function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
+}
+
+class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
+  AccountUpdate,
+  hashAccountUpdate
+) {}
+
+type CallTree = {
+  accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
+};
+const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
+  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
+  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
+});
+
+class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
+
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
+  }
+}
+
+// how to hash a forest
+
+function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+  return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
+}
+function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
+    tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+    tree.calls.hash,
+  ]);
+}
+function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
+  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
+    nodeHash,
+    forestHash,
+  ]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Structure for constructing a call forest from a circuit.
+ *
+ * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
+ * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
+ * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
+ */
+type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<
+  {
+    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+  }[]
+>;
+
+type HashOrValue<T> =
+  | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
+  | { useHash: false; value: T };
+
+const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
+  empty(): CallForestUnderConstruction {
+    return { useHash: false, value: [] };
+  },
+
+  setHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, hash: Field) {
+    Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true, hash });
+  },
+
+  witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
+    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+      let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+      return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
+    });
+    CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
+  },
+
+  push(
+    forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
+    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
+    calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
+  ) {
+    forest.value.push({
+      accountUpdate,
+      calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
+    });
+  },
+
+  remove(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    // find account update by .id
+    let index = forest.value.findIndex(
+      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
+    );
+
+    // nothing to do if it's not there
+    if (index === -1) return;
+
+    // remove it
+    forest.value.splice(index, 1);
+  },
+
+  finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): CallForest {
+    if (forest.useHash) {
+      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => {
+        let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+        return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).data;
+      });
+      return new CallForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
+    }
+
+    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
+    let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+    return CallForest.from(nodes);
+  },
+};
+
+function toCallTree(node: {
+  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+}): CallTree {
+  let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
+    ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
+        node.accountUpdate.hash,
+        Unconstrained.from(node.accountUpdate.value)
+      )
+    : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
+
+  return {
+    accountUpdate,
+    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
+  };
+}
+
+const CallForestHelpers = {
   // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
   // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
   // returns a flattened list, with `accountUpdate.body.callDepth` specifying positions in the forest
@@ -1590,7 +1749,7 @@ const CallForest = {
       let children = accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
       accountUpdates.push(
         accountUpdate,
-        ...CallForest.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
+        ...CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
       );
     }
     return accountUpdates;
@@ -1605,23 +1764,29 @@ const CallForest = {
   // hashes a accountUpdate's children (and their children, and ...) to compute
   // the `calls` field of ZkappPublicInput
   hashChildren(update: AccountUpdate): Field {
+    if (!Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
+      return CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update);
+    }
+
     let { callsType } = update.children;
     // compute hash outside the circuit if callsType is "Witness"
     // i.e., allowing accountUpdates with arbitrary children
     if (callsType.type === 'Witness') {
-      return Provable.witness(Field, () => CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update));
+      return Provable.witness(Field, () =>
+        CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update)
+      );
     }
-    let calls = CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
-    if (callsType.type === 'Equals' && Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
+    let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update);
+    if (callsType.type === 'Equals') {
       calls.assertEquals(callsType.value);
     }
     return calls;
   },
 
   hashChildrenBase({ children }: AccountUpdate) {
-    let stackHash = CallForest.emptyHash();
+    let stackHash = CallForestHelpers.emptyHash();
     for (let accountUpdate of [...children.accountUpdates].reverse()) {
-      let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
+      let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
       let nodeHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
         accountUpdate.hash(),
         calls,
@@ -1663,7 +1828,7 @@ const CallForest = {
       withCallers.push({
         accountUpdate: update,
         caller,
-        children: CallForest.addCallers(
+        children: CallForestHelpers.addCallers(
           update.children.accountUpdates,
           childContext
         ),
@@ -1711,7 +1876,7 @@ const CallForest = {
     let newUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
     for (let update of updates) {
       let newUpdate = map(update);
-      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(
+      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.map(
         update.children.accountUpdates,
         map
       );
@@ -1723,7 +1888,7 @@ const CallForest = {
   forEach(updates: AccountUpdate[], callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void) {
     for (let update of updates) {
       callback(update);
-      CallForest.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
+      CallForestHelpers.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
     }
   },
 
@@ -1733,7 +1898,7 @@ const CallForest = {
     callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void
   ) {
     let isPredecessor = true;
-    CallForest.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
+    CallForestHelpers.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
       if (otherUpdate.id === update.id) isPredecessor = false;
       if (isPredecessor) callback(otherUpdate);
     });
@@ -1860,7 +2025,7 @@ const Authorization = {
       priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
         (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
       );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(
         priorAccountUpdates,
         false
       );
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index fbac14657b..78ad16ecd4 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   ZkappPublicInput,
   TokenId,
-  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
   Authorization,
   Actions,
   Events,
@@ -242,8 +242,9 @@ function createTransaction(
             f();
             Provable.asProver(() => {
               let tx = currentTransaction.get();
-              tx.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(tx.accountUpdates, (a) =>
-                toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
+              tx.accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.map(
+                tx.accountUpdates,
+                (a) => toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
               );
             });
           });
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ function createTransaction(
   let accountUpdates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
   // TODO: I'll be back
   // CallForest.addCallers(accountUpdates);
-  accountUpdates = CallForest.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
+  accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
 
   try {
     // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 2083842f5a..624a865938 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,47 +1,11 @@
-import { prefixes } from '../../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, CallForest, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
 import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
 import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
-import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable } from '../../hash.js';
-import { Hashed } from '../../provable-types/packed.js';
-import {
-  MerkleArray,
-  MerkleListBase,
-  MerkleList,
-  genericHash,
-} from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
-
-export { CallForest, CallForestArray, CallForestIterator, hashAccountUpdate };
-
-export { HashedAccountUpdate };
-
-class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
-  AccountUpdate,
-  hashAccountUpdate
-) {}
-
-type CallTree = {
-  accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
-};
-const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
-  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
-});
-
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
-    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
-      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
-    });
+import { MerkleArray, MerkleList } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
-    return CallForest.from(nodes);
-  }
-}
+export { CallForestArray, CallForestIterator };
 
 class CallForestArray extends MerkleArray.createFromList(CallForest) {}
 
@@ -150,26 +114,3 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     return { accountUpdate: update, usesThisToken };
   }
 }
-
-// how to hash a forest
-
-function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
-  return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
-}
-
-function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
-    tree.accountUpdate.hash,
-    tree.calls.hash,
-  ]);
-}
-function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
-  return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
-    nodeHash,
-    forestHash,
-  ]);
-}
-
-function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
-  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index a9ca56bc56..fa5d46b508 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import {
-  CallForest,
-  CallForestIterator,
-  hashAccountUpdate,
-} from './call-forest.js';
+import { CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
-  CallForest as ProvableCallForest,
+  CallForest,
+  CallForestHelpers,
   TokenId,
+  hashAccountUpdate,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
@@ -80,7 +78,7 @@ test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let flatUpdates2 = ProvableCallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
+  let flatUpdates2 = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(updates, false);
   let n = flatUpdates.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 72dee6d025..0ee9c1500d 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export {
   emptyHash,
   genericHash,
   merkleListHash,
+  withHashes,
 };
 
 // common base types for both MerkleList and MerkleArray
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9346973f72..cd4d662cc2 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ import {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   ZkappStateLength,
   SmartContractContext,
+  LazyProof,
+  CallForestHelpers,
+  CallForestUnderConstruction,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@ import {
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 // external API
 export {

From 7cf2a85768dd38b7c5200dd697d6ce9dfb97014d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 11:38:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1480/1786] remove accidental/premature changes

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts          | 92 ------------------------------
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 11 ----
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                   |  4 --
 3 files changed, 107 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 22e3d6ea9f..8ee3739b4c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ export {
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
   CallTree,
-  CallForestUnderConstruction,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 };
 
@@ -1641,97 +1640,6 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
   ]);
 }
 
-/**
- * Structure for constructing a call forest from a circuit.
- *
- * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
- * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
- * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
- */
-type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<
-  {
-    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
-    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
-  }[]
->;
-
-type HashOrValue<T> =
-  | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
-  | { useHash: false; value: T };
-
-const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
-  empty(): CallForestUnderConstruction {
-    return { useHash: false, value: [] };
-  },
-
-  setHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, hash: Field) {
-    Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true, hash });
-  },
-
-  witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
-    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-      return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
-    });
-    CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
-  },
-
-  push(
-    forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
-    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
-    calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
-  ) {
-    forest.value.push({
-      accountUpdate,
-      calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
-    });
-  },
-
-  remove(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    // find account update by .id
-    let index = forest.value.findIndex(
-      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
-    );
-
-    // nothing to do if it's not there
-    if (index === -1) return;
-
-    // remove it
-    forest.value.splice(index, 1);
-  },
-
-  finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): CallForest {
-    if (forest.useHash) {
-      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => {
-        let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-        return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).data;
-      });
-      return new CallForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
-    }
-
-    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
-    let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-    return CallForest.from(nodes);
-  },
-};
-
-function toCallTree(node: {
-  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
-}): CallTree {
-  let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
-    ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
-        node.accountUpdate.hash,
-        Unconstrained.from(node.accountUpdate.value)
-      )
-    : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
-
-  return {
-    accountUpdate,
-    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
-  };
-}
-
 const CallForestHelpers = {
   // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
   // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index f21adb722f..250b088709 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -43,17 +43,6 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
     msg: scalar,
     publicKey: record({ x: field, y: field }),
   });
-  badSignature.rng = Random.withHardCoded(badSignature.rng, {
-    signature: {
-      r: 3243632040670678816425112099743675011873398345579979202080647260629177216981n,
-      s: 0n,
-    },
-    msg: 0n,
-    publicKey: {
-      x: 28948022309329048855892746252171976963363056481941560715954676764349967630336n,
-      y: 2n,
-    },
-  });
 
   let signatureInputs = record({ privateKey, msg: scalar });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index cd4d662cc2..9346973f72 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ import {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   ZkappStateLength,
   SmartContractContext,
-  LazyProof,
-  CallForestHelpers,
-  CallForestUnderConstruction,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -59,7 +56,6 @@ import {
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
-import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 // external API
 export {

From 4632f93f578fa6f12bd87011cac9301d6315adb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 11:40:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1481/1786] prune import not needed yet

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 8ee3739b4c..4ab04e792b 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import {
   provable,
   provablePure,
   Struct,
-  Unconstrained,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
@@ -44,7 +43,6 @@ import {
   genericHash,
   MerkleList,
   MerkleListBase,
-  withHashes,
 } from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 

From b8b5cf6c2fc95ba7f5eee1481f8c2e55ed49097c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:18:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1482/1786] renames and changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                |  3 +
 src/index.ts                                |  9 ++-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                   | 22 ++++--
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts           | 56 ++++++++++-----
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts | 20 +++---
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts       | 75 ++++++++++++---------
 6 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 433daf8f5e..1f9f78f9a3 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -23,9 +23,12 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
+- `MerkleList<T>` to enable provable operations on a dynamically-sized list https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
+  - including `MerkleListIterator<T>` to iterate over a merkle list
 - Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
 - Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
   - This also exposes `Poseidon.hashPacked()` to efficiently hash an arbitrary type
+- `TokenAccountUpdateIterator`, a primitive for token contracts to iterate over all token account updates in a transaction. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
 
 ## [0.15.4](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...e5d1e0f)
 
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index dc7607afa7..405edf638c 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@ export { Packed, Hashed } from './lib/provable-types/packed.js';
 export { Gadgets } from './lib/gadgets/gadgets.js';
 export { Types } from './bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
-export { MerkleList, MerkleArray } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+export {
+  MerkleList,
+  MerkleListIterator,
+} from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
@@ -71,10 +74,10 @@ export {
   AccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
   ZkappPublicInput,
-  CallForest,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export { CallForestIterator } from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
 
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 4ab04e792b..5e3332f7af 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ import {
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 
 // external API
-export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput, CallForest };
+export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput, AccountUpdateForest };
 // internal API
 export {
   smartContractContext,
@@ -1608,15 +1608,27 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
-class CallForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
-  static fromAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): CallForest {
+/**
+ * Class which represents a forest (list of trees) of account updates,
+ * in a compressed way which allows iterating and selectively witnessing the account updates.
+ *
+ * The (recursive) type signature is:
+ * ```
+ * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<{
+ *   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+ *   calls: AccountUpdateForest;
+ * }>;
+ * ```
+ */
+class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+  static fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
     let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(update.children.accountUpdates);
+      let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates);
       return { accountUpdate, calls };
     });
 
-    return CallForest.from(nodes);
+    return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 624a865938..c5878991db 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, CallForest, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
+  TokenId,
+} from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
 import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
-import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
-import { MerkleArray, MerkleList } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
+import {
+  MerkleListIterator,
+  MerkleList,
+} from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
-export { CallForestArray, CallForestIterator };
+export { AccountUpdateIterator, TokenAccountUpdateIterator };
 
-class CallForestArray extends MerkleArray.createFromList(CallForest) {}
+class AccountUpdateIterator extends MerkleListIterator.createFromList(
+  AccountUpdateForest
+) {}
 
 class Layer extends Struct({
-  forest: CallForestArray.provable,
+  forest: AccountUpdateIterator.provable,
   mayUseToken: AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.type,
 }) {}
 const ParentLayers = MerkleList.create<Layer>(Layer);
@@ -19,18 +27,36 @@ type MayUseToken = AccountUpdate['body']['mayUseToken'];
 const MayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken;
 
 /**
- * Data structure to represent a forest tree of account updates that is being iterated over.
+ * Data structure to represent a forest of account updates that is being iterated over,
+ * in the context of a token manager contract.
  *
- * Important: Since this is to be used for token manager contracts to process it's entire subtree
- * of account updates, the iterator skips subtrees that don't inherit token permissions.
+ * The iteration is done in a depth-first manner.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * let forest: AccountUpdateForest = ...;
+ * let tokenIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
+ *
+ * // process the first 5 account updates in the tree
+ * for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+ *  let { accountUpdate, usesThisToken } = tokenIterator.next();
+ *  // ... do something with the account update ...
+ * }
+ * ```
+ *
+ * **Important**: Since this is specifically used by token manager contracts to process their entire subtree
+ * of account updates, the iterator skips subtrees that don't inherit token permissions and can therefore definitely not use the token.
+ *
+ * So, the assumption is that the consumer of this iterator is only interested in account updates that use the token.
+ * We still can't avoid processing some account updates that don't use the token, therefore the iterator returns a boolean
+ * `usesThisToken` alongside each account update.
  */
-class CallForestIterator {
+class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
   currentLayer: Layer;
   unfinishedParentLayers: MerkleList<Layer>;
   selfToken: Field;
 
   constructor(
-    forest: CallForestArray,
+    forest: AccountUpdateIterator,
     mayUseToken: MayUseToken,
     selfToken: Field
   ) {
@@ -39,9 +65,9 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     this.selfToken = selfToken;
   }
 
-  static create(forest: CallForest, selfToken: Field) {
-    return new CallForestIterator(
-      CallForestArray.startIterating(forest),
+  static create(forest: AccountUpdateForest, selfToken: Field) {
+    return new TokenAccountUpdateIterator(
+      AccountUpdateIterator.startIterating(forest),
       MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken,
       selfToken
     );
@@ -62,7 +88,7 @@ class CallForestIterator {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
     // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
-    let forest = CallForestArray.startIterating(calls);
+    let forest = AccountUpdateIterator.startIterating(calls);
     let parentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
 
     this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentForest.isAtEnd().not(), {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
index fa5d46b508..7b093f829e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { CallForestIterator } from './call-forest.js';
+import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './call-forest.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
-  CallForest,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
   CallForestHelpers,
   TokenId,
   hashAccountUpdate,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
 
-    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
     forest.hash.assertEquals(expectedHash);
   }
 );
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates).startIterating();
+  let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates).startIterating();
 
   // step through top-level by calling forest.next() repeatedly
   let n = updates.length;
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-  let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
+  let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+  let forestIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
   // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
   let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates;
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
       }
     });
 
-    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+    let forestIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
     // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
     let expectedUpdates = updates;
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
     let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
       accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
     );
-    let forest = CallForest.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-    let forestIterator = CallForestIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+    let forestIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
     // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
     let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates.filter((u) => u.body.callDepth <= 1);
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 0ee9c1500d..c74f734cf3 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../hash.js';
 export {
   MerkleListBase,
   MerkleList,
+  MerkleListIteratorBase,
   MerkleListIterator,
-  MerkleArray,
   WithHash,
   emptyHash,
   genericHash,
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export {
   withHashes,
 };
 
-// common base types for both MerkleList and MerkleArray
+// common base types for both MerkleList and MerkleListIterator
 
 const emptyHash = Field(0);
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): ProvableHashable<WithHash<T>> {
 }
 
 /**
- * Common base type for {@link MerkleList} and {@link MerkleArray}
+ * Common base type for {@link MerkleList} and {@link MerkleListIterator}
  */
 type MerkleListBase<T> = {
   hash: Field;
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
  * Supported operations are {@link push()} and {@link pop()} and some variants thereof.
  *
  * **Important:** `push()` adds elements to the _start_ of the internal array and `pop()` removes them from the start.
- * This is so that the hash which represents the list is consistent with {@link MerkleArray},
- * and so a `MerkleList` can be used as input to `MerkleArray.startIterating(list)` (which will then iterate starting from the last pushed element).
+ * This is so that the hash which represents the list is consistent with {@link MerkleListIterator},
+ * and so a `MerkleList` can be used as input to `MerkleListIterator.startIterating(list)`
+ * (which will then iterate starting from the last pushed element).
  *
  * A Merkle list is generic over its element types, so before using it you must create a subclass for your element type:
  *
@@ -135,8 +136,8 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, data });
   }
 
-  startIterating(): MerkleArray<T> {
-    let merkleArray = MerkleArray.createFromList<T>(this.Constructor);
+  startIterating(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
+    let merkleArray = MerkleListIterator.createFromList<T>(this.Constructor);
     return merkleArray.startIterating(this);
   }
 
@@ -214,9 +215,9 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   }
 }
 
-// merkle array
+// merkle list iterator
 
-type MerkleListIterator<T> = {
+type MerkleListIteratorBase<T> = {
   readonly hash: Field;
   readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
 
@@ -235,14 +236,22 @@ type MerkleListIterator<T> = {
 };
 
 /**
- * MerkleArray is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
+ * MerkleListIterator is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
  * instead of mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
  *
+ * The core method that support iteration is {@link next()}.
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * let iterator = MerkleListIterator.startIterating(list);
+ *
+ * let firstElement = iterator.next();
+ * ```
+ *
  * We maintain two commitments, both of which are equivalent to a Merkle list hash starting _from the end_ of the array:
  * - One to the entire array, to prove that we start iterating at the beginning.
  * - One to the array from the current index until the end, to efficiently step forward.
  */
-class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
+class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
   // fixed parts
   readonly data: Unconstrained<WithHash<T>[]>;
   readonly hash: Field;
@@ -251,7 +260,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   currentHash: Field;
   currentIndex: Unconstrained<number>;
 
-  constructor(value: MerkleListIterator<T>) {
+  constructor(value: MerkleListIteratorBase<T>) {
     Object.assign(this, value);
   }
 
@@ -307,7 +316,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
     );
   }
 
-  clone(): MerkleArray<T> {
+  clone(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
     let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.data.get()]);
     let currentIndex = Unconstrained.witness(() => this.currentIndex.get());
     return new this.Constructor({
@@ -324,13 +333,13 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
-  ): typeof MerkleArray<T> & {
-    from: (array: T[]) => MerkleArray<T>;
-    startIterating: (list: MerkleListBase<T>) => MerkleArray<T>;
-    empty: () => MerkleArray<T>;
-    provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>>;
+  ): typeof MerkleListIterator<T> & {
+    from: (array: T[]) => MerkleListIterator<T>;
+    startIterating: (list: MerkleListBase<T>) => MerkleListIterator<T>;
+    empty: () => MerkleListIterator<T>;
+    provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>>;
   } {
-    return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleArray<T> {
+    return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleListIterator<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
       static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
@@ -338,18 +347,21 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
         data: Unconstrained.provable,
         currentHash: Field,
         currentIndex: Unconstrained.provable,
-      }) satisfies ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> as ProvableHashable<
-        MerkleArray<T>
+      }) satisfies ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>> as ProvableHashable<
+        MerkleListIterator<T>
       >;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
 
-      static from(array: T[]): MerkleArray<T> {
+      static from(array: T[]): MerkleListIterator<T> {
         let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
         return this.startIterating({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
       }
 
-      static startIterating({ data, hash }: MerkleListBase<T>): MerkleArray<T> {
+      static startIterating({
+        data,
+        hash,
+      }: MerkleListBase<T>): MerkleListIterator<T> {
         return new this({
           data,
           hash,
@@ -358,12 +370,15 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
         });
       }
 
-      static empty(): MerkleArray<T> {
+      static empty(): MerkleListIterator<T> {
         return this.from([]);
       }
 
-      static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<T>> {
-        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleArray not initialized');
+      static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>> {
+        assert(
+          this._provable !== undefined,
+          'MerkleListIterator not initialized'
+        );
         return this._provable;
       }
     };
@@ -379,17 +394,17 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, value: any) => Field) | undefined;
 
-  static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleArray<any>> | undefined;
+  static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<any>> | undefined;
   static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
 
   get Constructor() {
-    return this.constructor as typeof MerkleArray;
+    return this.constructor as typeof MerkleListIterator;
   }
 
   nextHash(hash: Field, value: T): Field {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._nextHash !== undefined,
-      'MerkleArray not initialized'
+      'MerkleListIterator not initialized'
     );
     return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
@@ -397,7 +412,7 @@ class MerkleArray<T> implements MerkleListIterator<T> {
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
-      'MerkleArray not initialized'
+      'MerkleListIterator not initialized'
     );
     return this.Constructor._innerProvable;
   }

From 6792c903999e3feb64cefe67818b9b8ea3ed52b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:34:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1483/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 3e6c820a04..05190faf67 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1547,6 +1547,18 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
   calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
 });
 
+/**
+ * Class which represents a forest (list of trees) of account updates,
+ * in a compressed way which allows iterating and selectively witnessing the account updates.
+ *
+ * The (recursive) type signature is:
+ * ```
+ * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<{
+ *   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+ *   calls: AccountUpdateForest;
+ * }>;
+ * ```
+ */
 class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
   static fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
     let nodes = updates.map((update) => {

From 0162679d79dfdf5ffd552f6ca0cc528b6751f9a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:36:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1484/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
index 1b7f51ddea..1eaebf69d5 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
   assertFinished(message?: string) {
     assert(
       this.currentLayer.forest.isAtEnd(),
-      message ?? 'CallForest not finished'
+      message ?? 'TokenAccountUpdateIterator not finished'
     );
   }
 }

From b8ac126b64ac10c3e51de9bb182ce1a066da63ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:40:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1485/1786] better file name

---
 src/index.ts                                                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/{call-forest.ts => forest-iterator.ts}       | 0
 .../{call-forest.unit-test.ts => forest-iterator.unit-test.ts}  | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts                            | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/mina/token/{call-forest.ts => forest-iterator.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/mina/token/{call-forest.unit-test.ts => forest-iterator.unit-test.ts} (99%)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index f00480667a..3078d416e8 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export {
   AccountUpdateForest,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.js';
 export { TokenContract } from './lib/mina/token/token-contract.js';
 
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
similarity index 99%
rename from src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
index 7b093f829e..d6a18affde 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './call-forest.js';
+import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index b936b5a1d3..456c84c495 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
   smartContractContext,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
-import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './call-forest.js';
+import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 

From 12060ae92f766139e6b1b537d1559c00e3b5c876 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:40:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1486/1786] better file name

---
 src/index.ts                                                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/{call-forest.ts => forest-iterator.ts}       | 0
 .../{call-forest.unit-test.ts => forest-iterator.unit-test.ts}  | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/mina/token/{call-forest.ts => forest-iterator.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/mina/token/{call-forest.unit-test.ts => forest-iterator.unit-test.ts} (99%)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 405edf638c..91ddfa7a29 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export {
   AccountUpdateForest,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/call-forest.js';
+export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.js';
 
 export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
similarity index 99%
rename from src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
index 7b093f829e..d6a18affde 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/call-forest.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Random, test } from '../../testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from '../../../mina-signer/src/random-transaction.js';
-import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './call-forest.js';
+import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,

From ef5cc97b1ee12a55b674c2c3e8d1d6bcc65f7e15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:46:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1487/1786] update comment

---
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 9dbce8e544..87876e788c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -414,8 +414,8 @@ function multiScalarMul(
     sliceField3(s, { maxBits, chunkSize: windowSizes[i] })
   );
 
-  // pack points to make array access more efficient
-  // a Point is 6 x 88-bit field elements, which are packed into 3 field elements
+  // hash points to make array access more efficient
+  // a Point is 6 field elements, the hash is just 1 field element
   const HashedPoint = Hashed.create(Point.provable);
 
   let hashedTables = tables.map((table) =>

From 687891afba3ea9e4ef11aff5486d19076ba2e16b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:51:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1488/1786] revert rename which became unnecessary

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 34 +++++++++----------
 src/lib/mina.ts                               | 20 +++++------
 .../mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts   |  4 +--
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 5e3332f7af..af5df67640 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export {
   Actions,
   TokenId,
   Token,
-  CallForestHelpers,
+  CallForest,
   createChildAccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdatesLayout,
   zkAppProver,
@@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (isSameAsFeePayer) nonce++;
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
-    CallForestHelpers.forEachPredecessor(
+    CallForest.forEachPredecessor(
       Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
       update as AccountUpdate,
       (otherUpdate) => {
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
 
   toPublicInput(): ZkappPublicInput {
     let accountUpdate = this.hash();
-    let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildren(this);
+    let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(this);
     return { accountUpdate, calls };
   }
 
@@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (n === 0) {
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = {
         type: 'Equals',
-        value: CallForestHelpers.emptyHash(),
+        value: CallForest.emptyHash(),
       };
     }
   }
@@ -1650,7 +1650,7 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
   ]);
 }
 
-const CallForestHelpers = {
+const CallForest = {
   // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
   // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
   // returns a flattened list, with `accountUpdate.body.callDepth` specifying positions in the forest
@@ -1667,7 +1667,7 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
       let children = accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
       accountUpdates.push(
         accountUpdate,
-        ...CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
+        ...CallForest.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
       );
     }
     return accountUpdates;
@@ -1683,18 +1683,16 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
   // the `calls` field of ZkappPublicInput
   hashChildren(update: AccountUpdate): Field {
     if (!Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
-      return CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update);
+      return CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
     }
 
     let { callsType } = update.children;
     // compute hash outside the circuit if callsType is "Witness"
     // i.e., allowing accountUpdates with arbitrary children
     if (callsType.type === 'Witness') {
-      return Provable.witness(Field, () =>
-        CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update)
-      );
+      return Provable.witness(Field, () => CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update));
     }
-    let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildrenBase(update);
+    let calls = CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
     if (callsType.type === 'Equals') {
       calls.assertEquals(callsType.value);
     }
@@ -1702,9 +1700,9 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
   },
 
   hashChildrenBase({ children }: AccountUpdate) {
-    let stackHash = CallForestHelpers.emptyHash();
+    let stackHash = CallForest.emptyHash();
     for (let accountUpdate of [...children.accountUpdates].reverse()) {
-      let calls = CallForestHelpers.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
+      let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
       let nodeHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
         accountUpdate.hash(),
         calls,
@@ -1746,7 +1744,7 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
       withCallers.push({
         accountUpdate: update,
         caller,
-        children: CallForestHelpers.addCallers(
+        children: CallForest.addCallers(
           update.children.accountUpdates,
           childContext
         ),
@@ -1794,7 +1792,7 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
     let newUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
     for (let update of updates) {
       let newUpdate = map(update);
-      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.map(
+      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(
         update.children.accountUpdates,
         map
       );
@@ -1806,7 +1804,7 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
   forEach(updates: AccountUpdate[], callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void) {
     for (let update of updates) {
       callback(update);
-      CallForestHelpers.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
+      CallForest.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
     }
   },
 
@@ -1816,7 +1814,7 @@ const CallForestHelpers = {
     callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void
   ) {
     let isPredecessor = true;
-    CallForestHelpers.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
+    CallForest.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
       if (otherUpdate.id === update.id) isPredecessor = false;
       if (isPredecessor) callback(otherUpdate);
     });
@@ -1943,7 +1941,7 @@ const Authorization = {
       priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
         (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
       );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
         priorAccountUpdates,
         false
       );
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 78ad16ecd4..7961cc3943 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   ZkappPublicInput,
   TokenId,
-  CallForestHelpers,
+  CallForest,
   Authorization,
   Actions,
   Events,
@@ -242,9 +242,8 @@ function createTransaction(
             f();
             Provable.asProver(() => {
               let tx = currentTransaction.get();
-              tx.accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.map(
-                tx.accountUpdates,
-                (a) => toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
+              tx.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(tx.accountUpdates, (a) =>
+                toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
               );
             });
           });
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ function createTransaction(
   let accountUpdates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
   // TODO: I'll be back
   // CallForest.addCallers(accountUpdates);
-  accountUpdates = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
+  accountUpdates = CallForest.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
 
   try {
     // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
@@ -430,8 +429,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
     getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
     proofsEnabled,
     /**
-   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
-   */
+     * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+     */
     accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       return {
@@ -519,7 +518,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
           let errors = JSON.parse(err.message);
           err.message = invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, errors, {
-            accountCreationFee: defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+            accountCreationFee:
+              defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
           });
         } finally {
           throw err;
@@ -765,8 +765,8 @@ function Network(
   return {
     getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
     /**
-   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
-   */
+     * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+     */
     accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       if (currentTransaction()?.fetchMode === 'test') {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
index d6a18affde..06c9981847 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
-  CallForestHelpers,
+  CallForest,
   TokenId,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
     accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
   );
-  let flatUpdates2 = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(updates, false);
+  let flatUpdates2 = CallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
   let n = flatUpdates.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);

From 1a4bd8a6fc5616f637fd3fab21dd3aca9dbfe692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 12:51:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1489/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 772ce4ba92..55e313bfad 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 772ce4ba92e63453253250bb706339016a8d1e8c
+Subproject commit 55e313bfadc0659fb0b2e528dc43e82836ef7e7a

From cfc8172f04c5249d8c62b7fd5899a8e3ecf53c18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 13:01:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1490/1786] more renaming

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts             | 24 ++++++++++++++----------
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts | 10 +++++-----
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index af5df67640..e3caa5ca58 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export {
   SmartContractContext,
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
-  CallTree,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 };
 
@@ -1599,13 +1599,13 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
   hashAccountUpdate
 ) {}
 
-type CallTree = {
+type AccountUpdateTree = {
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>;
+  calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>;
 };
-const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
+const AccountUpdateTree: ProvableHashable<AccountUpdateTree> = Struct({
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleListBase<CallTree>(),
+  calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>(),
 });
 
 /**
@@ -1614,13 +1614,17 @@ const CallTree: ProvableHashable<CallTree> = Struct({
  *
  * The (recursive) type signature is:
  * ```
- * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<{
+ * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<AccountUpdateTree>;
+ * type AccountUpdateTree = {
  *   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
  *   calls: AccountUpdateForest;
- * }>;
+ * };
  * ```
  */
-class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
+class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
+  AccountUpdateTree,
+  merkleListHash
+) {
   static fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
     let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
@@ -1634,10 +1638,10 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(CallTree, merkleListHash) {
 
 // how to hash a forest
 
-function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: CallTree) {
+function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
   return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
 }
-function hashNode(tree: CallTree) {
+function hashNode(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
   return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
     tree.calls.hash,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index c5878991db..5d83b9e077 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
   TokenId,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
@@ -11,11 +12,10 @@ import {
   MerkleList,
 } from '../../provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
-export { AccountUpdateIterator, TokenAccountUpdateIterator };
+export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator };
 
-class AccountUpdateIterator extends MerkleListIterator.createFromList(
-  AccountUpdateForest
-) {}
+const AccountUpdateIterator =
+  MerkleListIterator.createFromList(AccountUpdateForest);
 
 class Layer extends Struct({
   forest: AccountUpdateIterator.provable,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
   selfToken: Field;
 
   constructor(
-    forest: AccountUpdateIterator,
+    forest: MerkleListIterator<AccountUpdateTree>,
     mayUseToken: MayUseToken,
     selfToken: Field
   ) {
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index c74f734cf3..3ad345f57c 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -339,10 +339,10 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
     empty: () => MerkleListIterator<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<T>>;
   } {
-    return class MerkleArray_ extends MerkleListIterator<T> {
+    return class Iterator extends MerkleListIterator<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
-      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleArray_, {
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(Iterator, {
         hash: Field,
         data: Unconstrained.provable,
         currentHash: Field,

From d1f87be3edccff7d5fdfaf44d73f159bf5c3904f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 15:21:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1491/1786] add popIf and doccomments

---
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 3ad345f57c..a06e19c563 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -50,10 +50,6 @@ function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
  *
  * Supported operations are {@link push()} and {@link pop()} and some variants thereof.
  *
- * **Important:** `push()` adds elements to the _start_ of the internal array and `pop()` removes them from the start.
- * This is so that the hash which represents the list is consistent with {@link MerkleListIterator},
- * and so a `MerkleList` can be used as input to `MerkleListIterator.startIterating(list)`
- * (which will then iterate starting from the last pushed element).
  *
  * A Merkle list is generic over its element types, so before using it you must create a subclass for your element type:
  *
@@ -62,8 +58,16 @@ function MerkleListBase<T>(): ProvableHashable<MerkleListBase<T>> {
  *
  * // now use it
  * let list = MyList.empty();
+ *
  * list.push(new MyType(...));
+ *
+ * let element = list.pop();
  * ```
+ *
+ * Internal detail: `push()` adds elements to the _start_ of the internal array and `pop()` removes them from the start.
+ * This is so that the hash which represents the list is consistent with {@link MerkleListIterator},
+ * and so a `MerkleList` can be used as input to `MerkleListIterator.startIterating(list)`
+ * (which will then iterate starting from the last pushed element).
  */
 class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   hash: Field;
@@ -78,12 +82,18 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Push a new element to the list.
+   */
   push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [{ previousHash, element }, ...data]);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Push a new element to the list, if the `condition` is true.
+   */
   pushIf(condition: Bool, element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = Provable.if(
@@ -108,6 +118,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Remove the last element from the list and return it.
+   *
+   * This proves that the list is non-empty, and fails otherwise.
+   */
   popExn(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
 
@@ -118,6 +133,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return element;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Remove the last element from the list and return it.
+   *
+   * If the list is empty, returns a dummy element.
+   */
   pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
@@ -131,6 +151,26 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return Provable.if(isEmpty, provable, provable.empty(), element);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Return the last element, but only remove it if `condition` is true.
+   *
+   * If the list is empty, returns a dummy element.
+   */
+  popIf(condition: Bool) {
+    let originalHash = this.hash;
+    let element = this.pop();
+
+    // if the condition is false, we restore the original state
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
+      condition.toBoolean()
+        ? data
+        : [{ previousHash: this.hash, element }, ...data]
+    );
+    this.hash = Provable.if(condition, this.hash, originalHash);
+
+    return element;
+  }
+
   clone(): MerkleList<T> {
     let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => [...this.data.get()]);
     return new this.Constructor({ hash: this.hash, data });
@@ -144,7 +184,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   /**
    * Create a Merkle list type
    *
-   * Optionally, you can tell `create()` how to do the hash that pushed a new list element, by passing a `nextHash` function.
+   * Optionally, you can tell `create()` how to do the hash that pushes a new list element, by passing a `nextHash` function.
    *
    * @example
    * ```ts
@@ -236,10 +276,10 @@ type MerkleListIteratorBase<T> = {
 };
 
 /**
- * MerkleListIterator is similar to a MerkleList, but it maintains the entire array througout a computation,
- * instead of mutating itself / throwing away context while stepping through it.
+ * MerkleListIterator helps iterating through a Merkle list.
+ * This works similar to calling `list.pop()` repreatedly, but maintaining the entire list instead of removing elements.
  *
- * The core method that support iteration is {@link next()}.
+ * The core method that supports iteration is {@link next()}.
  *
  * ```ts
  * let iterator = MerkleListIterator.startIterating(list);

From c8d6bfcfa1300a20e96ace38c8638489d0516603 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 15:22:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1492/1786] improve clarity of forest iteration logic

---
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts | 57 ++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index 5d83b9e077..90ee4f411a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -86,19 +86,17 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
    */
   next() {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
-    // and step down into the layer of its children
     let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
-    let forest = AccountUpdateIterator.startIterating(calls);
-    let parentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
+    let childForest = AccountUpdateIterator.startIterating(calls);
+    let childLayer = {
+      forest: childForest,
+      mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent,
+    };
 
-    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(parentForest.isAtEnd().not(), {
-      forest: parentForest,
-      mayUseToken: this.currentLayer.mayUseToken,
-    });
-
-    // check if this account update / it's children can use the token
     let update = accountUpdate.unhash();
+    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId.equals(this.selfToken);
 
+    // check if this account update / it's children can use the token
     let canAccessThisToken = Provable.equal(
       MayUseToken.type,
       update.body.mayUseToken,
@@ -108,33 +106,30 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
       this.selfToken
     );
 
-    let usesThisToken = update.tokenId.equals(this.selfToken);
-
     // if we don't have to check the children, ignore the forest by jumping to its end
     let skipSubtree = canAccessThisToken.not().or(isSelf);
-    forest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
-
-    // if we're at the end of the current layer, step up to the next unfinished parent layer
-    // invariant: the new current layer will _never_ be finished _except_ at the point where we stepped
-    // through the entire forest and there are no remaining parent layers to finish
-    let currentLayer = { forest, mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent };
-    let currentIsFinished = forest.isAtEnd();
-
-    let parentLayers = this.unfinishedParentLayers.clone();
-    let nextParentLayer = this.unfinishedParentLayers.pop();
-    let parentLayersIfSteppingUp = this.unfinishedParentLayers;
+    childForest.jumpToEndIf(skipSubtree);
+
+    // there are three cases for how to proceed:
+    // 1. if we have to process children, we step down and add the current layer to the stack of unfinished parent layers
+    // 2. we don't have to process children, but we're not finished with the current layer yet, so we stay in the current layer
+    // 3. both of the above are false, so we step up to the next unfinished parent layer
+    let currentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
+    let currentLayerFinished = currentForest.isAtEnd();
+    let childLayerFinished = childForest.isAtEnd();
+
+    this.unfinishedParentLayers.pushIf(
+      currentLayerFinished.not(),
+      this.currentLayer
+    );
+    let currentOrParentLayer =
+      this.unfinishedParentLayers.popIf(childLayerFinished);
 
     this.currentLayer = Provable.if(
-      currentIsFinished,
+      childLayerFinished,
       Layer,
-      nextParentLayer,
-      currentLayer
-    );
-    this.unfinishedParentLayers = Provable.if(
-      currentIsFinished,
-      ParentLayers.provable,
-      parentLayersIfSteppingUp,
-      parentLayers
+      currentOrParentLayer,
+      childLayer
     );
 
     return { accountUpdate: update, usesThisToken };

From 085f7aba479ec6ddb54740c81e111a06d9692b84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 15:29:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1493/1786] update to new names, dump new vks

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts         |  4 ++--
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts   |  4 ++--
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       |  4 ++--
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 28 +++++++++++++-------------
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 0981ca909d..39dca7c33c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
   method,
   state,
   TokenContract as BaseTokenContract,
-  CallForest,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 export { TokenContract, addresses, createDex, keys, randomAccounts, tokenIds };
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
   }
 
   @method
-  approveBase(forest: CallForest) {
+  approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
     this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
   }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 456c84c495..344963e565 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   CallForestUnderConstruction,
-  CallTree,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
   smartContractContext,
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
   return AccountUpdateForest.from(trees);
 }
 
-function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): CallTree {
+function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
   let calls: AccountUpdateForest;
 
   let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 267c625211..0134b8bfa8 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
   ZkappStateLength,
   SmartContractContext,
   LazyProof,
-  CallForestHelpers,
+  CallForest,
   CallForestUnderConstruction,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ const ProofAuthorization = {
       priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
         (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
       );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForestHelpers.toFlatList(
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
         priorAccountUpdates,
         false
       );
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index a22d774c87..2c2d6511b7 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     }
   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "20b64a7b0520ae119f8dc91a8ef10bb91b3f30ab8d6ade52b5b628c429b43d0b",
+    "digest": "3617eb15679a710b2321c511f9870464f846de5e93c31c0e6d40a93d1d3b15e1",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
         "rows": 655,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
       },
       "approveBase": {
         "rows": 13194,
-        "digest": "46100d5f715c68fc81f93c70e32c21f2"
+        "digest": "8f8ad42a6586936a28b570877403960c"
       },
       "deployZkapp": {
         "rows": 702,
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "27384842021225823013412718366201408258687963922479378403873398307032584328437"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "27127639205719537939166450295035225998965373687685248985354531474736258095446"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
@@ -220,29 +220,29 @@
     }
   },
   "ecdsa-only": {
-    "digest": "f4439d84374753ce55c597e7d9593bc50aa45b942c95068ee9e4c96fef2a293",
+    "digest": "2a2beadf929015559514abb88dd77694dbe62a6a5904e5a9d05ab21a3f293c0c",
     "methods": {
       "verifySignedHash": {
-        "rows": 28220,
-        "digest": "5e793e1d827ea3900ab558c586c8b4cf"
+        "rows": 28186,
+        "digest": "dd43cd30a8277b5af02fd85a4762a488"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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     }
   },
   "ecdsa": {
-    "digest": "143d65f22de8f3368259408ea25ce6dd91a5355df5dd87898779db0cb08c1c79",
+    "digest": "2f78a9c0307e6f9c6872499c3ca7c412f5771a7ac7e7e88c351ed1b62d6ac408",
     "methods": {
       "verifyEcdsa": {
-        "rows": 42718,
-        "digest": "f26be91413483ab6f928f052542d1752"
+        "rows": 42684,
+        "digest": "2bb042b0fa7bbbb32f7e77d392f43d2c"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "25193230245026500505730278477940803504648445281519558230631756595987510650479"
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+      "hash": "13907522711254991952405567976395529829664716172124500348498751038796408381729"
     }
   },
   "sha256": {

From 0f383542185594800fd0b01030234bb304dc5add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 15:44:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1494/1786] normalize comments

---
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index 90ee4f411a..549a18d68c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -112,8 +112,9 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
 
     // there are three cases for how to proceed:
     // 1. if we have to process children, we step down and add the current layer to the stack of unfinished parent layers
-    // 2. we don't have to process children, but we're not finished with the current layer yet, so we stay in the current layer
-    // 3. both of the above are false, so we step up to the next unfinished parent layer
+    // 2. if we don't have to process children, but are not finished with the current layer, we stay in the current layer
+    //    (below, this is the case where the current layer is first pushed to and then popped from the stack of unfinished parent layers)
+    // 3. if both of the above are false, we step up to the next unfinished parent layer
     let currentForest = this.currentLayer.forest;
     let currentLayerFinished = currentForest.isAtEnd();
     let childLayerFinished = childForest.isAtEnd();

From 1435bb5b18a5200f41ef4a3c9802f9b0bf983fd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 15:59:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1495/1786] remove unused code

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts | 45 ----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 39dca7c33c..4193903e73 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -418,51 +418,6 @@ class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
     zkapp.requireSignature();
   }
 
-  // @method _approveUpdate(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-  //   this.approve(zkappUpdate);
-  //   let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-  //   balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(0));
-  // }
-
-  // // FIXME: remove this
-  // @method _approveAny(zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-  //   this.approve(zkappUpdate, AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren);
-  // }
-
-  // // let a zkapp send tokens to someone, provided the token supply stays constant
-  // @method _approveUpdateAndSend(
-  //   zkappUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-  //   to: PublicKey,
-  //   amount: UInt64
-  // ) {
-  //   // approve a layout of two grandchildren, both of which can't inherit the token permission
-  //   let { StaticChildren, AnyChildren } = AccountUpdate.Layout;
-  //   this.approve(zkappUpdate, StaticChildren(AnyChildren, AnyChildren));
-  //   zkappUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertTrue();
-  //   let [grandchild1, grandchild2] = zkappUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
-  //   grandchild1.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-  //   grandchild2.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-
-  //   // see if balance change cancels the amount sent
-  //   let balanceChange = Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-  //   balanceChange.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
-  //   // add same amount of tokens to the receiving address
-  //   this.token.mint({ address: to, amount });
-  // }
-
-  // _transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
-  //   if (to instanceof PublicKey)
-  //     return this._transferToAddress(from, to, amount);
-  //   if (to instanceof AccountUpdate)
-  //     return this._transferToUpdate(from, to, amount);
-  // }
-  // @method _transferToAddress(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64) {
-  //   this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-  // }
-  // @method _transferToUpdate(from: PublicKey, to: AccountUpdate, value: UInt64) {
-  //   this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-  // }
-
   @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
     let balance = accountUpdate.account.balance.get();

From 943d871ed77d2af57eb6a08d4d9aee2edf0b24cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:15:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1496/1786] remove deployZkapp

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts           | 10 ----------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts | 22 ++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 4193903e73..6f0920d7bd 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -408,16 +408,6 @@ class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
     this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
   }
 
-  // this is a very standardized deploy method. instead, we could also take the account update from a callback
-  // => need callbacks for signatures
-  @method deployZkapp(address: PublicKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
-    let zkapp = AccountUpdate.create(address, tokenId);
-    zkapp.account.permissions.set(Permissions.default());
-    zkapp.account.verificationKey.set(verificationKey);
-    zkapp.requireSignature();
-  }
-
   @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
     let balance = accountUpdate.account.balance.get();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index bf77c6c758..375e661dba 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -255,6 +255,8 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   let tokenX = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
   let tokenY = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenY);
   let dex = new Dex(addresses.dex);
+  let dexTokenHolderX = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.X);
+  let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
@@ -300,8 +302,10 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     // pay fees for creating 3 dex accounts
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
     dex.deploy();
-    tokenX.deployZkapp(addresses.dex, DexTokenHolder._verificationKey!);
-    tokenY.deployZkapp(addresses.dex, DexTokenHolder._verificationKey!);
+    dexTokenHolderX.deploy();
+    tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderX.self);
+    dexTokenHolderY.deploy();
+    tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(dexTokenHolderY.self);
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]);
@@ -345,11 +349,21 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   console.log('compiling modified Dex contract...');
   await ModifiedDex.compile();
   let modifiedDex = new ModifiedDex(addresses.dex);
+  let modifiedDexTokenHolderX = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(
+    addresses.dex,
+    tokenIds.X
+  );
+  let modifiedDexTokenHolderY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(
+    addresses.dex,
+    tokenIds.Y
+  );
 
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
     modifiedDex.deploy();
-    tokenX.deployZkapp(addresses.dex, ModifiedDexTokenHolder._verificationKey!);
-    tokenY.deployZkapp(addresses.dex, ModifiedDexTokenHolder._verificationKey!);
+    modifiedDexTokenHolderX.deploy();
+    tokenX.approveAccountUpdate(modifiedDexTokenHolderX.self);
+    modifiedDexTokenHolderY.deploy();
+    tokenY.approveAccountUpdate(modifiedDexTokenHolderY.self);
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]);

From 25718e060ea1de77801137399f2a193aa820ba24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:38:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1497/1786] revisit erc20 example and tweak base token contract
 to be more similar to erc20

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts   |  10 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts                |  23 ++-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts              | 132 +++++-------------
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts     |   4 +-
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts      |   4 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                |  14 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts           |   4 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts      |  12 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts          |   9 +-
 9 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index 0a93ce572a..ae2b257638 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let isDyCorrect = dy.equals(dx.mul(y).div(xSafe));
     isDyCorrect.or(isXZero).assertTrue();
 
-    tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
-    tokenY.transfer(user, dexY, dy);
+    tokenX.transfer(dexX, dx);
+    tokenY.transfer(dexY, dy);
 
     // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dx
     // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
     let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
     let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-    tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+    tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
     return dy;
   }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
     let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
     let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
-    tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+    tokenX.transferFrom(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
     return dx;
   }
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
     let y = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
-    tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
+    tokenX.transferFrom(user, dexX, dx);
 
     // compute and send dy
     let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx));
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 6f0920d7bd..b2d3b5edf0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Bool,
   Mina,
-  Permissions,
   PrivateKey,
   Provable,
   PublicKey,
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ import {
   TokenId,
   UInt32,
   UInt64,
-  VerificationKey,
   method,
   state,
   TokenContract as BaseTokenContract,
@@ -50,7 +48,6 @@ function createDex({
      * instead, the input X and Y amounts determine the initial ratio.
      */
     @method supplyLiquidityBase(dx: UInt64, dy: UInt64): UInt64 {
-      let user = this.sender;
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
 
@@ -67,13 +64,13 @@ function createDex({
       let isDyCorrect = dy.equals(dx.mul(dexYBalance).div(xSafe));
       isDyCorrect.or(isXZero).assertTrue();
 
-      tokenX.transfer(user, dexXUpdate, dx);
-      tokenY.transfer(user, dexYUpdate, dy);
+      tokenX.transfer(dexXUpdate, dx);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexYUpdate, dy);
 
       // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dy
       // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
       let dl = dy.add(dx);
-      let userUpdate = this.token.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });
+      let userUpdate = this.token.mint({ address: this.sender, amount: dl });
       if (lockedLiquiditySlots !== undefined) {
         /**
          * exercise the "timing" (vesting) feature to lock the received liquidity tokens.
@@ -141,7 +138,7 @@ function createDex({
       let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dxdy = dexX.redeemLiquidity(this.sender, dl, this.tokenY);
       let dx = dxdy[0];
-      tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+      tokenX.transferFrom(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dxdy;
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +153,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+      tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
     }
 
@@ -171,7 +168,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
       let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
-      tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+      tokenX.transferFrom(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dx;
     }
 
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+      tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
     }
   }
@@ -247,7 +244,7 @@ function createDex({
       let result = dexY.redeemLiquidityPartial(user, dl);
       let l = result[0];
       let dy = result[1];
-      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, user, dy);
+      tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, user, dy);
 
       // in return for dl, we give back dx, the X token part
       let x = this.account.balance.get();
@@ -273,7 +270,7 @@ function createDex({
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
       this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
       // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
-      tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
+      tokenX.transferFrom(user, this.address, dx);
       // compute and send dy
       let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx));
       // just subtract dy balance and let adding balance be handled one level higher
@@ -296,7 +293,7 @@ function createDex({
       let x = tokenX.getBalance(this.address);
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
       this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
-      tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
+      tokenX.transferFrom(user, this.address, dx);
 
       // this formula has been changed - we just give the user an additional 15 token
       let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx)).add(15);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 9648640f8a..52010806b2 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -8,19 +8,24 @@ import {
   method,
   AccountUpdate,
   PublicKey,
-  SmartContract,
   UInt64,
-  Account,
-  Experimental,
   Permissions,
   Mina,
-  Int64,
-  VerificationKey,
+  TokenContract,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 /**
- * ERC-20 token standard.
+ * ERC-20-like token standard.
  * https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/
+ *
+ * Differences to ERC-20:
+ * - No approvals / allowance, because zkApps don't need them and they are a security footgun.
+ * - `transferFrom()`, `transfer()` and `balanceOf()` can also take an account update as an argument.
+ *   This form might be needed for zkApp token accounts, where the account update has to come from a method
+ *   (in order to get proof authorization), and can't be created by the token contract itself.
+ * - `transferFrom()` and `transfer()` don't return a boolean, because in the zkApp protocol,
+ *   a transaction succeeds or fails in its entirety, and there is no need to handle partial failures.
  */
 type Erc20 = {
   // pure view functions which don't need @method
@@ -28,13 +33,15 @@ type Erc20 = {
   symbol?: () => CircuitString;
   decimals?: () => Field; // TODO: should be UInt8 which doesn't exist yet
   totalSupply(): UInt64;
-  balanceOf(owner: PublicKey): UInt64;
-  allowance(owner: PublicKey, spender: PublicKey): UInt64;
+  balanceOf(owner: PublicKey | AccountUpdate): UInt64;
 
   // mutations which need @method
-  transfer(to: PublicKey, value: UInt64): Bool; // emits "Transfer" event
-  transferFrom(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64): Bool; // emits "Transfer" event
-  approveSpend(spender: PublicKey, value: UInt64): Bool; // emits "Approve" event
+  transfer(to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, value: UInt64): void; // emits "Transfer" event
+  transferFrom(
+    from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
+    to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
+    value: UInt64
+  ): void; // emits "Transfer" event
 
   // events
   events: {
@@ -43,11 +50,6 @@ type Erc20 = {
       to: PublicKey;
       value: UInt64;
     }>;
-    Approval: ProvablePure<{
-      owner: PublicKey;
-      spender: PublicKey;
-      value: UInt64;
-    }>;
   };
 };
 
@@ -61,18 +63,15 @@ type Erc20 = {
  * Functionality:
  * Just enough to be swapped by the DEX contract, and be secure
  */
-class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
+class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20 {
   // constant supply
   SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
 
   deploy(args: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
-    this.account.tokenSymbol.set('SOM');
-    this.account.permissions.set({
-      ...Permissions.default(),
-      setPermissions: Permissions.proof(),
-    });
+    this.account.tokenSymbol.set('TRIV');
   }
+
   @method init() {
     super.init();
 
@@ -101,10 +100,10 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
 
   // ERC20 API
   name(): CircuitString {
-    return CircuitString.fromString('SomeCoin');
+    return CircuitString.fromString('TrivialCoin');
   }
   symbol(): CircuitString {
-    return CircuitString.fromString('SOM');
+    return CircuitString.fromString('TRIV');
   }
   decimals(): Field {
     return Field(9);
@@ -112,32 +111,12 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
   totalSupply(): UInt64 {
     return this.SUPPLY;
   }
-  balanceOf(owner: PublicKey): UInt64 {
-    let account = Account(owner, this.token.id);
-    let balance = account.balance.get();
-    account.balance.requireEquals(balance);
-    return balance;
-  }
-  allowance(owner: PublicKey, spender: PublicKey): UInt64 {
-    // TODO: implement allowances
-    return UInt64.zero;
-  }
-
-  @method transfer(to: PublicKey, value: UInt64): Bool {
-    this.token.send({ from: this.sender, to, amount: value });
-    this.emitEvent('Transfer', { from: this.sender, to, value });
-    // we don't have to check the balance of the sender -- this is done by the zkApp protocol
-    return Bool(true);
-  }
-  @method transferFrom(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64): Bool {
-    this.token.send({ from, to, amount: value });
-    this.emitEvent('Transfer', { from, to, value });
-    // we don't have to check the balance of the sender -- this is done by the zkApp protocol
-    return Bool(true);
-  }
-  @method approveSpend(spender: PublicKey, value: UInt64): Bool {
-    // TODO: implement allowances
-    return Bool(false);
+  balanceOf(owner: PublicKey | AccountUpdate): UInt64 {
+    let update =
+      owner instanceof PublicKey
+        ? AccountUpdate.create(owner, this.token.id)
+        : owner;
+    return update.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
   }
 
   events = {
@@ -146,58 +125,11 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
       to: PublicKey,
       value: UInt64,
     }),
-    Approval: provablePure({
-      owner: PublicKey,
-      spender: PublicKey,
-      value: UInt64,
-    }),
   };
 
-  // additional API needed for zkApp token accounts
-
-  @method transferFromZkapp(
-    from: PublicKey,
-    to: PublicKey,
-    value: UInt64,
-    approve: Experimental.Callback<any>
-  ): Bool {
-    // TODO: need to be able to witness a certain layout of account updates, in this case
-    // tokenContract --> sender --> receiver
-    let fromUpdate = this.approve(approve, AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren);
-
-    let negativeAmount = Int64.fromObject(fromUpdate.body.balanceChange);
-    negativeAmount.assertEquals(Int64.from(value).neg());
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
-    fromUpdate.body.tokenId.assertEquals(tokenId);
-    fromUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(from);
-
-    let toUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(to, tokenId);
-    toUpdate.balance.addInPlace(value);
-    this.emitEvent('Transfer', { from, to, value });
-    return Bool(true);
-  }
-
-  // this is a very standardized deploy method. instead, we could also take the account update from a callback
-  @method deployZkapp(
-    zkappAddress: PublicKey,
-    verificationKey: VerificationKey
-  ) {
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
-    let zkapp = Experimental.createChildAccountUpdate(
-      this.self,
-      zkappAddress,
-      tokenId
-    );
-    zkapp.account.permissions.set(Permissions.default());
-    zkapp.account.verificationKey.set(verificationKey);
-    zkapp.requireSignature();
-  }
+  // implement Approvable API
 
-  // for letting a zkapp do whatever it wants, as long as no tokens are transferred
-  // TODO: atm, we have to restrict the zkapp to have no children
-  //       -> need to be able to witness a general layout of account updates
-  @method approveZkapp(callback: Experimental.Callback<any>) {
-    let zkappUpdate = this.approve(callback, AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren);
-    Int64.fromObject(zkappUpdate.body.balanceChange).assertEquals(UInt64.zero);
+  @method approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
+    this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 5aaebb49a3..55c020a969 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 3 user accounts
   let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
   feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
-  tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
-  tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenX.transferFrom(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenY.transferFrom(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index e007e6b000..32898bd3ba 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 3 user accounts
   let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
   feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
-  tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
-  tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenX.transferFrom(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenY.transferFrom(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index 32576068ad..d37525d17f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -119,8 +119,16 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user2, amount: 20e9 });
       // transfer to fee payer so they can provide initial liquidity
-      tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
-      tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
+      tokenX.transferFrom(
+        addresses.tokenX,
+        feePayerAddress,
+        UInt64.from(10_000)
+      );
+      tokenY.transferFrom(
+        addresses.tokenY,
+        feePayerAddress,
+        UInt64.from(10_000)
+      );
       // mint tokens to the user (this is additional to the tokens minted at the beginning, so we can overflow the balance
       tokenX.init2();
       tokenY.init2();
@@ -270,7 +278,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   console.log('prepare supplying overflowing liquidity');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress);
-    tokenY.transfer(
+    tokenY.transferFrom(
       addresses.tokenY,
       addresses.tokenX,
       UInt64.MAXINT().sub(200_000)
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index 97632223ef..2df769e7e6 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 2) {
     // pay fees for creating 3 user accounts
     let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender, 3);
     feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 8e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
-    tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
-    tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+    tokenX.transferFrom(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+    tokenY.transferFrom(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
   });
   await tx.prove();
   pendingTx = await tx.sign([senderKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 375e661dba..94f55b91cc 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -325,8 +325,16 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user2, amount: 20e9 });
       // transfer to fee payer so they can provide initial liquidity
-      tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
-      tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
+      tokenX.transferFrom(
+        addresses.tokenX,
+        feePayerAddress,
+        UInt64.from(10_000)
+      );
+      tokenY.transferFrom(
+        addresses.tokenY,
+        feePayerAddress,
+        UInt64.from(10_000)
+      );
       // mint tokens to the user (this is additional to the tokens minted at the beginning, so we can overflow the balance
       tokenX.init2();
       tokenY.init2();
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 344963e565..d103fa946c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   /**
    * Transfer `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
    */
-  transfer(
+  transferFrom(
     from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     amount: UInt64
@@ -141,6 +141,13 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates([from, to]);
     this.approveBase(forest);
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Transfer `amount` of tokens from this.sender to `to`
+   */
+  transfer(to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
+    this.transferFrom(this.sender, to, amount);
+  }
 }
 
 function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {

From c23b64a5629f9acc6bf44c1499d8124825ed94e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:43:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1498/1786] revert renaming towards erc20

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts   | 10 ++++-----
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts                | 21 ++++++++++---------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts              | 13 ++++++------
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts     |  4 ++--
 .../zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts      |  4 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                | 14 +++----------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts           |  4 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts      | 12 ++---------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts          |  9 +-------
 9 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index ae2b257638..0a93ce572a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let isDyCorrect = dy.equals(dx.mul(y).div(xSafe));
     isDyCorrect.or(isXZero).assertTrue();
 
-    tokenX.transfer(dexX, dx);
-    tokenY.transfer(dexY, dy);
+    tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
+    tokenY.transfer(user, dexY, dy);
 
     // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dx
     // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
     let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
     let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-    tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+    tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
     return dy;
   }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
     let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
     let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
-    tokenX.transferFrom(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+    tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
     return dx;
   }
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
     let y = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
-    tokenX.transferFrom(user, dexX, dx);
+    tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
 
     // compute and send dy
     let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx));
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index b2d3b5edf0..89c4182af3 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ function createDex({
      * instead, the input X and Y amounts determine the initial ratio.
      */
     @method supplyLiquidityBase(dx: UInt64, dy: UInt64): UInt64 {
+      let user = this.sender;
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
 
@@ -64,13 +65,13 @@ function createDex({
       let isDyCorrect = dy.equals(dx.mul(dexYBalance).div(xSafe));
       isDyCorrect.or(isXZero).assertTrue();
 
-      tokenX.transfer(dexXUpdate, dx);
-      tokenY.transfer(dexYUpdate, dy);
+      tokenX.transfer(user, dexXUpdate, dx);
+      tokenY.transfer(user, dexYUpdate, dy);
 
       // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dy
       // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
       let dl = dy.add(dx);
-      let userUpdate = this.token.mint({ address: this.sender, amount: dl });
+      let userUpdate = this.token.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });
       if (lockedLiquiditySlots !== undefined) {
         /**
          * exercise the "timing" (vesting) feature to lock the received liquidity tokens.
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ function createDex({
       let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dxdy = dexX.redeemLiquidity(this.sender, dl, this.tokenY);
       let dx = dxdy[0];
-      tokenX.transferFrom(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dxdy;
     }
 
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-      tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
     }
 
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
       let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
       let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
-      tokenX.transferFrom(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dx;
     }
 
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
-      tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
     }
   }
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ function createDex({
       let result = dexY.redeemLiquidityPartial(user, dl);
       let l = result[0];
       let dy = result[1];
-      tokenY.transferFrom(dexY.self, user, dy);
+      tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, user, dy);
 
       // in return for dl, we give back dx, the X token part
       let x = this.account.balance.get();
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ function createDex({
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
       this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
       // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
-      tokenX.transferFrom(user, this.address, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
       // compute and send dy
       let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx));
       // just subtract dy balance and let adding balance be handled one level higher
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ function createDex({
       let x = tokenX.getBalance(this.address);
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
       this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
-      tokenX.transferFrom(user, this.address, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
 
       // this formula has been changed - we just give the user an additional 15 token
       let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx)).add(15);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 52010806b2..c492036964 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -21,13 +21,15 @@ import {
  *
  * Differences to ERC-20:
  * - No approvals / allowance, because zkApps don't need them and they are a security footgun.
- * - `transferFrom()`, `transfer()` and `balanceOf()` can also take an account update as an argument.
+ * - `transfer()` and `transfer()` are collapsed into a single `transfer()` method which takes
+ *    both the sender and the receiver as arguments.
+ * - `transfer()` and `balanceOf()` can also take an account update as an argument.
  *   This form might be needed for zkApp token accounts, where the account update has to come from a method
  *   (in order to get proof authorization), and can't be created by the token contract itself.
- * - `transferFrom()` and `transfer()` don't return a boolean, because in the zkApp protocol,
+ * - `transfer()` doesn't return a boolean, because in the zkApp protocol,
  *   a transaction succeeds or fails in its entirety, and there is no need to handle partial failures.
  */
-type Erc20 = {
+type Erc20Like = {
   // pure view functions which don't need @method
   name?: () => CircuitString;
   symbol?: () => CircuitString;
@@ -36,8 +38,7 @@ type Erc20 = {
   balanceOf(owner: PublicKey | AccountUpdate): UInt64;
 
   // mutations which need @method
-  transfer(to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, value: UInt64): void; // emits "Transfer" event
-  transferFrom(
+  transfer(
     from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     value: UInt64
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ type Erc20 = {
  * Functionality:
  * Just enough to be swapped by the DEX contract, and be secure
  */
-class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20 {
+class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
   // constant supply
   SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 55c020a969..5aaebb49a3 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 3 user accounts
   let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
   feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
-  tokenX.transferFrom(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
-  tokenY.transferFrom(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 32898bd3ba..e007e6b000 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   // pay fees for creating 3 user accounts
   let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 3);
   feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
-  tokenX.transferFrom(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
-  tokenY.transferFrom(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+  tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index d37525d17f..32576068ad 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -119,16 +119,8 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user2, amount: 20e9 });
       // transfer to fee payer so they can provide initial liquidity
-      tokenX.transferFrom(
-        addresses.tokenX,
-        feePayerAddress,
-        UInt64.from(10_000)
-      );
-      tokenY.transferFrom(
-        addresses.tokenY,
-        feePayerAddress,
-        UInt64.from(10_000)
-      );
+      tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
+      tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
       // mint tokens to the user (this is additional to the tokens minted at the beginning, so we can overflow the balance
       tokenX.init2();
       tokenY.init2();
@@ -278,7 +270,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   console.log('prepare supplying overflowing liquidity');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress);
-    tokenY.transferFrom(
+    tokenY.transfer(
       addresses.tokenY,
       addresses.tokenX,
       UInt64.MAXINT().sub(200_000)
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index 2df769e7e6..97632223ef 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ if (successfulTransactions <= 2) {
     // pay fees for creating 3 user accounts
     let feePayer = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender, 3);
     feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 8e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
-    tokenX.transferFrom(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
-    tokenY.transferFrom(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+    tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
+    tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, addresses.user, UInt64.from(USER_DX));
   });
   await tx.prove();
   pendingTx = await tx.sign([senderKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 94f55b91cc..375e661dba 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -325,16 +325,8 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user, amount: 20e9 }); // give users MINA to pay fees
       feePayer.send({ to: addresses.user2, amount: 20e9 });
       // transfer to fee payer so they can provide initial liquidity
-      tokenX.transferFrom(
-        addresses.tokenX,
-        feePayerAddress,
-        UInt64.from(10_000)
-      );
-      tokenY.transferFrom(
-        addresses.tokenY,
-        feePayerAddress,
-        UInt64.from(10_000)
-      );
+      tokenX.transfer(addresses.tokenX, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
+      tokenY.transfer(addresses.tokenY, feePayerAddress, UInt64.from(10_000));
       // mint tokens to the user (this is additional to the tokens minted at the beginning, so we can overflow the balance
       tokenX.init2();
       tokenY.init2();
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index d103fa946c..344963e565 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   /**
    * Transfer `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
    */
-  transferFrom(
+  transfer(
     from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     amount: UInt64
@@ -141,13 +141,6 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates([from, to]);
     this.approveBase(forest);
   }
-
-  /**
-   * Transfer `amount` of tokens from this.sender to `to`
-   */
-  transfer(to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate, amount: UInt64) {
-    this.transferFrom(this.sender, to, amount);
-  }
 }
 
 function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {

From 09960d128846337f41219bd3f663145b1e38604c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:48:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1499/1786] minor

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts | 10 ++++------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index c492036964..98c2438db9 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import {
   ProvablePure,
   Bool,
   CircuitString,
-  provablePure,
   DeployArgs,
   Field,
   method,
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   Mina,
   TokenContract,
   AccountUpdateForest,
+  Struct,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 /**
@@ -121,13 +121,11 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
   }
 
   events = {
-    Transfer: provablePure({
-      from: PublicKey,
-      to: PublicKey,
-      value: UInt64,
-    }),
+    Transfer: Struct({ from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64 }),
   };
 
+  // TODO: doesn't emit a Transfer event yet (need to make transfer() a separate method from approveBase)
+
   // implement Approvable API
 
   @method approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {

From 1f463709c67a5bb890cc75584b01857cc88b8f2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:55:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1500/1786] remove debug stuff

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index e007e6b000..33a3c03363 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -43,8 +43,6 @@ let dex = new Dex(addresses.dex);
 let dexTokenHolderX = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.X);
 let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
-Local.setProofsEnabled(false);
-
 tic('deploy & init token contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
   const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
@@ -106,8 +104,6 @@ console.log('account updates length', tx.transaction.accountUpdates.length);
 [oldBalances, balances] = [balances, getTokenBalances()];
 expect(balances.user.X).toEqual(0n);
 
-Local.setProofsEnabled(true);
-
 tic('redeem liquidity');
 let USER_DL = 100n;
 tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {

From 08f99b527052d453937d7b7201184a8df242b548 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:55:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1501/1786] remove debug stuff

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 33a3c03363..6f44280549 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -110,9 +110,6 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {
   dex.redeemLiquidity(UInt64.from(USER_DL));
 });
 
-console.log(tx.transaction.accountUpdates[0].toPrettyLayout());
-console.log(tx.toPretty());
-
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([keys.user]).send();
 toc();

From c171442aaeda65c6459671600728ede5243e0529 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 17:15:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1502/1786] minor stuff

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts         | 23 ++++++++---------------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts       | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts         |  3 ---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts   |  4 ++--
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       |  2 +-
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 14 +++-----------
 6 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 89c4182af3..5799e6f80a 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -267,11 +267,11 @@ function createDex({
       let dx = otherTokenAmount;
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
       // get balances
-      let x = tokenX.getBalance(this.address);
-      let y = this.account.balance.get();
-      this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
+      let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
+      let y = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
       // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
-      tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
       // compute and send dy
       let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx));
       // just subtract dy balance and let adding balance be handled one level higher
@@ -291,10 +291,12 @@ function createDex({
     ): UInt64 {
       let dx = otherTokenAmount;
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
-      let x = tokenX.getBalance(this.address);
+      // get balances
+      let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
       this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
-      tokenX.transfer(user, this.address, dx);
+      tokenX.transfer(user, dexX, dx);
 
       // this formula has been changed - we just give the user an additional 15 token
       let dy = y.mul(dx).div(x.add(dx)).add(15);
@@ -405,15 +407,6 @@ class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
   approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
     this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
   }
-
-  @method getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey): UInt64 {
-    let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(publicKey, this.token.id);
-    let balance = accountUpdate.account.balance.get();
-    accountUpdate.account.balance.requireEquals(
-      accountUpdate.account.balance.get()
-    );
-    return balance;
-  }
 }
 
 const savedKeys = [
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 98c2438db9..58d5f73c48 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
   deploy(args: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
     this.account.tokenSymbol.set('TRIV');
+
+    // make account non-upgradable forever
+    this.account.permissions.set({
+      ...Permissions.default(),
+      setVerificationKey: Permissions.impossible(),
+      setPermissions: Permissions.impossible(),
+      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
+    });
   }
 
   @method init() {
@@ -78,25 +86,16 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
 
     // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
     let address = this.self.body.publicKey;
-    let receiver = this.token.mint({
-      address,
-      amount: this.SUPPLY,
-    });
+    let receiver = this.token.mint({ address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
+
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
     receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+
     // pay fees for opened account
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
 
     // since this is the only method of this zkApp that resets the entire state, provedState: true implies
     // that this function was run. Since it can be run only once, this implies it was run exactly once
-
-    // make account non-upgradable forever
-    this.account.permissions.set({
-      ...Permissions.default(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.impossible(),
-      setPermissions: Permissions.impossible(),
-      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-    });
   }
 
   // ERC20 API
@@ -117,6 +116,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
       owner instanceof PublicKey
         ? AccountUpdate.create(owner, this.token.id)
         : owner;
+    this.approveAccountUpdate(update);
     return update.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
   }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index 32576068ad..ca831647e3 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -367,9 +367,6 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([keys.user]);
 
-  console.log(tx.transaction.accountUpdates[0].toPrettyLayout());
-  console.log(tx.toPretty());
-
   await tx.send();
   [oldBalances, balances] = [balances, getTokenBalances()];
   console.log('DEX liquidity (X, Y):', balances.dex.X, balances.dex.Y);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 344963e565..7f9350a4f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES = 20;
 
 /**
  * Base token contract which
- * - implements the `Approvable` API with some easy bit left to be defined by subclasses
+ * - implements the `Approvable` API, with the `approveBase()` method left to be defined by subclasses
  * - implements the `Transferable` API as a wrapper around the `Approvable` API
  */
 abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   /**
    * Use `forEachUpdate()` to prove that the total balance change of child account updates is zero.
    *
-   * This is provided out of the box as it is both a good example, and probably the most common implementation, of `approveUpdates()`.
+   * This is provided out of the box as it is both a good example, and probably the most common implementation, of `approveBase()`.
    */
   checkZeroBalanceChange(updates: AccountUpdateForest) {
     let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 0134b8bfa8..821913ffca 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ super.init();
    */
   init() {
     // let accountUpdate = this.newSelf(); // this would emulate the behaviour of init() being a @method
-    this.account.provedState.assertEquals(Bool(false));
+    this.account.provedState.requireEquals(Bool(false));
     let accountUpdate = this.self;
     for (let i = 0; i < ZkappStateLength; i++) {
       AccountUpdate.setValue(accountUpdate.body.update.appState[i], Field(0));
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 2c2d6511b7..d2c7e2d099 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     }
   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "3617eb15679a710b2321c511f9870464f846de5e93c31c0e6d40a93d1d3b15e1",
+    "digest": "19aa0f5b442d011f2bbdd68ac189bf91cd017803f0f91a5ab6a61d50e3136c2",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
         "rows": 655,
@@ -76,19 +76,11 @@
       "approveBase": {
         "rows": 13194,
         "digest": "8f8ad42a6586936a28b570877403960c"
-      },
-      "deployZkapp": {
-        "rows": 702,
-        "digest": "e5ac2667a79f44f1e7a65b12d8ac006c"
-      },
-      "getBalance": {
-        "rows": 686,
-        "digest": "44a90b65d1d7ee553811759b115d12cc"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "27127639205719537939166450295035225998965373687685248985354531474736258095446"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "10629507172660088077994796699854359657108723627411391158715881834104929001219"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {

From 97cdacfae56147df1c90599dd8ec94f51ba12570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 14:18:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1503/1786] fix edge case in ecdsa unit test

---
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts | 15 ++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index 250b088709..a04ccc932c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -59,14 +59,23 @@ for (let Curve of curves) {
   let noGlv = fromRandom(Random.map(Random.fraction(), (f) => f < 0.3));
 
   // provable method we want to test
-  const verify = (s: Second<typeof signature>, noGlv: boolean) => {
+  const verify = (sig: Second<typeof signature>, noGlv: boolean) => {
     // invalid public key can lead to either a failing constraint, or verify() returning false
-    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(s.publicKey, Curve);
+    EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(sig.publicKey, Curve);
+
+    // additional checks which are inconsistent between constant and variable verification
+    let { s, r } = sig.signature;
+    if (Field3.isConstant(s)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(s) !== 0n, 'invalid signature (s=0)');
+    }
+    if (Field3.isConstant(r)) {
+      assert(Field3.toBigint(r) !== 0n, 'invalid signature (r=0)');
+    }
 
     let hasGlv = Curve.hasEndomorphism;
     if (noGlv) Curve.hasEndomorphism = false; // hack to force non-GLV version
     try {
-      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, s.signature, s.msg, s.publicKey);
+      return Ecdsa.verify(Curve, sig.signature, sig.msg, sig.publicKey);
     } finally {
       Curve.hasEndomorphism = hasGlv;
     }

From c5c4c35656ef8e13bc62b7a1ac2e4d7e37d1662c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 15:49:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1504/1786] restructure code to fix import cycles in
 account_update.ts

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts           | 209 ++++------------------------
 src/lib/mina.ts                     | 203 ++-------------------------
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts       | 123 ++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts |  13 ++
 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts |  16 +++
 src/lib/precondition.ts             | 173 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                    |  64 ++++++++-
 7 files changed, 412 insertions(+), 389 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f585fed1cd..397db60f73 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -15,9 +15,17 @@ import {
 } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import { UInt64, UInt32, Int64, Sign } from './int.js';
-import * as Mina from './mina.js';
-import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
-import * as Precondition from './precondition.js';
+import type { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
+import {
+  Preconditions,
+  Account,
+  Network,
+  CurrentSlot,
+  preconditions,
+  OrIgnore,
+  ClosedInterval,
+  getAccountPreconditions,
+} from './precondition.js';
 import { dummyBase64Proof, Empty, Proof, Prover } from './proof_system.js';
 import { Memo } from '../mina-signer/src/memo.js';
 import {
@@ -28,11 +36,13 @@ import { TokenId as Base58TokenId } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import { hashWithPrefix, packToFields } from './hash.js';
 import { mocks, prefixes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
-import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
+import { isSmartContract } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
+import { activeInstance } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 // external API
 export { AccountUpdate, Permissions, ZkappPublicInput };
@@ -59,6 +69,7 @@ export {
   zkAppProver,
   SmartContractContext,
   dummySignature,
+  LazyProof,
 };
 
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
@@ -86,11 +97,6 @@ type Update = AccountUpdateBody['update'];
 
 type MayUseToken = AccountUpdateBody['mayUseToken'];
 
-/**
- * Preconditions for the network and accounts
- */
-type Preconditions = AccountUpdateBody['preconditions'];
-
 /**
  * Either set a value or keep it the same.
  */
@@ -483,107 +489,6 @@ type FeePayerUnsigned = FeePayer & {
   lazyAuthorization?: LazySignature | undefined;
 };
 
-/**
- * Either check a value or ignore it.
- *
- * Used within [[ AccountPredicate ]]s and [[ ProtocolStatePredicate ]]s.
- */
-type OrIgnore<T> = { isSome: Bool; value: T };
-
-/**
- * An interval representing all the values between `lower` and `upper` inclusive
- * of both the `lower` and `upper` values.
- *
- * @typeParam A something with an ordering where one can quantify a lower and
- *            upper bound.
- */
-type ClosedInterval<T> = { lower: T; upper: T };
-
-type NetworkPrecondition = Preconditions['network'];
-let NetworkPrecondition = {
-  ignoreAll(): NetworkPrecondition {
-    let stakingEpochData = {
-      ledger: { hash: ignore(Field(0)), totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()) },
-      seed: ignore(Field(0)),
-      startCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
-      lockCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
-      epochLength: ignore(uint32()),
-    };
-    let nextEpochData = cloneCircuitValue(stakingEpochData);
-    return {
-      snarkedLedgerHash: ignore(Field(0)),
-      blockchainLength: ignore(uint32()),
-      minWindowDensity: ignore(uint32()),
-      totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()),
-      globalSlotSinceGenesis: ignore(uint32()),
-      stakingEpochData,
-      nextEpochData,
-    };
-  },
-};
-
-/**
- * Ignores a `dummy`
- *
- * @param dummy The value to ignore
- * @returns Always an ignored value regardless of the input.
- */
-function ignore<T>(dummy: T): OrIgnore<T> {
-  return { isSome: Bool(false), value: dummy };
-}
-
-/**
- * Ranges between all uint32 values
- */
-const uint32 = () => ({ lower: UInt32.from(0), upper: UInt32.MAXINT() });
-
-/**
- * Ranges between all uint64 values
- */
-const uint64 = () => ({ lower: UInt64.from(0), upper: UInt64.MAXINT() });
-
-type AccountPrecondition = Preconditions['account'];
-const AccountPrecondition = {
-  ignoreAll(): AccountPrecondition {
-    let appState: Array<OrIgnore<Field>> = [];
-    for (let i = 0; i < ZkappStateLength; ++i) {
-      appState.push(ignore(Field(0)));
-    }
-    return {
-      balance: ignore(uint64()),
-      nonce: ignore(uint32()),
-      receiptChainHash: ignore(Field(0)),
-      delegate: ignore(PublicKey.empty()),
-      state: appState,
-      actionState: ignore(Actions.emptyActionState()),
-      provedState: ignore(Bool(false)),
-      isNew: ignore(Bool(false)),
-    };
-  },
-  nonce(nonce: UInt32): AccountPrecondition {
-    let p = AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll();
-    AccountUpdate.assertEquals(p.nonce, nonce);
-    return p;
-  },
-};
-
-type GlobalSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
-const GlobalSlotPrecondition = {
-  ignoreAll(): GlobalSlotPrecondition {
-    return ignore(uint32());
-  },
-};
-
-const Preconditions = {
-  ignoreAll(): Preconditions {
-    return {
-      account: AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
-      network: NetworkPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
-      validWhile: GlobalSlotPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
-    };
-  },
-};
-
 type Control = Types.AccountUpdate['authorization'];
 type LazyNone = {
   kind: 'lazy-none';
@@ -664,9 +569,9 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   authorization: Control;
   lazyAuthorization: LazySignature | LazyProof | LazyNone | undefined =
     undefined;
-  account: Precondition.Account;
-  network: Precondition.Network;
-  currentSlot: Precondition.CurrentSlot;
+  account: Account;
+  network: Network;
+  currentSlot: CurrentSlot;
   children: {
     callsType:
       | { type: 'None' }
@@ -688,10 +593,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     this.id = Math.random();
     this.body = body;
     this.authorization = authorization;
-    let { account, network, currentSlot } = Precondition.preconditions(
-      this,
-      isSelf
-    );
+    let { account, network, currentSlot } = preconditions(this, isSelf);
     this.account = account;
     this.network = network;
     this.currentSlot = currentSlot;
@@ -730,7 +632,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       accountLike: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract,
       label: string
     ) {
-      if (accountLike instanceof SmartContract) {
+      if (isSmartContract(accountLike)) {
         accountLike = accountLike.self;
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof AccountUpdate) {
@@ -842,7 +744,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (to instanceof AccountUpdate) {
       receiver = to;
       receiver.body.tokenId.assertEquals(this.body.tokenId);
-    } else if (to instanceof SmartContract) {
+    } else if (isSmartContract(to)) {
       receiver = to.self;
       receiver.body.tokenId.assertEquals(this.body.tokenId);
     } else {
@@ -1032,13 +934,11 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     let publicKey = update.body.publicKey;
     let tokenId =
       update instanceof AccountUpdate ? update.body.tokenId : TokenId.default;
-    let nonce = Number(
-      Precondition.getAccountPreconditions(update.body).nonce.toString()
-    );
+    let nonce = Number(getAccountPreconditions(update.body).nonce.toString());
     // if the fee payer is the same account update as this one, we have to start
     // the nonce predicate at one higher, bc the fee payer already increases its
     // nonce
-    let isFeePayer = Mina.currentTransaction()?.sender?.equals(publicKey);
+    let isFeePayer = currentTransaction()?.sender?.equals(publicKey);
     let isSameAsFeePayer = !!isFeePayer
       ?.and(tokenId.equals(TokenId.default))
       .toBoolean();
@@ -1046,7 +946,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
     CallForest.forEachPredecessor(
-      Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
+      currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
       update as AccountUpdate,
       (otherUpdate) => {
         let shouldIncreaseNonce = otherUpdate.publicKey
@@ -1163,7 +1063,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
         self.label || 'Unlabeled'
       } > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     } else {
-      Mina.currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
+      currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
       accountUpdate.label = `Mina.transaction > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     }
     return accountUpdate;
@@ -1182,8 +1082,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       if (selfUpdate === accountUpdate) return;
       insideContract.this.self.approve(accountUpdate);
     } else {
-      if (!Mina.currentTransaction.has()) return;
-      let updates = Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
+      if (!currentTransaction.has()) return;
+      let updates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
       if (!updates.find((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id)) {
         updates.push(accountUpdate);
       }
@@ -1195,7 +1095,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     let siblings =
       accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates ??
-      Mina.currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;
+      currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;
     if (siblings === undefined) return;
     let i = siblings?.findIndex((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id);
     if (i !== undefined && i !== -1) {
@@ -1273,7 +1173,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   ) {
     let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayer as PrivateKey);
     accountUpdate.label = 'AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount()';
-    let fee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+    let fee = activeInstance.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     numberOfAccounts ??= 1;
     if (typeof numberOfAccounts === 'number') fee = fee.mul(numberOfAccounts);
     else fee = fee.add(UInt64.from(numberOfAccounts.initialBalance ?? 0));
@@ -1842,57 +1742,6 @@ const Authorization = {
     accountUpdate.authorization = {};
     accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = { ...signature, kind: 'lazy-signature' };
   },
-  setProofAuthorizationKind(
-    { body, id }: AccountUpdate,
-    priorAccountUpdates?: AccountUpdate[]
-  ) {
-    body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
-    body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(true);
-    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      let proverData = zkAppProver.getData();
-      let isProver = proverData !== undefined;
-      assert(
-        isProver || priorAccountUpdates !== undefined,
-        'Called `setProofAuthorizationKind()` outside the prover without passing in `priorAccountUpdates`.'
-      );
-      let myAccountUpdateId = isProver ? proverData.accountUpdate.id : id;
-      priorAccountUpdates ??= proverData.transaction.accountUpdates;
-      priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
-        (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
-      );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
-        priorAccountUpdates,
-        false
-      );
-      let accountUpdate = [...priorAccountUpdatesFlat]
-        .reverse()
-        .find((body_) =>
-          body_.update.verificationKey.isSome
-            .and(body_.tokenId.equals(body.tokenId))
-            .and(body_.publicKey.equals(body.publicKey))
-            .toBoolean()
-        );
-      if (accountUpdate !== undefined) {
-        return accountUpdate.body.update.verificationKey.value.hash;
-      }
-      try {
-        let account = Mina.getAccount(body.publicKey, body.tokenId);
-        return account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.hash ?? Field(0);
-      } catch {
-        return Field(0);
-      }
-    });
-    body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash = hash;
-  },
-  setLazyProof(
-    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    proof: Omit<LazyProof, 'kind'>,
-    priorAccountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]
-  ) {
-    Authorization.setProofAuthorizationKind(accountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates);
-    accountUpdate.authorization = {};
-    accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = { ...proof, kind: 'lazy-proof' };
-  },
   setLazyNone(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     accountUpdate.body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
     accountUpdate.body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(false);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index fbac14657b..155dda1204 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
-import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
@@ -34,6 +33,15 @@ import {
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import { FetchMode, currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
+import {
+  activeInstance,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  Mina,
+  FeePayerSpec,
+  DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  ActionStates,
+} from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -41,7 +49,6 @@ export {
   Network,
   LocalBlockchain,
   currentTransaction,
-  CurrentTransaction,
   Transaction,
   TransactionId,
   activeInstance,
@@ -120,63 +127,6 @@ const Transaction = {
   },
 };
 
-type FetchMode = 'fetch' | 'cached' | 'test';
-type CurrentTransaction = {
-  sender?: PublicKey;
-  accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
-  fetchMode: FetchMode;
-  isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: boolean;
-  numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined;
-};
-
-let currentTransaction = Context.create<CurrentTransaction>();
-
-/**
- * Allows you to specify information about the fee payer account and the transaction.
- */
-type FeePayerSpec =
-  | PublicKey
-  | {
-      sender: PublicKey;
-      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
-      memo?: string;
-      nonce?: number;
-    }
-  | undefined;
-
-type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec =
-  | PublicKey
-  | PrivateKey
-  | ((
-      | {
-          feePayerKey: PrivateKey;
-          sender?: PublicKey;
-        }
-      | {
-          feePayerKey?: PrivateKey;
-          sender: PublicKey;
-        }
-    ) & {
-      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
-      memo?: string;
-      nonce?: number;
-    })
-  | undefined;
-
-type ActionStates = {
-  fromActionState?: Field;
-  endActionState?: Field;
-};
-
-type NetworkConstants = {
-  genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
-  /**
-   * Duration of 1 slot in milliseconds
-   */
-  slotTime: UInt64;
-  accountCreationFee: UInt64;
-};
-
 function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
   if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
     return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
@@ -345,40 +295,6 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
   return self;
 }
 
-interface Mina {
-  transaction(
-    sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
-    f: () => void
-  ): Promise<Transaction>;
-  currentSlot(): UInt32;
-  hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
-  getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
-  getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
-  getNetworkConstants(): NetworkConstants;
-  /**
-   * @deprecated use {@link getNetworkConstants}
-   */
-  accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
-  sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
-  fetchEvents: (
-    publicKey: PublicKey,
-    tokenId?: Field,
-    filterOptions?: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions
-  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchEvents>;
-  fetchActions: (
-    publicKey: PublicKey,
-    actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    tokenId?: Field
-  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchActions>;
-  getActions: (
-    publicKey: PublicKey,
-    actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    tokenId?: Field
-  ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
-  proofsEnabled: boolean;
-  getNetworkId(): NetworkId;
-}
-
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
 const defaultNetworkConstants: NetworkConstants = {
   genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
@@ -429,8 +345,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
     getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
     proofsEnabled,
     /**
-   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
-   */
+     * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+     */
     accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       return {
@@ -518,7 +434,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
           let errors = JSON.parse(err.message);
           err.message = invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, errors, {
-            accountCreationFee: defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+            accountCreationFee:
+              defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
           });
         } finally {
           throw err;
@@ -764,8 +681,8 @@ function Network(
   return {
     getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
     /**
-   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
-   */
+     * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+     */
     accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
     getNetworkConstants() {
       if (currentTransaction()?.fetchMode === 'test') {
@@ -1026,96 +943,6 @@ function BerkeleyQANet(graphqlEndpoint: string) {
   return Network(graphqlEndpoint);
 }
 
-let activeInstance: Mina = {
-  getNetworkId: () => 'testnet',
-  /**
-   * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
-   */
-  accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
-  getNetworkConstants() {
-    return defaultNetworkConstants;
-  },
-  currentSlot: () => {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-    if (
-      !currentTransaction.has() ||
-      currentTransaction.get().fetchMode === 'cached'
-    ) {
-      return !!Fetch.getCachedAccount(
-        publicKey,
-        tokenId,
-        Fetch.networkConfig.minaEndpoint
-      );
-    }
-    return false;
-  },
-  getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-    if (currentTransaction()?.fetchMode === 'test') {
-      Fetch.markAccountToBeFetched(
-        publicKey,
-        tokenId,
-        Fetch.networkConfig.minaEndpoint
-      );
-      return dummyAccount(publicKey);
-    }
-    if (
-      !currentTransaction.has() ||
-      currentTransaction.get().fetchMode === 'cached'
-    ) {
-      let account = Fetch.getCachedAccount(
-        publicKey,
-        tokenId,
-        Fetch.networkConfig.minaEndpoint
-      );
-      if (account === undefined)
-        throw Error(
-          `${reportGetAccountError(
-            publicKey.toBase58(),
-            TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)
-          )}\n\nEither call Mina.setActiveInstance first or explicitly add the account with addCachedAccount`
-        );
-      return account;
-    }
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  getNetworkState() {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  sendTransaction() {
-    throw new Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
-    return createTransaction(sender, f, 0);
-  },
-  fetchEvents(_publicKey: PublicKey, _tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-    throw Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  fetchActions(
-    _publicKey: PublicKey,
-    _actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    _tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-  ) {
-    throw Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  getActions(
-    _publicKey: PublicKey,
-    _actionStates?: ActionStates,
-    _tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-  ) {
-    throw Error('must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
-  },
-  proofsEnabled: true,
-};
-
-/**
- * Set the currently used Mina instance.
- */
-function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
-  activeInstance = m;
-}
-
 /**
  * Construct a smart contract transaction. Within the callback passed to this function,
  * you can call into the methods of smart contracts.
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a64f82ec01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/**
+ * This module holds the global Mina instance and its interface.
+ */
+import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import { UInt64, UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import type { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from '../signature.js';
+import type { Transaction, TransactionId } from '../mina.js';
+import type { Account } from './account.js';
+import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
+import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
+
+export {
+  Mina,
+  FeePayerSpec,
+  DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  ActionStates,
+  activeInstance,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  ZkappStateLength,
+};
+
+const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
+const ZkappStateLength = 8;
+
+/**
+ * Allows you to specify information about the fee payer account and the transaction.
+ */
+type FeePayerSpec =
+  | PublicKey
+  | {
+      sender: PublicKey;
+      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
+      memo?: string;
+      nonce?: number;
+    }
+  | undefined;
+
+type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec =
+  | PublicKey
+  | PrivateKey
+  | ((
+      | {
+          feePayerKey: PrivateKey;
+          sender?: PublicKey;
+        }
+      | {
+          feePayerKey?: PrivateKey;
+          sender: PublicKey;
+        }
+    ) & {
+      fee?: number | string | UInt64;
+      memo?: string;
+      nonce?: number;
+    })
+  | undefined;
+
+type ActionStates = {
+  fromActionState?: Field;
+  endActionState?: Field;
+};
+
+interface Mina {
+  transaction(
+    sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+    f: () => void
+  ): Promise<Transaction>;
+  currentSlot(): UInt32;
+  hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
+  getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
+  getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
+  getNetworkConstants(): {
+    genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
+    /**
+     * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
+     */
+    slotTime: UInt64;
+    accountCreationFee: UInt64;
+  };
+  accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
+  sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
+  fetchEvents: (
+    publicKey: PublicKey,
+    tokenId?: Field,
+    filterOptions?: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions
+  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchEvents>;
+  fetchActions: (
+    publicKey: PublicKey,
+    actionStates?: ActionStates,
+    tokenId?: Field
+  ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchActions>;
+  getActions: (
+    publicKey: PublicKey,
+    actionStates?: ActionStates,
+    tokenId?: Field
+  ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
+  proofsEnabled: boolean;
+}
+
+let activeInstance: Mina = {
+  accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
+  getNetworkConstants: noActiveInstance,
+  currentSlot: noActiveInstance,
+  hasAccount: noActiveInstance,
+  getAccount: noActiveInstance,
+  getNetworkState: noActiveInstance,
+  sendTransaction: noActiveInstance,
+  transaction: noActiveInstance,
+  fetchEvents: noActiveInstance,
+  fetchActions: noActiveInstance,
+  getActions: noActiveInstance,
+  proofsEnabled: true,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Set the currently used Mina instance.
+ */
+function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
+  activeInstance = m;
+}
+
+function noActiveInstance(): never {
+  throw Error('Must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37d54379e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-base.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/**
+ * This file exists to avoid an import cycle between code that just needs access
+ * to a smart contract base class, and the code that implements `SmartContract`.
+ */
+import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
+
+export { isSmartContract, SmartContractBase };
+
+class SmartContractBase {}
+
+function isSmartContract(object: unknown): object is SmartContract {
+  return object instanceof SmartContractBase;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3bb040b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import type { AccountUpdate } from '../account_update.js';
+import type { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
+
+export { currentTransaction, CurrentTransaction, FetchMode };
+
+type FetchMode = 'fetch' | 'cached' | 'test';
+type CurrentTransaction = {
+  sender?: PublicKey;
+  accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
+  fetchMode: FetchMode;
+  isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: boolean;
+  numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined;
+};
+
+let currentTransaction = Context.create<CurrentTransaction>();
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index ac5fd8f8aa..eba86036bf 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
 import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
-import { circuitValueEquals } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { circuitValueEquals, cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import * as Mina from './mina.js';
-import { Actions, AccountUpdate, Preconditions } from './account_update.js';
+import { activeInstance as Mina } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate } from './account_update.js';
 import { Int64, UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { Layout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import { emptyReceiptChainHash, TokenSymbol } from './hash.js';
 import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
-import { ZkappUri } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
+import {
+  Actions,
+  ZkappUri,
+} from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
+import type { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
   preconditions,
@@ -20,6 +25,145 @@ export {
   AccountValue,
   NetworkValue,
   getAccountPreconditions,
+  Preconditions,
+  OrIgnore,
+  ClosedInterval,
+};
+
+type AccountUpdateBody = Types.AccountUpdate['body'];
+
+/**
+ * Preconditions for the network and accounts
+ */
+type Preconditions = AccountUpdateBody['preconditions'];
+
+/**
+ * Either check a value or ignore it.
+ *
+ * Used within [[ AccountPredicate ]]s and [[ ProtocolStatePredicate ]]s.
+ */
+type OrIgnore<T> = { isSome: Bool; value: T };
+
+/**
+ * An interval representing all the values between `lower` and `upper` inclusive
+ * of both the `lower` and `upper` values.
+ *
+ * @typeParam A something with an ordering where one can quantify a lower and
+ *            upper bound.
+ */
+type ClosedInterval<T> = { lower: T; upper: T };
+
+type NetworkPrecondition = Preconditions['network'];
+let NetworkPrecondition = {
+  ignoreAll(): NetworkPrecondition {
+    let stakingEpochData = {
+      ledger: { hash: ignore(Field(0)), totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()) },
+      seed: ignore(Field(0)),
+      startCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
+      lockCheckpoint: ignore(Field(0)),
+      epochLength: ignore(uint32()),
+    };
+    let nextEpochData = cloneCircuitValue(stakingEpochData);
+    return {
+      snarkedLedgerHash: ignore(Field(0)),
+      blockchainLength: ignore(uint32()),
+      minWindowDensity: ignore(uint32()),
+      totalCurrency: ignore(uint64()),
+      globalSlotSinceGenesis: ignore(uint32()),
+      stakingEpochData,
+      nextEpochData,
+    };
+  },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Ignores a `dummy`
+ *
+ * @param dummy The value to ignore
+ * @returns Always an ignored value regardless of the input.
+ */
+function ignore<T>(dummy: T): OrIgnore<T> {
+  return { isSome: Bool(false), value: dummy };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ranges between all uint32 values
+ */
+const uint32 = () => ({ lower: UInt32.from(0), upper: UInt32.MAXINT() });
+
+/**
+ * Ranges between all uint64 values
+ */
+const uint64 = () => ({ lower: UInt64.from(0), upper: UInt64.MAXINT() });
+
+/**
+ * Fix a property to a certain value.
+ *
+ * @param property The property to constrain
+ * @param value The value it is fixed to
+ *
+ * Example: To fix the account nonce of a SmartContract to 0, you can use
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * \@method onlyRunsWhenNonceIsZero() {
+ *   AccountUpdate.assertEquals(this.self.body.preconditions.account.nonce, UInt32.zero);
+ *   // ...
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+function assertEquals<T extends object>(
+  property: OrIgnore<ClosedInterval<T> | T>,
+  value: T
+) {
+  property.isSome = Bool(true);
+  if ('lower' in property.value && 'upper' in property.value) {
+    property.value.lower = value;
+    property.value.upper = value;
+  } else {
+    property.value = value;
+  }
+}
+
+type AccountPrecondition = Preconditions['account'];
+const AccountPrecondition = {
+  ignoreAll(): AccountPrecondition {
+    let appState: Array<OrIgnore<Field>> = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < ZkappStateLength; ++i) {
+      appState.push(ignore(Field(0)));
+    }
+    return {
+      balance: ignore(uint64()),
+      nonce: ignore(uint32()),
+      receiptChainHash: ignore(Field(0)),
+      delegate: ignore(PublicKey.empty()),
+      state: appState,
+      actionState: ignore(Actions.emptyActionState()),
+      provedState: ignore(Bool(false)),
+      isNew: ignore(Bool(false)),
+    };
+  },
+  nonce(nonce: UInt32): AccountPrecondition {
+    let p = AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll();
+    assertEquals(p.nonce, nonce);
+    return p;
+  },
+};
+
+type GlobalSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
+const GlobalSlotPrecondition = {
+  ignoreAll(): GlobalSlotPrecondition {
+    return ignore(uint32());
+  },
+};
+
+const Preconditions = {
+  ignoreAll(): Preconditions {
+    return {
+      account: AccountPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
+      network: NetworkPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
+      validWhile: GlobalSlotPrecondition.ignoreAll(),
+    };
+  },
 };
 
 function preconditions(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate, isSelf: boolean) {
@@ -57,8 +201,7 @@ function Network(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate): Network {
       return this.getAndRequireEquals();
     },
     requireEquals(value: UInt64) {
-      let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-        Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+      let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
       let slot = timestampToGlobalSlot(
         value,
         `Timestamp precondition unsatisfied: the timestamp can only equal numbers of the form ${genesisTimestamp} + k*${slotTime},\n` +
@@ -318,13 +461,11 @@ function getVariable<K extends LongKey, U extends FlatPreconditionValue[K]>(
 }
 
 function globalSlotToTimestamp(slot: UInt32) {
-  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   return UInt64.from(slot).mul(slotTime).add(genesisTimestamp);
 }
 function timestampToGlobalSlot(timestamp: UInt64, message: string) {
-  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   let { quotient: slot, rest } = timestamp
     .sub(genesisTimestamp)
     .divMod(slotTime);
@@ -339,8 +480,7 @@ function timestampToGlobalSlotRange(
   // we need `slotLower <= current slot <= slotUpper` to imply `tsLower <= current timestamp <= tsUpper`
   // so we have to make the range smaller -- round up `tsLower` and round down `tsUpper`
   // also, we should clamp to the UInt32 max range [0, 2**32-1]
-  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } =
-    Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+  let { genesisTimestamp, slotTime } = Mina.getNetworkConstants();
   let tsLowerInt = Int64.from(tsLower)
     .sub(genesisTimestamp)
     .add(slotTime)
@@ -452,7 +592,6 @@ const preconditionContexts = new WeakMap<AccountUpdate, PreconditionContext>();
 
 // exported types
 
-type NetworkPrecondition = Preconditions['network'];
 type NetworkValue = PreconditionBaseTypes<NetworkPrecondition>;
 type RawNetwork = PreconditionClassType<NetworkPrecondition>;
 type Network = RawNetwork & {
@@ -461,9 +600,9 @@ type Network = RawNetwork & {
 
 // TODO: should we add account.state?
 // then can just use circuitArray(Field, 8) as the type
-type AccountPrecondition = Omit<Preconditions['account'], 'state'>;
-type AccountValue = PreconditionBaseTypes<AccountPrecondition>;
-type Account = PreconditionClassType<AccountPrecondition> & Update;
+type AccountPreconditionNoState = Omit<Preconditions['account'], 'state'>;
+type AccountValue = PreconditionBaseTypes<AccountPreconditionNoState>;
+type Account = PreconditionClassType<AccountPreconditionNoState> & Update;
 
 type CurrentSlotPrecondition = Preconditions['validWhile'];
 type CurrentSlot = {
@@ -552,7 +691,7 @@ type PreconditionFlatEntry<T> = T extends RangeCondition<infer V>
 type FlatPreconditionValue = {
   [S in PreconditionFlatEntry<NetworkPrecondition> as `network.${S[0]}`]: S[2];
 } & {
-  [S in PreconditionFlatEntry<AccountPrecondition> as `account.${S[0]}`]: S[2];
+  [S in PreconditionFlatEntry<AccountPreconditionNoState> as `account.${S[0]}`]: S[2];
 } & { validWhile: PreconditionFlatEntry<CurrentSlotPrecondition>[2] };
 
 type LongKey = keyof FlatPreconditionValue;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9346973f72..85f172b3d6 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   ZkappStateLength,
   SmartContractContext,
+  LazyProof,
+  CallForest,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ import {
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
+import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
               blindingValue
             );
             accountUpdate.body.callData = Poseidon.hash(callDataFields);
-            Authorization.setProofAuthorizationKind(accountUpdate);
+            ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
             // TODO: currently commented out, but could come back in some form when we add caller to the public input
             // // compute `caller` field from `isDelegateCall` and a context determined by the transaction
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
           accountUpdate.body.callData = Poseidon.hash(callDataFields);
 
           if (!Authorization.hasAny(accountUpdate)) {
-            Authorization.setLazyProof(
+            ProofAuthorization.setLazyProof(
               accountUpdate,
               {
                 methodName: methodIntf.methodName,
@@ -425,7 +429,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
         accountUpdate.body.callData = hashConstant(callDataFields);
 
         if (!Authorization.hasAny(accountUpdate)) {
-          Authorization.setLazyProof(
+          ProofAuthorization.setLazyProof(
             accountUpdate,
             {
               methodName: methodIntf.methodName,
@@ -597,7 +601,7 @@ class Callback<Result> extends GenericArgument {
  * ```
  *
  */
-class SmartContract {
+class SmartContract extends SmartContractBase {
   address: PublicKey;
   tokenId: Field;
 
@@ -635,6 +639,7 @@ class SmartContract {
   }
 
   constructor(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
+    super();
     this.address = address;
     this.tokenId = tokenId ?? TokenId.default;
     Object.defineProperty(this, 'reducer', {
@@ -1558,6 +1563,57 @@ const Reducer: (<
   { get: Actions.emptyActionState }
 ) as any;
 
+const ProofAuthorization = {
+  setKind({ body, id }: AccountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates?: AccountUpdate[]) {
+    body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
+    body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(true);
+    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
+      let proverData = zkAppProver.getData();
+      let isProver = proverData !== undefined;
+      assert(
+        isProver || priorAccountUpdates !== undefined,
+        'Called `setProofAuthorizationKind()` outside the prover without passing in `priorAccountUpdates`.'
+      );
+      let myAccountUpdateId = isProver ? proverData.accountUpdate.id : id;
+      priorAccountUpdates ??= proverData.transaction.accountUpdates;
+      priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
+        (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
+      );
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
+        priorAccountUpdates,
+        false
+      );
+      let accountUpdate = [...priorAccountUpdatesFlat]
+        .reverse()
+        .find((body_) =>
+          body_.update.verificationKey.isSome
+            .and(body_.tokenId.equals(body.tokenId))
+            .and(body_.publicKey.equals(body.publicKey))
+            .toBoolean()
+        );
+      if (accountUpdate !== undefined) {
+        return accountUpdate.body.update.verificationKey.value.hash;
+      }
+      try {
+        let account = Mina.getAccount(body.publicKey, body.tokenId);
+        return account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.hash ?? Field(0);
+      } catch {
+        return Field(0);
+      }
+    });
+    body.authorizationKind.verificationKeyHash = hash;
+  },
+  setLazyProof(
+    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+    proof: Omit<LazyProof, 'kind'>,
+    priorAccountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]
+  ) {
+    this.setKind(accountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates);
+    accountUpdate.authorization = {};
+    accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization = { ...proof, kind: 'lazy-proof' };
+  },
+};
+
 /**
  * this is useful to debug a very common error: when the consistency check between
  * -) the account update that went into the public input, and

From 9c74795394e01bfb38197b2347c10cb3210cfcc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 10:46:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1505/1786] merge fixups

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts     |  4 ++--
 src/lib/hash.ts               |  4 ----
 src/lib/mina.ts               |  2 ++
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 397db60f73..58e6d89dfe 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1783,7 +1783,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       fullCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Mina.getNetworkId()
+      activeInstance.getNetworkId()
     );
     return { body, authorization: Signature.toBase58(signature) };
   }
@@ -1816,7 +1816,7 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
     let signature = signFieldElement(
       transactionCommitment,
       privateKey.toBigInt(),
-      Mina.getNetworkId()
+      activeInstance.getNetworkId()
     );
     Authorization.setSignature(accountUpdate, Signature.toBase58(signature));
     return accountUpdate as AccountUpdate & { lazyAuthorization: undefined };
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 6f4dbc9347..d205b53f0f 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -118,10 +118,6 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return Poseidon.hash(packed);
   },
 
-  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
-    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
-  },
-
   Sponge,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 155dda1204..069a4d82ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ import {
   FeePayerSpec,
   DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   ActionStates,
+  defaultNetworkConstants,
+  NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index a64f82ec01..dbaba81b33 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -8,18 +8,27 @@ import type { Transaction, TransactionId } from '../mina.js';
 import type { Account } from './account.js';
 import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
 import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
+import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 export {
   Mina,
   FeePayerSpec,
   DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   ActionStates,
+  NetworkConstants,
+  defaultNetworkConstants,
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   ZkappStateLength,
 };
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
+const defaultNetworkConstants: NetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
+  slotTime: UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000),
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
+};
+
 const ZkappStateLength = 8;
 
 /**
@@ -59,6 +68,15 @@ type ActionStates = {
   endActionState?: Field;
 };
 
+type NetworkConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
+  /**
+   * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
+   */
+  slotTime: UInt64;
+  accountCreationFee: UInt64;
+};
+
 interface Mina {
   transaction(
     sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
@@ -68,14 +86,10 @@ interface Mina {
   hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean;
   getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account;
   getNetworkState(): NetworkValue;
-  getNetworkConstants(): {
-    genesisTimestamp: UInt64;
-    /**
-     * Duration of 1 slot in millisecondw
-     */
-    slotTime: UInt64;
-    accountCreationFee: UInt64;
-  };
+  getNetworkConstants(): NetworkConstants;
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use {@link getNetworkConstants}
+   */
   accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
   sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
   fetchEvents: (
@@ -94,11 +108,12 @@ interface Mina {
     tokenId?: Field
   ) => { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[];
   proofsEnabled: boolean;
+  getNetworkId(): NetworkId;
 }
 
 let activeInstance: Mina = {
-  accountCreationFee: () => UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
-  getNetworkConstants: noActiveInstance,
+  accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
+  getNetworkConstants: () => defaultNetworkConstants,
   currentSlot: noActiveInstance,
   hasAccount: noActiveInstance,
   getAccount: noActiveInstance,
@@ -109,6 +124,7 @@ let activeInstance: Mina = {
   fetchActions: noActiveInstance,
   getActions: noActiveInstance,
   proofsEnabled: true,
+  getNetworkId: () => 'testnet',
 };
 
 /**

From b7c9fd96e6a3d4d50ce9826320933413edd5738e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 17:39:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1506/1786] build fixup

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 4 ++++
 src/lib/mina.ts | 7 -------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index d205b53f0f..6f4dbc9347 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -118,6 +118,10 @@ const Poseidon = {
     return Poseidon.hash(packed);
   },
 
+  initialState(): [Field, Field, Field] {
+    return [Field(0), Field(0), Field(0)];
+  },
+
   Sponge,
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 069a4d82ae..d49d1affe2 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -297,13 +297,6 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
   return self;
 }
 
-const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
-const defaultNetworkConstants: NetworkConstants = {
-  genesisTimestamp: UInt64.from(0),
-  slotTime: UInt64.from(3 * 60 * 1000),
-  accountCreationFee: UInt64.from(defaultAccountCreationFee),
-};
-
 /**
  * A mock Mina blockchain running locally and useful for testing.
  */

From 83e0b96ef7dfa74989ab458fa77149ae5b9a71f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 30 Jan 2024 16:04:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1507/1786] fixup

---
 src/lib/mina.ts  | 8 ++++++++
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index d49d1affe2..95bf7835e4 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -79,6 +79,14 @@ export {
   type NetworkConstants,
 };
 
+// patch active instance so that we can still create basic transactions without giving Mina network details
+setActiveInstance({
+  ...activeInstance,
+  async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
+    return createTransaction(sender, f, 0);
+  },
+});
+
 interface TransactionId {
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 85f172b3d6..2676b604d9 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ import {
   snarkContext,
 } from './provable-context.js';
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
-import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 
 // external API
 export {

From b7188f4e5fe5a5871dea17bcbc22645be4cda8ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 1 Feb 2024 18:01:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1508/1786] fix import cycle mina.ts <-> zkapp.ts

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 17 ++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 95bf7835e4..2f847cea13 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ import {
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
-import { Empty, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
-import { SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
+import { Empty, JsonProof, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ import {
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   Mina,
-  FeePayerSpec,
-  DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
-  ActionStates,
   defaultNetworkConstants,
-  NetworkConstants,
+  type FeePayerSpec,
+  type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  type ActionStates,
+  type NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 export {
@@ -1233,15 +1232,15 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
       let publicInput = accountUpdate.toPublicInput();
       let publicInputFields = ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput);
 
-      const proof = SmartContract.Proof().fromJSON({
+      let proof: JsonProof = {
         maxProofsVerified: 2,
         proof: accountUpdate.authorization.proof!,
         publicInput: publicInputFields.map((f) => f.toString()),
         publicOutput: [],
-      });
+      };
 
       let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data!;
-      isValidProof = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
+      isValidProof = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
       if (!isValidProof) {
         throw Error(
           `Invalid proof for account update\n${JSON.stringify(update)}`

From bc6870099acd66ac82716e041feb5c8de4a2ddb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 08:23:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1509/1786] normalize comment

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 21 ++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 810bdb21dd..3a7e7f343a 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -2008,17 +2008,16 @@ function dummySignature() {
 
 /**
  * The public input for zkApps consists of certain hashes of the proving
- AccountUpdate (and its child accountUpdates) which is constructed during method
- execution.
-
-  For SmartContract proving, a method is run twice: First outside the proof, to
- obtain the public input, and once in the prover, which takes the public input
- as input. The current transaction is hashed again inside the prover, which
- asserts that the result equals the input public input, as part of the snark
- circuit. The block producer will also hash the transaction they receive and
- pass it as a public input to the verifier. Thus, the transaction is fully
- constrained by the proof - the proof couldn't be used to attest to a different
- transaction.
+ * account update (and its child updates) which is constructed during method execution.
+ *
+ * For SmartContract proving, a method is run twice: First outside the proof, to
+ * obtain the public input, and once in the prover, which takes the public input
+ * as input. The current transaction is hashed again inside the prover, which
+ * asserts that the result equals the input public input, as part of the snark
+ * circuit. The block producer will also hash the transaction they receive and
+ * pass it as a public input to the verifier. Thus, the transaction is fully
+ * constrained by the proof - the proof couldn't be used to attest to a different
+ * transaction.
  */
 type ZkappPublicInput = {
   accountUpdate: Field;

From 97709a62cd9cfcc7641014192589376cf1ed89d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 15:33:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1510/1786] use erc20 example for dex with actions

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts        | 3 ++-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts                   | 8 ++++++--
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index 0a93ce572a..add16ae08b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ import {
   state,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-import { TokenContract, randomAccounts } from './dex.js';
+import { randomAccounts } from './dex.js';
+import { TrivialCoin as TokenContract } from './erc20.js';
 
 export { Dex, DexTokenHolder, addresses, getTokenBalances, keys, tokenIds };
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 58d5f73c48..be7dd0d149 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ import {
   Struct,
 } from 'o1js';
 
+export { Erc20Like, TrivialCoin };
+
 /**
  * ERC-20-like token standard.
  * https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
   // constant supply
   SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
 
-  deploy(args: DeployArgs) {
+  deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
     this.account.tokenSymbol.set('TRIV');
 
@@ -124,7 +126,9 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
     Transfer: Struct({ from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, value: UInt64 }),
   };
 
-  // TODO: doesn't emit a Transfer event yet (need to make transfer() a separate method from approveBase)
+  // TODO: doesn't emit a Transfer event yet
+  // need to make transfer() a separate method from approveBase, which does the same as
+  // `transfer()` on the base contract, but also emits the event
 
   // implement Approvable API
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 5aaebb49a3..47ca1078bf 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   keys,
   tokenIds,
 } from './dex-with-actions.js';
-import { TokenContract } from './dex.js';
+import { TrivialCoin as TokenContract } from './erc20.js';
 
 let proofsEnabled = true;
 tic('Happy path with actions');

From b59392747d71c4e7d5f7acd514c473f4b99090bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 15:34:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1511/1786] allow skipping dummies

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |  4 ++-
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 810bdb21dd..b3ff390ebf 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1564,15 +1564,35 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
   AccountUpdateTree,
   merkleListHash
 ) {
-  static fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
+  static fromArray(
+    updates: AccountUpdate[],
+    { skipDummies = false } = {}
+  ): AccountUpdateForest {
+    if (skipDummies) return AccountUpdateForest.fromArraySkipDummies(updates);
+
     let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
       let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates);
       return { accountUpdate, calls };
     });
-
     return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
   }
+
+  private static fromArraySkipDummies(
+    updates: AccountUpdate[]
+  ): AccountUpdateForest {
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
+
+    for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
+      let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromArraySkipDummies(
+        update.children.accountUpdates
+      );
+      forest.pushIf(update.isDummy().not(), { accountUpdate, calls });
+    }
+
+    return forest;
+  }
 }
 
 // how to hash a forest
@@ -1580,6 +1600,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
 function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
   return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
 }
+
 function hashNode(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
   return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
@@ -2008,17 +2029,16 @@ function dummySignature() {
 
 /**
  * The public input for zkApps consists of certain hashes of the proving
- AccountUpdate (and its child accountUpdates) which is constructed during method
- execution.
-
-  For SmartContract proving, a method is run twice: First outside the proof, to
- obtain the public input, and once in the prover, which takes the public input
- as input. The current transaction is hashed again inside the prover, which
- asserts that the result equals the input public input, as part of the snark
- circuit. The block producer will also hash the transaction they receive and
- pass it as a public input to the verifier. Thus, the transaction is fully
- constrained by the proof - the proof couldn't be used to attest to a different
- transaction.
+ * account update (and its child updates) which is constructed during method execution.
+ *
+ * For SmartContract proving, a method is run twice: First outside the proof, to
+ * obtain the public input, and once in the prover, which takes the public input
+ * as input. The current transaction is hashed again inside the prover, which
+ * asserts that the result equals the input public input, as part of the snark
+ * circuit. The block producer will also hash the transaction they receive and
+ * pass it as a public input to the verifier. Thus, the transaction is fully
+ * constrained by the proof - the proof couldn't be used to attest to a different
+ * transaction.
  */
 type ZkappPublicInput = {
   accountUpdate: Field;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 7f9350a4f0..8896008b66 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -160,7 +160,9 @@ function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
       calls = CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls);
     }
   }
-  calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates);
+  calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates, {
+    skipDummies: true,
+  });
   AccountUpdate.unlink(update);
 
   return { accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update), calls };

From 4a9c05c15561a36394171fd2b0dc529eea15d489 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 16:28:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1512/1786] support skipping dummies

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 85 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index b3ff390ebf..9eac649019 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -798,10 +798,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // TODO: this is not as general as approve suggests
     let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, {
-        useHash: false,
-        value: childUpdate,
-      });
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
     }
   }
 
@@ -814,10 +811,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // TODO: this is not as general as adopt suggests
     let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, {
-        useHash: false,
-        value: childUpdate,
-      });
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1621,12 +1615,13 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
  */
-type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<
-  {
-    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
-    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
-  }[]
->;
+type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<AccountUpdateNode[]>;
+
+type AccountUpdateNode = {
+  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+  isDummy: Bool;
+  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+};
 
 type HashOrValue<T> =
   | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
@@ -1643,7 +1638,7 @@ const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
 
   witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
     let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
+      let nodes = forest.value.map(toTree);
       return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
     });
     CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
@@ -1653,28 +1648,35 @@ const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
     updates: AccountUpdate[],
     useHash = false
   ): CallForestUnderConstruction {
-    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
-      let accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate> = {
-        useHash: false,
-        value: update,
+    if (useHash) {
+      let forest = CallForestUnderConstruction.empty();
+      Provable.asProver(() => {
+        forest = CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
+      });
+      CallForestUnderConstruction.witnessHash(forest);
+      return forest;
+    }
+
+    let nodes = updates.map((update): AccountUpdateNode => {
+      return {
+        accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
+        isDummy: update.isDummy(),
+        calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
+          update.children.accountUpdates
+        ),
       };
-      let calls = CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
-        update.children.accountUpdates
-      );
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
     });
-    let forest: CallForestUnderConstruction = { useHash: false, value: nodes };
-    if (useHash) CallForestUnderConstruction.witnessHash(forest);
-    return forest;
+    return { useHash: false, value: nodes };
   },
 
   push(
     forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
-    accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>,
+    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
     calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
   ) {
     forest.value.push({
-      accountUpdate,
+      accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: accountUpdate },
+      isDummy: accountUpdate.isDummy(),
       calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
     });
   },
@@ -1694,23 +1696,29 @@ const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
 
   finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): AccountUpdateForest {
     if (forest.useHash) {
-      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() => {
-        let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-        return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).data;
-      });
+      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+        CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize({
+          ...forest,
+          useHash: false,
+        }).data.get()
+      );
       return new AccountUpdateForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
     }
 
     // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
-    let nodes = forest.value.map(toCallTree);
-    return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
+    let nodes = forest.value.map(toTree);
+    let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
+
+    for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
+      finalForest.pushIf(isDummy.not(), tree);
+    }
+    return finalForest;
   },
 };
 
-function toCallTree(node: {
-  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
-}): AccountUpdateTree {
+function toTree(
+  node: AccountUpdateNode
+): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
   let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
     ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
         node.accountUpdate.hash,
@@ -1720,6 +1728,7 @@ function toCallTree(node: {
 
   return {
     accountUpdate,
+    isDummy: node.isDummy,
     calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 821913ffca..d5e993e32e 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
       CallForestUnderConstruction.push(
         insideContract.selfCalls,
-        { useHash: false, value: accountUpdate },
+        accountUpdate,
         CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
           accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates,
           true

From e6b2a4a1e9db6d9086f7c51dddcd9957c38bfe63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 16:45:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1513/1786] improve name and clean up code

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 82 ++++++++++------------------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |  4 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     | 13 ++---
 3 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 9eac649019..19b8d5e4da 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ export {
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
   AccountUpdateTree,
-  CallForestUnderConstruction,
+  UnfinishedForest,
   hashAccountUpdate,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
 };
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ type SmartContractContext = {
   this: SmartContract;
   methodCallDepth: number;
   selfUpdate: AccountUpdate;
-  selfCalls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+  selfCalls: UnfinishedForest;
 };
 let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
   default: null,
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // TODO: this is not as general as approve suggests
     let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
+      UnfinishedForest.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
     }
   }
 
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // TODO: this is not as general as adopt suggests
     let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
+      UnfinishedForest.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1142,10 +1142,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // TODO duplicate logic
     let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (insideContract) {
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.remove(
-        insideContract.selfCalls,
-        accountUpdate
-      );
+      UnfinishedForest.remove(insideContract.selfCalls, accountUpdate);
     }
     let siblings =
       accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates ??
@@ -1609,79 +1606,66 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Structure for constructing a call forest from a circuit.
+ * Structure for constructing the forest of child account updates, from a circuit.
  *
  * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
  */
-type CallForestUnderConstruction = HashOrValue<AccountUpdateNode[]>;
+type UnfinishedForest = HashOrValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
 
-type AccountUpdateNode = {
+type UnfinishedTree = {
   accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
   isDummy: Bool;
-  calls: CallForestUnderConstruction;
+  calls: UnfinishedForest;
 };
 
 type HashOrValue<T> =
   | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
   | { useHash: false; value: T };
 
-const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
-  empty(): CallForestUnderConstruction {
+const UnfinishedForest = {
+  empty(): UnfinishedForest {
     return { useHash: false, value: [] };
   },
 
-  setHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, hash: Field) {
-    Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true, hash });
-  },
-
-  witnessHash(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction) {
+  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest) {
     let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      let nodes = forest.value.map(toTree);
-      return withHashes(nodes, merkleListHash).hash;
+      return UnfinishedForest.finalize(forest).hash;
     });
-    CallForestUnderConstruction.setHash(forest, hash);
+    return { useHash: true, hash, value: forest.value };
   },
 
-  fromAccountUpdates(
-    updates: AccountUpdate[],
-    useHash = false
-  ): CallForestUnderConstruction {
+  fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[], useHash = false): UnfinishedForest {
     if (useHash) {
-      let forest = CallForestUnderConstruction.empty();
-      Provable.asProver(() => {
-        forest = CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(updates);
-      });
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.witnessHash(forest);
-      return forest;
+      let forest = UnfinishedForest.empty();
+      Provable.asProver(() => (forest = UnfinishedForest.fromArray(updates)));
+      return UnfinishedForest.witnessHash(forest);
     }
 
-    let nodes = updates.map((update): AccountUpdateNode => {
+    let nodes = updates.map((update): UnfinishedTree => {
       return {
         accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
         isDummy: update.isDummy(),
-        calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
-          update.children.accountUpdates
-        ),
+        calls: UnfinishedForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates),
       };
     });
     return { useHash: false, value: nodes };
   },
 
   push(
-    forest: CallForestUnderConstruction,
+    forest: UnfinishedForest,
     accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    calls?: CallForestUnderConstruction
+    calls?: UnfinishedForest
   ) {
     forest.value.push({
       accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: accountUpdate },
       isDummy: accountUpdate.isDummy(),
-      calls: calls ?? CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
+      calls: calls ?? UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     });
   },
 
-  remove(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+  remove(forest: UnfinishedForest, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     // find account update by .id
     let index = forest.value.findIndex(
       (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
@@ -1694,13 +1678,10 @@ const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
     forest.value.splice(index, 1);
   },
 
-  finalize(forest: CallForestUnderConstruction): AccountUpdateForest {
+  finalize(forest: UnfinishedForest): AccountUpdateForest {
     if (forest.useHash) {
       let data = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
-        CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize({
-          ...forest,
-          useHash: false,
-        }).data.get()
+        UnfinishedForest.finalize({ ...forest, useHash: false }).data.get()
       );
       return new AccountUpdateForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
     }
@@ -1716,9 +1697,7 @@ const CallForestUnderConstruction = {
   },
 };
 
-function toTree(
-  node: AccountUpdateNode
-): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
+function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
   let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
     ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
         node.accountUpdate.hash,
@@ -1726,11 +1705,8 @@ function toTree(
       )
     : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
 
-  return {
-    accountUpdate,
-    isDummy: node.isDummy,
-    calls: CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls),
-  };
+  let calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
+  return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
 const CallForest = {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 8896008b66..765fd184f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
-  CallForestUnderConstruction,
+  UnfinishedForest,
   AccountUpdateTree,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
       (c) => c.accountUpdate.value.id === update.id
     );
     if (node !== undefined) {
-      calls = CallForestUnderConstruction.finalize(node.calls);
+      calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
     }
   }
   calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates, {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index d5e993e32e..466076c7a0 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import {
   SmartContractContext,
   LazyProof,
   CallForest,
-  CallForestUnderConstruction,
+  UnfinishedForest,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
         this: this,
         methodCallDepth: 0,
         selfUpdate: selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName),
-        selfCalls: CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
+        selfCalls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
       };
       let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
       try {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       this: this,
       methodCallDepth: methodCallDepth + 1,
       selfUpdate: selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName),
-      selfCalls: CallForestUnderConstruction.empty(),
+      selfCalls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(innerContext);
     try {
@@ -415,13 +415,10 @@ function wrapMethod(
       // nothing is asserted about them -- it's the callee's task to check their children
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
       parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
-      CallForestUnderConstruction.push(
+      UnfinishedForest.push(
         insideContract.selfCalls,
         accountUpdate,
-        CallForestUnderConstruction.fromAccountUpdates(
-          accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates,
-          true
-        )
+        UnfinishedForest.fromArray(accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates, true)
       );
 
       // assert that we really called the right zkapp

From b582e70d45a02a710a1cf9e1a94577f5cb4aaf12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 16:52:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1514/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 19b8d5e4da..e6b800fcdf 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1621,8 +1621,8 @@ type UnfinishedTree = {
 };
 
 type HashOrValue<T> =
-  | { useHash: true; hash: Field; value: T }
-  | { useHash: false; value: T };
+  | { readonly useHash: true; hash: Field; readonly value: T }
+  | { readonly useHash: false; value: T };
 
 const UnfinishedForest = {
   empty(): UnfinishedForest {

From 36dc9a3d14edb1d8f8479d2531e529e318d7ac0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 16:55:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1515/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 50 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index d2c7e2d099..f0459aa452 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "22daa074b7870490b90b23421015e6d08e682f4ed5e622a9db2504dee5cd5671",
+    "digest": "5796cb30bf420c4052ee0ca04d6a7eb554ac0806183ee97c92c51bc1cc2976e",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1258,
-        "digest": "ae840e7007243291e18a1bd5216a49ed"
+        "rows": 1261,
+        "digest": "8b6b8083bb59f6dd4746b5b3da3e10e3"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1258,
-        "digest": "e4f3b101d10ead3ce9cb2ccb37f6bc11"
+        "rows": 1261,
+        "digest": "73947a300094dcebedff84c86887a06d"
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       "approveRegistrations": {
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-        "digest": "fe826d28b553da5307c15d28d0fd632d"
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+        "digest": "8fa35ef942084cc163bbd27bdaccb468"
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       "vote": {
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-        "digest": "cfbc84a918636da1ca6afc95d02e014e"
+        "rows": 1675,
+        "digest": "9c607a19228a5913cd32278394d65f10"
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@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@
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   "Membership_": {
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+    "digest": "262bb745a13f7fac8f6ad1dd8ff13ae5789e0c26b63f4b41a5dbc43c6ac9df85",
     "methods": {
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-        "digest": "fa32e32384aef8ce6a7d019142149d95"
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+        "digest": "9bf99a1ea1fa39ed9590c0b0a67bfeb7"
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   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -84,19 +84,19 @@
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   "Dex": {
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-        "digest": "f7d4b4e34113b33d8543a74dfc3110dc"
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+        "digest": "a5811e58fa24f5ebde41076fc94849b7"
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       "swapX": {
-        "rows": 1561,
-        "digest": "563d256fe4739dda2a992f8984fddd06"
+        "rows": 1564,
+        "digest": "f6b047df744d8dcf297bd7a4fb45c812"
       },
       "swapY": {
-        "rows": 1561,
-        "digest": "e2b1374e5ab54c3de6c5f31b9e4cd9b9"
+        "rows": 1564,
+        "digest": "3082a30634a7a8da1603a7994b0cd4af"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
         "rows": 718,
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "23362525313143196140641665177215350862002766202717183338959891568504853279430"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "10792977795272926498471289159457543677416779853262843765284042897388782617920"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From 2c52e8bef9c3d7726b90c44f5c667e0752d0e299 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 17:11:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1516/1786] switch over how we hash calls in the circuit

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       | 16 +++---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 72 +++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 466076c7a0..f91731ce53 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   LazyProof,
   CallForest,
   UnfinishedForest,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -194,11 +195,11 @@ function wrapMethod(
             let blindingValue = Provable.witness(Field, getBlindingValue);
             // it's also good if we prove that we use the same blinding value across the method
             // that's why we pass the variable (not the constant) into a new context
-            let context = memoizationContext() ?? {
+            let memoCtx = memoizationContext() ?? {
               memoized: [],
               currentIndex: 0,
             };
-            let id = memoizationContext.enter({ ...context, blindingValue });
+            let id = memoizationContext.enter({ ...memoCtx, blindingValue });
             let result: unknown;
             try {
               let clonedArgs = actualArgs.map(cloneCircuitValue);
@@ -218,7 +219,8 @@ function wrapMethod(
             ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
             debugPublicInput(accountUpdate);
-            checkPublicInput(publicInput, accountUpdate);
+            let calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(context.selfCalls);
+            checkPublicInput(publicInput, accountUpdate, calls);
 
             // check the self accountUpdate right after calling the method
             // TODO: this needs to be done in a unified way for all account updates that are created
@@ -448,11 +450,11 @@ function wrapMethod(
 
 function checkPublicInput(
   { accountUpdate, calls }: ZkappPublicInput,
-  self: AccountUpdate
+  self: AccountUpdate,
+  selfCalls: AccountUpdateForest
 ) {
-  let otherInput = self.toPublicInput();
-  accountUpdate.assertEquals(otherInput.accountUpdate);
-  calls.assertEquals(otherInput.calls);
+  accountUpdate.assertEquals(self.hash());
+  calls.assertEquals(selfCalls.hash);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index f0459aa452..01cde4af40 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "5796cb30bf420c4052ee0ca04d6a7eb554ac0806183ee97c92c51bc1cc2976e",
+    "digest": "385ea3e72a679aad6a48b0734008d80da05f27a17854b9088edc8de420ad907d",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1261,
-        "digest": "8b6b8083bb59f6dd4746b5b3da3e10e3"
+        "rows": 1259,
+        "digest": "a59bad21fc55ce7d8d099d24cb91d1e6"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1261,
-        "digest": "73947a300094dcebedff84c86887a06d"
+        "rows": 1259,
+        "digest": "ee209f54f9f7996bae2bf5c0fd4bf9da"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
-        "rows": 1149,
-        "digest": "8fa35ef942084cc163bbd27bdaccb468"
+        "rows": 1147,
+        "digest": "748673762a27be8b58ef15084bd49beb"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1675,
-        "digest": "9c607a19228a5913cd32278394d65f10"
+        "rows": 1672,
+        "digest": "0862eef1a5edb8ade4d1d5dab1f76abc"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "18930773283376165145392075130641581795923440685773146685646791501279243480469"
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   "Membership_": {
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+    "digest": "3b4598fa0324c27a3535ee0f187419dcd43cde203ac1053df4bcc5a108fd0c52",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
-        "rows": 1355,
-        "digest": "9bf99a1ea1fa39ed9590c0b0a67bfeb7"
+        "rows": 1353,
+        "digest": "657f6ba31355b4d6daa80b84e86a5341"
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       "isMember": {
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@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
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   },
   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -63,15 +63,15 @@
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   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "19aa0f5b442d011f2bbdd68ac189bf91cd017803f0f91a5ab6a61d50e3136c2",
+    "digest": "1b4cc9f8af1e49b7f727bde338ff93b3aa72d1be175669d51dc7991296ce7dbd",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
-        "rows": 655,
-        "digest": "3941ac88f0b92eec098dfcf46faa4e60"
+        "rows": 342,
+        "digest": "f9f73a136c5642d519ec0f73e033e6f3"
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       "init2": {
-        "rows": 652,
-        "digest": "1ebb84a10bafd30accfd3e8046d2e20d"
+        "rows": 342,
+        "digest": "c4303618beb22bb040bffacff35286cb"
       },
       "approveBase": {
         "rows": 13194,
@@ -79,37 +79,37 @@
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   "Dex": {
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     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
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       },
       "swapX": {
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-        "digest": "f6b047df744d8dcf297bd7a4fb45c812"
+        "rows": 1562,
+        "digest": "c29354e0f9d6a787a9330730ba19e689"
       },
       "swapY": {
-        "rows": 1564,
-        "digest": "3082a30634a7a8da1603a7994b0cd4af"
+        "rows": 1562,
+        "digest": "9d82e9d413a342d45179001358495e89"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
-        "rows": 718,
-        "digest": "99fb50066d2aa2f3f7afe801009cb503"
+        "rows": 403,
+        "digest": "7e7c3df3049d99703023a39ab1bfe8e4"
       },
       "transfer": {
-        "rows": 1044,
-        "digest": "7c188ff9cf8e7db108e2d24f8e097622"
+        "rows": 414,
+        "digest": "2a4ce4f790fedf38514d331fa0d57eb0"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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+      "hash": "18952871976004328548139095054727555812687816649131669760777722323942382863169"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From 40ed27a9c0a2508a0ae8ee5895c549dcadda241f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 17:57:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1517/1786] add hint to problem

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index e6b800fcdf..c3fc5a819c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -662,6 +662,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       if (accountLike instanceof PublicKey) {
         accountLike = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(accountLike, id);
         makeChildAccountUpdate(thisAccountUpdate, accountLike);
+        // TODO existing API not affecting `UnfinishedForest`
       }
       if (!accountLike.label)
         accountLike.label = `${

From 0e8aed6d63cf2ca77f79601ca225fe565ee2b9e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 09:54:00 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1518/1786] fix(docs): Add backtick annotations to generic type
 comments

---
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index ce90b7947d..30c3725b80 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ const Field3 = {
   },
 
   /**
-   * Provable<T> interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
+   * `Provable<T>` interface for `Field3 = [Field, Field, Field]`.
    *
    * Note: Witnessing this creates a plain tuple of field elements without any implicit
    * range checks.
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index a12b9cbb54..eb0a04184e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { fields, modifiedField } from './fields.js';
 export { Packed, Hashed };
 
 /**
- * Packed<T> is a "packed" representation of any type T.
+ * `Packed<T>` is a "packed" representation of any type `T`.
  *
  * "Packed" means that field elements which take up fewer than 254 bits are packed together into
  * as few field elements as possible.
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ function countFields(input: HashInput) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Hashed<T> represents a type T by its hash.
+ * `Hashed<T>` represents a type `T` by its hash.
  *
  * Since a hash is only a single field element, this can be more efficient in provable code
  * where the number of constraints depends on the number of field elements per value.

From 6f0107271073bd3dd24180ca00bb821710053927 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:09:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1519/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 89a967ee68..83f8520624 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 89a967ee68a628479647249c967b6884ec344a79
+Subproject commit 83f85206241c2fabd2be360acc5347bc104da452

From 69cb4aa9006e5865254b7de41c0f68d09d0cb614 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:16:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1520/1786] fix examples build

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index 9648640f8a..d627533a6e 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   Mina,
   Int64,
   VerificationKey,
+  TransactionVersion,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 /**
@@ -93,7 +94,10 @@ class TrivialCoin extends SmartContract implements Erc20 {
     // make account non-upgradable forever
     this.account.permissions.set({
       ...Permissions.default(),
-      setVerificationKey: Permissions.impossible(),
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: Permissions.impossible(),
+        txnVersion: TransactionVersion.current(),
+      },
       setPermissions: Permissions.impossible(),
       access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
     });

From 07fcbb0620ebc28a5068f9f8b49dac9eab1c9d6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:33:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1521/1786] fix account query

---
 src/lib/mina/account.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index d4db268aed..1e66331cbc 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ const accountQuery = (publicKey: string, tokenId: string) => `{
       receive
       setDelegate
       setPermissions
-      setVerificationKey
+      setVerificationKey {
+        auth
+        txnVersion
+      }
       setZkappUri
       editActionState
       setTokenSymbol

From 993b1da5f4f7d7ff275cac55a9e0c5466d108a39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:33:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1522/1786] submodule

---
 src/mina | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index 9600d09d30..b1b443ffdc 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9600d09d309db95ee7440f55705e0318632f535c
+Subproject commit b1b443ffdc15ffd8569f2c244ecdeb5029c35097

From d2d2848fd6637c705bd18d1691e61edb20cf1dcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:54:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1523/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 98 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 2697fed274..d56f05e9e1 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,139 +1,139 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "3f56ff09ceba13daf64b20cd48419395a04aa0007cac20e6e9c5f9106f251c3a",
+    "digest": "322daa2a9c3592f1329e878a1a026e0de84c687fca7ac2738d38cd61623fa48b",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1258,
-        "digest": "5572b0d59feea6b199f3f45af7498d92"
+        "rows": 1259,
+        "digest": "d9565b2cf8dd64a390d91a2ac3a3687a"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1258,
-        "digest": "07c8451f1c1ea4e9653548d411d5728c"
+        "rows": 1259,
+        "digest": "3e38523bcd4cc5ff0b68bb7cc9c42199"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
-        "rows": 1146,
-        "digest": "ec68c1d8ab22e779ccbd2659dd6b46cd"
+        "rows": 1147,
+        "digest": "e95e1e0c7b28986f41a41a7dff987326"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1672,
-        "digest": "fa5671190ca2cc46084cae922a62288e"
+        "rows": 1673,
+        "digest": "d9873064350c897a2cbd1627650c91a4"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
-        "digest": "775f327a408b3f3d7bae4e3ff18aeb54"
+        "digest": "49bedc90e4f9004081a7cf4ec1890691"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "1740450553572902301764143810281331039416167348454304895395553400061364101079"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "3069311164607256989232206084261152196484697330820251610414600118708759574210"
     }
   },
   "Membership_": {
-    "digest": "255745fb9365ff4f970b96ed630c01c9c8f63e21744f83fbe833396731d096e2",
+    "digest": "612f6028fdec9ef6a676e4bb85d5ce7585ae1a6958656c99dbc81b0cecae243",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
         "rows": 1353,
-        "digest": "fa32e32384aef8ce6a7d019142149d95"
+        "digest": "c2718951228ac1d35ec7ffcc8239a8db"
       },
       "isMember": {
         "rows": 469,
-        "digest": "16dae12385ed7e5aca9161030a426335"
+        "digest": "8a434b9f7ed15f870c663eb7c7bde640"
       },
       "publish": {
         "rows": 694,
-        "digest": "c7f77b05b8ec477338849af8dcb34a11"
+        "digest": "5c39ad497d024b86cf7b76b50cf14d6e"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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From 834a440024f608020293d71d4ee844af98aee162 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:57:07 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1524/1786] 0.16.0

---
 package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index f6abce7a96..7596decd36 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.15.4",
+  "version": "0.16.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.15.4",
+      "version": "0.16.0",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 59b5e2c705..80f4b4340f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.15.4",
+  "version": "0.16.0",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [

From 8caeb56df628825d56178a3e25fbb0e287dcd18e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 21:57:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1525/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 433daf8f5e..00613385e4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...HEAD)
+
+## [0.16.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...834a44002)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 

From 6dea1fa88813eef469ac5669032d8498b8dfb28a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Fri, 2 Feb 2024 22:02:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1526/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 00613385e4..5d284ef883 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
-- Reduce number of constraints of ECDSA verification by 5%, which breaks deployed contracts using ECDSA https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
+- Protocol change that adds a "transaction version" to the permission to set verification keys https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/pull/14407
+  - See [the relevant RFC](https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina/blob/9577ad689a8e4d4f97e1d0fc3d26e20219f4abd1/rfcs/0051-verification-key-permissions.md) for the motivation behind this change
+  - Breaks all deployed contracts, as it changes the account update layout
 
 ### Added
 
@@ -29,6 +31,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
   - This also exposes `Poseidon.hashPacked()` to efficiently hash an arbitrary type
 
+### Changed
+
+- Reduce number of constraints of ECDSA verification by 5% https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
+
 ## [0.15.4](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/be748e42e...e5d1e0f)
 
 ### Changed

From fd45ad7cc96c1ee33c5bbbce2306a6415b38392f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 15:27:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1527/1786] simple ledger to record permissions changes
 throughout tx validation

---
 src/lib/mina.ts                          | 27 ++++++++---
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                  | 13 ++++-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts  | 30 ++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 95bf7835e4..728ca2df5f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import {
   defaultNetworkConstants,
   NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
+import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -396,12 +397,10 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 
       if (enforceTransactionLimits) verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
 
-      for (const update of txn.transaction.accountUpdates) {
-        let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
-          Ml.fromPublicKey(update.body.publicKey),
-          Ml.constFromField(update.body.tokenId)
-        );
+      // create an ad-hoc ledger to record changes to accounts within the transaction
+      let simpleLedger = SimpleLedger.create();
 
+      for (const update of txn.transaction.accountUpdates) {
         let authIsProof = !!update.authorization.proof;
         let kindIsProof = update.body.authorizationKind.isProved.toBoolean();
         // checks and edge case where a proof is expected, but the developer forgot to invoke await tx.prove()
@@ -412,9 +411,22 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           );
         }
 
-        if (accountJson) {
-          let account = Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
+        let account = simpleLedger.load(update.body);
+
+        // the first time we encounter an account, use it from the persistent ledger
+        if (account === undefined) {
+          let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
+            Ml.fromPublicKey(update.body.publicKey),
+            Ml.constFromField(update.body.tokenId)
+          );
+          if (accountJson !== undefined) {
+            let storedAccount = Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
+            simpleLedger.store(storedAccount);
+            account = storedAccount;
+          }
+        }
 
+        if (account !== undefined) {
           await verifyAccountUpdate(
             account,
             update,
@@ -423,6 +435,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             this.getNetworkId()
           );
         }
+        simpleLedger.apply(update);
       }
 
       try {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index dc31d0d864..ac4e77098e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,23 @@ import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 export { FetchedAccount, Account, PartialAccount };
-export { accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
+export { newAccount, accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
 
 type AuthRequired = Types.Json.AuthRequired;
 type Account = Types.Account;
 const Account = Types.Account;
 
+function newAccount(accountId: {
+  publicKey: PublicKey;
+  tokenId?: Field;
+}): Account {
+  let account = Account.empty();
+  account.publicKey = accountId.publicKey;
+  account.tokenId = accountId.tokenId ?? Types.TokenId.empty();
+  account.permissions = Permissions.initial();
+  return account;
+}
+
 type PartialAccount = Omit<Partial<Account>, 'zkapp'> & {
   zkapp?: Partial<Account['zkapp']>;
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52e38f2065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/**
+ * Apply transactions to a ledger of accounts.
+ */
+import { type AccountUpdate } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { Account } from '../account.js';
+
+export { applyAccountUpdate };
+
+/**
+ * Apply a single account update to update an account.
+ *
+ * TODO:
+ * - This must receive and return some context global to the transaction, to check validity
+ * - Should operate on the value / bigint type, not the provable type
+ */
+function applyAccountUpdate(account: Account, update: AccountUpdate): Account {
+  account.publicKey.assertEquals(update.publicKey);
+  account.tokenId.assertEquals(update.tokenId, 'token id mismatch');
+
+  // clone account (TODO: do this efficiently)
+  let json = Account.toJSON(account);
+  account = Account.fromJSON(json);
+
+  // update permissions
+  if (update.update.permissions.isSome.toBoolean()) {
+    account.permissions = update.update.permissions.value;
+  }
+
+  return account;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ecf292c8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/**
+ * A ledger of accounts - simple model of a local blockchain.
+ */
+import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
+import { type AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { Account, newAccount } from '../account.js';
+import { Field } from '../../field.js';
+import { applyAccountUpdate } from './apply.js';
+
+export { SimpleLedger };
+
+class SimpleLedger {
+  accounts: Map<bigint, Account>;
+
+  constructor() {
+    this.accounts = new Map();
+  }
+
+  static create(): SimpleLedger {
+    return new SimpleLedger();
+  }
+
+  exists({ publicKey, tokenId = TokenId.default }: InputAccountId): boolean {
+    return this.accounts.has(accountId({ publicKey, tokenId }));
+  }
+
+  store(account: Account): void {
+    this.accounts.set(accountId(account), account);
+  }
+
+  load({
+    publicKey,
+    tokenId = TokenId.default,
+  }: InputAccountId): Account | undefined {
+    let id = accountId({ publicKey, tokenId });
+    let account = this.accounts.get(id);
+    return account;
+  }
+
+  apply(update: AccountUpdate): void {
+    let id = accountId(update);
+    let account = this.accounts.get(id);
+    account ??= newAccount(update);
+
+    let updated = applyAccountUpdate(account, update);
+    this.accounts.set(id, updated);
+  }
+}
+
+type AccountId = { publicKey: PublicKey; tokenId: Field };
+type InputAccountId = { publicKey: PublicKey; tokenId?: Field };
+
+function accountId(account: AccountId): bigint {
+  let id = account.publicKey.x.toBigInt();
+  id <<= 1n;
+  id |= BigInt(account.publicKey.isOdd.toBoolean());
+  id <<= BigInt(Field.sizeInBits);
+  id |= account.tokenId.toBigInt();
+  return id;
+}

From dec12867627b68969e5e9bc7b9aa6c3ff0d3e008 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 15:27:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1528/1786] token contract unit test

---
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    | 82 +++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index e0a990f8ef..6bac61c881 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
+import assert from 'node:assert';
 import {
-  Bool,
-  Int64,
   method,
   Mina,
-  Provable,
   UInt64,
+  AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   TokenContract,
+  Int64,
 } from '../../../index.js';
 
 class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
@@ -14,20 +14,9 @@ class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
 
   @method
   approveBase(updates: AccountUpdateForest) {
-    let totalBalanceChange = Int64.zero;
-
-    this.forEachUpdate(updates, (accountUpdate, usesToken) => {
-      totalBalanceChange = totalBalanceChange.add(
-        Provable.if(usesToken, accountUpdate.balanceChange, Int64.zero)
-      );
-    });
-
-    // prove that the total balance change is zero
-    totalBalanceChange.assertEquals(0);
+    this.checkZeroBalanceChange(updates);
   }
 
-  // BELOW: example implementation specific to this token
-
   // constant supply
   SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
 
@@ -36,23 +25,62 @@ class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
     super.init();
 
     // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
-    let receiver = this.token.mint({
-      address: this.address,
-      amount: this.SUPPLY,
-    });
-
-    // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
-    receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
+    this.token.mint({ address: this.address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
 
     // pay fees for opened account
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.accountCreationFee());
+    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
   }
 }
 
 // TESTS
 
-ExampleTokenContract.analyzeMethods({ printSummary: true });
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: false });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+let { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey } = Local.testAccounts[0];
+let { publicKey: tokenAddress, privateKey: tokenKey } = Local.testAccounts[1];
+let { publicKey: otherAddress } = Local.testAccounts[2];
+
+let token = new ExampleTokenContract(tokenAddress);
+let tokenId = token.token.id;
+
+// deploy token contract
+let deployTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => token.deploy());
+await deployTx.prove();
+await deployTx.sign([tokenKey, senderKey]).send();
+
+assert(
+  Mina.getAccount(tokenAddress).zkapp?.verificationKey !== undefined,
+  'token contract deployed'
+);
+
+// can transfer tokens between two accounts
+let transferTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
+  token.transfer(tokenAddress, otherAddress, UInt64.one);
+});
+await transferTx.prove();
+await transferTx.sign([tokenKey, senderKey]).send();
+
+Mina.getBalance(otherAddress, tokenId).assertEquals(UInt64.one);
+
+// fails to approve a deep account update tree with correct token permissions, but a non-zero balance sum
+let update1 = AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress);
+update1.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken;
+
+let update2 = AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress);
+update2.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+
+let update3 = AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress, tokenId);
+update3.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+update3.balanceChange = Int64.one;
+
+update1.adopt(update2);
+update2.adopt(update3);
+
+let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray([update1]);
 
-console.time('compile');
-await ExampleTokenContract.compile();
-console.timeEnd('compile');
+await assert.rejects(
+  () => Mina.transaction(sender, () => token.approveBase(forest)),
+  /Field\.assertEquals\(\): 1 != 0/
+);

From 1a672a5838fa94f8ce32db430673a0822875a216 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 17:48:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1529/1786] only use internal apply on existing accounts for
 now

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 16 +++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 728ca2df5f..5cfd83168c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ import {
   NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -426,6 +427,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           }
         }
 
+        // TODO: verify account update even if the account doesn't exist yet, using a default initial account
         if (account !== undefined) {
           await verifyAccountUpdate(
             account,
@@ -434,8 +436,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             this.proofsEnabled,
             this.getNetworkId()
           );
+          simpleLedger.apply(update);
         }
-        simpleLedger.apply(update);
       }
 
       try {
@@ -1253,7 +1255,11 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
         publicOutput: [],
       });
 
-      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data!;
+      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data;
+      assert(
+        verificationKey !== undefined,
+        'Account does not have a verification key'
+      );
       isValidProof = await verify(proof.toJSON(), verificationKey);
       if (!isValidProof) {
         throw Error(
@@ -1261,7 +1267,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
         );
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
       isValidProof = false;
     }
   }
@@ -1275,7 +1281,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
         networkId
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
       isValidSignature = false;
     }
   }
@@ -1303,7 +1309,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
     if (!verified) {
       throw Error(
         `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}', but the required authorization was not provided or is invalid.
-        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}`
+        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}\n\n`
       );
     }
   }

From d26c792756aec5820732af66dbf65bf620f1642d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 21:12:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1530/1786] adapt upgradability test

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 375e661dba..aebac741c6 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   });
   await tx.prove();
   await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
-    /Update_not_permitted_delegate/
+    /Cannot update field 'delegate'/
   );
 
   /**

From 6212e814853834a7b5298c896cb60d26be4a1af1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 15:27:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1531/1786] simple ledger to record permissions changes
 throughout tx validation

---
 src/lib/mina.ts                          | 27 ++++++++---
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                  | 13 ++++-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts  | 30 ++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 46cacdc568..51520763c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import {
   type ActionStates,
   type NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
+import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -395,12 +396,10 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 
       if (enforceTransactionLimits) verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
 
-      for (const update of txn.transaction.accountUpdates) {
-        let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
-          Ml.fromPublicKey(update.body.publicKey),
-          Ml.constFromField(update.body.tokenId)
-        );
+      // create an ad-hoc ledger to record changes to accounts within the transaction
+      let simpleLedger = SimpleLedger.create();
 
+      for (const update of txn.transaction.accountUpdates) {
         let authIsProof = !!update.authorization.proof;
         let kindIsProof = update.body.authorizationKind.isProved.toBoolean();
         // checks and edge case where a proof is expected, but the developer forgot to invoke await tx.prove()
@@ -411,9 +410,22 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           );
         }
 
-        if (accountJson) {
-          let account = Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
+        let account = simpleLedger.load(update.body);
+
+        // the first time we encounter an account, use it from the persistent ledger
+        if (account === undefined) {
+          let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
+            Ml.fromPublicKey(update.body.publicKey),
+            Ml.constFromField(update.body.tokenId)
+          );
+          if (accountJson !== undefined) {
+            let storedAccount = Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
+            simpleLedger.store(storedAccount);
+            account = storedAccount;
+          }
+        }
 
+        if (account !== undefined) {
           await verifyAccountUpdate(
             account,
             update,
@@ -422,6 +434,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             this.getNetworkId()
           );
         }
+        simpleLedger.apply(update);
       }
 
       try {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index 1e66331cbc..1eb38eb214 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -13,12 +13,23 @@ import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
 
 export { FetchedAccount, Account, PartialAccount };
-export { accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
+export { newAccount, accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
 
 type AuthRequired = Types.Json.AuthRequired;
 type Account = Types.Account;
 const Account = Types.Account;
 
+function newAccount(accountId: {
+  publicKey: PublicKey;
+  tokenId?: Field;
+}): Account {
+  let account = Account.empty();
+  account.publicKey = accountId.publicKey;
+  account.tokenId = accountId.tokenId ?? Types.TokenId.empty();
+  account.permissions = Permissions.initial();
+  return account;
+}
+
 type PartialAccount = Omit<Partial<Account>, 'zkapp'> & {
   zkapp?: Partial<Account['zkapp']>;
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52e38f2065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/**
+ * Apply transactions to a ledger of accounts.
+ */
+import { type AccountUpdate } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { Account } from '../account.js';
+
+export { applyAccountUpdate };
+
+/**
+ * Apply a single account update to update an account.
+ *
+ * TODO:
+ * - This must receive and return some context global to the transaction, to check validity
+ * - Should operate on the value / bigint type, not the provable type
+ */
+function applyAccountUpdate(account: Account, update: AccountUpdate): Account {
+  account.publicKey.assertEquals(update.publicKey);
+  account.tokenId.assertEquals(update.tokenId, 'token id mismatch');
+
+  // clone account (TODO: do this efficiently)
+  let json = Account.toJSON(account);
+  account = Account.fromJSON(json);
+
+  // update permissions
+  if (update.update.permissions.isSome.toBoolean()) {
+    account.permissions = update.update.permissions.value;
+  }
+
+  return account;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ecf292c8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/**
+ * A ledger of accounts - simple model of a local blockchain.
+ */
+import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
+import { type AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { Account, newAccount } from '../account.js';
+import { Field } from '../../field.js';
+import { applyAccountUpdate } from './apply.js';
+
+export { SimpleLedger };
+
+class SimpleLedger {
+  accounts: Map<bigint, Account>;
+
+  constructor() {
+    this.accounts = new Map();
+  }
+
+  static create(): SimpleLedger {
+    return new SimpleLedger();
+  }
+
+  exists({ publicKey, tokenId = TokenId.default }: InputAccountId): boolean {
+    return this.accounts.has(accountId({ publicKey, tokenId }));
+  }
+
+  store(account: Account): void {
+    this.accounts.set(accountId(account), account);
+  }
+
+  load({
+    publicKey,
+    tokenId = TokenId.default,
+  }: InputAccountId): Account | undefined {
+    let id = accountId({ publicKey, tokenId });
+    let account = this.accounts.get(id);
+    return account;
+  }
+
+  apply(update: AccountUpdate): void {
+    let id = accountId(update);
+    let account = this.accounts.get(id);
+    account ??= newAccount(update);
+
+    let updated = applyAccountUpdate(account, update);
+    this.accounts.set(id, updated);
+  }
+}
+
+type AccountId = { publicKey: PublicKey; tokenId: Field };
+type InputAccountId = { publicKey: PublicKey; tokenId?: Field };
+
+function accountId(account: AccountId): bigint {
+  let id = account.publicKey.x.toBigInt();
+  id <<= 1n;
+  id |= BigInt(account.publicKey.isOdd.toBoolean());
+  id <<= BigInt(Field.sizeInBits);
+  id |= account.tokenId.toBigInt();
+  return id;
+}

From c16d6052ab7a6894d07d6007b98ad5121bdd38e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 17:48:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1532/1786] only use internal apply on existing accounts for
 now

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 51520763c7..22c83fe9bb 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import {
   type NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
+import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -425,6 +426,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           }
         }
 
+        // TODO: verify account update even if the account doesn't exist yet, using a default initial account
         if (account !== undefined) {
           await verifyAccountUpdate(
             account,
@@ -433,8 +435,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
             this.proofsEnabled,
             this.getNetworkId()
           );
+          simpleLedger.apply(update);
         }
-        simpleLedger.apply(update);
       }
 
       try {
@@ -1252,7 +1254,12 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
         publicOutput: [],
       };
 
-      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data!;
+      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data;
+      assert(
+        verificationKey !== undefined,
+        'Account does not have a verification key'
+      );
+
       isValidProof = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
       if (!isValidProof) {
         throw Error(
@@ -1260,7 +1267,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
         );
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
       isValidProof = false;
     }
   }
@@ -1274,7 +1281,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
         networkId
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).message;
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
       isValidSignature = false;
     }
   }
@@ -1302,7 +1309,7 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
     if (!verified) {
       throw Error(
         `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}', but the required authorization was not provided or is invalid.
-        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}`
+        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}\n\n`
       );
     }
   }

From 191f605e5a31c88004aa4cf7a8f935af434f0edb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 21:12:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1533/1786] adapt upgradability test

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 78c5c68379..d6cf13d6ad 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   });
   await tx.prove();
   await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
-    /Update_not_permitted_delegate/
+    /Cannot update field 'delegate'/
   );
 
   /**

From ca46087c0db6101ab938b7627d3203be6ca2466e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 21:16:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1534/1786] submodules

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 83f8520624..3503101051 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 83f85206241c2fabd2be360acc5347bc104da452
+Subproject commit 35031010512993426bf226dbd6f1048fa1da09cc
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index b1b443ffdc..a5c7f667a5 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b1b443ffdc15ffd8569f2c244ecdeb5029c35097
+Subproject commit a5c7f667a5008c15243f28921505c3930a4fdf35

From 6c9606dd0e10891c7fc9637cfccf9ee8623268d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 21:25:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1535/1786] don't rely on getters

---
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
index ecf292c8fd..266054ca50 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ class SimpleLedger {
   }
 
   apply(update: AccountUpdate): void {
-    let id = accountId(update);
+    let id = accountId(update.body);
     let account = this.accounts.get(id);
-    account ??= newAccount(update);
+    account ??= newAccount(update.body);
 
     let updated = applyAccountUpdate(account, update);
     this.accounts.set(id, updated);

From fbeb4ff62661928a7974412a101f45d393f1a827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 21:35:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1536/1786] submodules

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 83f8520624..3503101051 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 83f85206241c2fabd2be360acc5347bc104da452
+Subproject commit 35031010512993426bf226dbd6f1048fa1da09cc
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index b1b443ffdc..a5c7f667a5 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b1b443ffdc15ffd8569f2c244ecdeb5029c35097
+Subproject commit a5c7f667a5008c15243f28921505c3930a4fdf35

From 4703db02e09b14de3275bc6b0ab3e1277b02c6a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 21:37:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1537/1786] fix changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index efcb589c57..16f8222a28 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- `MerkleList<T>` to enable provable operations on a dynamically-sized list https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
+  - including `MerkleListIterator<T>` to iterate over a merkle list
+- `TokenAccountUpdateIterator`, a primitive for token contracts to iterate over all token account updates in a transaction. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
+
 ## [0.16.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...834a44002)
 
 ### Breaking changes
@@ -27,12 +33,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Added
 
-- `MerkleList<T>` to enable provable operations on a dynamically-sized list https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
-  - including `MerkleListIterator<T>` to iterate over a merkle list
 - Provable type `Packed<T>` to pack small field elements into fewer field elements https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1376
 - Provable type `Hashed<T>` to represent provable types by their hash https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1377
   - This also exposes `Poseidon.hashPacked()` to efficiently hash an arbitrary type
-- `TokenAccountUpdateIterator`, a primitive for token contracts to iterate over all token account updates in a transaction. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
 
 ### Changed
 

From 516d6ce17132d7be76409ef9040bee9c104b53de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: robrobbins <rob.robb.ns@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 01:29:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1538/1786] adjust dist path in mina-signer tests. fixes for
 fieldToHex

---
 src/mina-signer/src/rosetta.ts                 | 7 ++++---
 src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts           | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts          | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts          | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts          | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts          | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts | 4 ++--
 7 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/rosetta.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/rosetta.ts
index 395a078ce1..835bec83a5 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/rosetta.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/rosetta.ts
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@ function fieldToHex<T extends Field | Scalar>(
 ) {
   let bytes = binable.toBytes(x);
   // set highest bit (which is empty)
-  bytes[bytes.length - 1] &= Number(paddingBit) << 7;
-  // map each byte to a hex string of length 2
+  bytes[bytes.length - 1] |= Number(paddingBit) << 7;
+  // map each byte to a 0-padded hex string of length 2
   return bytes
-    .map((byte) => byte.toString(16).split('').reverse().join(''))
+    .map((byte) => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0').split('').reverse().join(''))
     .join('');
 }
+
 function fieldFromHex<T extends Field | Scalar>(
   binable: Binable<T>,
   hex: string
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
index ca0cce3934..c55eaa0012 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
 
 describe('Client Class Initialization', () => {
   let client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
index 5e3e48dd59..30fa986b88 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
 
 describe('Keypair', () => {
   let client: Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
index 26011eabff..00c09b662a 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { PrivateKey } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import type { PrivateKey } from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 describe('Message', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
index 9a7d52804d..a5a34878ce 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import type { Keypair } from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 describe('Payment', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
index 5db94f21e1..1410ddeab8 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
 
 describe('Rosetta', () => {
   let client: Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
index ea59458e1f..d7ac8f9231 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import type { Keypair } from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 describe('Stake Delegation', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {

From 12774c5252392dffeb65f8948076f1d9983a36e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 09:36:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1539/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 16f8222a28..5ca42cd21a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,7 +21,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - `MerkleList<T>` to enable provable operations on a dynamically-sized list https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
   - including `MerkleListIterator<T>` to iterate over a merkle list
-- `TokenAccountUpdateIterator`, a primitive for token contracts to iterate over all token account updates in a transaction. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
+- `TokenContract`, a new base smart contract class for token contracts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1384
+  - Usage example: `https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/main/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts`
+- `TokenAccountUpdateIterator`, a primitive to iterate over all token account updates in a transaction https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
+  - this is used to implement `TokenContract` under the hood
 
 ## [0.16.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...834a44002)
 

From 15b1b023a3c2cfdbadcbbb11c9ac97b52e4a7342 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 10:02:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1540/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 60 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 40cd2c9678..201702e8d8 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "5796cb30bf420c4052ee0ca04d6a7eb554ac0806183ee97c92c51bc1cc2976e",
+    "digest": "27e70f037e04461a113b08cf9633feee59f84edeccb059022ced1a98ded95064",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1261,
-        "digest": "8b6b8083bb59f6dd4746b5b3da3e10e3"
+        "rows": 1262,
+        "digest": "c826896d08315d78c96d09a638934600"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1261,
-        "digest": "73947a300094dcebedff84c86887a06d"
+        "rows": 1262,
+        "digest": "c4e91618c623fbf3fcc8e489a50a7d46"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
-        "rows": 1149,
-        "digest": "8fa35ef942084cc163bbd27bdaccb468"
+        "rows": 1150,
+        "digest": "d8fab66c623d2361b20328162c4119b1"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1675,
-        "digest": "9c607a19228a5913cd32278394d65f10"
+        "rows": 1676,
+        "digest": "31ca7fde9282e5de63e94112ac57cf51"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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   "Membership_": {
-    "digest": "262bb745a13f7fac8f6ad1dd8ff13ae5789e0c26b63f4b41a5dbc43c6ac9df85",
+    "digest": "ceb4d74a167be69adf0ef8ee382ab94b1f719baef157b436124b5899fe2ccb1",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
         "rows": 1355,
-        "digest": "9bf99a1ea1fa39ed9590c0b0a67bfeb7"
+        "digest": "112d1f76c4f742d7442c9c2bfa1276ee"
       },
       "isMember": {
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@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
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   },
   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
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   },
   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "19aa0f5b442d011f2bbdd68ac189bf91cd017803f0f91a5ab6a61d50e3136c2",
+    "digest": "1355cefd6d9405bd490d1cdc5138cd1f4c0a874d6c08ccff7577bf1db33ac2f3",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
         "rows": 655,
@@ -74,29 +74,29 @@
         "digest": "7abe7b8feb9e908aa0a128c57fef92ab"
       },
       "approveBase": {
-        "rows": 13194,
-        "digest": "8f8ad42a6586936a28b570877403960c"
+        "rows": 13244,
+        "digest": "4dd81f1cc1a06b617677e08883e50fbd"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "10629507172660088077994796699854359657108723627411391158715881834104929001219"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "28008044568252732309294943203765202925095616783374137364924282422136908799323"
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "2289275173dc37af7005d29de2d1bc87ef6633a38aab74653528d62a3ea2c53b",
+    "digest": "f4d4a511ccaa3e2f4d793387ac561fbe109e700f60dd2ac0c269be720ba0e61",
     "methods": {
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
-        "rows": 2883,
-        "digest": "a5811e58fa24f5ebde41076fc94849b7"
+        "rows": 2884,
+        "digest": "c39cfd5031cb9e938f9748f4c3504b25"
       },
       "swapX": {
-        "rows": 1564,
-        "digest": "f6b047df744d8dcf297bd7a4fb45c812"
+        "rows": 1565,
+        "digest": "0d084e4bebf31426806d8d616879afa8"
       },
       "swapY": {
-        "rows": 1564,
-        "digest": "3082a30634a7a8da1603a7994b0cd4af"
+        "rows": 1565,
+        "digest": "20e2671dea607a4f0d1508faa4483dbe"
       },
       "burnLiquidity": {
         "rows": 718,
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "AADgDFCYyznG8hH/Z695+WW86B544SmJFzz5ObrizTJ4KMqy+pfsOR2Mt2yGViXSJPpAR76RNHNga83UB8/9OPQIB+uHOnxXH7vN8sUeDQi50gWdXzRlzSS1jsT9t+XsQwHNWgMQp04pKmF+0clYz1zwOO95BwHGcQ/olrSYW4tbJN6KW0hN2eESQfUJcwfB6uUzwvGtkFs+aiUykn7KUgUgXQkKgdHHdyFioNHNPmkpiAre/Ts8BKwwvf5hCa1MtBF6ax6ymlATB4YBL0ETiEPTE/Qk1zGWUSL2UB6aY45/LlfTLCKlyLq7cR3HOucFfBncVfzI7D8j5n4wVqY+vAI4cf+Yv7iVRLbeFcycXtsuPQntgBzKa/mcqcWuVM7p2SYRrtKdX8EKvOO6NhfLx4x0atAi8pKf+vZR76LSP4iOA8hwXvk6MNvPt1fxCS96ZAKuAzZnAcK+MH1OcKeLj+EHtZmf40WRb3AEG5TWRKuD6DT5noDclZsE8ROZKUSOKAUGIBvt7MpzOWPPchmnromWEevmXo3GoPUZCKnWX6ZLAtJwAszLUgiVS8rx3JnLXuXrtcVFto5FFQhwSHZyzuYZAL9DOGlCXDQst/gtMNFF2P3qwrPGBLH9BbTIalcgDpog8oV8z308mllVJP2OzhEvnGPzpAuOnN6esl6KHqn0vTFWx/iDNXBn2TAhyQ8mXdeEQWOJfxygQtthNrao9rnxO/imSk6w+tQW7jhNOQTVZVaxaUDp/8DDJjI19PqYu9sPJ5M/KjfmCc2/EsnV7Mhax350ZtrXdzh/HWIWzEZKKxcbERFbRtf+fkMOOLNpNov1FEFvKOU612vDOIbrVHeBN9mwuepUrJctcfgLc0Mi3Sxs3+NA0I74qm5ktjmplDwgUtKzIs3IrVFv6b1pg/J32HmwNzJZw2fYzpFE1LDjBSK/SX3axwMy5yEd8+jl4uAdQZpa9UQQIHu1Y1ZMgJSDDicXz6D1bZMA1Q2/lU+8AYbldgQVmlLq/lzr63krX+AMXeDvIJYnPFnn+hnJYxyIl/x+zeGxh+YJuaVLqRK/Kgfi3ZsYBXXH+7aLFfJxDiYW8/oQrfawgDbG65Z17hzfKyi7jaXu0vxWZYA26dO+R4JSnWLCB6IT+c+3sFzylyYDLh8QYWMpfGjRoi1tuN8T7X43X3otPjem2G+tWC8D0w359l19FcR35ItoigIxtMfkv3rdlCOeBVI93oVl5esiH8AvYGHhulWIvrNfKol3Viir41zv4qMBOcQg8+ygqjwqREU5+qiYeJlQ2AtT0/PVeZWg4mHC39uz1Lld3N2hyyxRo+Z0nC/8220uuf9gAnQ+JFixgyYW0NowUtuFj+uYAV9Dh/Zpe4LyAOkU0kBW4CEuOxNr+gz+9h0BoPfBHlMuuQAUc5L8uMunJC7uBKZiL+/tT1ZGfyIuqU47fEP9Hghxmip8v7gpf+4wB0MVUUwav9QRe9g88ER1HcJPqYb4EIOc2kbYSX75bT0mAFqR8lwZrj6lbQtNS0QQboG5fzoyYGi8YnSXhC2T5fFDpGJ319GHUsna58o5wk8LMwKWNTxq+FN6XiRgu0BFOrtG6MtT1OxYE9Dti6WatGDsWv+KMLDHjxUK1bhiSRnvkWYNcnuDJ0Ry+PRGHNUijVU0SbchntC2JHdhwKbwIofwKHE8HhvlK8FgQ1VOLDioA26UFzr23LpCTqwSJ7/sAqttNGcPR8MSeeR9TQvXNYQPKrA7Gh720X+7LD6BuHdy4vkcr9EKBU0ccUJ2ABBiyPdji+AgEbUCL/wrp6/GX8pui5YJGWx3XmIFj/RnYS2Je5FZ7w74JclD3XhLUo5Dhpq5RznHplpLB9mNdZdm5269US/XCgC/ZKyUxW3+0ajdBY1cLzF6qglitaYTp3MVUENVOkACM2RyKw6jIK2Leq3qLp6AUz21VXj4WznZcdI8MXqT9v8HxjXbAI9dtbhLRZRpJmu/129vrVmwSTHvsVoA7vXyYh/iO3ZMcy+D1x+HZU6Q/oDYCicqOPHxpSc9QGehmNyeGzI//524Gz3RudkU7s6MPdLWqZrieRTnWsTIrCDieu4ValfP8BFz7asYUv0t9jMWpv3yjbY7c5h8N/m7IUXwTQCzFpjPV7HC72BjVwPaYqh5/oAQsSNcv5I3c2GsCGj5C4hFFoT7eWfVtu/6ibQl0COhRDsegnOBtZ7NGfybI8IIO/4yrgel92bypb3eSxeMvdE5wzURluGDkBVVIACD8C5W1MzqrejUiiTfc3mkLhQ0xKRRhT0qqkmYWlbGN5hmMOA9YaYx8OFTgMys1WbzdidWgEkyvvdkWctGlges6eg/lJE61tJ8wGxvJfKtpyDW/2MRvsnO1+2EXIQ2eV3hkxg=",
-      "hash": "10792977795272926498471289159457543677416779853262843765284042897388782617920"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "6889182109222827677998879306887098403215976687219856364080055862647496337052"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {
@@ -250,4 +250,4 @@
       "hash": "22296391645667701199385692837408020819294441951376164803693884547686842878882"
     }
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 1c2648cf47e1eaf47a7f14ea6d2f4a920139a744 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 10:02:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1541/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f701e11656..8595b762a6 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1658,7 +1658,7 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     return { useHash: false, value: [] };
   },
 
-  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest) {
+  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest): UnfinishedForest {
     let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
       return UnfinishedForest.finalize(forest).hash;
     });

From 9a032fc3ed29d5c58eebd3170b03573f3b775af6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 10:26:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1542/1786] fixup not updating unfinished forest

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 28cecc9df5..6c807e7c6e 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -690,8 +690,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof PublicKey) {
         accountLike = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(accountLike, id);
-        makeChildAccountUpdate(thisAccountUpdate, accountLike);
-        // TODO existing API not affecting `UnfinishedForest`
+        thisAccountUpdate.adopt(accountLike);
       }
       if (!accountLike.label)
         accountLike.label = `${
@@ -1659,7 +1658,11 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     return { useHash: false, value: [] };
   },
 
-  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest): UnfinishedForest {
+  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest): {
+    readonly useHash: true;
+    hash: Field;
+    readonly value: UnfinishedTree[];
+  } {
     let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
       return UnfinishedForest.finalize(forest).hash;
     });

From af6956e6070b046423c7427e17728511dcb1623a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 10:26:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1543/1786] adapt token contract to new hashing

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 17 ++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 765fd184f9..64d3e21a2b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -64,19 +64,22 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
         `the supported limit of ${MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES}.\n`
     );
 
-    // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
-    // since we just did that in the loop above
-    this.self.children.callsType = {
-      type: 'WitnessEquals',
-      value: updates.hash,
-    };
-
     // make top-level updates our children
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       updates.data.get().forEach((update) => {
         this.self.adopt(update.element.accountUpdate.value.get());
       });
     });
+
+    // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
+    // since we just did that in the loop above
+    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    if (insideContract) {
+      insideContract.selfCalls = UnfinishedForest.witnessHash(
+        insideContract.selfCalls
+      );
+      insideContract.selfCalls.hash.assertEquals(updates.hash);
+    }
   }
 
   /**

From 755e7499eeb293202715b4ef930b3e0d1531bbc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 10:57:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1544/1786] add more unfinished forest helpers

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 6c807e7c6e..2803d7fedc 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1698,6 +1698,18 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     });
   },
 
+  pushTree(forest: UnfinishedForest, tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
+    let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
+    });
+    forest.value.push({
+      accountUpdate: { useHash: true, hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
+      isDummy: Bool(false),
+      calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+    });
+  },
+
   remove(forest: UnfinishedForest, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     // find account update by .id
     let index = forest.value.findIndex(
@@ -1711,6 +1723,22 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     forest.value.splice(index, 1);
   },
 
+  fromForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>): UnfinishedForest {
+    let value: UnfinishedTree[] = [];
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
+        accountUpdate: {
+          useHash: true,
+          hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+          value: tree.accountUpdate.value.get(),
+        },
+        isDummy: Bool(false),
+        calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+      }));
+    });
+    return { useHash: true, hash: forest.hash, value };
+  },
+
   finalize(forest: UnfinishedForest): AccountUpdateForest {
     if (forest.useHash) {
       let data = Unconstrained.witness(() =>

From ba293791f88bae887078c2bb14a96818a97fba63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 10:58:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1545/1786] fix adaptation of token contract

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 64d3e21a2b..53e71acc6e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -65,9 +65,11 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     );
 
     // make top-level updates our children
+    // TODO: this must not be necessary once we move everything to `selfCalls`
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       updates.data.get().forEach((update) => {
-        this.self.adopt(update.element.accountUpdate.value.get());
+        let accountUpdate = update.element.accountUpdate.value.get();
+        this.self.adopt(accountUpdate);
       });
     });
 
@@ -75,10 +77,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     // since we just did that in the loop above
     let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (insideContract) {
-      insideContract.selfCalls = UnfinishedForest.witnessHash(
-        insideContract.selfCalls
-      );
-      insideContract.selfCalls.hash.assertEquals(updates.hash);
+      insideContract.selfCalls = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(updates);
     }
   }
 

From 3e533a77af4ccd7da6fc640a44e6330ca5e6cc08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 15:33:34 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1546/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index 6bac61c881..b49d6b8190 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -37,9 +37,11 @@ class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: false });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
 
-let { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey } = Local.testAccounts[0];
-let { publicKey: tokenAddress, privateKey: tokenKey } = Local.testAccounts[1];
-let { publicKey: otherAddress } = Local.testAccounts[2];
+let [
+  { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey },
+  { publicKey: tokenAddress, privateKey: tokenKey },
+  { publicKey: otherAddress },
+] = Local.testAccounts;
 
 let token = new ExampleTokenContract(tokenAddress);
 let tokenId = token.token.id;

From d69c73a3fe0752ef43816d84a7c9cd67abee347c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 15:33:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1547/1786] add failing unit test

---
 .../mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts   | 42 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91fbfcab67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import { Mina } from '../../index.js';
+import { AccountUpdate } from '../account_update.js';
+import { UInt64 } from '../int.js';
+import { SmartContract, method } from '../zkapp.js';
+
+// smart contract which creates an account update that has a child of its own
+
+class NestedCall extends SmartContract {
+  @method deposit() {
+    const payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(this.sender);
+    payerUpdate.send({ to: this.address, amount: UInt64.one });
+  }
+}
+
+// setup
+
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: true });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+let [
+  { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey },
+  { publicKey: zkappAddress, privateKey: zkappKey },
+] = Local.testAccounts;
+
+await NestedCall.compile();
+let zkapp = new NestedCall(zkappAddress);
+
+// deploy zkapp
+
+await (await Mina.transaction(sender, () => zkapp.deploy()))
+  .sign([zkappKey, senderKey])
+  .send();
+
+// deposit call
+let balanceBefore = Mina.getBalance(zkappAddress);
+
+let depositTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => zkapp.deposit());
+console.log(depositTx.toPretty());
+await depositTx.prove();
+await depositTx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+Mina.getBalance(zkappAddress).assertEquals(balanceBefore.add(1));

From 765b0bda42c9da3f62a187b4462e298608b4acd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 08:13:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1548/1786] chore(mina-signer/package.json): bump version from
 2.1.2 to 3.0.0 for the new major release

---
 src/mina-signer/package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
index 325fd4e3e0..55178b872b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
-  "version": "2.1.2",
+  "version": "3.0.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "mina-signer",
-      "version": "2.1.2",
+      "version": "3.0.0",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "^1.2.1",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index 1eda8112fd..b6d951a18c 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
   "description": "Node API for signing transactions on various networks for Mina Protocol",
-  "version": "2.1.2",
+  "version": "3.0.0",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer.json",

From 118cc06cf85b0267cc3ea3503dbe34c4c3d606ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 17:49:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1549/1786] move smart contract context and start account
 update layout class

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 26 ++--------
 .../mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts   |  1 +
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts        | 49 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts          |  2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                              | 45 +++++++----------
 5 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 2803d7fedc..271637705a 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ import {
   prefixes,
   protocolVersions,
 } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
-import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
@@ -58,9 +57,9 @@ import {
   genericHash,
   MerkleList,
   MerkleListBase,
-  withHashes,
 } from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
+import { smartContractContext } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -72,7 +71,6 @@ export {
 };
 // internal API
 export {
-  smartContractContext,
   SetOrKeep,
   Permission,
   Preconditions,
@@ -82,7 +80,6 @@ export {
   ZkappCommand,
   addMissingSignatures,
   addMissingProofs,
-  ZkappStateLength,
   Events,
   Actions,
   TokenId,
@@ -91,31 +88,19 @@ export {
   createChildAccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdatesLayout,
   zkAppProver,
-  SmartContractContext,
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
   AccountUpdateTree,
   UnfinishedForest,
+  UnfinishedTree,
   hashAccountUpdate,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
 };
 
-const ZkappStateLength = 8;
-
 const TransactionVersion = {
   current: () => UInt32.from(protocolVersions.txnVersion),
 };
 
-type SmartContractContext = {
-  this: SmartContract;
-  methodCallDepth: number;
-  selfUpdate: AccountUpdate;
-  selfCalls: UnfinishedForest;
-};
-let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
-  default: null,
-});
-
 type ZkappProverData = {
   transaction: ZkappCommand;
   accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
@@ -799,7 +784,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     } else {
       receiver = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(to, this.body.tokenId);
       receiver.label = `${this.label ?? 'Unlabeled'}.send()`;
-      this.approve(receiver);
+      this.adopt(receiver);
     }
 
     // Sub the amount from the sender's account
@@ -814,8 +799,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child-{@link AccountUpdate} of this and
-   * approves it.
+   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child of this and approves it.
    */
   approve(
     childUpdate: AccountUpdate,
@@ -832,7 +816,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child-{@link AccountUpdate} of this.
+   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child of this.
    */
   adopt(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
index 91fbfcab67..f75f503194 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ await (await Mina.transaction(sender, () => zkapp.deploy()))
   .send();
 
 // deposit call
+
 let balanceBefore = Mina.getBalance(zkappAddress);
 
 let depositTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => zkapp.deposit());
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a11b87141c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
+import type {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  UnfinishedForest,
+  UnfinishedTree,
+} from '../account_update.js';
+import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
+
+export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext };
+
+type SmartContractContext = {
+  this: SmartContract;
+  selfUpdate: AccountUpdate;
+  selfLayout: AccountUpdateLayout;
+  selfCalls: UnfinishedForest;
+};
+let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
+  default: null,
+});
+
+const SmartContractContext = {
+  enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    let context: SmartContractContext = {
+      this: self,
+      selfUpdate,
+      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
+      selfCalls: { useHash: false, value: [] },
+    };
+    let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
+    return { id, context };
+  },
+  leave(id: number) {
+    smartContractContext.leave(id);
+  },
+  stepOutside() {
+    return smartContractContext.enter(null);
+  },
+  get() {
+    return smartContractContext.get();
+  },
+};
+
+class AccountUpdateLayout {
+  map: Map<bigint, UnfinishedTree>;
+
+  constructor() {
+    this.map = new Map();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 53e71acc6e..df391553c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateTree,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
-  smartContractContext,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
+import { smartContractContext } from '../smart-contract-context.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index f91731ce53..d1cbc72ba1 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@ import {
   Permissions,
   Actions,
   SetOrKeep,
-  smartContractContext,
   TokenId,
   ZkappCommand,
   zkAppProver,
   ZkappPublicInput,
-  ZkappStateLength,
-  SmartContractContext,
   LazyProof,
   CallForest,
   UnfinishedForest,
@@ -62,6 +59,8 @@ import {
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
+import { SmartContractContext } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
+import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -164,15 +163,12 @@ function wrapMethod(
       }
     });
 
-    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    let insideContract = SmartContractContext.get();
     if (!insideContract) {
-      const context: SmartContractContext = {
-        this: this,
-        methodCallDepth: 0,
-        selfUpdate: selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName),
-        selfCalls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-      };
-      let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
+      const { id, context } = SmartContractContext.enter(
+        this,
+        selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName)
+      );
       try {
         if (inCompile() || inProver() || inAnalyze()) {
           // important to run this with a fresh accountUpdate everytime, otherwise compile messes up our circuits
@@ -304,20 +300,17 @@ function wrapMethod(
           return result;
         }
       } finally {
-        smartContractContext.leave(id);
+        SmartContractContext.leave(id);
       }
     }
 
     // if we're here, this method was called inside _another_ smart contract method
     let parentAccountUpdate = insideContract.this.self;
-    let methodCallDepth = insideContract.methodCallDepth;
-    let innerContext: SmartContractContext = {
-      this: this,
-      methodCallDepth: methodCallDepth + 1,
-      selfUpdate: selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName),
-      selfCalls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-    };
-    let id = smartContractContext.enter(innerContext);
+
+    let { id, context: innerContext } = SmartContractContext.enter(
+      this,
+      selfAccountUpdate(this, methodName)
+    );
     try {
       // if the call result is not undefined but there's no known returnType, the returnType was probably not annotated properly,
       // so we have to explain to the user how to do that
@@ -443,7 +436,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       accountUpdate.body.callData.assertEquals(callData);
       return result;
     } finally {
-      smartContractContext.leave(id);
+      SmartContractContext.leave(id);
     }
   };
 }
@@ -800,7 +793,7 @@ super.init();
    */
   get self(): AccountUpdate {
     let inTransaction = Mina.currentTransaction.has();
-    let inSmartContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    let inSmartContract = SmartContractContext.get();
     if (!inTransaction && !inSmartContract) {
       // TODO: it's inefficient to return a fresh account update everytime, would be better to return a constant "non-writable" account update,
       // or even expose the .get() methods independently of any account update (they don't need one)
@@ -1141,8 +1134,8 @@ super.init();
         throw err;
       }
       let id: number;
-      let insideSmartContract = !!smartContractContext.get();
-      if (insideSmartContract) id = smartContractContext.enter(null);
+      let insideSmartContract = !!SmartContractContext.get();
+      if (insideSmartContract) id = SmartContractContext.stepOutside();
       try {
         for (let methodIntf of methodIntfs) {
           let accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
@@ -1169,7 +1162,7 @@ super.init();
           if (printSummary) console.log(methodIntf.methodName, summary());
         }
       } finally {
-        if (insideSmartContract) smartContractContext.leave(id!);
+        if (insideSmartContract) SmartContractContext.leave(id!);
       }
     }
     return methodMetadata;
@@ -1463,7 +1456,7 @@ type DeployArgs =
   | undefined;
 
 function Account(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
-  if (smartContractContext.get()) {
+  if (SmartContractContext.get()) {
     return AccountUpdate.create(address, tokenId).account;
   } else {
     return AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(address, tokenId).account;

From 2bb10ac30995f118a9e7c3c8691b39c41ed9dc32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 18:00:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1550/1786] move some of it back

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts              | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts | 32 +------------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 271637705a..257c5fdfc9 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -59,7 +59,10 @@ import {
   MerkleListBase,
 } from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
-import { smartContractContext } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
+import {
+  SmartContractContext,
+  smartContractContext,
+} from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -91,10 +94,12 @@ export {
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
   AccountUpdateTree,
+  AccountUpdateLayout,
   UnfinishedForest,
   UnfinishedTree,
   hashAccountUpdate,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
+  SmartContractContext,
 };
 
 const TransactionVersion = {
@@ -1754,6 +1759,43 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
   return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
+const SmartContractContext = {
+  enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    let context: SmartContractContext = {
+      this: self,
+      selfUpdate,
+      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
+      selfCalls: { useHash: false, value: [] },
+    };
+    let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
+    return { id, context };
+  },
+  leave(id: number) {
+    smartContractContext.leave(id);
+  },
+  stepOutside() {
+    return smartContractContext.enter(null);
+  },
+  get() {
+    return smartContractContext.get();
+  },
+};
+
+class AccountUpdateLayout {
+  map: Map<bigint, UnfinishedTree>;
+
+  constructor() {
+    this.map = new Map();
+  }
+
+  pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate, child: AccountUpdate) {
+    // let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
+    // if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
+    //   UnfinishedForest.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
+    // }
+  }
+}
+
 const CallForest = {
   // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
   // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
index a11b87141c..eae9e58b13 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
 import type {
   AccountUpdate,
   UnfinishedForest,
-  UnfinishedTree,
+  AccountUpdateLayout,
 } from '../account_update.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 
@@ -17,33 +17,3 @@ type SmartContractContext = {
 let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
   default: null,
 });
-
-const SmartContractContext = {
-  enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    let context: SmartContractContext = {
-      this: self,
-      selfUpdate,
-      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
-      selfCalls: { useHash: false, value: [] },
-    };
-    let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
-    return { id, context };
-  },
-  leave(id: number) {
-    smartContractContext.leave(id);
-  },
-  stepOutside() {
-    return smartContractContext.enter(null);
-  },
-  get() {
-    return smartContractContext.get();
-  },
-};
-
-class AccountUpdateLayout {
-  map: Map<bigint, UnfinishedTree>;
-
-  constructor() {
-    this.map = new Map();
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index d1cbc72ba1..2f7b1f9b87 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   CallForest,
   UnfinishedForest,
   AccountUpdateForest,
+  SmartContractContext,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@ import {
 import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
-import { SmartContractContext } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 
 // external API

From 521e2a572bd0684ee83bfd76838d7fe4419efc54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 08:57:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1551/1786] feat(release.yml): add steps to delete existing
 release tag and branch

This change allows for the re-creation of a release if the previous attempt failed or was incorrect. It ensures that the release process can be re-run without manual intervention.
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 7901f04858..3597ffda93 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Bump patch version
         run: |
-          git fetch --prune --unshallow
+          git fetch --prune --unshallow --tags --force
           NEW_VERSION=$(npm version patch)
           echo "New version: $NEW_VERSION"
           echo "NEW_VERSION=$NEW_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
@@ -57,6 +57,19 @@ jobs:
           git add CHANGELOG.md
           git commit -m "Update CHANGELOG for new version $NEW_VERSION"
 
+      - name: Delete existing release tag
+        run: |
+          if git rev-parse $NEW_VERSION >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            git tag -d $NEW_VERSION
+            git push origin :refs/tags/$NEW_VERSION
+          fi
+
+      - name: Delete existing release branch
+        run: |
+          if git ls-remote --heads origin release/${NEW_VERSION} | grep release/${NEW_VERSION}; then
+            git push origin --delete release/${NEW_VERSION}
+          fi
+
       - name: Create new release branch
         run: |
           NEW_BRANCH="release/${NEW_VERSION}"

From db253350997287e548090312b504293dad11408e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: robrobbins <rob.robb.ns@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 18:01:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 1552/1786] revert mina-signer test paths to dist. add dev
 readme section for building mina-signer and running single tests.

fixup

fixup
---
 README-dev.md                                  | 15 +++++++++++++++
 src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts           |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts          |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts          |  4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts          |  4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts          |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts |  4 ++--
 7 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 327717330d..6c1850ca9d 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -141,8 +141,23 @@ npm run test
 npm run test:unit
 ```
 
+#### Running Mina-Signer Tests
+`npm run build` is not recursive, thus in order for the Mina Signer tests to run you must execute the following from the root directory:
+
+```sh
+cd src/mina-signer
+npm run build
+cd ../..
+```
+
 This runs all the unit tests and provides you with a summary of the test results.
 
+Note that you can run individual jest tests via the command:
+
+```sh
+NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest <path/to/test.ts>
+```
+
 You can also run integration tests by running:
 
 ```sh
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
index c55eaa0012..ca0cce3934 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
 
 describe('Client Class Initialization', () => {
   let client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
index 30fa986b88..5e3e48dd59 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
 
 describe('Keypair', () => {
   let client: Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
index 00c09b662a..26011eabff 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { PrivateKey } from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import type { PrivateKey } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 describe('Message', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
index a5a34878ce..9a7d52804d 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { Keypair } from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 describe('Payment', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
index 1410ddeab8..5db94f21e1 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
 
 describe('Rosetta', () => {
   let client: Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
index d7ac8f9231..ea59458e1f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { Keypair } from '../../../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
 
 describe('Stake Delegation', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {

From b67432f8f6a3eb66a8ad528e011c8be4215b984c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 21:24:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1553/1786] Apply suggestions from code review

---
 README-dev.md | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 6c1850ca9d..389be17d9d 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -141,8 +141,7 @@ npm run test
 npm run test:unit
 ```
 
-#### Running Mina-Signer Tests
-`npm run build` is not recursive, thus in order for the Mina Signer tests to run you must execute the following from the root directory:
+In order for the mina-signer tests to run you must also build from inside its subdirectory:
 
 ```sh
 cd src/mina-signer
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ This runs all the unit tests and provides you with a summary of the test results
 Note that you can run individual jest tests via the command:
 
 ```sh
-NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules npx jest <path/to/test.ts>
+./jest <path/to/test.ts>
 ```
 
 You can also run integration tests by running:

From 996be22626a0afb857ab236554f11b46e3240141 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 22:10:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1554/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
index 266054ca50..daf7d3cb0d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
  * A ledger of accounts - simple model of a local blockchain.
  */
 import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
-import { type AccountUpdate, TokenId } from '../../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Account, newAccount } from '../account.js';
 import { Field } from '../../field.js';
 import { applyAccountUpdate } from './apply.js';
+import { Types } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export { SimpleLedger };
 
@@ -20,7 +21,10 @@ class SimpleLedger {
     return new SimpleLedger();
   }
 
-  exists({ publicKey, tokenId = TokenId.default }: InputAccountId): boolean {
+  exists({
+    publicKey,
+    tokenId = Types.TokenId.empty(),
+  }: InputAccountId): boolean {
     return this.accounts.has(accountId({ publicKey, tokenId }));
   }
 
@@ -30,7 +34,7 @@ class SimpleLedger {
 
   load({
     publicKey,
-    tokenId = TokenId.default,
+    tokenId = Types.TokenId.empty(),
   }: InputAccountId): Account | undefined {
     let id = accountId({ publicKey, tokenId });
     let account = this.accounts.get(id);

From d2dd5fe834214a6acd3592621c62db867200f92f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 22:13:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1555/1786] develop account update layout enough to fix unit
 test

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts              | 68 ++++++++++++++++++--------
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts |  6 ++-
 2 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 257c5fdfc9..58dc0cf35a 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ import {
 } from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 import {
+  accountUpdates,
   SmartContractContext,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
@@ -812,12 +813,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   ) {
     makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
     AccountUpdate.witnessChildren(childUpdate, layout, { skipCheck: true });
-
-    // TODO: this is not as general as approve suggests
-    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
-    if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-      UnfinishedForest.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
-    }
+    accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, childUpdate);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -825,12 +821,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    */
   adopt(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
-
-    // TODO: this is not as general as adopt suggests
-    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
-    if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-      UnfinishedForest.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
-    }
+    accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, childUpdate);
   }
 
   get balance() {
@@ -1745,6 +1736,26 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     }
     return finalForest;
   },
+
+  print(forest: UnfinishedForest) {
+    let indent = 0;
+    let layout = '';
+
+    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
+      indent += 2;
+      for (let tree of a.value) {
+        layout +=
+          ' '.repeat(indent) +
+          `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
+          '\n';
+        toPretty(tree.calls);
+      }
+      indent -= 2;
+    };
+
+    toPretty(forest);
+    console.log(layout);
+  },
 };
 
 function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
@@ -1761,11 +1772,16 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
 
 const SmartContractContext = {
   enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    let selfCalls = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     let context: SmartContractContext = {
       this: self,
       selfUpdate,
-      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
-      selfCalls: { useHash: false, value: [] },
+      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout({
+        accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: selfUpdate },
+        isDummy: Bool(false),
+        calls: selfCalls,
+      }),
+      selfCalls,
     };
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
     return { id, context };
@@ -1782,17 +1798,29 @@ const SmartContractContext = {
 };
 
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
-  map: Map<bigint, UnfinishedTree>;
+  map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
 
-  constructor() {
+  constructor(root: UnfinishedTree) {
     this.map = new Map();
+    this.map.set(root.accountUpdate.value.id, root);
+  }
+
+  getNode(update: AccountUpdate) {
+    let node = this.map.get(update.id);
+    if (node !== undefined) return node;
+    node = {
+      accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
+      isDummy: update.isDummy(),
+      calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+    };
+    this.map.set(update.id, node);
+    return node;
   }
 
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate, child: AccountUpdate) {
-    // let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
-    // if (insideContract && insideContract.selfUpdate.id === this.id) {
-    //   UnfinishedForest.push(insideContract.selfCalls, childUpdate);
-    // }
+    let parentNode = this.getNode(parent);
+    let childNode = this.getNode(child);
+    parentNode.calls.value.push(childNode);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
index eae9e58b13..de8b383657 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import type {
 } from '../account_update.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 
-export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext };
+export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext, accountUpdates };
 
 type SmartContractContext = {
   this: SmartContract;
@@ -17,3 +17,7 @@ type SmartContractContext = {
 let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
   default: null,
 });
+
+function accountUpdates() {
+  return smartContractContext.get()?.selfLayout;
+}

From c8d439ad0fbce363854af7ddea58bd7ea01a7dff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 6 Feb 2024 22:26:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1556/1786] continue expanding account update layout

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++--
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 58dc0cf35a..4d6ae0b9b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1799,13 +1799,21 @@ const SmartContractContext = {
 
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
   map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
+  root: UnfinishedTree;
 
   constructor(root: UnfinishedTree) {
     this.map = new Map();
     this.map.set(root.accountUpdate.value.id, root);
+    this.root = root;
   }
 
-  getNode(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  getNode(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
+    if (!(update instanceof AccountUpdate)) {
+      if (!this.map.has(update.accountUpdate.value.id)) {
+        this.map.set(update.accountUpdate.value.id, update);
+      }
+      return update;
+    }
     let node = this.map.get(update.id);
     if (node !== undefined) return node;
     node = {
@@ -1817,11 +1825,22 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     return node;
   }
 
-  pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate, child: AccountUpdate) {
+  pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
     let parentNode = this.getNode(parent);
     let childNode = this.getNode(child);
     parentNode.calls.value.push(childNode);
   }
+
+  setChildren(
+    parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
+    children: AccountUpdateForest
+  ) {
+    let parentNode = this.getNode(parent);
+    parentNode.calls = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
+  }
+  setTopLevel(children: AccountUpdateForest) {
+    this.root.calls = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
+  }
 }
 
 const CallForest = {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index df391553c5..e2e58bde0e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ import {
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
-import { smartContractContext } from '../smart-contract-context.js';
+import {
+  accountUpdates,
+  smartContractContext,
+} from '../smart-contract-context.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 
@@ -75,10 +78,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
 
     // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
     // since we just did that in the loop above
-    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
-    if (insideContract) {
-      insideContract.selfCalls = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(updates);
-    }
+    accountUpdates()?.setTopLevel(updates);
   }
 
   /**

From 5e2b75645abe8273058df9237a8b1cacad5b4560 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 09:27:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1557/1786] fixup set children

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 4d6ae0b9b9..d91d372257 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1626,7 +1626,8 @@ type UnfinishedForest = HashOrValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
 type UnfinishedTree = {
   accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
   isDummy: Bool;
-  calls: UnfinishedForest;
+  // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
+  readonly calls: UnfinishedForest;
 };
 
 type HashOrValue<T> =
@@ -1798,8 +1799,8 @@ const SmartContractContext = {
 };
 
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
-  map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
-  root: UnfinishedTree;
+  readonly map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
+  readonly root: UnfinishedTree;
 
   constructor(root: UnfinishedTree) {
     this.map = new Map();
@@ -1836,10 +1837,12 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     children: AccountUpdateForest
   ) {
     let parentNode = this.getNode(parent);
-    parentNode.calls = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
+    // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.calls, it must stay the same reference
+    // so we mutate it in place
+    Object.assign(parentNode.calls, UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children));
   }
   setTopLevel(children: AccountUpdateForest) {
-    this.root.calls = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
+    this.setChildren(this.root, children);
   }
 }
 

From ef4b154a5cf4470efa88b4122297be52d20d6d60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 10:28:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1558/1786] change name to avoid clash with ts keywored

---
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 1f8ad9ba52..064b49d863 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export {
   not,
   and,
   or,
-  satisfies,
+  fulfills,
   equals,
   contains,
   allConstant,
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ function or(...tests: ConstraintSystemTest[]): ConstraintSystemTest {
 /**
  * General test
  */
-function satisfies(
+function fulfills(
   label: string,
   run: (cs: Gate[], inputs: TypeAndValue<any>[]) => boolean
 ): ConstraintSystemTest {
@@ -276,10 +276,7 @@ function ifNotAllConstant(test: ConstraintSystemTest): ConstraintSystemTest {
 /**
  * Test whether constraint system is empty.
  */
-const isEmpty = satisfies(
-  'constraint system is empty',
-  (cs) => cs.length === 0
-);
+const isEmpty = fulfills('constraint system is empty', (cs) => cs.length === 0);
 
 /**
  * Modifies a test so that it runs on the constraint system with generic gates filtered out.

From 599caca29978abf9ab7089fa58c17950968b26b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 10:35:32 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1559/1786] introduce siblings to be able to disattach

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  7 +++-
 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index d91d372257..1b6cdf8892 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1628,54 +1628,57 @@ type UnfinishedTree = {
   isDummy: Bool;
   // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
   readonly calls: UnfinishedForest;
+  siblings?: UnfinishedForest;
 };
-
-type HashOrValue<T> =
-  | { readonly useHash: true; hash: Field; readonly value: T }
-  | { readonly useHash: false; value: T };
+type UseHash<T> = { readonly useHash: true; hash: Field; readonly value: T };
+type PlainValue<T> = { readonly useHash: false; value: T };
+type HashOrValue<T> = UseHash<T> | PlainValue<T>;
 
 const UnfinishedForest = {
-  empty(): UnfinishedForest {
+  empty(): PlainValue<UnfinishedTree[]> {
     return { useHash: false, value: [] };
   },
 
-  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest): {
-    readonly useHash: true;
-    hash: Field;
-    readonly value: UnfinishedTree[];
-  } {
+  setHash(forest: UnfinishedForest, hash: Field): UseHash<UnfinishedTree[]> {
+    return Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true as const, hash });
+  },
+
+  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest): UseHash<UnfinishedTree[]> {
     let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
       return UnfinishedForest.finalize(forest).hash;
     });
-    return { useHash: true, hash, value: forest.value };
+    return UnfinishedForest.setHash(forest, hash);
   },
 
   fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[], useHash = false): UnfinishedForest {
     if (useHash) {
-      let forest = UnfinishedForest.empty();
+      let forest: UnfinishedForest = UnfinishedForest.empty();
       Provable.asProver(() => (forest = UnfinishedForest.fromArray(updates)));
       return UnfinishedForest.witnessHash(forest);
     }
 
-    let nodes = updates.map((update): UnfinishedTree => {
+    let forest = UnfinishedForest.empty();
+    forest.value = updates.map((update): UnfinishedTree => {
       return {
         accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
         isDummy: update.isDummy(),
         calls: UnfinishedForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates),
+        siblings: forest,
       };
     });
-    return { useHash: false, value: nodes };
+    return forest;
   },
 
   push(
     forest: UnfinishedForest,
     accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    calls?: UnfinishedForest
+    children?: UnfinishedForest
   ) {
     forest.value.push({
       accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: accountUpdate },
       isDummy: accountUpdate.isDummy(),
-      calls: calls ?? UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      calls: children ?? UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      siblings: forest,
     });
   },
 
@@ -1688,6 +1691,7 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
       accountUpdate: { useHash: true, hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+      siblings: forest,
     });
   },
 
@@ -1705,9 +1709,9 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
   },
 
   fromForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>): UnfinishedForest {
-    let value: UnfinishedTree[] = [];
+    let unfinished = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     Provable.asProver(() => {
-      value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
+      unfinished.value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
         accountUpdate: {
           useHash: true,
           hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash,
@@ -1715,9 +1719,11 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
         },
         isDummy: Bool(false),
         calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+        siblings: unfinished,
       }));
     });
-    return { useHash: true, hash: forest.hash, value };
+    Object.assign(unfinished, { useHash: true, hash: forest.hash });
+    return unfinished;
   },
 
   finalize(forest: UnfinishedForest): AccountUpdateForest {
@@ -1808,7 +1814,14 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     this.root = root;
   }
 
-  getNode(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
+  get(update: AccountUpdate) {
+    return this.map.get(update.id);
+  }
+
+  getOrCreate(
+    update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
+    siblings?: UnfinishedForest
+  ): UnfinishedTree {
     if (!(update instanceof AccountUpdate)) {
       if (!this.map.has(update.accountUpdate.value.id)) {
         this.map.set(update.accountUpdate.value.id, update);
@@ -1821,29 +1834,42 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
       accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
       isDummy: update.isDummy(),
       calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      siblings,
     };
     this.map.set(update.id, node);
     return node;
   }
 
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
-    let parentNode = this.getNode(parent);
-    let childNode = this.getNode(child);
+    let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
+    let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child, parentNode.calls);
     parentNode.calls.value.push(childNode);
   }
 
+  pushTopLevel(child: AccountUpdate) {
+    this.pushChild(this.root, child);
+  }
+
   setChildren(
     parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
     children: AccountUpdateForest
   ) {
-    let parentNode = this.getNode(parent);
-    // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.calls, it must stay the same reference
+    let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
+    // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.children, it must stay the same reference
     // so we mutate it in place
     Object.assign(parentNode.calls, UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children));
   }
+
   setTopLevel(children: AccountUpdateForest) {
     this.setChildren(this.root, children);
   }
+
+  disattach(update: AccountUpdate) {
+    let node = this.get(update);
+    if (node?.siblings === undefined) return;
+    UnfinishedForest.remove(node.siblings, update);
+    node.siblings = undefined;
+  }
 }
 
 const CallForest = {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 2f7b1f9b87..385c089d21 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -410,10 +410,15 @@ function wrapMethod(
       // nothing is asserted about them -- it's the callee's task to check their children
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
       parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
+
+      let grandchildren = UnfinishedForest.fromArray(
+        accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates,
+        true
+      );
       UnfinishedForest.push(
         insideContract.selfCalls,
         accountUpdate,
-        UnfinishedForest.fromArray(accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates, true)
+        grandchildren
       );
 
       // assert that we really called the right zkapp

From 43a34d50dda29abebc1c411deb59765f38b7f826 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 11:03:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1560/1786] override `instanceof`? seriously? have I become a
 hard-core OO programmer now who will bend over backwards just to use OO
 idioms?

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts             |  7 +++++--
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts | 10 ++++++++--
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 1b6cdf8892..adb089d9df 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1852,12 +1852,15 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   setChildren(
     parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
-    children: AccountUpdateForest
+    children: AccountUpdateForest | UnfinishedForest
   ) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
     // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.children, it must stay the same reference
     // so we mutate it in place
-    Object.assign(parentNode.calls, UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children));
+    if (children instanceof AccountUpdateForest) {
+      children = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
+    }
+    Object.assign(parentNode.calls, children);
   }
 
   setTopLevel(children: AccountUpdateForest) {
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index a06e19c563..701dc314ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     from: (array: T[]) => MerkleList<T>;
     provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
   } {
-    return class MerkleList_ extends MerkleList<T> {
+    class MerkleListTBase extends MerkleList<T> {
       static _innerProvable = type;
 
-      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleList_, {
+      static _provable = provableFromClass(MerkleListTBase, {
         hash: Field,
         data: Unconstrained.provable,
       }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
@@ -225,6 +225,12 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
         assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
         return this._provable;
       }
+    }
+    // override `instanceof` for subclasses
+    return class MerkleListT extends MerkleListTBase {
+      static [Symbol.hasInstance](x: any): boolean {
+        return x instanceof MerkleListTBase;
+      }
     };
   }
 

From 54f596ffd6ed76e9b0dc2cf36c49fd2d4b409712 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 12:04:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1561/1786] write to au layout in zkapp calls

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 385c089d21..f115c7e468 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -411,14 +411,10 @@ function wrapMethod(
       accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
       parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
 
-      let grandchildren = UnfinishedForest.fromArray(
-        accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates,
-        true
-      );
-      UnfinishedForest.push(
-        insideContract.selfCalls,
+      insideContract.selfLayout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
+      insideContract.selfLayout.setChildren(
         accountUpdate,
-        grandchildren
+        UnfinishedForest.fromArray(accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates, true)
       );
 
       // assert that we really called the right zkapp

From 71a420050d631f31015785299510844c61b08df3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 12:12:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1562/1786] get from layout in token contract

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 17 +++++------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index e2e58bde0e..d5f17d8a47 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -12,10 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
-import {
-  accountUpdates,
-  smartContractContext,
-} from '../smart-contract-context.js';
+import { accountUpdates } from '../smart-contract-context.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 
@@ -153,15 +150,11 @@ function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
 function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
   let calls: AccountUpdateForest;
 
-  let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
-  if (insideContract) {
-    let node = insideContract.selfCalls.value.find(
-      (c) => c.accountUpdate.value.id === update.id
-    );
-    if (node !== undefined) {
-      calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
-    }
+  let node = accountUpdates()?.get(update);
+  if (node !== undefined) {
+    calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
   }
+
   calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates, {
     skipDummies: true,
   });

From 4c71d09009151422fa8c1a6a231035754c2ee57b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 12:12:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1563/1786] disattach from layout in unlink

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index adb089d9df..67d9049489 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1149,10 +1149,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    */
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     // TODO duplicate logic
-    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
-    if (insideContract) {
-      UnfinishedForest.remove(insideContract.selfCalls, accountUpdate);
-    }
+    accountUpdates()?.disattach(accountUpdate);
     let siblings =
       accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates ??
       currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;

From 6b6b64361b9a6f2f991ce05fe2af8235658535e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 12:20:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1564/1786] remove selfCalls

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts              | 5 ++---
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts | 7 +------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts   | 2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       | 4 +++-
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 67d9049489..9ce41f88c4 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1776,16 +1776,15 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
 
 const SmartContractContext = {
   enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    let selfCalls = UnfinishedForest.empty();
+    let calls = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     let context: SmartContractContext = {
       this: self,
       selfUpdate,
       selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout({
         accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: selfUpdate },
         isDummy: Bool(false),
-        calls: selfCalls,
+        calls,
       }),
-      selfCalls,
     };
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
     return { id, context };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
index de8b383657..603bab43c4 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
-import type {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  UnfinishedForest,
-  AccountUpdateLayout,
-} from '../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 
 export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext, accountUpdates };
@@ -12,7 +8,6 @@ type SmartContractContext = {
   this: SmartContract;
   selfUpdate: AccountUpdate;
   selfLayout: AccountUpdateLayout;
-  selfCalls: UnfinishedForest;
 };
 let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
   default: null,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index d5f17d8a47..3eaa92a209 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     );
 
     // make top-level updates our children
-    // TODO: this must not be necessary once we move everything to `selfCalls`
+    // TODO: this must not be necessary once we move everything to `selfLayout`
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       updates.data.get().forEach((update) => {
         let accountUpdate = update.element.accountUpdate.value.get();
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index f115c7e468..453335867e 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -215,7 +215,9 @@ function wrapMethod(
             ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
             debugPublicInput(accountUpdate);
-            let calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(context.selfCalls);
+            let calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(
+              context.selfLayout.root.calls
+            );
             checkPublicInput(publicInput, accountUpdate, calls);
 
             // check the self accountUpdate right after calling the method

From 3884e6e2b0bfa7e74af927520425cfec9bdf4ccf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 12:40:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1565/1786] finalize layout

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 11 +++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |  9 +++------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     |  4 +---
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 9ce41f88c4..8dcab458ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1869,6 +1869,17 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     UnfinishedForest.remove(node.siblings, update);
     node.siblings = undefined;
   }
+
+  finalizeAndRemove(update: AccountUpdate) {
+    let node = this.get(update);
+    if (node === undefined) return;
+    this.disattach(update);
+    return UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
+  }
+
+  finalize() {
+    return UnfinishedForest.finalize(this.root.calls);
+  }
 }
 
 const CallForest = {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 3eaa92a209..afcbeeb6b2 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -148,17 +148,14 @@ function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
 }
 
 function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
-  let calls: AccountUpdateForest;
+  let calls = accountUpdates()?.finalizeAndRemove(update);
 
-  let node = accountUpdates()?.get(update);
-  if (node !== undefined) {
-    calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
-  }
+  // TODO remove once everything lives in `selfLayout`
+  AccountUpdate.unlink(update);
 
   calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates, {
     skipDummies: true,
   });
-  AccountUpdate.unlink(update);
 
   return { accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update), calls };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 453335867e..3266ac7026 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -215,9 +215,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
             ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
             debugPublicInput(accountUpdate);
-            let calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(
-              context.selfLayout.root.calls
-            );
+            let calls = context.selfLayout.finalize();
             checkPublicInput(publicInput, accountUpdate, calls);
 
             // check the self accountUpdate right after calling the method

From 1ae3d640f5489714ef28d214087d50b193116452 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 13:39:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1566/1786] don't store variables in aux data

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts             |  4 +++-
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts              |  8 +++++++
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts      | 13 +++++++---
 src/lib/provable.ts                   | 10 ++++++++
 5 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 8dcab458ab..5da8ddbc08 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1766,7 +1766,9 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
   let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
     ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
         node.accountUpdate.hash,
-        Unconstrained.from(node.accountUpdate.value)
+        Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+          Provable.toConstant(AccountUpdate, node.accountUpdate.value)
+        )
       )
     : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index a24e58e83a..ab6f802684 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -547,6 +547,14 @@ and Provable.asProver() blocks, which execute outside the proof.
 
   /**
    * Create an `Unconstrained` with the given `value`.
+   *
+   * Note: If `T` contains provable types, `Unconstrained.from` is an anti-pattern,
+   * because it stores witnesses in a space that's intended to be used outside the proof.
+   * Something like the following should be used instead:
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let xWrapped = Unconstrained.witness(() => Provable.toConstant(type, x));
+   * ```
    */
   static from<T>(value: T) {
     return new Unconstrained(true, value);
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 701dc314ae..dd62f3a375 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ type WithHash<T> = { previousHash: Field; element: T };
 function WithHash<T>(type: ProvableHashable<T>): ProvableHashable<WithHash<T>> {
   return Struct({ previousHash: Field, element: type });
 }
+function toConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, node: WithHash<T>): WithHash<T> {
+  return {
+    previousHash: node.previousHash.toConstant(),
+    element: Provable.toConstant(type, node.element),
+  };
+}
 
 /**
  * Common base type for {@link MerkleList} and {@link MerkleListIterator}
@@ -88,7 +94,10 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   push(element: T) {
     let previousHash = this.hash;
     this.hash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
-    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [{ previousHash, element }, ...data]);
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => [
+      toConstant(this.innerProvable, { previousHash, element }),
+      ...data,
+    ]);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -102,7 +111,9 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
       previousHash
     );
     this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
-      condition.toBoolean() ? [{ previousHash, element }, ...data] : data
+      condition.toBoolean()
+        ? [toConstant(this.innerProvable, { previousHash, element }), ...data]
+        : data
     );
   }
 
@@ -161,11 +172,12 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     let element = this.pop();
 
     // if the condition is false, we restore the original state
-    this.data.updateAsProver((data) =>
-      condition.toBoolean()
+    this.data.updateAsProver((data) => {
+      let node = { previousHash: this.hash, element };
+      return condition.toBoolean()
         ? data
-        : [{ previousHash: this.hash, element }, ...data]
-    );
+        : [toConstant(this.innerProvable, node), ...data];
+    });
     this.hash = Provable.if(condition, this.hash, originalHash);
 
     return element;
@@ -218,7 +230,10 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
 
       static from(array: T[]): MerkleList<T> {
         let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
-        return new this({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
+        let unconstrained = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+          data.map((x) => toConstant(type, x))
+        );
+        return new this({ data: unconstrained, hash });
       }
 
       static get provable(): ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>> {
@@ -401,7 +416,10 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
 
       static from(array: T[]): MerkleListIterator<T> {
         let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
-        return this.startIterating({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
+        let unconstrained = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+          data.map((x) => toConstant(type, x))
+        );
+        return this.startIterating({ data: unconstrained, hash });
       }
 
       static startIterating({
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index eb0a04184e..9389de406a 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -79,9 +79,13 @@ class Packed<T> {
    * Pack a value.
    */
   static pack<T>(x: T): Packed<T> {
-    let input = this.innerProvable.toInput(x);
+    let type = this.innerProvable;
+    let input = type.toInput(x);
     let packed = packToFields(input);
-    return new this(packed, Unconstrained.from(x));
+    let unconstrained = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+      Provable.toConstant(type, x)
+    );
+    return new this(packed, unconstrained);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -211,7 +215,10 @@ class Hashed<T> {
    */
   static hash<T>(value: T): Hashed<T> {
     let hash = this._hash(value);
-    return new this(hash, Unconstrained.from(value));
+    let unconstrained = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+      Provable.toConstant(this.innerProvable, value)
+    );
+    return new this(hash, unconstrained);
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 961f723451..6d1eac028a 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -196,6 +196,16 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   inCheckedComputation,
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a constant version of a provable type.
+   */
+  toConstant<T>(type: Provable<T>, value: T) {
+    return type.fromFields(
+      type.toFields(value).map((x) => x.toConstant()),
+      type.toAuxiliary(value)
+    );
+  },
 };
 
 function witness<T, S extends FlexibleProvable<T> = FlexibleProvable<T>>(

From f68dfcfb4f641e49b952c5a1ac816e4462064a0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 14:33:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1567/1786] use layout to process zkapp calls

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 56 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |  1 -
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     | 26 ++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 5da8ddbc08..20a6635ae8 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ import {
   SmartContractContext,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
+import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -96,8 +97,6 @@ export {
   LazyProof,
   AccountUpdateTree,
   AccountUpdateLayout,
-  UnfinishedForest,
-  UnfinishedTree,
   hashAccountUpdate,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
   SmartContractContext,
@@ -1590,6 +1589,19 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
 
     return forest;
   }
+
+  // TODO this comes from paranoia and might be removed later
+  static assertConstant(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      forest.data.get().forEach(({ element: tree }) => {
+        assert(
+          Provable.isConstant(AccountUpdate, tree.accountUpdate.value.get()),
+          'account update not constant'
+        );
+        AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(tree.calls);
+      });
+    });
+  }
 }
 
 // how to hash a forest
@@ -1647,25 +1659,6 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     return UnfinishedForest.setHash(forest, hash);
   },
 
-  fromArray(updates: AccountUpdate[], useHash = false): UnfinishedForest {
-    if (useHash) {
-      let forest: UnfinishedForest = UnfinishedForest.empty();
-      Provable.asProver(() => (forest = UnfinishedForest.fromArray(updates)));
-      return UnfinishedForest.witnessHash(forest);
-    }
-
-    let forest = UnfinishedForest.empty();
-    forest.value = updates.map((update): UnfinishedTree => {
-      return {
-        accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
-        isDummy: update.isDummy(),
-        calls: UnfinishedForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates),
-        siblings: forest,
-      };
-    });
-    return forest;
-  },
-
   push(
     forest: UnfinishedForest,
     accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
@@ -1705,21 +1698,26 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     forest.value.splice(index, 1);
   },
 
-  fromForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>): UnfinishedForest {
+  fromForest(
+    forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
+    recursiveCall = false
+  ): UnfinishedForest {
     let unfinished = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       unfinished.value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
         accountUpdate: {
           useHash: true,
-          hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash,
+          hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant(),
           value: tree.accountUpdate.value.get(),
         },
         isDummy: Bool(false),
-        calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+        calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls, true),
         siblings: unfinished,
       }));
     });
-    Object.assign(unfinished, { useHash: true, hash: forest.hash });
+    if (!recursiveCall) {
+      Object.assign(unfinished, { useHash: true, hash: forest.hash });
+    }
     return unfinished;
   },
 
@@ -1805,6 +1803,7 @@ const SmartContractContext = {
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
   readonly map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
   readonly root: UnfinishedTree;
+  final?: AccountUpdateForest;
 
   constructor(root: UnfinishedTree) {
     this.map = new Map();
@@ -1879,8 +1878,11 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     return UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
   }
 
-  finalize() {
-    return UnfinishedForest.finalize(this.root.calls);
+  finalizeChildren() {
+    let final = UnfinishedForest.finalize(this.root.calls);
+    this.final = final;
+    AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(final);
+    return final;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index afcbeeb6b2..4617e011c5 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
-  UnfinishedForest,
   AccountUpdateTree,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 3266ac7026..e7469fce42 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   LazyProof,
   CallForest,
-  UnfinishedForest,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   SmartContractContext,
 } from './account_update.js';
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
             ProofAuthorization.setKind(accountUpdate);
 
             debugPublicInput(accountUpdate);
-            let calls = context.selfLayout.finalize();
+            let calls = context.selfLayout.finalizeChildren();
             checkPublicInput(publicInput, accountUpdate, calls);
 
             // check the self accountUpdate right after calling the method
@@ -388,12 +387,24 @@ function wrapMethod(
             Mina.currentTransaction()!.accountUpdates
           );
         }
-        return { accountUpdate, result: result ?? null };
+        // extract callee's account update layout
+        let children = innerContext.selfLayout.finalizeChildren();
+
+        return {
+          accountUpdate,
+          result: { result: result ?? null, children },
+        };
       };
 
       // we have to run the called contract inside a witness block, to not affect the caller's circuit
-      let { accountUpdate, result } = AccountUpdate.witness<any>(
-        returnType ?? provable(null),
+      let {
+        accountUpdate,
+        result: { result, children },
+      } = AccountUpdate.witness<{ result: any; children: AccountUpdateForest }>(
+        provable({
+          result: returnType ?? provable(null),
+          children: AccountUpdateForest.provable,
+        }),
         runCalledContract,
         { skipCheck: true }
       );
@@ -412,10 +423,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
 
       insideContract.selfLayout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
-      insideContract.selfLayout.setChildren(
-        accountUpdate,
-        UnfinishedForest.fromArray(accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates, true)
-      );
+      insideContract.selfLayout.setChildren(accountUpdate, children);
 
       // assert that we really called the right zkapp
       accountUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(this.address);

From 3778fa2dcc40db4912fffdf96b76d4671a029fbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 15:17:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1568/1786] fix token test (don't use create child account
 update)

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/token.test.ts     | 43 +++++++++++++--------------------------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 20a6635ae8..c340b9cc13 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof AccountUpdate) {
         accountLike.tokenId.assertEquals(id);
-        thisAccountUpdate.approve(accountLike);
+        thisAccountUpdate.adopt(accountLike);
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof PublicKey) {
         accountLike = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(accountLike, id);
diff --git a/src/lib/token.test.ts b/src/lib/token.test.ts
index 5f8502f902..961d20770e 100644
--- a/src/lib/token.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/token.test.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import {
   Permissions,
   VerificationKey,
   Field,
-  Experimental,
   Int64,
   TokenId,
 } from 'o1js';
@@ -84,38 +83,31 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     this.totalAmountInCirculation.set(newTotalAmountInCirculation);
   }
 
-  @method approveTransferCallback(
+  @method approveTransfer(
     senderAddress: PublicKey,
     receiverAddress: PublicKey,
     amount: UInt64,
-    callback: Experimental.Callback<any>
+    senderAccountUpdate: AccountUpdate
   ) {
-    let layout = AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren; // Allow only 1 accountUpdate with no children
-    let senderAccountUpdate = this.approve(callback, layout);
-    let negativeAmount = Int64.fromObject(
-      senderAccountUpdate.body.balanceChange
-    );
+    this.self.adopt(senderAccountUpdate);
+    let negativeAmount = senderAccountUpdate.balanceChange;
     negativeAmount.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
     let tokenId = this.token.id;
     senderAccountUpdate.body.tokenId.assertEquals(tokenId);
     senderAccountUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(senderAddress);
-    let receiverAccountUpdate = Experimental.createChildAccountUpdate(
-      this.self,
-      receiverAddress,
-      tokenId
-    );
+    let receiverAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(receiverAddress, tokenId);
     receiverAccountUpdate.balance.addInPlace(amount);
   }
 }
 
 class ZkAppB extends SmartContract {
-  @method approveZkapp(amount: UInt64) {
+  @method approveSend(amount: UInt64) {
     this.balance.subInPlace(amount);
   }
 }
 
 class ZkAppC extends SmartContract {
-  @method approveZkapp(amount: UInt64) {
+  @method approveSend(amount: UInt64) {
     this.balance.subInPlace(amount);
   }
 
@@ -535,16 +527,13 @@ describe('Token', () => {
         await tx.sign([feePayerKey, tokenZkappKey]).send();
 
         tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
-          let approveSendingCallback = Experimental.Callback.create(
-            zkAppB,
-            'approveZkapp',
-            [UInt64.from(10_000)]
-          );
-          tokenZkapp.approveTransferCallback(
+          zkAppB.approveSend(UInt64.from(10_000));
+
+          tokenZkapp.approveTransfer(
             zkAppBAddress,
             zkAppCAddress,
             UInt64.from(10_000),
-            approveSendingCallback
+            zkAppB.self
           );
         });
         await tx.prove();
@@ -570,16 +559,12 @@ describe('Token', () => {
 
         await expect(() =>
           Mina.transaction(feePayer, () => {
-            let approveSendingCallback = Experimental.Callback.create(
-              zkAppC,
-              'approveIncorrectLayout',
-              [UInt64.from(10_000)]
-            );
-            tokenZkapp.approveTransferCallback(
+            zkAppC.approveIncorrectLayout(UInt64.from(10_000));
+            tokenZkapp.approveTransfer(
               zkAppBAddress,
               zkAppCAddress,
               UInt64.from(10_000),
-              approveSendingCallback
+              zkAppC.self
             );
           })
         ).rejects.toThrow();

From 756ade0ea74dcc4d70daa54388527465386a56ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 15:22:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1569/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 72 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 9eb6b8b65e..6e8a9a738d 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "385ea3e72a679aad6a48b0734008d80da05f27a17854b9088edc8de420ad907d",
+    "digest": "232c8378880bbb68117f00d34e442aa804f42255a6f02d343b738b8171d6ce65",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
         "rows": 1259,
-        "digest": "a59bad21fc55ce7d8d099d24cb91d1e6"
+        "digest": "de76523858f6497e67b359668a14f51d"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
         "rows": 1259,
-        "digest": "ee209f54f9f7996bae2bf5c0fd4bf9da"
+        "digest": "737730be005f7d071d339e036353ef7b"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
-        "rows": 1147,
-        "digest": "748673762a27be8b58ef15084bd49beb"
+        "rows": 1148,
+        "digest": "08b40e8d2a9ea7369c371afd2e4e1f54"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1672,
-        "digest": "0862eef1a5edb8ade4d1d5dab1f76abc"
+        "rows": 1673,
+        "digest": "37fdfc514d42b21cbe6f0b914bd88efa"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "10242427736291135326630618424974868967569697518211103043324256389485118856981"
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   "Membership_": {
-    "digest": "3b4598fa0324c27a3535ee0f187419dcd43cde203ac1053df4bcc5a108fd0c52",
+    "digest": "35aa3fb2f5114cb29b575c70c3cef15e6538c66074876997d0005cd51925cf9",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
         "rows": 1353,
-        "digest": "657f6ba31355b4d6daa80b84e86a5341"
+        "digest": "9c4e2d1faf08ecf2ab6d46e29d3e7063"
       },
       "isMember": {
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@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
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   },
   "HelloWorld": {
@@ -63,53 +63,53 @@
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   "TokenContract": {
-    "digest": "1b4cc9f8af1e49b7f727bde338ff93b3aa72d1be175669d51dc7991296ce7dbd",
+    "digest": "13926c08b6e9f7e6dd936edc1d019db122882c357b6e5f3baf416e06530c608a",
     "methods": {
       "init": {
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-        "digest": "f9f73a136c5642d519ec0f73e033e6f3"
+        "rows": 655,
+        "digest": "d535a589774b32cd36e2d6c3707afd30"
       },
       "init2": {
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-        "digest": "c4303618beb22bb040bffacff35286cb"
+        "rows": 652,
+        "digest": "4a781d299f945218e93f3d9235549373"
       },
       "approveBase": {
-        "rows": 13194,
-        "digest": "8f8ad42a6586936a28b570877403960c"
+        "rows": 13244,
+        "digest": "4dd81f1cc1a06b617677e08883e50fbd"
       }
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+        "digest": "8a3959ec3394716f1979cf013a9a4ced"
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       "burnLiquidity": {
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       "transfer": {
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-        "digest": "2a4ce4f790fedf38514d331fa0d57eb0"
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   },
   "Group Primitive": {
@@ -250,4 +250,4 @@
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     }
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 1928e17f1521ef8f75cefe0e94fa77ef420790e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 16:07:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1570/1786] [no children} fromFlatArray which doesn't rely on
 account update nesting

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 23 +++++-
 .../mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts   | 80 +++++--------------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c340b9cc13..ea6bbc3cd9 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,11 @@ import {
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
 import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
-import { transactionCommitments } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import {
+  accountUpdatesToCallForest,
+  CallForest,
+  transactionCommitments,
+} from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import { isSmartContract } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { activeInstance } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
@@ -1560,6 +1564,23 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
   AccountUpdateTree,
   merkleListHash
 ) {
+  static fromFlatArray(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
+    let simpleForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(updates);
+    return this.fromSimpleForest(simpleForest);
+  }
+
+  private static fromSimpleForest(
+    simpleForest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>
+  ): AccountUpdateForest {
+    let nodes = simpleForest.map((node) => {
+      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate);
+      let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromSimpleForest(node.children);
+      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    });
+    return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
+  }
+
+  // TODO remove
   static fromArray(
     updates: AccountUpdate[],
     { skipDummies = false } = {}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
index 06c9981847..c9a92117a8 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
-  CallForest,
   TokenId,
   hashAccountUpdate,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
 import {
   accountUpdatesToCallForest,
   callForestHash,
-  CallForest as SimpleCallForest,
 } from '../../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import assert from 'assert';
 import { Field, Bool } from '../../core.js';
@@ -60,40 +58,19 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(
     let forestBigint = accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdatesBigint);
     let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
 
-    // convert to o1js-style list of nested `AccountUpdate`s
     let flatUpdates = flatUpdatesBigint.map(accountUpdateFromBigint);
-    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-    );
-
-    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray(flatUpdates);
     forest.hash.assertEquals(expectedHash);
   }
 );
 
-// can recover flat account updates from nested updates
-// this is here to assert that we compute `updates` correctly in the other tests
-
-test(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
-  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-  );
-  let flatUpdates2 = CallForest.toFlatList(updates, false);
-  let n = flatUpdates.length;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    assert.deepStrictEqual(flatUpdates2[i], flatUpdates[i]);
-  }
-});
-
 // traverses the top level of a call forest in correct order
 // i.e., CallForestArray works
 
 test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   // prepare call forest from flat account updates
-  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-  );
-  let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates).startIterating();
+  let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray(flatUpdates).startIterating();
+  let updates = flatUpdates.filter((u) => u.body.callDepth === 0);
 
   // step through top-level by calling forest.next() repeatedly
   let n = updates.length;
@@ -116,10 +93,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(flatAccountUpdates, (flatUpdates) => {
   let tokenId = TokenId.default;
 
   // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
-  let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-    accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-  );
-  let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+  let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray(flatUpdates);
   let forestIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
   // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
@@ -154,28 +128,26 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
     });
     let tokenId = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner);
 
-    // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
-    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-    );
-
     // make all top-level updates inaccessible
-    updates.forEach((u, i) => {
-      if (i % 3 === 0) {
-        u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;
-      } else if (i % 3 === 1) {
-        u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
-      } else {
-        u.body.publicKey = tokenOwner;
-        u.body.tokenId = TokenId.default;
-      }
-    });
+    flatUpdates
+      .filter((u) => u.body.callDepth === 0)
+      .forEach((u, i) => {
+        if (i % 3 === 0) {
+          u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;
+        } else if (i % 3 === 1) {
+          u.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+        } else {
+          u.body.publicKey = tokenOwner;
+          u.body.tokenId = TokenId.default;
+        }
+      });
 
-    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+    // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray(flatUpdates);
     let forestIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
     // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
-    let expectedUpdates = updates;
+    let expectedUpdates = flatUpdates.filter((u) => u.body.callDepth === 0);
 
     let n = flatUpdates.length;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
@@ -214,10 +186,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 5000 })(
       });
 
     // prepare forest iterator from flat account updates
-    let updates = callForestToNestedArray(
-      accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdates)
-    );
-    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(updates);
+    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray(flatUpdates);
     let forestIterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(forest, tokenId);
 
     // step through forest iterator and compare against expected updates
@@ -239,15 +208,6 @@ function accountUpdateFromBigint(a: TypesBigint.AccountUpdate): AccountUpdate {
   return AccountUpdate.fromJSON(TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.toJSON(a));
 }
 
-function callForestToNestedArray(
-  forest: SimpleCallForest<AccountUpdate>
-): AccountUpdate[] {
-  return forest.map(({ accountUpdate, children }) => {
-    accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates = callForestToNestedArray(children);
-    return accountUpdate;
-  });
-}
-
 function assertEqual(actual: AccountUpdate, expected: AccountUpdate) {
   let actualHash = hashAccountUpdate(actual).toBigInt();
   let expectedHash = hashAccountUpdate(expected).toBigInt();

From 0f917b1e77e69ebaf590709047f2079fe5775fa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 17:56:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1571/1786] minor fix

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 12 ++++--------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index ea6bbc3cd9..a10c19bb02 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1797,14 +1797,13 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
 
 const SmartContractContext = {
   enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    let calls = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     let context: SmartContractContext = {
       this: self,
       selfUpdate,
       selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout({
         accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: selfUpdate },
         isDummy: Bool(false),
-        calls,
+        calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
       }),
     };
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
@@ -1836,10 +1835,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     return this.map.get(update.id);
   }
 
-  getOrCreate(
-    update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
-    siblings?: UnfinishedForest
-  ): UnfinishedTree {
+  getOrCreate(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
     if (!(update instanceof AccountUpdate)) {
       if (!this.map.has(update.accountUpdate.value.id)) {
         this.map.set(update.accountUpdate.value.id, update);
@@ -1852,7 +1848,6 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
       accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
       isDummy: update.isDummy(),
       calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-      siblings,
     };
     this.map.set(update.id, node);
     return node;
@@ -1860,7 +1855,8 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
-    let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child, parentNode.calls);
+    let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child);
+    childNode.siblings = parentNode.calls;
     parentNode.calls.value.push(childNode);
   }
 

From d5ec3fb1fc716446ad707ef62adf23e4a60da683 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 18:19:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1572/1786] introduce (not yet used) layout for
 Mina.transaction

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts              | 18 ++++++++++--------
 src/lib/mina.ts                        |  2 ++
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts |  9 ++++++++-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts    |  3 ++-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       |  4 ++++
 5 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index a10c19bb02..3684d17695 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1800,11 +1800,7 @@ const SmartContractContext = {
     let context: SmartContractContext = {
       this: self,
       selfUpdate,
-      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout({
-        accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: selfUpdate },
-        isDummy: Bool(false),
-        calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-      }),
+      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(selfUpdate),
     };
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
     return { id, context };
@@ -1825,10 +1821,16 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   readonly root: UnfinishedTree;
   final?: AccountUpdateForest;
 
-  constructor(root: UnfinishedTree) {
+  constructor(root?: AccountUpdate) {
     this.map = new Map();
-    this.map.set(root.accountUpdate.value.id, root);
-    this.root = root;
+    root ??= AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    let rootTree: UnfinishedTree = {
+      accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: root },
+      isDummy: Bool(false),
+      calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+    };
+    this.map.set(root.id, rootTree);
+    this.root = rootTree;
   }
 
   get(update: AccountUpdate) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 22c83fe9bb..e39c2b0dec 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   Actions,
   Events,
   dummySignature,
+  AccountUpdateLayout,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@ function createTransaction(
   let transactionId = currentTransaction.enter({
     sender,
     accountUpdates: [],
+    layout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
     fetchMode,
     isFinalRunOutsideCircuit,
     numberOfRuns,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
index 603bab43c4..a276a2ff1e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
 import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
+import { currentTransaction } from './transaction-context.js';
 
 export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext, accountUpdates };
 
@@ -14,5 +15,11 @@ let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
 });
 
 function accountUpdates() {
-  return smartContractContext.get()?.selfLayout;
+  // in a smart contract, return the layout currently created in the contract call
+  let layout = smartContractContext.get()?.selfLayout;
+
+  // if not in a smart contract but in a transaction, return the layout of the transaction
+  layout ??= currentTransaction()?.layout;
+
+  return layout;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
index a3bb040b1c..e007079522 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { AccountUpdate } from '../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
 import type { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ type FetchMode = 'fetch' | 'cached' | 'test';
 type CurrentTransaction = {
   sender?: PublicKey;
   accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
+  layout: AccountUpdateLayout;
   fetchMode: FetchMode;
   isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: boolean;
   numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index e7469fce42..1fbdae114c 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   CallForest,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   SmartContractContext,
+  AccountUpdateLayout,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
+import { accountUpdates } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -176,6 +178,8 @@ function wrapMethod(
           let txId = Mina.currentTransaction.enter({
             sender: proverData?.transaction.feePayer.body.publicKey,
             accountUpdates: [],
+            // TODO could pass an update with the fee payer's content here? probably not bc it's not accessed
+            layout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
             fetchMode: inProver() ? 'cached' : 'test',
             isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: false,
             numberOfRuns: undefined,

From f3e9169b30ba5bf4f2299d3eba0bfd0a229b1066 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 19:47:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1573/1786] match transaction.accountUpdates everywhere

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/mina.ts           |  1 +
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          | 27 +++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 3684d17695..950817dac1 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1122,7 +1122,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       } > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     } else {
       currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
-      accountUpdate.label = `Mina.transaction > AccountUpdate.create()`;
+      currentTransaction()?.layout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
+      accountUpdate.label = `Mina.transaction() > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     }
     return accountUpdate;
   }
@@ -1145,6 +1146,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       if (!updates.find((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id)) {
         updates.push(accountUpdate);
       }
+      currentTransaction.get().layout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
     }
   }
   /**
@@ -1779,6 +1781,39 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
     toPretty(forest);
     console.log(layout);
   },
+
+  toFlatList(
+    forest: UnfinishedForest,
+    mutate = true,
+    depth = 0
+  ): AccountUpdate[] {
+    let flatUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
+    for (let node of forest.value) {
+      if (node.isDummy.toBoolean()) continue;
+      let update = node.accountUpdate.value;
+      if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
+      let children = UnfinishedForest.toFlatList(node.calls, mutate, depth + 1);
+      flatUpdates.push(update, ...children);
+    }
+    return flatUpdates;
+  },
+
+  toConstantInPlace(forest: UnfinishedForest) {
+    for (let node of forest.value) {
+      // `as any` to override readonly - this method is explicit about its mutability
+      (node.accountUpdate as any).value = Provable.toConstant(
+        AccountUpdate,
+        node.accountUpdate.value
+      );
+      if (node.accountUpdate.useHash) {
+        node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
+      }
+      UnfinishedForest.toConstantInPlace(node.calls);
+    }
+    if (forest.useHash) {
+      forest.hash = forest.hash.toConstant();
+    }
+  },
 };
 
 function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
@@ -1858,6 +1893,11 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
     let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child);
+    if (childNode.siblings === parentNode.calls) return;
+    assert(
+      childNode.siblings === undefined,
+      'AccountUpdateLayout.pushChild(): child already has another parent.'
+    );
     childNode.siblings = parentNode.calls;
     parentNode.calls.value.push(childNode);
   }
@@ -1903,6 +1943,25 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(final);
     return final;
   }
+
+  toFlatList({ mutate }: { mutate: boolean }) {
+    return UnfinishedForest.toFlatList(this.root.calls, mutate);
+  }
+
+  forEachPredecessor(
+    update: AccountUpdate,
+    callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void
+  ) {
+    let updates = this.toFlatList({ mutate: false });
+    for (let otherUpdate of updates) {
+      if (otherUpdate.id === update.id) return;
+      callback(otherUpdate);
+    }
+  }
+
+  toConstantInPlace() {
+    UnfinishedForest.toConstantInPlace(this.root.calls);
+  }
 }
 
 const CallForest = {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index e39c2b0dec..376f5ba7bd 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@ function createTransaction(
               tx.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(tx.accountUpdates, (a) =>
                 toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
               );
+              tx.layout.toConstantInPlace();
             });
           });
         } else {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 1fbdae114c..666d11785c 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -243,7 +243,8 @@ function wrapMethod(
           // called smart contract at the top level, in a transaction!
           // => attach ours to the current list of account updates
           let accountUpdate = context.selfUpdate;
-          Mina.currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
+          Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
+          Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
 
           // first, clone to protect against the method modifying arguments!
           // TODO: double-check that this works on all possible inputs, e.g. CircuitValue, o1js primitives
@@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
                 memoized,
                 blindingValue,
               },
-              Mina.currentTransaction()!.accountUpdates
+              Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout
             );
           }
           return result;
@@ -388,7 +389,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
               memoized,
               blindingValue: constantBlindingValue,
             },
-            Mina.currentTransaction()!.accountUpdates
+            Mina.currentTransaction()?.layout ?? new AccountUpdateLayout()
           );
         }
         // extract callee's account update layout
@@ -1526,7 +1527,10 @@ const Reducer: (<
 ) as any;
 
 const ProofAuthorization = {
-  setKind({ body, id }: AccountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates?: AccountUpdate[]) {
+  setKind(
+    { body, id }: AccountUpdate,
+    priorAccountUpdates?: AccountUpdateLayout
+  ) {
     body.authorizationKind.isSigned = Bool(false);
     body.authorizationKind.isProved = Bool(true);
     let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
@@ -1534,17 +1538,16 @@ const ProofAuthorization = {
       let isProver = proverData !== undefined;
       assert(
         isProver || priorAccountUpdates !== undefined,
-        'Called `setProofAuthorizationKind()` outside the prover without passing in `priorAccountUpdates`.'
+        'Called `setKind()` outside the prover without passing in `priorAccountUpdates`.'
       );
       let myAccountUpdateId = isProver ? proverData.accountUpdate.id : id;
-      priorAccountUpdates ??= proverData.transaction.accountUpdates;
-      priorAccountUpdates = priorAccountUpdates.filter(
+      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = priorAccountUpdates?.toFlatList({
+        mutate: false,
+      });
+      priorAccountUpdatesFlat ??= proverData.transaction.accountUpdates;
+      priorAccountUpdatesFlat = priorAccountUpdatesFlat.filter(
         (a) => a.id !== myAccountUpdateId
       );
-      let priorAccountUpdatesFlat = CallForest.toFlatList(
-        priorAccountUpdates,
-        false
-      );
       let accountUpdate = [...priorAccountUpdatesFlat]
         .reverse()
         .find((body_) =>
@@ -1568,7 +1571,7 @@ const ProofAuthorization = {
   setLazyProof(
     accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
     proof: Omit<LazyProof, 'kind'>,
-    priorAccountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]
+    priorAccountUpdates: AccountUpdateLayout
   ) {
     this.setKind(accountUpdate, priorAccountUpdates);
     accountUpdate.authorization = {};

From f43dc3d3f634a8ea53ab9d291d416ba48e1b89dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 20:20:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1574/1786] throw error if layout doesn't match list length

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts |  1 +
 src/lib/mina.ts           | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          | 14 +++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 950817dac1..f663ebc1f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1805,6 +1805,7 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
         AccountUpdate,
         node.accountUpdate.value
       );
+      node.isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
       if (node.accountUpdate.useHash) {
         node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
       }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 376f5ba7bd..6d6c8c4d09 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -208,7 +208,6 @@ function createTransaction(
               tx.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(tx.accountUpdates, (a) =>
                 toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
               );
-              tx.layout.toConstantInPlace();
             });
           });
         } else {
@@ -229,6 +228,22 @@ function createTransaction(
   // CallForest.addCallers(accountUpdates);
   accountUpdates = CallForest.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
 
+  let otherAccountUpdates = currentTransaction
+    .get()
+    .layout.toFlatList({ mutate: true });
+
+  if (otherAccountUpdates.length !== accountUpdates.length) {
+    console.log(
+      'expected',
+      accountUpdates.map((a) => a.toPretty())
+    );
+    console.log(
+      'actual  ',
+      otherAccountUpdates.map((a) => a.toPretty())
+    );
+    throw Error('mismatch');
+  }
+
   try {
     // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
     for (let accountUpdate of accountUpdates) {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 666d11785c..b5d7f661d6 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import { assertStatePrecondition, cleanStatePrecondition } from './state.js';
 import {
   inAnalyze,
+  inCheckedComputation,
   inCompile,
   inProver,
   snarkContext,
@@ -244,7 +245,6 @@ function wrapMethod(
           // => attach ours to the current list of account updates
           let accountUpdate = context.selfUpdate;
           Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
-          Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
 
           // first, clone to protect against the method modifying arguments!
           // TODO: double-check that this works on all possible inputs, e.g. CircuitValue, o1js primitives
@@ -301,6 +301,18 @@ function wrapMethod(
               Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout
             );
           }
+
+          // transfer layout from the smart contract context to the transaction
+          if (inCheckedComputation()) {
+            Provable.asProver(() => {
+              accountUpdate = Provable.toConstant(AccountUpdate, accountUpdate);
+              context.selfLayout.toConstantInPlace();
+            });
+          }
+          let txLayout = Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout;
+          txLayout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
+          txLayout.setChildren(accountUpdate, context.selfLayout.root.calls);
+
           return result;
         }
       } finally {

From 6da02d72348d550dd79178a3ea157497e0cc4bd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 20:46:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1575/1786] remove nested account updates from tx context

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts           | 34 +++++++----------------------
 src/lib/mina.ts                     | 23 ++-----------------
 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts |  1 -
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                    |  2 --
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f663ebc1f9..5ab281e77d 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1003,17 +1003,14 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (isSameAsFeePayer) nonce++;
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
-    CallForest.forEachPredecessor(
-      currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates,
-      update as AccountUpdate,
-      (otherUpdate) => {
-        let shouldIncreaseNonce = otherUpdate.publicKey
-          .equals(publicKey)
-          .and(otherUpdate.tokenId.equals(tokenId))
-          .and(otherUpdate.body.incrementNonce);
-        if (shouldIncreaseNonce.toBoolean()) nonce++;
-      }
-    );
+    let layout = currentTransaction.get().layout;
+    layout.forEachPredecessor(update as AccountUpdate, (otherUpdate) => {
+      let shouldIncreaseNonce = otherUpdate.publicKey
+        .equals(publicKey)
+        .and(otherUpdate.tokenId.equals(tokenId))
+        .and(otherUpdate.body.incrementNonce);
+      if (shouldIncreaseNonce.toBoolean()) nonce++;
+    });
     return {
       nonce: UInt32.from(nonce),
       isSameAsFeePayer: Bool(isSameAsFeePayer),
@@ -1121,7 +1118,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
         self.label || 'Unlabeled'
       } > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     } else {
-      currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
       currentTransaction()?.layout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
       accountUpdate.label = `Mina.transaction() > AccountUpdate.create()`;
     }
@@ -1142,10 +1138,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       insideContract.this.self.approve(accountUpdate);
     } else {
       if (!currentTransaction.has()) return;
-      let updates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
-      if (!updates.find((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id)) {
-        updates.push(accountUpdate);
-      }
       currentTransaction.get().layout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
     }
   }
@@ -1153,17 +1145,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    * Disattach an account update from where it's currently located in the transaction
    */
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    // TODO duplicate logic
     accountUpdates()?.disattach(accountUpdate);
-    let siblings =
-      accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates ??
-      currentTransaction()?.accountUpdates;
-    if (siblings === undefined) return;
-    let i = siblings?.findIndex((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id);
-    if (i !== undefined && i !== -1) {
-      siblings!.splice(i, 1);
-    }
-    accountUpdate.parent === undefined;
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 6d6c8c4d09..9b1386e806 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -182,7 +182,6 @@ function createTransaction(
 
   let transactionId = currentTransaction.enter({
     sender,
-    accountUpdates: [],
     layout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
     fetchMode,
     isFinalRunOutsideCircuit,
@@ -205,9 +204,7 @@ function createTransaction(
             f();
             Provable.asProver(() => {
               let tx = currentTransaction.get();
-              tx.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(tx.accountUpdates, (a) =>
-                toConstant(AccountUpdate, a)
-              );
+              tx.layout.toConstantInPlace();
             });
           });
         } else {
@@ -223,27 +220,11 @@ function createTransaction(
     currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
     throw err;
   }
-  let accountUpdates = currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates;
-  // TODO: I'll be back
-  // CallForest.addCallers(accountUpdates);
-  accountUpdates = CallForest.toFlatList(accountUpdates);
 
-  let otherAccountUpdates = currentTransaction
+  let accountUpdates = currentTransaction
     .get()
     .layout.toFlatList({ mutate: true });
 
-  if (otherAccountUpdates.length !== accountUpdates.length) {
-    console.log(
-      'expected',
-      accountUpdates.map((a) => a.toPretty())
-    );
-    console.log(
-      'actual  ',
-      otherAccountUpdates.map((a) => a.toPretty())
-    );
-    throw Error('mismatch');
-  }
-
   try {
     // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
     for (let accountUpdate of accountUpdates) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
index e007079522..47c96a04fa 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ export { currentTransaction, CurrentTransaction, FetchMode };
 type FetchMode = 'fetch' | 'cached' | 'test';
 type CurrentTransaction = {
   sender?: PublicKey;
-  accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
   layout: AccountUpdateLayout;
   fetchMode: FetchMode;
   isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: boolean;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index b5d7f661d6..d0f88d7875 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@ function wrapMethod(
           let proverData = inProver() ? zkAppProver.getData() : undefined;
           let txId = Mina.currentTransaction.enter({
             sender: proverData?.transaction.feePayer.body.publicKey,
-            accountUpdates: [],
             // TODO could pass an update with the fee payer's content here? probably not bc it's not accessed
             layout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
             fetchMode: inProver() ? 'cached' : 'test',
@@ -244,7 +243,6 @@ function wrapMethod(
           // called smart contract at the top level, in a transaction!
           // => attach ours to the current list of account updates
           let accountUpdate = context.selfUpdate;
-          Mina.currentTransaction.get().accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
 
           // first, clone to protect against the method modifying arguments!
           // TODO: double-check that this works on all possible inputs, e.g. CircuitValue, o1js primitives

From 5c138eebc7d17e89776074794c6ede180aad4cc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 20:56:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1576/1786] put back some code that was premature to remove

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 5ab281e77d..2c14519443 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1146,6 +1146,14 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    */
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     accountUpdates()?.disattach(accountUpdate);
+
+    let siblings = accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates;
+    if (siblings === undefined) return;
+    let i = siblings?.findIndex((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id);
+    if (i !== undefined && i !== -1) {
+      siblings!.splice(i, 1);
+    }
+    accountUpdate.parent === undefined;
   }
 
   /**

From f96e6a9be2b4d0e982b08efe1364c8ad8b726694 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 21:10:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1577/1786] [no children] remove unnecessary logic in token
 contract

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 8 +-------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 4617e011c5..de46d0c4bc 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -148,13 +148,7 @@ function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
 
 function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
   let calls = accountUpdates()?.finalizeAndRemove(update);
-
-  // TODO remove once everything lives in `selfLayout`
-  AccountUpdate.unlink(update);
-
-  calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates, {
-    skipDummies: true,
-  });
+  calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.empty();
 
   return { accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update), calls };
 }

From 030646e4197894eab65462207486779c9d6ea5a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 22:08:42 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1578/1786] implement to public input w/o children

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                 | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts       |  7 +++--
 src/lib/mina.ts                           |  4 ++-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts | 23 ++++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 2c14519443..1a8061c140 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -52,12 +52,14 @@ import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import {
   accountUpdatesToCallForest,
   CallForest,
+  callForestHashGeneric,
   transactionCommitments,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import { isSmartContract } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { activeInstance } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import {
+  emptyHash,
   genericHash,
   MerkleList,
   MerkleListBase,
@@ -1045,9 +1047,32 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     }
   }
 
-  toPublicInput(): ZkappPublicInput {
+  toPublicInput({
+    accountUpdates,
+  }: {
+    accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
+  }): ZkappPublicInput {
     let accountUpdate = this.hash();
-    let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(this);
+
+    // collect this update's descendants
+    let descendants: AccountUpdate[] = [];
+    let callDepth = this.body.callDepth;
+    let i = accountUpdates.findIndex((a) => a.id === this.id);
+    assert(i !== -1, 'Account update not found in transaction');
+    for (i++; i < accountUpdates.length; i++) {
+      let update = accountUpdates[i];
+      if (update.body.callDepth <= callDepth) break;
+      descendants.push(update);
+    }
+
+    // call forest hash
+    let forest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(descendants, callDepth + 1);
+    let calls = callForestHashGeneric(
+      forest,
+      (a) => a.hash(),
+      Poseidon.hashWithPrefix,
+      emptyHash
+    );
     return { accountUpdate, calls };
   }
 
@@ -2350,7 +2375,7 @@ async function createZkappProof(
   }: LazyProof,
   { transaction, accountUpdate, index }: ZkappProverData
 ): Promise<Proof<ZkappPublicInput, Empty>> {
-  let publicInput = accountUpdate.toPublicInput();
+  let publicInput = accountUpdate.toPublicInput(transaction);
   let publicInputFields = MlFieldConstArray.to(
     ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput)
   );
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
index a280b22712..845cd25a48 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
@@ -71,9 +71,12 @@ function createAccountUpdate() {
   let otherAddress = PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey();
 
   let accountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(address);
-  accountUpdate.approve(AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress));
+  let otherUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress);
+  accountUpdate.approve(otherUpdate);
 
-  let publicInput = accountUpdate.toPublicInput();
+  let publicInput = accountUpdate.toPublicInput({
+    accountUpdates: [accountUpdate, otherUpdate],
+  });
 
   // create transaction JSON with the same accountUpdate structure, for ocaml version
   let tx = await Mina.transaction(() => {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 9b1386e806..b00075b40f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -427,9 +427,11 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 
         // TODO: verify account update even if the account doesn't exist yet, using a default initial account
         if (account !== undefined) {
+          let publicInput = update.toPublicInput(txn.transaction);
           await verifyAccountUpdate(
             account,
             update,
+            publicInput,
             commitments,
             this.proofsEnabled,
             this.getNetworkId()
@@ -1162,6 +1164,7 @@ function defaultNetworkState(): NetworkValue {
 async function verifyAccountUpdate(
   account: Account,
   accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+  publicInput: ZkappPublicInput,
   transactionCommitments: { commitment: bigint; fullCommitment: bigint },
   proofsEnabled: boolean,
   networkId: NetworkId
@@ -1243,7 +1246,6 @@ async function verifyAccountUpdate(
 
   if (accountUpdate.authorization.proof && proofsEnabled) {
     try {
-      let publicInput = accountUpdate.toPublicInput();
       let publicInputFields = ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput);
 
       let proof: JsonProof = {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 004a3f0940..0dc1f79a95 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ export {
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
   accountUpdatesToCallForest,
   callForestHash,
+  callForestHashGeneric,
   accountUpdateHash,
   feePayerHash,
   createFeePayer,
@@ -156,11 +157,25 @@ function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate) {
   return hashWithPrefix(prefixes.body, fields);
 }
 
-function callForestHash(forest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>): Field {
-  let stackHash = 0n;
+function callForestHash(forest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>): bigint {
+  return callForestHashGeneric(forest, accountUpdateHash, hashWithPrefix, 0n);
+}
+
+function callForestHashGeneric<A, F>(
+  forest: CallForest<A>,
+  hash: (a: A) => F,
+  hashWithPrefix: (prefix: string, input: F[]) => F,
+  emptyHash: F
+): F {
+  let stackHash = emptyHash;
   for (let callTree of [...forest].reverse()) {
-    let calls = callForestHash(callTree.children);
-    let treeHash = accountUpdateHash(callTree.accountUpdate);
+    let calls = callForestHashGeneric(
+      callTree.children,
+      hash,
+      hashWithPrefix,
+      emptyHash
+    );
+    let treeHash = hash(callTree.accountUpdate);
     let nodeHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
       treeHash,
       calls,

From 09922c05b24463e8a51165d80fdedf21605e3da9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 22:13:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1579/1786] [no children] refactor recursive diff

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index d0f88d7875..5994ff93e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1620,10 +1620,12 @@ function diffRecursive(
 ) {
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
-  let nChildren = input.children.accountUpdates.length;
+  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.calls.value;
+  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.calls.value;
+  let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
-    let inputChild = input.children.accountUpdates[i];
-    let child = prover.children.accountUpdates[i];
+    let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;
+    let child = proverChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;
     if (!inputChild || !child) return;
     diffRecursive(child, { transaction, index, accountUpdate: inputChild });
   }

From 1cbaa487651e6a3cb3781e0597aede793b36efb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 22:25:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1580/1786] remove AccountUpdate.children

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts      |   6 +-
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 286 +-----------------
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    |   7 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                              |  16 +-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 302 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
index b685c8610c..17c3d1bee0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
@@ -56,10 +56,8 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     receiverAddress: PublicKey,
     callback: Experimental.Callback<any>
   ) {
-    let senderAccountUpdate = this.approve(
-      callback,
-      AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren
-    );
+    // TODO use token contract methods for approve
+    let senderAccountUpdate = this.approve(callback);
     let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
     let negativeAmount = Int64.fromObject(
       senderAccountUpdate.body.balanceChange
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 1a8061c140..4044bb0723 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -616,18 +616,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   account: Account;
   network: Network;
   currentSlot: CurrentSlot;
-  children: {
-    callsType:
-      | { type: 'None' }
-      | { type: 'Witness' }
-      | { type: 'Equals'; value: Field }
-      | { type: 'WitnessEquals'; value: Field };
-    accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[];
-  } = {
-    callsType: { type: 'None' },
-    accountUpdates: [],
-  };
-  parent: AccountUpdate | undefined = undefined;
 
   private isSelf: boolean;
 
@@ -657,13 +645,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       accountUpdate.isSelf
     );
     cloned.lazyAuthorization = accountUpdate.lazyAuthorization;
-    cloned.children.callsType = accountUpdate.children.callsType;
-    cloned.children.accountUpdates = accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.map(
-      AccountUpdate.clone
-    );
     cloned.id = accountUpdate.id;
     cloned.label = accountUpdate.label;
-    cloned.parent = accountUpdate.parent;
     return cloned;
   }
 
@@ -812,12 +795,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   /**
    * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child of this and approves it.
    */
-  approve(
-    childUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    layout: AccountUpdatesLayout = AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren
-  ) {
+  approve(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
-    AccountUpdate.witnessChildren(childUpdate, layout, { skipCheck: true });
     accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, childUpdate);
   }
 
@@ -1077,27 +1056,9 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   }
 
   toPrettyLayout() {
-    let indent = 0;
-    let layout = '';
-    let i = 0;
-
-    let print = (a: AccountUpdate) => {
-      layout +=
-        ' '.repeat(indent) +
-        `AccountUpdate(${i}, ${a.label || '<no label>'}, ${
-          a.children.callsType.type
-        })` +
-        '\n';
-      i++;
-      indent += 2;
-      for (let child of a.children.accountUpdates) {
-        print(child);
-      }
-      indent -= 2;
-    };
-
-    print(this);
-    return layout;
+    let node = accountUpdates()?.get(this);
+    assert(node !== undefined, 'AccountUpdate not found in layout');
+    UnfinishedForest.print(node.calls);
   }
 
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
@@ -1171,14 +1132,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    */
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     accountUpdates()?.disattach(accountUpdate);
-
-    let siblings = accountUpdate.parent?.children.accountUpdates;
-    if (siblings === undefined) return;
-    let i = siblings?.findIndex((update) => update.id === accountUpdate.id);
-    if (i !== undefined && i !== -1) {
-      siblings!.splice(i, 1);
-    }
-    accountUpdate.parent === undefined;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1263,21 +1216,10 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   static toFields = Types.AccountUpdate.toFields;
   static toAuxiliary(a?: AccountUpdate) {
     let aux = Types.AccountUpdate.toAuxiliary(a);
-    let children: AccountUpdate['children'] = {
-      callsType: { type: 'None' },
-      accountUpdates: [],
-    };
     let lazyAuthorization = a && a.lazyAuthorization;
-    if (a) {
-      children.callsType = a.children.callsType;
-      children.accountUpdates = a.children.accountUpdates.map(
-        AccountUpdate.clone
-      );
-    }
-    let parent = a?.parent;
     let id = a?.id ?? Math.random();
     let label = a?.label ?? '';
-    return [{ lazyAuthorization, children, parent, id, label }, aux];
+    return [{ lazyAuthorization, id, label }, aux];
   }
   static toInput = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput;
   static empty() {
@@ -1308,72 +1250,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return Provable.witness(combinedType, compute);
   }
 
-  static witnessChildren(
-    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    childLayout: AccountUpdatesLayout,
-    options?: { skipCheck: boolean }
-  ) {
-    // just witness children's hash if childLayout === null
-    if (childLayout === AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren) {
-      accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
-      return;
-    }
-    if (childLayout === AccountUpdate.Layout.NoDelegation) {
-      accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
-      accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken.parentsOwnToken.assertFalse();
-      accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken.inheritFromParent.assertFalse();
-      return;
-    }
-    accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'None' };
-    let childArray: AccountUpdatesLayout[] =
-      typeof childLayout === 'number'
-        ? Array(childLayout).fill(AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren)
-        : childLayout;
-    let n = childArray.length;
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-      accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates[i] = AccountUpdate.witnessTree(
-        provable(null),
-        childArray[i],
-        () => ({
-          accountUpdate:
-            accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates[i] ?? AccountUpdate.dummy(),
-          result: null,
-        }),
-        options
-      ).accountUpdate;
-    }
-    if (n === 0) {
-      accountUpdate.children.callsType = {
-        type: 'Equals',
-        value: CallForest.emptyHash(),
-      };
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Like AccountUpdate.witness, but lets you specify a layout for the
-   * accountUpdate's children, which also get witnessed
-   */
-  static witnessTree<T>(
-    resultType: FlexibleProvable<T>,
-    childLayout: AccountUpdatesLayout,
-    compute: () => {
-      accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
-      result: T;
-    },
-    options?: { skipCheck: boolean }
-  ) {
-    // witness the root accountUpdate
-    let { accountUpdate, result } = AccountUpdate.witness(
-      resultType,
-      compute,
-      options
-    );
-    // witness child account updates
-    AccountUpdate.witnessChildren(accountUpdate, childLayout, options);
-    return { accountUpdate, result };
-  }
-
   /**
    * Describes the children of an account update, which are laid out in a tree.
    *
@@ -1597,37 +1473,6 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
     return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
   }
 
-  // TODO remove
-  static fromArray(
-    updates: AccountUpdate[],
-    { skipDummies = false } = {}
-  ): AccountUpdateForest {
-    if (skipDummies) return AccountUpdateForest.fromArraySkipDummies(updates);
-
-    let nodes = updates.map((update) => {
-      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray(update.children.accountUpdates);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
-    });
-    return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
-  }
-
-  private static fromArraySkipDummies(
-    updates: AccountUpdate[]
-  ): AccountUpdateForest {
-    let forest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
-
-    for (let update of [...updates].reverse()) {
-      let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update);
-      let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromArraySkipDummies(
-        update.children.accountUpdates
-      );
-      forest.pushIf(update.isDummy().not(), { accountUpdate, calls });
-    }
-
-    return forest;
-  }
-
   // TODO this comes from paranoia and might be removed later
   static assertConstant(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
@@ -1980,116 +1825,6 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   }
 }
 
-const CallForest = {
-  // similar to Mina_base.ZkappCommand.Call_forest.to_account_updates_list
-  // takes a list of accountUpdates, which each can have children, so they form a "forest" (list of trees)
-  // returns a flattened list, with `accountUpdate.body.callDepth` specifying positions in the forest
-  // also removes any "dummy" accountUpdates
-  toFlatList(
-    forest: AccountUpdate[],
-    mutate = true,
-    depth = 0
-  ): AccountUpdate[] {
-    let accountUpdates = [];
-    for (let accountUpdate of forest) {
-      if (accountUpdate.isDummy().toBoolean()) continue;
-      if (mutate) accountUpdate.body.callDepth = depth;
-      let children = accountUpdate.children.accountUpdates;
-      accountUpdates.push(
-        accountUpdate,
-        ...CallForest.toFlatList(children, mutate, depth + 1)
-      );
-    }
-    return accountUpdates;
-  },
-
-  // Mina_base.Zkapp_command.Digest.Forest.empty
-  emptyHash() {
-    return Field(0);
-  },
-
-  // similar to Mina_base.Zkapp_command.Call_forest.accumulate_hashes
-  // hashes a accountUpdate's children (and their children, and ...) to compute
-  // the `calls` field of ZkappPublicInput
-  hashChildren(update: AccountUpdate): Field {
-    if (!Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
-      return CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
-    }
-
-    let { callsType } = update.children;
-    // compute hash outside the circuit if callsType is "Witness"
-    // i.e., allowing accountUpdates with arbitrary children
-    if (callsType.type === 'Witness') {
-      return Provable.witness(Field, () => CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update));
-    }
-    if (callsType.type === 'WitnessEquals') {
-      return callsType.value;
-    }
-    let calls = CallForest.hashChildrenBase(update);
-    if (callsType.type === 'Equals') {
-      calls.assertEquals(callsType.value);
-    }
-    return calls;
-  },
-
-  hashChildrenBase({ children }: AccountUpdate) {
-    let stackHash = CallForest.emptyHash();
-    for (let accountUpdate of [...children.accountUpdates].reverse()) {
-      let calls = CallForest.hashChildren(accountUpdate);
-      let nodeHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
-        accountUpdate.hash(),
-        calls,
-      ]);
-      let newHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
-        nodeHash,
-        stackHash,
-      ]);
-      // skip accountUpdate if it's a dummy
-      stackHash = Provable.if(accountUpdate.isDummy(), stackHash, newHash);
-    }
-    return stackHash;
-  },
-
-  computeCallDepth(update: AccountUpdate) {
-    for (let callDepth = 0; ; callDepth++) {
-      if (update.parent === undefined) return callDepth;
-      update = update.parent;
-    }
-  },
-
-  map(updates: AccountUpdate[], map: (update: AccountUpdate) => AccountUpdate) {
-    let newUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
-    for (let update of updates) {
-      let newUpdate = map(update);
-      newUpdate.children.accountUpdates = CallForest.map(
-        update.children.accountUpdates,
-        map
-      );
-      newUpdates.push(newUpdate);
-    }
-    return newUpdates;
-  },
-
-  forEach(updates: AccountUpdate[], callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void) {
-    for (let update of updates) {
-      callback(update);
-      CallForest.forEach(update.children.accountUpdates, callback);
-    }
-  },
-
-  forEachPredecessor(
-    updates: AccountUpdate[],
-    update: AccountUpdate,
-    callback: (update: AccountUpdate) => void
-  ) {
-    let isPredecessor = true;
-    CallForest.forEach(updates, (otherUpdate) => {
-      if (otherUpdate.id === update.id) isPredecessor = false;
-      if (isPredecessor) callback(otherUpdate);
-    });
-  },
-};
-
 function createChildAccountUpdate(
   parent: AccountUpdate,
   childAddress: PublicKey,
@@ -2101,16 +1836,7 @@ function createChildAccountUpdate(
 }
 function makeChildAccountUpdate(parent: AccountUpdate, child: AccountUpdate) {
   child.body.callDepth = parent.body.callDepth + 1;
-  let wasChildAlready = parent.children.accountUpdates.find(
-    (update) => update.id === child.id
-  );
-  // add to our children if not already here
-  if (!wasChildAlready) {
-    parent.children.accountUpdates.push(child);
-    // remove the child from the top level list / its current parent
-    AccountUpdate.unlink(child);
-  }
-  child.parent = parent;
+  AccountUpdate.unlink(child);
 }
 
 // authorization
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index b49d6b8190..2c9c059946 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -72,15 +72,14 @@ update1.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.ParentsOwnToken;
 
 let update2 = AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress);
 update2.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+update2.body.callDepth = 1;
 
 let update3 = AccountUpdate.create(otherAddress, tokenId);
 update3.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
 update3.balanceChange = Int64.one;
+update3.body.callDepth = 2;
 
-update1.adopt(update2);
-update2.adopt(update3);
-
-let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromArray([update1]);
+let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray([update1, update2, update3]);
 
 await assert.rejects(
   () => Mina.transaction(sender, () => token.approveBase(forest)),
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 5994ff93e1..0826d944aa 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -351,7 +351,6 @@ function wrapMethod(
         let constantBlindingValue = blindingValue.toConstant();
         let accountUpdate = this.self;
         accountUpdate.body.callDepth = parentAccountUpdate.body.callDepth + 1;
-        accountUpdate.parent = parentAccountUpdate;
 
         let memoContext = {
           memoized: [],
@@ -431,11 +430,6 @@ function wrapMethod(
 
       // connect accountUpdate to our own. outside Provable.witness so compile knows the right structure when hashing children
       accountUpdate.body.callDepth = parentAccountUpdate.body.callDepth + 1;
-      accountUpdate.parent = parentAccountUpdate;
-      // beware: we don't include the callee's children in the caller circuit
-      // nothing is asserted about them -- it's the callee's task to check their children
-      accountUpdate.children.callsType = { type: 'Witness' };
-      parentAccountUpdate.children.accountUpdates.push(accountUpdate);
 
       insideContract.selfLayout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
       insideContract.selfLayout.setChildren(accountUpdate, children);
@@ -928,22 +922,16 @@ super.init();
    *
    * Under the hood, "approving" just means that the account update is made a child of the zkApp in the
    * tree of account updates that forms the transaction.
-   * The second parameter `layout` allows you to also make assertions about the approved update's _own_ children,
-   * by specifying a certain expected layout of children. See {@link AccountUpdate.Layout}.
    *
    * @param updateOrCallback
-   * @param layout
    * @returns The account update that was approved (needed when passing in a Callback)
    */
-  approve(
-    updateOrCallback: AccountUpdate | Callback<any>,
-    layout?: AccountUpdatesLayout
-  ) {
+  approve(updateOrCallback: AccountUpdate | Callback<any>) {
     let accountUpdate =
       updateOrCallback instanceof AccountUpdate
         ? updateOrCallback
         : Provable.witness(AccountUpdate, () => updateOrCallback.accountUpdate);
-    this.self.approve(accountUpdate, layout);
+    this.self.approve(accountUpdate);
     return accountUpdate;
   }
 

From e3a66d61b29eb64847e3caf0540df6ddcfbc707e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 22:32:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1581/1786] some cleanup

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts           | 46 -----------------------------
 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                    |  2 --
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 4044bb0723..9860a2619b 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ export {
   Token,
   CallForest,
   createChildAccountUpdate,
-  AccountUpdatesLayout,
   zkAppProver,
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
@@ -1250,45 +1249,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return Provable.witness(combinedType, compute);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Describes the children of an account update, which are laid out in a tree.
-   *
-   * The tree layout is described recursively by using a combination of `AccountUpdate.Layout.NoChildren`, `AccountUpdate.Layout.StaticChildren(...)` and `AccountUpdate.Layout.AnyChildren`.
-   * - `NoChildren` means an account update that can't have children
-   * - `AnyChildren` means an account update can have an arbitrary amount of children, which means you can't access those children in your circuit (because the circuit is static).
-   * - `StaticChildren` means the account update must have a certain static amount of children and expects as arguments a description of each of those children.
-   *   As a shortcut, you can also pass `StaticChildren` a number, which means it has that amount of children but no grandchildren.
-   *
-   * This is best understood by examples:
-   *
-   * ```ts
-   * let { NoChildren, AnyChildren, StaticChildren } = AccounUpdate.Layout;
-   *
-   * NoChildren                 // an account update with no children
-   * AnyChildren                // an account update with arbitrary children
-   * StaticChildren(NoChildren) // an account update with 1 child, which doesn't have children itself
-   * StaticChildren(1)          // shortcut for StaticChildren(NoChildren)
-   * StaticChildren(2)          // shortcut for StaticChildren(NoChildren, NoChildren)
-   * StaticChildren(0)          // equivalent to NoChildren
-   *
-   * // an update with 2 children, of which one has arbitrary children and the other has exactly 1 descendant
-   * StaticChildren(AnyChildren, StaticChildren(1))
-   * ```
-   */
-  static Layout = {
-    StaticChildren: ((...args: any[]) => {
-      if (args.length === 1 && typeof args[0] === 'number') return args[0];
-      if (args.length === 0) return 0;
-      return args;
-    }) as {
-      (n: number): AccountUpdatesLayout;
-      (...args: AccountUpdatesLayout[]): AccountUpdatesLayout;
-    },
-    NoChildren: 0,
-    AnyChildren: 'AnyChildren' as const,
-    NoDelegation: 'NoDelegation' as const,
-  };
-
   static get MayUseToken() {
     return {
       type: provablePure({ parentsOwnToken: Bool, inheritFromParent: Bool }),
@@ -1414,12 +1374,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   }
 }
 
-type AccountUpdatesLayout =
-  | number
-  | 'AnyChildren'
-  | 'NoDelegation'
-  | AccountUpdatesLayout[];
-
 // call forest stuff
 
 function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
index 47c96a04fa..d981384085 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
 import type { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 0826d944aa..57d841bd96 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { Gate, Pickles, ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
-  AccountUpdatesLayout,
   Authorization,
   Body,
   Events,
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ import {
   zkAppProver,
   ZkappPublicInput,
   LazyProof,
-  CallForest,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   SmartContractContext,
   AccountUpdateLayout,

From bfa8fc94fc1ddd771f01f856b4ef66c18ebfe9dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 22:33:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1582/1786] remove obsolete method

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 14 +++-----------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |  2 +-
 src/lib/token.test.ts                |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 9860a2619b..e2185e6166 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -664,11 +664,11 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof AccountUpdate) {
         accountLike.tokenId.assertEquals(id);
-        thisAccountUpdate.adopt(accountLike);
+        thisAccountUpdate.approve(accountLike);
       }
       if (accountLike instanceof PublicKey) {
         accountLike = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(accountLike, id);
-        thisAccountUpdate.adopt(accountLike);
+        thisAccountUpdate.approve(accountLike);
       }
       if (!accountLike.label)
         accountLike.label = `${
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     } else {
       receiver = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(to, this.body.tokenId);
       receiver.label = `${this.label ?? 'Unlabeled'}.send()`;
-      this.adopt(receiver);
+      this.approve(receiver);
     }
 
     // Sub the amount from the sender's account
@@ -799,14 +799,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, childUpdate);
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child of this.
-   */
-  adopt(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
-    accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, childUpdate);
-  }
-
   get balance() {
     let accountUpdate = this;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index de46d0c4bc..210b3d1a86 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       updates.data.get().forEach((update) => {
         let accountUpdate = update.element.accountUpdate.value.get();
-        this.self.adopt(accountUpdate);
+        this.approve(accountUpdate);
       });
     });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/token.test.ts b/src/lib/token.test.ts
index 961d20770e..e6c2ee1f5b 100644
--- a/src/lib/token.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/token.test.ts
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     amount: UInt64,
     senderAccountUpdate: AccountUpdate
   ) {
-    this.self.adopt(senderAccountUpdate);
+    this.approve(senderAccountUpdate);
     let negativeAmount = senderAccountUpdate.balanceChange;
     negativeAmount.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
     let tokenId = this.token.id;

From 9fe48d7f41a12c9401a98049be43351d8e569e91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 15:10:39 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1583/1786] refactor(mina.ts, mina-instance.ts): rename
 TransactionId interface to PendingTransaction

A simple rename from `TransactionId` to `PendingTransaction`. This
rename provides better clarity on what is returned after sending a
transaction.
---
 src/lib/mina.ts               | 8 ++++----
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 22c83fe9bb..50b5a7c083 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ export {
   LocalBlockchain,
   currentTransaction,
   Transaction,
-  TransactionId,
+  PendingTransaction,
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   transaction,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ setActiveInstance({
   },
 });
 
-interface TransactionId {
+interface PendingTransaction {
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
   hash(): string | undefined;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ type Transaction = {
   /**
    * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network.
    */
-  send(): Promise<TransactionId>;
+  send(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
 };
 
 const Transaction = {
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
     getNetworkState() {
       return networkState;
     },
-    async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId> {
+    async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction): Promise<PendingTransaction> {
       txn.sign();
 
       let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(txn.transaction);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index dbaba81b33..5d1529d645 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import type { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { UInt64, UInt32 } from '../int.js';
 import type { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from '../signature.js';
-import type { Transaction, TransactionId } from '../mina.js';
+import type { Transaction, PendingTransaction } from '../mina.js';
 import type { Account } from './account.js';
 import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
 import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ interface Mina {
    * @deprecated use {@link getNetworkConstants}
    */
   accountCreationFee(): UInt64;
-  sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<TransactionId>;
+  sendTransaction(transaction: Transaction): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
   fetchEvents: (
     publicKey: PublicKey,
     tokenId?: Field,

From 16553064dd711edf88faf208aac5bc31bae53fc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 16:11:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1584/1786] refactor(fetch.ts): add generic type support to
 FetchResponse and related functions to improve type safety

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index f1d39ef8b8..87616ddad7 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ async function fetchAccountInternal(
 }
 
 type FetchConfig = { timeout?: number };
-type FetchResponse = { data: any; errors?: any };
+type FetchResponse<TDataResponse = any> = { data: TDataResponse; errors?: any };
 type FetchError = {
   statusCode: number;
   statusText: string;
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ function removeJsonQuotes(json: string) {
 }
 
 // TODO it seems we're not actually catching most errors here
-async function makeGraphqlRequest(
+async function makeGraphqlRequest<TDataResponse = any>(
   query: string,
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint,
   fallbackEndpoints: string[],
@@ -1241,7 +1241,7 @@ async function makeGraphqlRequest(
         body,
         signal: controller.signal,
       });
-      return checkResponseStatus(response);
+      return checkResponseStatus<TDataResponse>(response);
     } finally {
       clearTimeouts();
     }
@@ -1284,9 +1284,11 @@ async function makeGraphqlRequest(
   ];
 }
 
-async function checkResponseStatus(
+async function checkResponseStatus<TDataResponse>(
   response: Response
-): Promise<[FetchResponse, undefined] | [undefined, FetchError]> {
+): Promise<
+  [FetchResponse<TDataResponse>, undefined] | [undefined, FetchError]
+> {
   if (response.ok) {
     let jsonResponse = await response.json();
     if (jsonResponse.errors && jsonResponse.errors.length > 0) {
@@ -1308,7 +1310,7 @@ async function checkResponseStatus(
         } as FetchError,
       ];
     }
-    return [jsonResponse as FetchResponse, undefined];
+    return [jsonResponse as FetchResponse<TDataResponse>, undefined];
   } else {
     return [
       undefined,

From 168a546578742d4ba21770c6c6a2cb49052fc3d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 18:37:53 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1585/1786] feat(fetch.ts, mina.ts): add missing properties to
 PendingTransaction

PendingTransaction adds the `data` and `errors` property in the Network
version. We now specify the properties inside `PendingTransaction` by
making data be return type of sendZkApp which is a `SendZkAppResponse`.

Also, this fixes a current bug where the `txnId` can be undefined when
executing the polling for requests.
---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++------
 src/lib/mina.ts  | 35 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 87616ddad7..78f85b1145 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import 'isomorphic-fetch';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { Actions, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
+import { Actions, TokenId, ZkappCommand } from './account_update.js';
 import { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from './signature.js';
 import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ export {
   fetchTransactionStatus,
   TransactionStatus,
   EventActionFilterOptions,
+  SendZkAppResponse,
   getCachedAccount,
   getCachedNetwork,
   getCachedActions,
@@ -488,15 +489,17 @@ const lastBlockQuery = `{
   }
 }`;
 
+type FailureReasonResponse = {
+  failures: string[];
+  index: number;
+}[];
+
 type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse = {
   bestChain: {
     transactions: {
       zkappCommands: {
         hash: string;
-        failureReason: {
-          failures: string[];
-          index: number;
-        }[];
+        failureReason: FailureReasonResponse;
       }[];
     };
   }[];
@@ -688,6 +691,17 @@ async function fetchTransactionStatus(
  */
 type TransactionStatus = 'INCLUDED' | 'PENDING' | 'UNKNOWN';
 
+type SendZkAppResponse = {
+  sendZkapp: {
+    zkapp: {
+      hash: string;
+      id: string;
+      zkappCommand: ZkappCommand;
+      failureReasons: FailureReasonResponse;
+    };
+  };
+};
+
 /**
  * Sends a zkApp command (transaction) to the specified GraphQL endpoint.
  */
@@ -696,7 +710,7 @@ function sendZkapp(
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint,
   { timeout = defaultTimeout } = {}
 ) {
-  return makeGraphqlRequest(
+  return makeGraphqlRequest<SendZkAppResponse>(
     sendZkappQuery(json),
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 50b5a7c083..4a4fa7660c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -88,12 +88,6 @@ setActiveInstance({
   },
 });
 
-interface PendingTransaction {
-  isSuccess: boolean;
-  wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
-  hash(): string | undefined;
-}
-
 type Transaction = {
   /**
    * Transaction structure used to describe a state transition on the Mina blockchain.
@@ -131,6 +125,17 @@ type Transaction = {
   send(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
 };
 
+type PendingTransaction = Pick<
+  Transaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty'
+> & {
+  isSuccess: boolean;
+  wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
+  hash(): string;
+  data?: Fetch.SendZkAppResponse;
+  errors?: string[];
+};
+
 const Transaction = {
   fromJSON(json: Types.Json.ZkappCommand): Transaction {
     let transaction = ZkappCommand.fromJSON(json);
@@ -517,6 +522,9 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       });
       return {
         isSuccess: true,
+        transaction: txn.transaction,
+        toJSON: txn.toJSON,
+        toPretty: txn.toPretty,
         wait: async (_options?: {
           maxAttempts?: number;
           interval?: number;
@@ -784,7 +792,7 @@ function Network(
         `getNetworkState: Could not fetch network state from graphql endpoint ${minaGraphqlEndpoint} outside of a transaction.`
       );
     },
-    async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
+    async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction): Promise<PendingTransaction> {
       txn.sign();
 
       verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
@@ -811,6 +819,9 @@ function Network(
         isSuccess,
         data: response?.data,
         errors,
+        transaction: txn.transaction,
+        toJSON: txn.toJSON,
+        toPretty: txn.toPretty,
         async wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }) {
           if (!isSuccess) {
             console.warn(
@@ -829,6 +840,13 @@ function Network(
             reject: (err: Error) => void | Error
           ) => {
             let txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
+            if (!txId) {
+              return reject(
+                new Error(
+                  `Transaction failed.\nCould not find the transaction hash.`
+                )
+              );
+            }
             let res;
             try {
               res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
@@ -862,7 +880,8 @@ function Network(
           return new Promise(executePoll);
         },
         hash() {
-          return response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
+          // TODO: compute this
+          return response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash!;
         },
       };
     },

From a48ec9a3a92e02ec0e08d4bfcc593a92d5d2162a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 18:47:35 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1586/1786] feat(fetch.ts): add type for `lastBlockQuery`

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 78f85b1145..a96783e57e 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ function accountCacheKey(
  * Fetches the last block on the Mina network.
  */
 async function fetchLastBlock(graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint) {
-  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<LastBlockQueryResponse>(
     lastBlockQuery,
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
@@ -451,6 +451,43 @@ async function fetchLastBlock(graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint) {
   return network;
 }
 
+type EpochData = {
+  ledger: {
+    hash: string;
+    totalCurrency: string;
+  };
+  seed: string;
+  startCheckpoint: string;
+  lockCheckpoint: string;
+  epochLength: string;
+};
+
+type LastBlockQueryResponse = {
+  bestChain: {
+    protocolState: {
+      blockchainState: {
+        snarkedLedgerHash: string;
+        stagedLedgerHash: string;
+        date: string;
+        utcDate: string;
+        stagedLedgerProofEmitted: boolean;
+      };
+      previousStateHash: string;
+      consensusState: {
+        blockHeight: string;
+        slotSinceGenesis: string;
+        slot: string;
+        nextEpochData: EpochData;
+        stakingEpochData: EpochData;
+        epochCount: string;
+        minWindowDensity: string;
+        totalCurrency: string;
+        epoch: string;
+      };
+    };
+  }[];
+};
+
 const lastBlockQuery = `{
   bestChain(maxLength: 1) {
     protocolState {

From 25bd926c1e1c3f97b80e4fe72f758f357b18e141 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 18:49:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1587/1786] feat(fetch.ts): add type for
 `lastBlockQueryFailure`

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index a96783e57e..ab7326c944 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -560,13 +560,14 @@ async function fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(
   blockLength: number,
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
 ) {
-  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
-    lastBlockQueryFailureCheck(blockLength),
-    graphqlEndpoint,
-    networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
-  );
+  let [resp, error] =
+    await makeGraphqlRequest<LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse>(
+      lastBlockQueryFailureCheck(blockLength),
+      graphqlEndpoint,
+      networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
+    );
   if (error) throw Error(`Error making GraphQL request: ${error.statusText}`);
-  let bestChain = resp?.data as LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse;
+  let bestChain = resp?.data;
   if (bestChain === undefined) {
     throw Error(
       'Failed to fetch the latest zkApp transaction status. The response data is undefined.'

From d1056373607be84580335cac911cf0e8cb71cb77 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 18:55:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1588/1786] feat(fetch.ts): add response type for
 'transactionStatus'

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index ab7326c944..e2dde219c8 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -695,6 +695,10 @@ function parseEpochData({
   };
 }
 
+type TransactionStatusQueryResponse = {
+  transactionStatus: TransactionStatus;
+};
+
 const transactionStatusQuery = (txId: string) => `query {
   transactionStatus(zkappTransaction:"${txId}")
 }`;
@@ -706,7 +710,7 @@ async function fetchTransactionStatus(
   txId: string,
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
 ): Promise<TransactionStatus> {
-  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<TransactionStatusQueryResponse>(
     transactionStatusQuery(txId),
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
@@ -791,24 +795,27 @@ function sendZkappQuery(json: string) {
 }
 `;
 }
-type FetchedEvents = {
-  blockInfo: {
-    distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
-    globalSlotSinceGenesis: number;
-    height: number;
-    stateHash: string;
-    parentHash: string;
-    chainStatus: string;
-  };
-  eventData: {
-    transactionInfo: {
-      hash: string;
-      memo: string;
-      status: string;
+type EventQueryResponse = {
+  events: {
+    blockInfo: {
+      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
+      globalSlotSinceGenesis: number;
+      height: number;
+      stateHash: string;
+      parentHash: string;
+      chainStatus: string;
     };
-    data: string[];
+    eventData: {
+      transactionInfo: {
+        hash: string;
+        memo: string;
+        status: string;
+      };
+      data: string[];
+    }[];
   }[];
 };
+
 type FetchedActions = {
   blockInfo: {
     distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
@@ -933,7 +940,7 @@ async function fetchEvents(
       'fetchEvents: Specified GraphQL endpoint is undefined. Please specify a valid endpoint.'
     );
   const { publicKey, tokenId } = accountInfo;
-  let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+  let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<EventQueryResponse>(
     getEventsQuery(
       publicKey,
       tokenId ?? TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default),
@@ -943,7 +950,7 @@ async function fetchEvents(
     networkConfig.archiveFallbackEndpoints
   );
   if (error) throw Error(error.statusText);
-  let fetchedEvents = response?.data.events as FetchedEvents[];
+  let fetchedEvents = response?.data.events;
   if (fetchedEvents === undefined) {
     throw Error(
       `Failed to fetch events data. Account: ${publicKey} Token: ${tokenId}`

From 82c491318aa3a3e3d114072fc11b461150cead31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 19:00:34 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1589/1786] refactor(fetch.ts): remove temporary fix for
 fetching event/action data from any block at the best tip

This change was made because the issue https://github.com/o1-labs/Archive-Node-API/issues/7 has been resolved, making the temporary fix redundant.
---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 38 --------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index e2dde219c8..50edbe9e40 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -957,25 +957,6 @@ async function fetchEvents(
     );
   }
 
-  // TODO: This is a temporary fix. We should be able to fetch the event/action data from any block at the best tip.
-  // Once https://github.com/o1-labs/Archive-Node-API/issues/7 is resolved, we can remove this.
-  // If we have multiple blocks returned at the best tip (e.g. distanceFromMaxBlockHeight === 0),
-  // then filter out the blocks at the best tip. This is because we cannot guarantee that every block
-  // at the best tip will have the correct event data or guarantee that the specific block data will not
-  // fork in anyway. If this happens, we delay fetching event data until another block has been added to the network.
-  let numberOfBestTipBlocks = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < fetchedEvents.length; i++) {
-    if (fetchedEvents[i].blockInfo.distanceFromMaxBlockHeight === 0) {
-      numberOfBestTipBlocks++;
-    }
-    if (numberOfBestTipBlocks > 1) {
-      fetchedEvents = fetchedEvents.filter((event) => {
-        return event.blockInfo.distanceFromMaxBlockHeight !== 0;
-      });
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
   return fetchedEvents.map((event) => {
     let events = event.eventData.map(({ data, transactionInfo }) => {
       return {
@@ -1028,25 +1009,6 @@ async function fetchActions(
     };
   }
 
-  // TODO: This is a temporary fix. We should be able to fetch the event/action data from any block at the best tip.
-  // Once https://github.com/o1-labs/Archive-Node-API/issues/7 is resolved, we can remove this.
-  // If we have multiple blocks returned at the best tip (e.g. distanceFromMaxBlockHeight === 0),
-  // then filter out the blocks at the best tip. This is because we cannot guarantee that every block
-  // at the best tip will have the correct action data or guarantee that the specific block data will not
-  // fork in anyway. If this happens, we delay fetching action data until another block has been added to the network.
-  let numberOfBestTipBlocks = 0;
-  for (let i = 0; i < fetchedActions.length; i++) {
-    if (fetchedActions[i].blockInfo.distanceFromMaxBlockHeight === 0) {
-      numberOfBestTipBlocks++;
-    }
-    if (numberOfBestTipBlocks > 1) {
-      fetchedActions = fetchedActions.filter((action) => {
-        return action.blockInfo.distanceFromMaxBlockHeight !== 0;
-      });
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
   let actionsList: { actions: string[][]; hash: string }[] = [];
   // correct for archive node sending one block too many
   if (

From e77dd4f48670108ba36b0185b9c6ee8ec6647052 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 19:01:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1590/1786] feat(fetch.ts): add type for 'getActions'

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 50edbe9e40..b362762aa7 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -816,17 +816,19 @@ type EventQueryResponse = {
   }[];
 };
 
-type FetchedActions = {
-  blockInfo: {
-    distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
-  };
-  actionState: {
-    actionStateOne: string;
-    actionStateTwo: string;
-  };
-  actionData: {
-    accountUpdateId: string;
-    data: string[];
+type ActionQueryResponse = {
+  actions: {
+    blockInfo: {
+      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
+    };
+    actionState: {
+      actionStateOne: string;
+      actionStateTwo: string;
+    };
+    actionData: {
+      accountUpdateId: string;
+      data: string[];
+    }[];
   }[];
 };
 
@@ -993,13 +995,13 @@ async function fetchActions(
     actionStates,
     tokenId = TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default),
   } = accountInfo;
-  let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+  let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<ActionQueryResponse>(
     getActionsQuery(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId),
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.archiveFallbackEndpoints
   );
   if (error) throw Error(error.statusText);
-  let fetchedActions = response?.data.actions as FetchedActions[];
+  let fetchedActions = response?.data.actions;
   if (fetchedActions === undefined) {
     return {
       error: {

From fa4208c551bca84de5106583a7f87238666ac2d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2024 19:42:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1591/1786] refactor(graphql.ts): add a graphql module under
 mina dir

Adds graphql.ts which is a module to hold all response type and graphql
query resources when interacting with the mina daemon graphql. We remove
these from fetch.ts as fetch was starting to get bloated and harder to
read. This aims to be a refactor that offers a cleaner seperation of
concerns between the graphql resources and the actual requests being
sent
---
 src/index.ts                  |   2 +-
 src/lib/fetch.ts              | 365 ++-------------------------------
 src/lib/mina.ts               |  13 +-
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts       | 369 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts |   3 +-
 5 files changed, 401 insertions(+), 351 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 485d2dcfdf..d927fff65f 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export {
   TransactionVersion,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
-export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/fetch.js';
+export type { TransactionStatus } from './lib/mina/graphql.js';
 export {
   fetchAccount,
   fetchLastBlock,
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index b362762aa7..b74003242b 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,25 @@ import {
   parseFetchedAccount,
   PartialAccount,
 } from './mina/account.js';
+import {
+  type LastBlockQueryResponse,
+  type GenesisConstants,
+  type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse,
+  type FetchedBlock,
+  type TransactionStatus,
+  type TransactionStatusQueryResponse,
+  type EventQueryResponse,
+  type ActionQueryResponse,
+  type EventActionFilterOptions,
+  type SendZkAppResponse,
+  sendZkappQuery,
+  lastBlockQuery,
+  lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
+  transactionStatusQuery,
+  getEventsQuery,
+  getActionsQuery,
+  genesisConstantsQuery,
+} from './mina/graphql.js';
 
 export {
   fetchAccount,
@@ -27,9 +46,6 @@ export {
   markActionsToBeFetched,
   fetchMissingData,
   fetchTransactionStatus,
-  TransactionStatus,
-  EventActionFilterOptions,
-  SendZkAppResponse,
   getCachedAccount,
   getCachedNetwork,
   getCachedActions,
@@ -42,13 +58,13 @@ export {
   setArchiveGraphqlEndpoint,
   setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
   setLightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
-  sendZkappQuery,
   sendZkapp,
   removeJsonQuotes,
   fetchEvents,
   fetchActions,
   Lightnet,
   type GenesisConstants,
+  type ActionStatesStringified,
 };
 
 type NetworkConfig = {
@@ -220,16 +236,6 @@ type FetchError = {
 type ActionStatesStringified = {
   [K in keyof ActionStates]: string;
 };
-type GenesisConstants = {
-  genesisTimestamp: string;
-  coinbase: number;
-  accountCreationFee: number;
-  epochDuration: number;
-  k: number;
-  slotDuration: number;
-  slotsPerEpoch: number;
-};
-
 // Specify 5min as the default timeout
 const defaultTimeout = 5 * 60 * 1000;
 
@@ -451,111 +457,6 @@ async function fetchLastBlock(graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint) {
   return network;
 }
 
-type EpochData = {
-  ledger: {
-    hash: string;
-    totalCurrency: string;
-  };
-  seed: string;
-  startCheckpoint: string;
-  lockCheckpoint: string;
-  epochLength: string;
-};
-
-type LastBlockQueryResponse = {
-  bestChain: {
-    protocolState: {
-      blockchainState: {
-        snarkedLedgerHash: string;
-        stagedLedgerHash: string;
-        date: string;
-        utcDate: string;
-        stagedLedgerProofEmitted: boolean;
-      };
-      previousStateHash: string;
-      consensusState: {
-        blockHeight: string;
-        slotSinceGenesis: string;
-        slot: string;
-        nextEpochData: EpochData;
-        stakingEpochData: EpochData;
-        epochCount: string;
-        minWindowDensity: string;
-        totalCurrency: string;
-        epoch: string;
-      };
-    };
-  }[];
-};
-
-const lastBlockQuery = `{
-  bestChain(maxLength: 1) {
-    protocolState {
-      blockchainState {
-        snarkedLedgerHash
-        stagedLedgerHash
-        date
-        utcDate
-        stagedLedgerProofEmitted
-      }
-      previousStateHash
-      consensusState {
-        blockHeight
-        slotSinceGenesis
-        slot
-        nextEpochData {
-          ledger {hash totalCurrency}
-          seed
-          startCheckpoint
-          lockCheckpoint
-          epochLength
-        }
-        stakingEpochData {
-          ledger {hash totalCurrency}
-          seed
-          startCheckpoint
-          lockCheckpoint
-          epochLength
-        }
-        epochCount
-        minWindowDensity
-        totalCurrency
-        epoch
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}`;
-
-type FailureReasonResponse = {
-  failures: string[];
-  index: number;
-}[];
-
-type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse = {
-  bestChain: {
-    transactions: {
-      zkappCommands: {
-        hash: string;
-        failureReason: FailureReasonResponse;
-      }[];
-    };
-  }[];
-};
-
-const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = (length: number) => `{
-  bestChain(maxLength: ${length}) {
-    transactions {
-      zkappCommands {
-        hash
-        failureReason {
-          failures
-          index
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}`;
-
 async function fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(
   blockLength: number,
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
@@ -608,48 +509,6 @@ async function checkZkappTransaction(txnId: string, blockLength = 20) {
   };
 }
 
-type FetchedBlock = {
-  protocolState: {
-    blockchainState: {
-      snarkedLedgerHash: string; // hash-like encoding
-      stagedLedgerHash: string; // hash-like encoding
-      date: string; // String(Date.now())
-      utcDate: string; // String(Date.now())
-      stagedLedgerProofEmitted: boolean; // bool
-    };
-    previousStateHash: string; // hash-like encoding
-    consensusState: {
-      blockHeight: string; // String(number)
-      slotSinceGenesis: string; // String(number)
-      slot: string; // String(number)
-      nextEpochData: {
-        ledger: {
-          hash: string; // hash-like encoding
-          totalCurrency: string; // String(number)
-        };
-        seed: string; // hash-like encoding
-        startCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
-        lockCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
-        epochLength: string; // String(number)
-      };
-      stakingEpochData: {
-        ledger: {
-          hash: string; // hash-like encoding
-          totalCurrency: string; // String(number)
-        };
-        seed: string; // hash-like encoding
-        startCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
-        lockCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
-        epochLength: string; // String(number)
-      };
-      epochCount: string; // String(number)
-      minWindowDensity: string; // String(number)
-      totalCurrency: string; // String(number)
-      epoch: string; // String(number)
-    };
-  };
-};
-
 function parseFetchedBlock({
   protocolState: {
     blockchainState: { snarkedLedgerHash, utcDate },
@@ -695,14 +554,6 @@ function parseEpochData({
   };
 }
 
-type TransactionStatusQueryResponse = {
-  transactionStatus: TransactionStatus;
-};
-
-const transactionStatusQuery = (txId: string) => `query {
-  transactionStatus(zkappTransaction:"${txId}")
-}`;
-
 /**
  * Fetches the status of a transaction.
  */
@@ -723,27 +574,6 @@ async function fetchTransactionStatus(
   return txStatus as TransactionStatus;
 }
 
-/**
- * INCLUDED: A transaction that is on the longest chain
- *
- * PENDING: A transaction either in the transition frontier or in transaction pool but is not on the longest chain
- *
- * UNKNOWN: The transaction has either been snarked, reached finality through consensus or has been dropped
- *
- */
-type TransactionStatus = 'INCLUDED' | 'PENDING' | 'UNKNOWN';
-
-type SendZkAppResponse = {
-  sendZkapp: {
-    zkapp: {
-      hash: string;
-      id: string;
-      zkappCommand: ZkappCommand;
-      failureReasons: FailureReasonResponse;
-    };
-  };
-};
-
 /**
  * Sends a zkApp command (transaction) to the specified GraphQL endpoint.
  */
@@ -762,161 +592,6 @@ function sendZkapp(
   );
 }
 
-// TODO: Decide an appropriate response structure.
-function sendZkappQuery(json: string) {
-  return `mutation {
-  sendZkapp(input: {
-    zkappCommand: ${removeJsonQuotes(json)}
-  }) {
-    zkapp {
-      hash
-      id
-      failureReason {
-        failures
-        index
-      }
-      zkappCommand {
-        memo
-        feePayer {
-          body {
-            publicKey
-          }
-        }
-        accountUpdates {
-          body {
-            publicKey
-            useFullCommitment
-            incrementNonce
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-`;
-}
-type EventQueryResponse = {
-  events: {
-    blockInfo: {
-      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
-      globalSlotSinceGenesis: number;
-      height: number;
-      stateHash: string;
-      parentHash: string;
-      chainStatus: string;
-    };
-    eventData: {
-      transactionInfo: {
-        hash: string;
-        memo: string;
-        status: string;
-      };
-      data: string[];
-    }[];
-  }[];
-};
-
-type ActionQueryResponse = {
-  actions: {
-    blockInfo: {
-      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
-    };
-    actionState: {
-      actionStateOne: string;
-      actionStateTwo: string;
-    };
-    actionData: {
-      accountUpdateId: string;
-      data: string[];
-    }[];
-  }[];
-};
-
-type EventActionFilterOptions = {
-  to?: UInt32;
-  from?: UInt32;
-};
-
-const getEventsQuery = (
-  publicKey: string,
-  tokenId: string,
-  filterOptions?: EventActionFilterOptions
-) => {
-  const { to, from } = filterOptions ?? {};
-  let input = `address: "${publicKey}", tokenId: "${tokenId}"`;
-  if (to !== undefined) {
-    input += `, to: ${to}`;
-  }
-  if (from !== undefined) {
-    input += `, from: ${from}`;
-  }
-  return `{
-  events(input: { ${input} }) {
-    blockInfo {
-      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight
-      height
-      globalSlotSinceGenesis
-      stateHash
-      parentHash
-      chainStatus
-    }
-    eventData {
-      transactionInfo {
-        hash
-        memo
-        status
-      }
-      data
-    }
-  }
-}`;
-};
-const getActionsQuery = (
-  publicKey: string,
-  actionStates: ActionStatesStringified,
-  tokenId: string,
-  _filterOptions?: EventActionFilterOptions
-) => {
-  const { fromActionState, endActionState } = actionStates ?? {};
-  let input = `address: "${publicKey}", tokenId: "${tokenId}"`;
-  if (fromActionState !== undefined) {
-    input += `, fromActionState: "${fromActionState}"`;
-  }
-  if (endActionState !== undefined) {
-    input += `, endActionState: "${endActionState}"`;
-  }
-  return `{
-  actions(input: { ${input} }) {
-    blockInfo {
-      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight
-    }
-    actionState {
-      actionStateOne
-      actionStateTwo
-    }
-    actionData {
-      accountUpdateId
-      data
-    }
-  }
-}`;
-};
-const genesisConstantsQuery = `{
-    genesisConstants {
-      genesisTimestamp
-      coinbase
-      accountCreationFee
-    }
-    daemonStatus {
-      consensusConfiguration {
-        epochDuration
-        k
-        slotDuration
-        slotsPerEpoch
-      }
-    }
-  }`;
-
 /**
  * Asynchronously fetches event data for an account from the Mina Archive Node GraphQL API.
  * @async
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 4a4fa7660c..a110fc3776 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ import {
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import {
+  type EventActionFilterOptions,
+  type SendZkAppResponse,
+  sendZkappQuery,
+} from './mina/graphql.js';
 
 export {
   createTransaction,
@@ -132,7 +137,7 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   isSuccess: boolean;
   wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
   hash(): string;
-  data?: Fetch.SendZkAppResponse;
+  data?: SendZkAppResponse;
   errors?: string[];
 };
 
@@ -298,7 +303,7 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
       return ZkappCommand.toPretty(self.transaction);
     },
     toGraphqlQuery() {
-      return Fetch.sendZkappQuery(self.toJSON());
+      return sendZkappQuery(self.toJSON());
     },
     async send() {
       try {
@@ -902,7 +907,7 @@ function Network(
     async fetchEvents(
       publicKey: PublicKey,
       tokenId: Field = TokenId.default,
-      filterOptions: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions = {}
+      filterOptions: EventActionFilterOptions = {}
     ) {
       let pubKey = publicKey.toBase58();
       let token = TokenId.toBase58(tokenId);
@@ -1123,7 +1128,7 @@ async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
 async function fetchEvents(
   publicKey: PublicKey,
   tokenId: Field,
-  filterOptions: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions = {}
+  filterOptions: EventActionFilterOptions = {}
 ) {
   return await activeInstance.fetchEvents(publicKey, tokenId, filterOptions);
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a5ca944842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+import { ActionStatesStringified, removeJsonQuotes } from '../fetch.js';
+import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import { ZkappCommand } from '../account_update.js';
+
+export {
+  type EpochData,
+  type LastBlockQueryResponse,
+  type GenesisConstants,
+  type FailureReasonResponse,
+  type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse,
+  type FetchedBlock,
+  type TransactionStatus,
+  type TransactionStatusQueryResponse,
+  type EventQueryResponse,
+  type ActionQueryResponse,
+  type EventActionFilterOptions,
+  type SendZkAppResponse,
+  getEventsQuery,
+  getActionsQuery,
+  sendZkappQuery,
+  transactionStatusQuery,
+  lastBlockQuery,
+  lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
+  genesisConstantsQuery,
+};
+
+type GenesisConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: string;
+  coinbase: number;
+  accountCreationFee: number;
+  epochDuration: number;
+  k: number;
+  slotDuration: number;
+  slotsPerEpoch: number;
+};
+
+type EpochData = {
+  ledger: {
+    hash: string;
+    totalCurrency: string;
+  };
+  seed: string;
+  startCheckpoint: string;
+  lockCheckpoint: string;
+  epochLength: string;
+};
+
+type LastBlockQueryResponse = {
+  bestChain: {
+    protocolState: {
+      blockchainState: {
+        snarkedLedgerHash: string;
+        stagedLedgerHash: string;
+        date: string;
+        utcDate: string;
+        stagedLedgerProofEmitted: boolean;
+      };
+      previousStateHash: string;
+      consensusState: {
+        blockHeight: string;
+        slotSinceGenesis: string;
+        slot: string;
+        nextEpochData: EpochData;
+        stakingEpochData: EpochData;
+        epochCount: string;
+        minWindowDensity: string;
+        totalCurrency: string;
+        epoch: string;
+      };
+    };
+  }[];
+};
+
+type FailureReasonResponse = {
+  failures: string[];
+  index: number;
+}[];
+
+type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse = {
+  bestChain: {
+    transactions: {
+      zkappCommands: {
+        hash: string;
+        failureReason: FailureReasonResponse;
+      }[];
+    };
+  }[];
+};
+
+type FetchedBlock = {
+  protocolState: {
+    blockchainState: {
+      snarkedLedgerHash: string; // hash-like encoding
+      stagedLedgerHash: string; // hash-like encoding
+      date: string; // String(Date.now())
+      utcDate: string; // String(Date.now())
+      stagedLedgerProofEmitted: boolean; // bool
+    };
+    previousStateHash: string; // hash-like encoding
+    consensusState: {
+      blockHeight: string; // String(number)
+      slotSinceGenesis: string; // String(number)
+      slot: string; // String(number)
+      nextEpochData: {
+        ledger: {
+          hash: string; // hash-like encoding
+          totalCurrency: string; // String(number)
+        };
+        seed: string; // hash-like encoding
+        startCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
+        lockCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
+        epochLength: string; // String(number)
+      };
+      stakingEpochData: {
+        ledger: {
+          hash: string; // hash-like encoding
+          totalCurrency: string; // String(number)
+        };
+        seed: string; // hash-like encoding
+        startCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
+        lockCheckpoint: string; // hash-like encoding
+        epochLength: string; // String(number)
+      };
+      epochCount: string; // String(number)
+      minWindowDensity: string; // String(number)
+      totalCurrency: string; // String(number)
+      epoch: string; // String(number)
+    };
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * INCLUDED: A transaction that is on the longest chain
+ *
+ * PENDING: A transaction either in the transition frontier or in transaction pool but is not on the longest chain
+ *
+ * UNKNOWN: The transaction has either been snarked, reached finality through consensus or has been dropped
+ *
+ */
+type TransactionStatus = 'INCLUDED' | 'PENDING' | 'UNKNOWN';
+
+type TransactionStatusQueryResponse = {
+  transactionStatus: TransactionStatus;
+};
+
+type SendZkAppResponse = {
+  sendZkapp: {
+    zkapp: {
+      hash: string;
+      id: string;
+      zkappCommand: ZkappCommand;
+      failureReasons: FailureReasonResponse;
+    };
+  };
+};
+
+type EventQueryResponse = {
+  events: {
+    blockInfo: {
+      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
+      globalSlotSinceGenesis: number;
+      height: number;
+      stateHash: string;
+      parentHash: string;
+      chainStatus: string;
+    };
+    eventData: {
+      transactionInfo: {
+        hash: string;
+        memo: string;
+        status: string;
+      };
+      data: string[];
+    }[];
+  }[];
+};
+
+type ActionQueryResponse = {
+  actions: {
+    blockInfo: {
+      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight: number;
+    };
+    actionState: {
+      actionStateOne: string;
+      actionStateTwo: string;
+    };
+    actionData: {
+      accountUpdateId: string;
+      data: string[];
+    }[];
+  }[];
+};
+
+type EventActionFilterOptions = {
+  to?: UInt32;
+  from?: UInt32;
+};
+
+const transactionStatusQuery = (txId: string) => `query {
+    transactionStatus(zkappTransaction:"${txId}")
+  }`;
+
+const getEventsQuery = (
+  publicKey: string,
+  tokenId: string,
+  filterOptions?: EventActionFilterOptions
+) => {
+  const { to, from } = filterOptions ?? {};
+  let input = `address: "${publicKey}", tokenId: "${tokenId}"`;
+  if (to !== undefined) {
+    input += `, to: ${to}`;
+  }
+  if (from !== undefined) {
+    input += `, from: ${from}`;
+  }
+  return `{
+  events(input: { ${input} }) {
+    blockInfo {
+      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight
+      height
+      globalSlotSinceGenesis
+      stateHash
+      parentHash
+      chainStatus
+    }
+    eventData {
+      transactionInfo {
+        hash
+        memo
+        status
+      }
+      data
+    }
+  }
+}`;
+};
+
+const getActionsQuery = (
+  publicKey: string,
+  actionStates: ActionStatesStringified,
+  tokenId: string,
+  _filterOptions?: EventActionFilterOptions
+) => {
+  const { fromActionState, endActionState } = actionStates ?? {};
+  let input = `address: "${publicKey}", tokenId: "${tokenId}"`;
+  if (fromActionState !== undefined) {
+    input += `, fromActionState: "${fromActionState}"`;
+  }
+  if (endActionState !== undefined) {
+    input += `, endActionState: "${endActionState}"`;
+  }
+  return `{
+  actions(input: { ${input} }) {
+    blockInfo {
+      distanceFromMaxBlockHeight
+    }
+    actionState {
+      actionStateOne
+      actionStateTwo
+    }
+    actionData {
+      accountUpdateId
+      data
+    }
+  }
+}`;
+};
+
+const genesisConstantsQuery = `{
+    genesisConstants {
+      genesisTimestamp
+      coinbase
+      accountCreationFee
+    }
+    daemonStatus {
+      consensusConfiguration {
+        epochDuration
+        k
+        slotDuration
+        slotsPerEpoch
+      }
+    }
+  }`;
+
+const lastBlockQuery = `{
+  bestChain(maxLength: 1) {
+    protocolState {
+      blockchainState {
+        snarkedLedgerHash
+        stagedLedgerHash
+        date
+        utcDate
+        stagedLedgerProofEmitted
+      }
+      previousStateHash
+      consensusState {
+        blockHeight
+        slotSinceGenesis
+        slot
+        nextEpochData {
+          ledger {hash totalCurrency}
+          seed
+          startCheckpoint
+          lockCheckpoint
+          epochLength
+        }
+        stakingEpochData {
+          ledger {hash totalCurrency}
+          seed
+          startCheckpoint
+          lockCheckpoint
+          epochLength
+        }
+        epochCount
+        minWindowDensity
+        totalCurrency
+        epoch
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}`;
+
+const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = (length: number) => `{
+  bestChain(maxLength: ${length}) {
+    transactions {
+      zkappCommands {
+        hash
+        failureReason {
+          failures
+          index
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}`;
+
+// TODO: Decide an appropriate response structure.
+function sendZkappQuery(json: string) {
+  return `mutation {
+  sendZkapp(input: {
+    zkappCommand: ${removeJsonQuotes(json)}
+  }) {
+    zkapp {
+      hash
+      id
+      failureReason {
+        failures
+        index
+      }
+      zkappCommand {
+        memo
+        feePayer {
+          body {
+            publicKey
+          }
+        }
+        accountUpdates {
+          body {
+            publicKey
+            useFullCommitment
+            incrementNonce
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+`;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index 5d1529d645..0d7b8029f0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import type { Account } from './account.js';
 import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
 import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
 import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import { type EventActionFilterOptions } from '././../mina/graphql.js';
 
 export {
   Mina,
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ interface Mina {
   fetchEvents: (
     publicKey: PublicKey,
     tokenId?: Field,
-    filterOptions?: Fetch.EventActionFilterOptions
+    filterOptions?: EventActionFilterOptions
   ) => ReturnType<typeof Fetch.fetchEvents>;
   fetchActions: (
     publicKey: PublicKey,

From 202116e1078a3d7a85657fbf8f689fd86ea85fff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 10:55:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1592/1786] make unfinished tree a class

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 236 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 129 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index e2185e6166..47456378fd 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   toPrettyLayout() {
     let node = accountUpdates()?.get(this);
     assert(node !== undefined, 'AccountUpdate not found in layout');
-    UnfinishedForest.print(node.calls);
+    node.calls.print();
   }
 
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
@@ -1459,83 +1459,57 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
  */
-type UnfinishedForest = HashOrValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
+type UnfinishedForestBase = HashOrValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
+type UnfinishedForestPlain = UnfinishedForestCommon &
+  PlainValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
+type UnfinishedForestHashed = UnfinishedForestCommon &
+  UseHash<UnfinishedTree[]>;
 
 type UnfinishedTree = {
   accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
   isDummy: Bool;
   // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
-  readonly calls: UnfinishedForest;
-  siblings?: UnfinishedForest;
+  readonly calls: UnfinishedForestCommon;
+  siblings?: UnfinishedForestCommon;
 };
-type UseHash<T> = { readonly useHash: true; hash: Field; readonly value: T };
-type PlainValue<T> = { readonly useHash: false; value: T };
-type HashOrValue<T> = UseHash<T> | PlainValue<T>;
+type UseHash<T> = { hash: Field; value: T };
+type PlainValue<T> = { hash?: undefined; value: T };
+type HashOrValue<T> = { hash?: Field; value: T };
 
-const UnfinishedForest = {
-  empty(): PlainValue<UnfinishedTree[]> {
-    return { useHash: false, value: [] };
-  },
-
-  setHash(forest: UnfinishedForest, hash: Field): UseHash<UnfinishedTree[]> {
-    return Object.assign(forest, { useHash: true as const, hash });
-  },
-
-  witnessHash(forest: UnfinishedForest): UseHash<UnfinishedTree[]> {
-    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => {
-      return UnfinishedForest.finalize(forest).hash;
-    });
-    return UnfinishedForest.setHash(forest, hash);
-  },
+class UnfinishedForestCommon implements UnfinishedForestBase {
+  hash?: Field;
+  value: UnfinishedTree[]; // TODO: make private
 
-  push(
-    forest: UnfinishedForest,
-    accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-    children?: UnfinishedForest
-  ) {
-    forest.value.push({
-      accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: accountUpdate },
-      isDummy: accountUpdate.isDummy(),
-      calls: children ?? UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-      siblings: forest,
-    });
-  },
-
-  pushTree(forest: UnfinishedForest, tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
-    let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
-    });
-    forest.value.push({
-      accountUpdate: { useHash: true, hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
-      isDummy: Bool(false),
-      calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
-      siblings: forest,
-    });
-  },
+  usesHash(): this is UnfinishedForestHashed {
+    return this.hash !== undefined;
+  }
+  mutable(): this is UnfinishedForest {
+    return this instanceof UnfinishedForest && this.hash === undefined;
+  }
 
-  remove(forest: UnfinishedForest, accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    // find account update by .id
-    let index = forest.value.findIndex(
-      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
-    );
+  constructor(value: UnfinishedTree[], hash?: Field) {
+    this.value = value;
+    this.hash = hash;
+  }
 
-    // nothing to do if it's not there
-    if (index === -1) return;
+  setHash(hash: Field): UnfinishedForestHashed {
+    this.hash = hash;
+    return this as any; // TODO?
+  }
 
-    // remove it
-    forest.value.splice(index, 1);
-  },
+  witnessHash(): UnfinishedForestHashed {
+    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => this.finalize().hash);
+    return this.setHash(hash);
+  }
 
-  fromForest(
+  static fromForest(
     forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
     recursiveCall = false
-  ): UnfinishedForest {
+  ): UnfinishedForestCommon {
     let unfinished = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       unfinished.value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
         accountUpdate: {
-          useHash: true,
           hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant(),
           value: tree.accountUpdate.value.get(),
         },
@@ -1545,34 +1519,34 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
       }));
     });
     if (!recursiveCall) {
-      Object.assign(unfinished, { useHash: true, hash: forest.hash });
+      unfinished.setHash(forest.hash);
     }
     return unfinished;
-  },
+  }
 
-  finalize(forest: UnfinishedForest): AccountUpdateForest {
-    if (forest.useHash) {
+  finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
+    if (this.usesHash()) {
       let data = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
-        UnfinishedForest.finalize({ ...forest, useHash: false }).data.get()
+        new UnfinishedForest(this.value).finalize().data.get()
       );
-      return new AccountUpdateForest({ hash: forest.hash, data });
+      return new AccountUpdateForest({ hash: this.hash, data });
     }
 
     // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
-    let nodes = forest.value.map(toTree);
+    let nodes = this.value.map(toTree);
     let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
 
     for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
       finalForest.pushIf(isDummy.not(), tree);
     }
     return finalForest;
-  },
+  }
 
-  print(forest: UnfinishedForest) {
+  print() {
     let indent = 0;
     let layout = '';
 
-    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
+    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForestBase) => {
       indent += 2;
       for (let tree of a.value) {
         layout +=
@@ -1584,56 +1558,99 @@ const UnfinishedForest = {
       indent -= 2;
     };
 
-    toPretty(forest);
+    toPretty(this);
     console.log(layout);
-  },
+  }
 
-  toFlatList(
-    forest: UnfinishedForest,
-    mutate = true,
-    depth = 0
-  ): AccountUpdate[] {
+  toFlatList(mutate = true, depth = 0): AccountUpdate[] {
     let flatUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
-    for (let node of forest.value) {
+    for (let node of this.value) {
       if (node.isDummy.toBoolean()) continue;
       let update = node.accountUpdate.value;
       if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
-      let children = UnfinishedForest.toFlatList(node.calls, mutate, depth + 1);
+      let children = node.calls.toFlatList(mutate, depth + 1);
       flatUpdates.push(update, ...children);
     }
     return flatUpdates;
-  },
+  }
 
-  toConstantInPlace(forest: UnfinishedForest) {
-    for (let node of forest.value) {
+  toConstantInPlace() {
+    for (let node of this.value) {
       // `as any` to override readonly - this method is explicit about its mutability
       (node.accountUpdate as any).value = Provable.toConstant(
         AccountUpdate,
         node.accountUpdate.value
       );
       node.isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
-      if (node.accountUpdate.useHash) {
+      if (node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined) {
         node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
       }
-      UnfinishedForest.toConstantInPlace(node.calls);
+      node.calls.toConstantInPlace();
     }
-    if (forest.useHash) {
-      forest.hash = forest.hash.toConstant();
+    if (this.usesHash()) {
+      this.hash = this.hash.toConstant();
     }
-  },
-};
+  }
+}
+
+class UnfinishedForest
+  extends UnfinishedForestCommon
+  implements UnfinishedForestPlain
+{
+  hash?: undefined;
+  value: UnfinishedTree[];
+
+  static empty() {
+    return new UnfinishedForest([]);
+  }
+
+  push(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate, children?: UnfinishedForest) {
+    this.value.push({
+      accountUpdate: { value: accountUpdate },
+      isDummy: accountUpdate.isDummy(),
+      calls: children ?? UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      siblings: this,
+    });
+  }
+
+  pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
+    let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
+    });
+    this.value.push({
+      accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
+      isDummy: Bool(false),
+      calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+      siblings: this,
+    });
+  }
+
+  remove(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    // find account update by .id
+    let index = this.value.findIndex(
+      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
+    );
+
+    // nothing to do if it's not there
+    if (index === -1) return;
+
+    // remove it
+    this.value.splice(index, 1);
+  }
+}
 
 function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
-  let accountUpdate = node.accountUpdate.useHash
-    ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
-        node.accountUpdate.hash,
-        Unconstrained.witness(() =>
-          Provable.toConstant(AccountUpdate, node.accountUpdate.value)
+  let accountUpdate =
+    node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined
+      ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
+          node.accountUpdate.hash,
+          Unconstrained.witness(() =>
+            Provable.toConstant(AccountUpdate, node.accountUpdate.value)
+          )
         )
-      )
-    : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
-
-  let calls = UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
+      : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
+  let calls = node.calls.finalize();
   return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
@@ -1667,7 +1684,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     this.map = new Map();
     root ??= AccountUpdate.dummy();
     let rootTree: UnfinishedTree = {
-      accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: root },
+      accountUpdate: { value: root },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
@@ -1689,7 +1706,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     let node = this.map.get(update.id);
     if (node !== undefined) return node;
     node = {
-      accountUpdate: { useHash: false, value: update },
+      accountUpdate: { value: update },
       isDummy: update.isDummy(),
       calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
@@ -1715,14 +1732,15 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   setChildren(
     parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
-    children: AccountUpdateForest | UnfinishedForest
+    children: AccountUpdateForest | UnfinishedForestCommon
   ) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
-    // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.children, it must stay the same reference
-    // so we mutate it in place
+
     if (children instanceof AccountUpdateForest) {
       children = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
     }
+    // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.children, it must stay the same reference
+    // so we mutate it in place
     Object.assign(parentNode.calls, children);
   }
 
@@ -1733,7 +1751,11 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   disattach(update: AccountUpdate) {
     let node = this.get(update);
     if (node?.siblings === undefined) return;
-    UnfinishedForest.remove(node.siblings, update);
+    assert(
+      node.siblings.mutable(),
+      'Cannot disattach from an immutable layout'
+    );
+    node.siblings.remove(update);
     node.siblings = undefined;
   }
 
@@ -1741,18 +1763,18 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     let node = this.get(update);
     if (node === undefined) return;
     this.disattach(update);
-    return UnfinishedForest.finalize(node.calls);
+    return node.calls.finalize();
   }
 
   finalizeChildren() {
-    let final = UnfinishedForest.finalize(this.root.calls);
+    let final = this.root.calls.finalize();
     this.final = final;
     AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(final);
     return final;
   }
 
   toFlatList({ mutate }: { mutate: boolean }) {
-    return UnfinishedForest.toFlatList(this.root.calls, mutate);
+    return this.root.calls.toFlatList(mutate);
   }
 
   forEachPredecessor(
@@ -1767,7 +1789,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   }
 
   toConstantInPlace() {
-    UnfinishedForest.toConstantInPlace(this.root.calls);
+    this.root.calls.toConstantInPlace();
   }
 }
 

From a55136957c997e1fbc73cdcede9a33fc1011a977 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 10:58:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1593/1786] move smart contract context

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 21 ---------------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 47456378fd..b3ea598824 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1654,27 +1654,6 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
   return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
-const SmartContractContext = {
-  enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    let context: SmartContractContext = {
-      this: self,
-      selfUpdate,
-      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(selfUpdate),
-    };
-    let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
-    return { id, context };
-  },
-  leave(id: number) {
-    smartContractContext.leave(id);
-  },
-  stepOutside() {
-    return smartContractContext.enter(null);
-  },
-  get() {
-    return smartContractContext.get();
-  },
-};
-
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
   readonly map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
   readonly root: UnfinishedTree;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 57d841bd96..cf1d9e8cde 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,10 @@ import { Cache } from './proof-system/cache.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
-import { accountUpdates } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
+import {
+  accountUpdates,
+  smartContractContext,
+} from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -1458,6 +1461,27 @@ type ExecutionState = {
   accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
 };
 
+const SmartContractContext = {
+  enter(self: SmartContract, selfUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    let context: SmartContractContext = {
+      this: self,
+      selfUpdate,
+      selfLayout: new AccountUpdateLayout(selfUpdate),
+    };
+    let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
+    return { id, context };
+  },
+  leave(id: number) {
+    smartContractContext.leave(id);
+  },
+  stepOutside() {
+    return smartContractContext.enter(null);
+  },
+  get() {
+    return smartContractContext.get();
+  },
+};
+
 type DeployArgs =
   | {
       verificationKey?: { data: string; hash: string | Field };

From a4c22163780ec5f94f22745c5e7f2c1777a008b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 10:59:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1594/1786] finish moving smart contract context

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 2 --
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index b3ea598824..827a64c3d4 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ import {
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 import {
   accountUpdates,
-  SmartContractContext,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
@@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ export {
   AccountUpdateLayout,
   hashAccountUpdate,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
-  SmartContractContext,
 };
 
 const TransactionVersion = {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index cf1d9e8cde..aa32403f11 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   LazyProof,
   AccountUpdateForest,
-  SmartContractContext,
   AccountUpdateLayout,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
@@ -61,6 +60,7 @@ import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import {
+  SmartContractContext,
   accountUpdates,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';

From 70302c8a5246c36d4ee94668b22f601b50854ca5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 11:21:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1595/1786] play with ensuring invariants more strongly

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 50 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  5 ++--
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 827a64c3d4..ea28897455 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1474,11 +1474,11 @@ type UseHash<T> = { hash: Field; value: T };
 type PlainValue<T> = { hash?: undefined; value: T };
 type HashOrValue<T> = { hash?: Field; value: T };
 
-class UnfinishedForestCommon implements UnfinishedForestBase {
+class UnfinishedForestCommon {
   hash?: Field;
-  value: UnfinishedTree[]; // TODO: make private
+  private value: UnfinishedTree[]; // TODO: make private
 
-  usesHash(): this is UnfinishedForestHashed {
+  usesHash(): this is { hash: Field } & UnfinishedForestCommon {
     return this.hash !== undefined;
   }
   mutable(): this is UnfinishedForest {
@@ -1544,7 +1544,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon implements UnfinishedForestBase {
     let indent = 0;
     let layout = '';
 
-    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForestBase) => {
+    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForestCommon) => {
       indent += 2;
       for (let tree of a.value) {
         layout +=
@@ -1591,24 +1591,27 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon implements UnfinishedForestBase {
   }
 }
 
-class UnfinishedForest
-  extends UnfinishedForestCommon
-  implements UnfinishedForestPlain
-{
+class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
   hash?: undefined;
-  value: UnfinishedTree[];
 
   static empty() {
     return new UnfinishedForest([]);
   }
 
-  push(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate, children?: UnfinishedForest) {
-    this.value.push({
-      accountUpdate: { value: accountUpdate },
-      isDummy: accountUpdate.isDummy(),
-      calls: children ?? UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-      siblings: this,
-    });
+  private getValue(): UnfinishedTree[] {
+    // don't know how to do this differently, but this perfectly protects our invariant:
+    // only mutable forests can be modified
+    return (this as any).value;
+  }
+
+  push(node: UnfinishedTree) {
+    if (node.siblings === this) return;
+    assert(
+      node.siblings === undefined,
+      'Cannot push node that already has a parent.'
+    );
+    node.siblings = this;
+    this.getValue().push(node);
   }
 
   pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
@@ -1616,7 +1619,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
     });
-    this.value.push({
+    this.getValue().push({
       accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
@@ -1626,7 +1629,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest
 
   remove(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     // find account update by .id
-    let index = this.value.findIndex(
+    let index = this.getValue().findIndex(
       (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
     );
 
@@ -1634,7 +1637,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest
     if (index === -1) return;
 
     // remove it
-    this.value.splice(index, 1);
+    this.getValue().splice(index, 1);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1694,13 +1697,8 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
     let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child);
-    if (childNode.siblings === parentNode.calls) return;
-    assert(
-      childNode.siblings === undefined,
-      'AccountUpdateLayout.pushChild(): child already has another parent.'
-    );
-    childNode.siblings = parentNode.calls;
-    parentNode.calls.value.push(childNode);
+    assert(parentNode.calls.mutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable layout');
+    parentNode.calls.push(childNode);
   }
 
   pushTopLevel(child: AccountUpdate) {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index aa32403f11..7aeb218a7b 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1630,8 +1630,9 @@ function diffRecursive(
 ) {
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
-  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.calls.value;
-  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.calls.value;
+  // TODO
+  let inputChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.calls as any).value;
+  let proverChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.calls as any).value;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
     let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;

From ef9c18c932af39e53d80542fd745cf34a9c07003 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 11:31:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1596/1786] rename calls to children

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 34 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index ea28897455..74118046ce 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   toPrettyLayout() {
     let node = accountUpdates()?.get(this);
     assert(node !== undefined, 'AccountUpdate not found in layout');
-    node.calls.print();
+    node.children.print();
   }
 
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
@@ -1467,7 +1467,7 @@ type UnfinishedTree = {
   accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
   isDummy: Bool;
   // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
-  readonly calls: UnfinishedForestCommon;
+  readonly children: UnfinishedForestCommon;
   siblings?: UnfinishedForestCommon;
 };
 type UseHash<T> = { hash: Field; value: T };
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
           value: tree.accountUpdate.value.get(),
         },
         isDummy: Bool(false),
-        calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls, true),
+        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls, true),
         siblings: unfinished,
       }));
     });
@@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
           ' '.repeat(indent) +
           `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
           '\n';
-        toPretty(tree.calls);
+        toPretty(tree.children);
       }
       indent -= 2;
     };
@@ -1566,7 +1566,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
       if (node.isDummy.toBoolean()) continue;
       let update = node.accountUpdate.value;
       if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
-      let children = node.calls.toFlatList(mutate, depth + 1);
+      let children = node.children.toFlatList(mutate, depth + 1);
       flatUpdates.push(update, ...children);
     }
     return flatUpdates;
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
       if (node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined) {
         node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
       }
-      node.calls.toConstantInPlace();
+      node.children.toConstantInPlace();
     }
     if (this.usesHash()) {
       this.hash = this.hash.toConstant();
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
     this.getValue().push({
       accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
-      calls: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
       siblings: this,
     });
   }
@@ -1651,7 +1651,7 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
           )
         )
       : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
-  let calls = node.calls.finalize();
+  let calls = node.children.finalize();
   return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     let rootTree: UnfinishedTree = {
       accountUpdate: { value: root },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
-      calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
     this.map.set(root.id, rootTree);
     this.root = rootTree;
@@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     node = {
       accountUpdate: { value: update },
       isDummy: update.isDummy(),
-      calls: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
     this.map.set(update.id, node);
     return node;
@@ -1697,8 +1697,8 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
     let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child);
-    assert(parentNode.calls.mutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable layout');
-    parentNode.calls.push(childNode);
+    assert(parentNode.children.mutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable layout');
+    parentNode.children.push(childNode);
   }
 
   pushTopLevel(child: AccountUpdate) {
@@ -1716,7 +1716,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     }
     // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.children, it must stay the same reference
     // so we mutate it in place
-    Object.assign(parentNode.calls, children);
+    Object.assign(parentNode.children, children);
   }
 
   setTopLevel(children: AccountUpdateForest) {
@@ -1738,18 +1738,18 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     let node = this.get(update);
     if (node === undefined) return;
     this.disattach(update);
-    return node.calls.finalize();
+    return node.children.finalize();
   }
 
   finalizeChildren() {
-    let final = this.root.calls.finalize();
+    let final = this.root.children.finalize();
     this.final = final;
     AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(final);
     return final;
   }
 
   toFlatList({ mutate }: { mutate: boolean }) {
-    return this.root.calls.toFlatList(mutate);
+    return this.root.children.toFlatList(mutate);
   }
 
   forEachPredecessor(
@@ -1764,7 +1764,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   }
 
   toConstantInPlace() {
-    this.root.calls.toConstantInPlace();
+    this.root.children.toConstantInPlace();
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 7aeb218a7b..5629f6ed45 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
           }
           let txLayout = Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout;
           txLayout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
-          txLayout.setChildren(accountUpdate, context.selfLayout.root.calls);
+          txLayout.setChildren(accountUpdate, context.selfLayout.root.children);
 
           return result;
         }
@@ -1631,8 +1631,8 @@ function diffRecursive(
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
   // TODO
-  let inputChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.calls as any).value;
-  let proverChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.calls as any).value;
+  let inputChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children as any).value;
+  let proverChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children as any).value;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
     let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;

From c03554bbed5e3f12fde4946ed1f5eb5d7e308794 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 12:03:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1597/1786] start refactoring unfinished forest

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 101 ++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 74118046ce..300347363c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1457,53 +1457,52 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
  */
-type UnfinishedForestBase = HashOrValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
-type UnfinishedForestPlain = UnfinishedForestCommon &
-  PlainValue<UnfinishedTree[]>;
-type UnfinishedForestHashed = UnfinishedForestCommon &
-  UseHash<UnfinishedTree[]>;
+type UnfinishedForestFinal = { final: AccountUpdateForest } & UnfinishedForest;
+type UnfinishedForestMutable = {
+  final?: undefined;
+  value: UnfinishedTree[];
+} & UnfinishedForest;
 
 type UnfinishedTree = {
   accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
   isDummy: Bool;
   // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
-  readonly children: UnfinishedForestCommon;
-  siblings?: UnfinishedForestCommon;
+  readonly children: UnfinishedForest;
+  siblings?: UnfinishedForest;
 };
-type UseHash<T> = { hash: Field; value: T };
-type PlainValue<T> = { hash?: undefined; value: T };
 type HashOrValue<T> = { hash?: Field; value: T };
 
-class UnfinishedForestCommon {
-  hash?: Field;
-  private value: UnfinishedTree[]; // TODO: make private
+class UnfinishedForest {
+  final?: AccountUpdateForest;
+  readonly value: readonly Readonly<UnfinishedTree>[]; // TODO: make private
 
-  usesHash(): this is { hash: Field } & UnfinishedForestCommon {
-    return this.hash !== undefined;
+  isFinal(): this is UnfinishedForestFinal {
+    return this.final !== undefined;
   }
-  mutable(): this is UnfinishedForest {
-    return this instanceof UnfinishedForest && this.hash === undefined;
+  isMutable(): this is UnfinishedForestMutable {
+    return this.final === undefined;
   }
 
-  constructor(value: UnfinishedTree[], hash?: Field) {
+  constructor(value: UnfinishedTree[], final?: AccountUpdateForest) {
     this.value = value;
-    this.hash = hash;
+    this.final = final;
   }
 
-  setHash(hash: Field): UnfinishedForestHashed {
-    this.hash = hash;
-    return this as any; // TODO?
+  setFinal(final: AccountUpdateForest): UnfinishedForestFinal {
+    return Object.assign(this, { final });
   }
 
-  witnessHash(): UnfinishedForestHashed {
-    let hash = Provable.witness(Field, () => this.finalize().hash);
-    return this.setHash(hash);
+  witnessHash(): UnfinishedForestFinal {
+    let final = Provable.witness(AccountUpdateForest.provable, () =>
+      this.finalize()
+    );
+    return this.setFinal(final);
   }
 
   static fromForest(
     forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
     recursiveCall = false
-  ): UnfinishedForestCommon {
+  ): UnfinishedForest {
     let unfinished = UnfinishedForest.empty();
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       unfinished.value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
@@ -1517,17 +1516,14 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
       }));
     });
     if (!recursiveCall) {
-      unfinished.setHash(forest.hash);
+      unfinished.setFinal(new AccountUpdateForest(forest));
     }
     return unfinished;
   }
 
   finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
-    if (this.usesHash()) {
-      let data = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
-        new UnfinishedForest(this.value).finalize().data.get()
-      );
-      return new AccountUpdateForest({ hash: this.hash, data });
+    if (this.isFinal()) {
+      return this.final;
     }
 
     // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
@@ -1537,6 +1533,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
     for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
       finalForest.pushIf(isDummy.not(), tree);
     }
+    this.setFinal(finalForest);
     return finalForest;
   }
 
@@ -1544,7 +1541,7 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
     let indent = 0;
     let layout = '';
 
-    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForestCommon) => {
+    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
       indent += 2;
       for (let tree of a.value) {
         layout +=
@@ -1575,33 +1572,23 @@ class UnfinishedForestCommon {
   toConstantInPlace() {
     for (let node of this.value) {
       // `as any` to override readonly - this method is explicit about its mutability
-      (node.accountUpdate as any).value = Provable.toConstant(
+      node.accountUpdate.value = Provable.toConstant(
         AccountUpdate,
         node.accountUpdate.value
       );
-      node.isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
+      (node as any).isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
       if (node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined) {
         node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
       }
       node.children.toConstantInPlace();
     }
-    if (this.usesHash()) {
-      this.hash = this.hash.toConstant();
+    if (this.isFinal()) {
+      this.final.hash = this.final.hash.toConstant();
     }
   }
-}
-
-class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
-  hash?: undefined;
 
-  static empty() {
-    return new UnfinishedForest([]);
-  }
-
-  private getValue(): UnfinishedTree[] {
-    // don't know how to do this differently, but this perfectly protects our invariant:
-    // only mutable forests can be modified
-    return (this as any).value;
+  static empty(): UnfinishedForestMutable {
+    return new UnfinishedForest([]) as any;
   }
 
   push(node: UnfinishedTree) {
@@ -1611,7 +1598,8 @@ class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
       'Cannot push node that already has a parent.'
     );
     node.siblings = this;
-    this.getValue().push(node);
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
+    this.value.push(node);
   }
 
   pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
@@ -1619,7 +1607,8 @@ class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
     });
-    this.getValue().push({
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
+    this.value.push({
       accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
@@ -1629,7 +1618,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
 
   remove(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
     // find account update by .id
-    let index = this.getValue().findIndex(
+    let index = this.value.findIndex(
       (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
     );
 
@@ -1637,7 +1626,8 @@ class UnfinishedForest extends UnfinishedForestCommon {
     if (index === -1) return;
 
     // remove it
-    this.getValue().splice(index, 1);
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
+    this.value.splice(index, 1);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1697,7 +1687,6 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
     let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child);
-    assert(parentNode.children.mutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable layout');
     parentNode.children.push(childNode);
   }
 
@@ -1707,7 +1696,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   setChildren(
     parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
-    children: AccountUpdateForest | UnfinishedForestCommon
+    children: AccountUpdateForest | UnfinishedForest
   ) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
 
@@ -1726,10 +1715,6 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   disattach(update: AccountUpdate) {
     let node = this.get(update);
     if (node?.siblings === undefined) return;
-    assert(
-      node.siblings.mutable(),
-      'Cannot disattach from an immutable layout'
-    );
     node.siblings.remove(update);
     node.siblings = undefined;
   }

From f48955a24c682f8deaf0925f083314e80554814b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 12:30:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1598/1786] reorder stuff

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 152 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 300347363c..0063e7395f 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1488,10 +1488,30 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     this.final = final;
   }
 
-  setFinal(final: AccountUpdateForest): UnfinishedForestFinal {
+  static empty(): UnfinishedForestMutable {
+    return new UnfinishedForest([]) as any;
+  }
+
+  private setFinal(final: AccountUpdateForest): UnfinishedForestFinal {
     return Object.assign(this, { final });
   }
 
+  finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
+    if (this.isFinal()) {
+      return this.final;
+    }
+
+    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
+    let nodes = this.value.map(toTree);
+    let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
+
+    for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
+      finalForest.pushIf(isDummy.not(), tree);
+    }
+    this.setFinal(finalForest);
+    return finalForest;
+  }
+
   witnessHash(): UnfinishedForestFinal {
     let final = Provable.witness(AccountUpdateForest.provable, () =>
       this.finalize()
@@ -1499,6 +1519,45 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     return this.setFinal(final);
   }
 
+  push(node: UnfinishedTree) {
+    if (node.siblings === this) return;
+    assert(
+      node.siblings === undefined,
+      'Cannot push node that already has a parent.'
+    );
+    node.siblings = this;
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
+    this.value.push(node);
+  }
+
+  pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
+    let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
+    Provable.asProver(() => {
+      value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
+    });
+    this.value.push({
+      accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
+      isDummy: Bool(false),
+      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+      siblings: this,
+    });
+  }
+
+  remove(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
+    // find account update by .id
+    let index = this.value.findIndex(
+      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
+    );
+
+    // nothing to do if it's not there
+    if (index === -1) return;
+
+    // remove it
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
+    this.value.splice(index, 1);
+  }
+
   static fromForest(
     forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
     recursiveCall = false
@@ -1521,42 +1580,6 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     return unfinished;
   }
 
-  finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
-    if (this.isFinal()) {
-      return this.final;
-    }
-
-    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
-    let nodes = this.value.map(toTree);
-    let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
-
-    for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
-      finalForest.pushIf(isDummy.not(), tree);
-    }
-    this.setFinal(finalForest);
-    return finalForest;
-  }
-
-  print() {
-    let indent = 0;
-    let layout = '';
-
-    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
-      indent += 2;
-      for (let tree of a.value) {
-        layout +=
-          ' '.repeat(indent) +
-          `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
-          '\n';
-        toPretty(tree.children);
-      }
-      indent -= 2;
-    };
-
-    toPretty(this);
-    console.log(layout);
-  }
-
   toFlatList(mutate = true, depth = 0): AccountUpdate[] {
     let flatUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
     for (let node of this.value) {
@@ -1587,47 +1610,24 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     }
   }
 
-  static empty(): UnfinishedForestMutable {
-    return new UnfinishedForest([]) as any;
-  }
-
-  push(node: UnfinishedTree) {
-    if (node.siblings === this) return;
-    assert(
-      node.siblings === undefined,
-      'Cannot push node that already has a parent.'
-    );
-    node.siblings = this;
-    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
-    this.value.push(node);
-  }
-
-  pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
-    let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
-    });
-    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
-    this.value.push({
-      accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
-      isDummy: Bool(false),
-      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
-      siblings: this,
-    });
-  }
-
-  remove(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    // find account update by .id
-    let index = this.value.findIndex(
-      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
-    );
+  print() {
+    let indent = 0;
+    let layout = '';
 
-    // nothing to do if it's not there
-    if (index === -1) return;
+    let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
+      indent += 2;
+      for (let tree of a.value) {
+        layout +=
+          ' '.repeat(indent) +
+          `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
+          '\n';
+        toPretty(tree.children);
+      }
+      indent -= 2;
+    };
 
-    // remove it
-    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
-    this.value.splice(index, 1);
+    toPretty(this);
+    console.log(layout);
   }
 }
 

From b7a74c41509539dda22cd0ba0873857ad80ffdeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 12:55:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1599/1786] tweak remove

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 17 +++++++----------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 0063e7395f..f7571553e9 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1497,11 +1497,8 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 
   finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
-    if (this.isFinal()) {
-      return this.final;
-    }
+    if (this.isFinal()) return this.final;
 
-    // not using the hash means we calculate it in-circuit
     let nodes = this.value.map(toTree);
     let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
 
@@ -1530,6 +1527,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     this.value.push(node);
   }
 
+  // TODO this isn't quite right
   pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
     let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
@@ -1544,10 +1542,10 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     });
   }
 
-  remove(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    // find account update by .id
+  remove(node: UnfinishedTree) {
+    // find by .id
     let index = this.value.findIndex(
-      (node) => node.accountUpdate.value.id === accountUpdate.id
+      (n) => n.accountUpdate.value.id === node.accountUpdate.value.id
     );
 
     // nothing to do if it's not there
@@ -1555,6 +1553,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
 
     // remove it
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
+    node.siblings = undefined;
     this.value.splice(index, 1);
   }
 
@@ -1714,9 +1713,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   disattach(update: AccountUpdate) {
     let node = this.get(update);
-    if (node?.siblings === undefined) return;
-    node.siblings.remove(update);
-    node.siblings = undefined;
+    node?.siblings?.remove(node);
   }
 
   finalizeAndRemove(update: AccountUpdate) {

From cbc774c3ade14c60ac34dde4dc2bc24c80d0ef21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor Mitscha-Baude <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 16:04:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1600/1786] better set children logic

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 43 ++++++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |  9 ------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     |  9 ++++--
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index f7571553e9..c9e1afc2ed 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1557,26 +1557,33 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     this.value.splice(index, 1);
   }
 
-  static fromForest(
-    forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
-    recursiveCall = false
-  ): UnfinishedForest {
-    let unfinished = UnfinishedForest.empty();
+  setToForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
+    if (this.isMutable()) {
+      assert(
+        this.value.length === 0,
+        'Replacing a mutable forest that has existing children might be a mistake.'
+      );
+    }
+    let value: UnfinishedTree[] = [];
     Provable.asProver(() => {
-      unfinished.value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
+      value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
         accountUpdate: {
           hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant(),
           value: tree.accountUpdate.value.get(),
         },
         isDummy: Bool(false),
-        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls, true),
-        siblings: unfinished,
+        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+        siblings: this,
       }));
     });
-    if (!recursiveCall) {
-      unfinished.setFinal(new AccountUpdateForest(forest));
-    }
-    return unfinished;
+    Object.assign(this, { value });
+    return this.setFinal(new AccountUpdateForest(forest));
+  }
+
+  static fromForest(
+    forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>
+  ): UnfinishedForestFinal {
+    return UnfinishedForest.empty().setToForest(forest);
   }
 
   toFlatList(mutate = true, depth = 0): AccountUpdate[] {
@@ -1665,7 +1672,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     return this.map.get(update.id);
   }
 
-  getOrCreate(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
+  private getOrCreate(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
     if (!(update instanceof AccountUpdate)) {
       if (!this.map.has(update.accountUpdate.value.id)) {
         this.map.set(update.accountUpdate.value.id, update);
@@ -1695,16 +1702,10 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   setChildren(
     parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
-    children: AccountUpdateForest | UnfinishedForest
+    children: AccountUpdateForest
   ) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
-
-    if (children instanceof AccountUpdateForest) {
-      children = UnfinishedForest.fromForest(children);
-    }
-    // we're not allowed to switch parentNode.children, it must stay the same reference
-    // so we mutate it in place
-    Object.assign(parentNode.children, children);
+    parentNode.children.setToForest(children);
   }
 
   setTopLevel(children: AccountUpdateForest) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 210b3d1a86..cb18a6c906 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -63,15 +63,6 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
         `the supported limit of ${MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES}.\n`
     );
 
-    // make top-level updates our children
-    // TODO: this must not be necessary once we move everything to `selfLayout`
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      updates.data.get().forEach((update) => {
-        let accountUpdate = update.element.accountUpdate.value.get();
-        this.approve(accountUpdate);
-      });
-    });
-
     // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
     // since we just did that in the loop above
     accountUpdates()?.setTopLevel(updates);
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 5629f6ed45..35d334d769 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -310,7 +310,10 @@ function wrapMethod(
           }
           let txLayout = Mina.currentTransaction.get().layout;
           txLayout.pushTopLevel(accountUpdate);
-          txLayout.setChildren(accountUpdate, context.selfLayout.root.children);
+          txLayout.setChildren(
+            accountUpdate,
+            context.selfLayout.finalizeChildren()
+          );
 
           return result;
         }
@@ -1631,8 +1634,8 @@ function diffRecursive(
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
   // TODO
-  let inputChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children as any).value;
-  let proverChildren = (accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children as any).value;
+  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children.value;
+  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.value;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
     let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;

From c4b016a5f2974d8220877ec22af3417814f7cad6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 18:39:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1601/1786] completely get rid of unconstrained array after
 finalizing

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  4 +--
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c9e1afc2ed..b81f214e3e 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1405,6 +1405,20 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
     let simpleForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(updates);
     return this.fromSimpleForest(simpleForest);
   }
+  static toFlatArray(
+    forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
+    mutate = true,
+    depth = 0
+  ) {
+    let flat: AccountUpdate[] = [];
+    for (let { element: tree } of forest.data.get()) {
+      let update = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
+      if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
+      flat.push(update);
+      flat.push(...this.toFlatArray(tree.calls, mutate, depth + 1));
+    }
+    return flat;
+  }
 
   private static fromSimpleForest(
     simpleForest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>
@@ -1451,13 +1465,16 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Structure for constructing the forest of child account updates, from a circuit.
+ * UnfinishedForest / UnfinishedTree are structures for constructing the forest of child account updates from a circuit.
  *
  * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
  */
-type UnfinishedForestFinal = { final: AccountUpdateForest } & UnfinishedForest;
+type UnfinishedForestFinal = {
+  final: AccountUpdateForest;
+  value?: undefined;
+} & UnfinishedForest;
 type UnfinishedForestMutable = {
   final?: undefined;
   value: UnfinishedTree[];
@@ -1474,13 +1491,13 @@ type HashOrValue<T> = { hash?: Field; value: T };
 
 class UnfinishedForest {
   final?: AccountUpdateForest;
-  readonly value: readonly Readonly<UnfinishedTree>[]; // TODO: make private
+  value?: UnfinishedTree[];
 
   isFinal(): this is UnfinishedForestFinal {
     return this.final !== undefined;
   }
   isMutable(): this is UnfinishedForestMutable {
-    return this.final === undefined;
+    return this.value !== undefined;
   }
 
   constructor(value: UnfinishedTree[], final?: AccountUpdateForest) {
@@ -1493,11 +1510,12 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 
   private setFinal(final: AccountUpdateForest): UnfinishedForestFinal {
-    return Object.assign(this, { final });
+    return Object.assign(this, { final, value: undefined });
   }
 
   finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
     if (this.isFinal()) return this.final;
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
 
     let nodes = this.value.map(toTree);
     let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
@@ -1543,6 +1561,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 
   remove(node: UnfinishedTree) {
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
     // find by .id
     let index = this.value.findIndex(
       (n) => n.accountUpdate.value.id === node.accountUpdate.value.id
@@ -1552,7 +1571,6 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     if (index === -1) return;
 
     // remove it
-    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
     node.siblings = undefined;
     this.value.splice(index, 1);
   }
@@ -1564,65 +1582,55 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
         'Replacing a mutable forest that has existing children might be a mistake.'
       );
     }
-    let value: UnfinishedTree[] = [];
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      value = forest.data.get().map(({ element: tree }) => ({
-        accountUpdate: {
-          hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant(),
-          value: tree.accountUpdate.value.get(),
-        },
-        isDummy: Bool(false),
-        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
-        siblings: this,
-      }));
-    });
-    Object.assign(this, { value });
     return this.setFinal(new AccountUpdateForest(forest));
   }
 
-  static fromForest(
-    forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>
-  ): UnfinishedForestFinal {
+  static fromForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
     return UnfinishedForest.empty().setToForest(forest);
   }
 
-  toFlatList(mutate = true, depth = 0): AccountUpdate[] {
+  toFlatArray(mutate = true, depth = 0): AccountUpdate[] {
+    if (this.isFinal())
+      return AccountUpdateForest.toFlatArray(this.final, mutate, depth);
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
     let flatUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
     for (let node of this.value) {
       if (node.isDummy.toBoolean()) continue;
       let update = node.accountUpdate.value;
       if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
-      let children = node.children.toFlatList(mutate, depth + 1);
+      let children = node.children.toFlatArray(mutate, depth + 1);
       flatUpdates.push(update, ...children);
     }
     return flatUpdates;
   }
 
   toConstantInPlace() {
+    if (this.isFinal()) {
+      this.final.hash = this.final.hash.toConstant();
+      return;
+    }
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
     for (let node of this.value) {
-      // `as any` to override readonly - this method is explicit about its mutability
       node.accountUpdate.value = Provable.toConstant(
         AccountUpdate,
         node.accountUpdate.value
       );
-      (node as any).isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
+      node.isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
       if (node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined) {
         node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
       }
       node.children.toConstantInPlace();
     }
-    if (this.isFinal()) {
-      this.final.hash = this.final.hash.toConstant();
-    }
   }
 
   print() {
+    assert(this.isMutable(), 'print(): unimplemented for final forests');
     let indent = 0;
     let layout = '';
 
     let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
       indent += 2;
-      for (let tree of a.value) {
+      for (let tree of a.value!) {
         layout +=
           ' '.repeat(indent) +
           `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
@@ -1732,7 +1740,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   }
 
   toFlatList({ mutate }: { mutate: boolean }) {
-    return this.root.children.toFlatList(mutate);
+    return this.root.children.toFlatArray(mutate);
   }
 
   forEachPredecessor(
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 35d334d769..357e6b3849 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1634,8 +1634,8 @@ function diffRecursive(
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
   // TODO
-  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children.value;
-  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.value;
+  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children.value!;
+  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.value!;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
     let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;

From 1e6278e9f31d84cc978723d8aa7d23d8409cc73f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 18:56:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1602/1786] cleanup, rename

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 69 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  4 +--
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index b81f214e3e..5f7019f457 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1465,44 +1465,56 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
 }
 
 /**
- * UnfinishedForest / UnfinishedTree are structures for constructing the forest of child account updates from a circuit.
+ * `UnfinishedForest` / `UnfinishedTree` are structures for constructing the forest of child account updates from a circuit.
  *
  * The circuit can mutate account updates and change their array of children, so here we can't hash
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
+ *
+ * `UnfinishedForest` behaves like a tagged enum type:
+ * ```
+ * type UnfinishedForest =
+ *  | Mutable of UnfinishedTree[]
+ *  | Final of AccountUpdateForest;
+ * ```
  */
-type UnfinishedForestFinal = {
-  final: AccountUpdateForest;
-  value?: undefined;
-} & UnfinishedForest;
-type UnfinishedForestMutable = {
-  final?: undefined;
-  value: UnfinishedTree[];
-} & UnfinishedForest;
-
 type UnfinishedTree = {
-  accountUpdate: HashOrValue<AccountUpdate>;
+  // TODO it would be nice to make this closer to `Final of Hashed<AccountUpdate> | Mutable of AccountUpdate`
+  accountUpdate: { hash?: Field; value: AccountUpdate };
   isDummy: Bool;
   // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
   readonly children: UnfinishedForest;
   siblings?: UnfinishedForest;
 };
-type HashOrValue<T> = { hash?: Field; value: T };
+
+type UnfinishedForestFinal = UnfinishedForest & {
+  final: AccountUpdateForest;
+  mutable?: undefined;
+};
+
+type UnfinishedForestMutable = UnfinishedForest & {
+  final?: undefined;
+  mutable: UnfinishedTree[];
+};
 
 class UnfinishedForest {
   final?: AccountUpdateForest;
-  value?: UnfinishedTree[];
+  mutable?: UnfinishedTree[];
 
   isFinal(): this is UnfinishedForestFinal {
     return this.final !== undefined;
   }
   isMutable(): this is UnfinishedForestMutable {
-    return this.value !== undefined;
+    return this.mutable !== undefined;
   }
 
-  constructor(value: UnfinishedTree[], final?: AccountUpdateForest) {
-    this.value = value;
+  constructor(mutable?: UnfinishedTree[], final?: AccountUpdateForest) {
+    assert(
+      (final === undefined) !== (mutable === undefined),
+      'final or mutable'
+    );
     this.final = final;
+    this.mutable = mutable;
   }
 
   static empty(): UnfinishedForestMutable {
@@ -1510,14 +1522,14 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 
   private setFinal(final: AccountUpdateForest): UnfinishedForestFinal {
-    return Object.assign(this, { final, value: undefined });
+    return Object.assign(this, { final, mutable: undefined });
   }
 
   finalize(): AccountUpdateForest {
     if (this.isFinal()) return this.final;
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
 
-    let nodes = this.value.map(toTree);
+    let nodes = this.mutable.map(toTree);
     let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
 
     for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
@@ -1542,17 +1554,17 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     );
     node.siblings = this;
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
-    this.value.push(node);
+    this.mutable.push(node);
   }
 
-  // TODO this isn't quite right
+  // TODO this isn't quite right - shouldn't have to save the value in a circuit-accessible way if it's hashed
   pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
     let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
     });
-    this.value.push({
+    this.mutable.push({
       accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
@@ -1563,7 +1575,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   remove(node: UnfinishedTree) {
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
     // find by .id
-    let index = this.value.findIndex(
+    let index = this.mutable.findIndex(
       (n) => n.accountUpdate.value.id === node.accountUpdate.value.id
     );
 
@@ -1572,13 +1584,13 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
 
     // remove it
     node.siblings = undefined;
-    this.value.splice(index, 1);
+    this.mutable.splice(index, 1);
   }
 
   setToForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
     if (this.isMutable()) {
       assert(
-        this.value.length === 0,
+        this.mutable.length === 0,
         'Replacing a mutable forest that has existing children might be a mistake.'
       );
     }
@@ -1594,7 +1606,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
       return AccountUpdateForest.toFlatArray(this.final, mutate, depth);
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
     let flatUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
-    for (let node of this.value) {
+    for (let node of this.mutable) {
       if (node.isDummy.toBoolean()) continue;
       let update = node.accountUpdate.value;
       if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
@@ -1610,7 +1622,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
       return;
     }
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
-    for (let node of this.value) {
+    for (let node of this.mutable) {
       node.accountUpdate.value = Provable.toConstant(
         AccountUpdate,
         node.accountUpdate.value
@@ -1624,13 +1636,14 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 
   print() {
-    assert(this.isMutable(), 'print(): unimplemented for final forests');
     let indent = 0;
     let layout = '';
 
     let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
+      if (a.isFinal()) layout += ' '.repeat(indent) + ' ( finalized forest )\n';
+      assert(a.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
       indent += 2;
-      for (let tree of a.value!) {
+      for (let tree of a.mutable) {
         layout +=
           ' '.repeat(indent) +
           `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 357e6b3849..7d2fbd7e23 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1634,8 +1634,8 @@ function diffRecursive(
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
   // TODO
-  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children.value!;
-  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.value!;
+  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children.mutable!;
+  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.mutable!;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
     let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;

From c861ff78394c0012db240b54134a16e9b47dfad8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 10:52:20 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1603/1786] feat(mina.ts): add IncludedTransaction type to
 handle transactions that have been included in the blockchain

This new type extends the PendingTransaction type with an additional 'isIncluded' boolean property. This will allow us to easily distinguish between pending and included transactions in our code.
---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index a110fc3776..59a232804d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -141,6 +141,13 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   errors?: string[];
 };
 
+type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
+  PendingTransaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data' | 'errors'
+> & {
+  isIncluded: boolean;
+};
+
 const Transaction = {
   fromJSON(json: Types.Json.ZkappCommand): Transaction {
     let transaction = ZkappCommand.fromJSON(json);

From 4a9af9d95975b63bb92b184a27cab5879f742516 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 11:32:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1604/1786] feat(mina.ts): modify wait function to return
 IncludedTransaction

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 194 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 126 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 59a232804d..c583c65d8e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -135,7 +135,10 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty'
 > & {
   isSuccess: boolean;
-  wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }): Promise<void>;
+  wait(options?: {
+    maxAttempts?: number;
+    interval?: number;
+  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction>;
   hash(): string;
   data?: SendZkAppResponse;
   errors?: string[];
@@ -148,6 +151,26 @@ type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
   isIncluded: boolean;
 };
 
+function createIncludedTransaction(
+  isIncluded: boolean,
+  {
+    transaction,
+    toJSON,
+    toPretty,
+    hash,
+    data,
+  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait'>
+): IncludedTransaction {
+  return {
+    isIncluded,
+    transaction,
+    toJSON,
+    toPretty,
+    hash,
+    data,
+  };
+}
+
 const Transaction = {
   fromJSON(json: Types.Json.ZkappCommand): Transaction {
     let transaction = ZkappCommand.fromJSON(json);
@@ -532,19 +555,12 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           });
         }
       });
-      return {
+
+      const pendingTransaction = {
         isSuccess: true,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
-        wait: async (_options?: {
-          maxAttempts?: number;
-          interval?: number;
-        }) => {
-          console.log(
-            'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
-          );
-        },
         hash: (): string => {
           const message =
             'Info: Txn Hash retrieving is not supported for LocalBlockchain.';
@@ -552,6 +568,23 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           return message;
         },
       };
+
+      const wait = async (_options?: {
+        maxAttempts?: number;
+        interval?: number;
+      }) => {
+        console.log(
+          'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
+        );
+        return Promise.resolve(
+          createIncludedTransaction(true, pendingTransaction)
+        );
+      };
+
+      return {
+        ...pendingTransaction,
+        wait,
+      };
     },
     async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
       // bad hack: run transaction just to see whether it creates proofs
@@ -827,75 +860,100 @@ function Network(
       let attempts = 0;
       let interval: number;
 
-      return {
+      const pendingTransaction = {
         isSuccess,
         data: response?.data,
         errors,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
-        async wait(options?: { maxAttempts?: number; interval?: number }) {
-          if (!isSuccess) {
-            console.warn(
-              'Transaction.wait(): returning immediately because the transaction was not successful.'
-            );
-            return;
-          }
-          // default is 45 attempts * 20s each = 15min
-          // the block time on berkeley is currently longer than the average 3-4min, so its better to target a higher block time
-          // fetching an update every 20s is more than enough with a current block time of 3min
-          maxAttempts = options?.maxAttempts ?? 45;
-          interval = options?.interval ?? 20000;
-
-          const executePoll = async (
-            resolve: () => void,
-            reject: (err: Error) => void | Error
-          ) => {
-            let txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
-            if (!txId) {
-              return reject(
-                new Error(
-                  `Transaction failed.\nCould not find the transaction hash.`
-                )
-              );
-            }
-            let res;
-            try {
-              res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
-            } catch (error) {
-              isSuccess = false;
-              return reject(error as Error);
-            }
-            attempts++;
-            if (res.success) {
-              isSuccess = true;
-              return resolve();
-            } else if (res.failureReason) {
-              isSuccess = false;
-              return reject(
-                new Error(
-                  `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`
-                )
-              );
-            } else if (maxAttempts && attempts === maxAttempts) {
-              isSuccess = false;
-              return reject(
-                new Error(
-                  `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`
-                )
-              );
-            } else {
-              setTimeout(executePoll, interval, resolve, reject);
-            }
-          };
-
-          return new Promise(executePoll);
-        },
         hash() {
           // TODO: compute this
           return response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash!;
         },
       };
+
+      const wait = async (options?: {
+        maxAttempts?: number;
+        interval?: number;
+      }) => {
+        if (!isSuccess) {
+          console.warn(
+            'Transaction.wait(): returning immediately because the transaction was not successful.'
+          );
+          const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
+            false,
+            pendingTransaction
+          );
+          includedTransaction.errors = errors;
+          return includedTransaction;
+        }
+        // default is 45 attempts * 20s each = 15min
+        // the block time on berkeley is currently longer than the average 3-4min, so its better to target a higher block time
+        // fetching an update every 20s is more than enough with a current block time of 3min
+        maxAttempts = options?.maxAttempts ?? 45;
+        interval = options?.interval ?? 20000;
+
+        const executePoll = async (
+          resolve: (i: IncludedTransaction) => void,
+          reject: (i: IncludedTransaction) => void
+        ) => {
+          let txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
+          if (!txId) {
+            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
+              false,
+              pendingTransaction
+            );
+            includedTransaction.errors = [
+              `Transaction failed.\nCould not find the transaction hash.`,
+            ];
+            return reject(includedTransaction);
+          }
+          let res;
+          try {
+            res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
+          } catch (error) {
+            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
+              false,
+              pendingTransaction
+            );
+            includedTransaction.errors = [(error as Error).message];
+            return reject(includedTransaction);
+          }
+          attempts++;
+          if (res.success) {
+            return resolve(createIncludedTransaction(true, pendingTransaction));
+          } else if (res.failureReason) {
+            // isSuccess = false;
+            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
+              false,
+              pendingTransaction
+            );
+            includedTransaction.errors = [
+              `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
+            ];
+            return reject(includedTransaction);
+          } else if (maxAttempts && attempts === maxAttempts) {
+            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
+              false,
+              pendingTransaction
+            );
+            includedTransaction.errors = [
+              `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`,
+            ];
+            return reject(includedTransaction);
+          } else {
+            setTimeout(executePoll, interval, resolve, reject);
+          }
+        };
+
+        return new Promise(executePoll);
+      };
+
+      return {
+        ...pendingTransaction,
+        wait,
+      };
     },
     async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
       let tx = createTransaction(sender, f, 0, {

From 89d2bcce14aa0e132ea73ba716d28aa4aeb41573 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 11:51:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1605/1786] refactor(mina.ts): simplify transaction status
 polling logic

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 131 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index c583c65d8e..db210a8af3 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -152,17 +152,18 @@ type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
 };
 
 function createIncludedTransaction(
-  isIncluded: boolean,
   {
     transaction,
     toJSON,
     toPretty,
     hash,
     data,
-  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait'>
+  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait'>,
+  errors?: string[]
 ): IncludedTransaction {
   return {
-    isIncluded,
+    isIncluded: errors === undefined,
+    errors,
     transaction,
     toJSON,
     toPretty,
@@ -576,9 +577,7 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         console.log(
           'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
         );
-        return Promise.resolve(
-          createIncludedTransaction(true, pendingTransaction)
-        );
+        return Promise.resolve(createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction));
       };
 
       return {
@@ -855,11 +854,7 @@ function Network(
         errors = response.errors;
       }
 
-      let isSuccess = errors === undefined;
-      let maxAttempts: number;
-      let attempts = 0;
-      let interval: number;
-
+      const isSuccess = errors === undefined;
       const pendingTransaction = {
         isSuccess,
         data: response?.data,
@@ -873,81 +868,63 @@ function Network(
         },
       };
 
+      const pollTransactionStatus = async (
+        txId: string,
+        maxAttempts: number,
+        interval: number,
+        attempts: number = 0
+      ): Promise<IncludedTransaction> => {
+        let res: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof Fetch.checkZkappTransaction>>;
+        try {
+          res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
+          if (res.success) {
+            return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction);
+          } else if (res.failureReason) {
+            return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
+              `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
+            ]);
+          }
+        } catch (error) {
+          return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
+            (error as Error).message,
+          ]);
+        }
+
+        if (maxAttempts && attempts >= maxAttempts) {
+          return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
+            `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`,
+          ]);
+        }
+
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, interval));
+        return pollTransactionStatus(txId, maxAttempts, interval, attempts + 1);
+      };
+
       const wait = async (options?: {
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
-      }) => {
+      }): Promise<IncludedTransaction> => {
         if (!isSuccess) {
-          console.warn(
-            'Transaction.wait(): returning immediately because the transaction was not successful.'
-          );
-          const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
-            false,
-            pendingTransaction
+          return createIncludedTransaction(
+            pendingTransaction,
+            pendingTransaction.errors
           );
-          includedTransaction.errors = errors;
-          return includedTransaction;
         }
+
         // default is 45 attempts * 20s each = 15min
         // the block time on berkeley is currently longer than the average 3-4min, so its better to target a higher block time
         // fetching an update every 20s is more than enough with a current block time of 3min
-        maxAttempts = options?.maxAttempts ?? 45;
-        interval = options?.interval ?? 20000;
-
-        const executePoll = async (
-          resolve: (i: IncludedTransaction) => void,
-          reject: (i: IncludedTransaction) => void
-        ) => {
-          let txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
-          if (!txId) {
-            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
-              false,
-              pendingTransaction
-            );
-            includedTransaction.errors = [
-              `Transaction failed.\nCould not find the transaction hash.`,
-            ];
-            return reject(includedTransaction);
-          }
-          let res;
-          try {
-            res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
-          } catch (error) {
-            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
-              false,
-              pendingTransaction
-            );
-            includedTransaction.errors = [(error as Error).message];
-            return reject(includedTransaction);
-          }
-          attempts++;
-          if (res.success) {
-            return resolve(createIncludedTransaction(true, pendingTransaction));
-          } else if (res.failureReason) {
-            // isSuccess = false;
-            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
-              false,
-              pendingTransaction
-            );
-            includedTransaction.errors = [
-              `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
-            ];
-            return reject(includedTransaction);
-          } else if (maxAttempts && attempts === maxAttempts) {
-            const includedTransaction = createIncludedTransaction(
-              false,
-              pendingTransaction
-            );
-            includedTransaction.errors = [
-              `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`,
-            ];
-            return reject(includedTransaction);
-          } else {
-            setTimeout(executePoll, interval, resolve, reject);
-          }
-        };
-
-        return new Promise(executePoll);
+        const maxAttempts = options?.maxAttempts ?? 45;
+        const interval = options?.interval ?? 20000;
+        const txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
+
+        if (!txId) {
+          return createIncludedTransaction(
+            pendingTransaction,
+            pendingTransaction.errors
+          );
+        }
+        return pollTransactionStatus(txId, maxAttempts, interval);
       };
 
       return {

From 50a7e5ce42da019acf9985b69ed349033bb1c851 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 11:52:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1606/1786] fix(run_live.ts): change types from
 Mina.TransactionId to Mina.PendingTransaction

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index 256ba5f87d..7c5093fe41 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ const network = Mina.Network({
 });
 Mina.setActiveInstance(network);
 
-let tx, pendingTx: Mina.TransactionId, balances, oldBalances;
+let tx, pendingTx: Mina.PendingTransaction, balances, oldBalances;
 
 // compile contracts & wait for fee payer to be funded
 const senderKey = useCustomLocalNetwork
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ async function ensureFundedAccount(privateKeyBase58: string) {
   return { senderKey, sender };
 }
 
-function logPendingTransaction(pendingTx: Mina.TransactionId) {
+function logPendingTransaction(pendingTx: Mina.PendingTransaction) {
   if (!pendingTx.isSuccess) throw Error('transaction failed');
   console.log(
     'tx sent: ' +

From 08ab94f42d05a31ab2ad44ac57685c69ebc69f0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 11:55:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1607/1786] feat(mina.ts): add IncludedTransaction to exports
 to allow access to this type from other modules

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index db210a8af3..55f7d1ace7 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ export {
   currentTransaction,
   Transaction,
   PendingTransaction,
+  IncludedTransaction,
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   transaction,

From ed0423b176bff28a3a999bad0976b9d2824ca828 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 21:13:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1608/1786] extract tree

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts            | 22 +++++++++++++---------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 25 +++++++++++--------------
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts     | 10 ++++++++--
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 5f7019f457..adab08e9b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1050,6 +1050,14 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     node.children.print();
   }
 
+  extractTree(): AccountUpdateTree {
+    let layout = accountUpdates();
+    let hash = layout?.get(this)?.accountUpdate.hash;
+    let calls = layout?.finalizeAndRemove(this) ?? AccountUpdateForest.empty();
+    let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(this, hash);
+    return { accountUpdate, calls };
+  }
+
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
     return new AccountUpdate(Body.keepAll(address, tokenId));
   }
@@ -1659,15 +1667,10 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
 }
 
 function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
-  let accountUpdate =
-    node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined
-      ? new HashedAccountUpdate(
-          node.accountUpdate.hash,
-          Unconstrained.witness(() =>
-            Provable.toConstant(AccountUpdate, node.accountUpdate.value)
-          )
-        )
-      : HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate.value);
+  let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(
+    node.accountUpdate.value,
+    node.accountUpdate.hash
+  );
   let calls = node.children.finalize();
   return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
@@ -1736,6 +1739,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   disattach(update: AccountUpdate) {
     let node = this.get(update);
     node?.siblings?.remove(node);
+    return node;
   }
 
   finalizeAndRemove(update: AccountUpdate) {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index cb18a6c906..09950a2702 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   /**
    * Approve a single account update (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
-  approveAccountUpdate(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates([accountUpdate]);
+  approveAccountUpdate(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
+    let forest = toForest([accountUpdate]);
     this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 
   /**
    * Approve a list of account updates (with arbitrarily many children).
    */
-  approveAccountUpdates(accountUpdates: AccountUpdate[]) {
-    let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates(accountUpdates);
+  approveAccountUpdates(accountUpdates: (AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree)[]) {
+    let forest = toForest(accountUpdates);
     this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 
@@ -127,19 +127,16 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     from.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount).neg();
     to.balanceChange = Int64.from(amount);
 
-    let forest = finalizeAccountUpdates([from, to]);
+    let forest = toForest([from, to]);
     this.approveBase(forest);
   }
 }
 
-function finalizeAccountUpdates(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
-  let trees = updates.map(finalizeAccountUpdate);
+function toForest(
+  updates: (AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree)[]
+): AccountUpdateForest {
+  let trees = updates.map((a) =>
+    a instanceof AccountUpdate ? a.extractTree() : a
+  );
   return AccountUpdateForest.from(trees);
 }
-
-function finalizeAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate): AccountUpdateTree {
-  let calls = accountUpdates()?.finalizeAndRemove(update);
-  calls ??= AccountUpdateForest.empty();
-
-  return { accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update), calls };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index 9389de406a..d0b7ddef4f 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -212,9 +212,15 @@ class Hashed<T> {
 
   /**
    * Wrap a value, and represent it by its hash in provable code.
+   *
+   * ```ts
+   * let hashed = HashedType.hash(value);
+   * ```
+   *
+   * Optionally, if you already have the hash, you can pass it in and avoid recomputing it.
    */
-  static hash<T>(value: T): Hashed<T> {
-    let hash = this._hash(value);
+  static hash<T>(value: T, hash?: Field): Hashed<T> {
+    hash ??= this._hash(value);
     let unconstrained = Unconstrained.witness(() =>
       Provable.toConstant(this.innerProvable, value)
     );
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 7d2fbd7e23..dcba0348b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ super.init();
     this.#executionState = { transactionId, accountUpdate };
     return accountUpdate;
   }
-  // same as this.self, but explicitly creates a _new_ account update
+
   /**
    * Same as `SmartContract.self` but explicitly creates a new {@link AccountUpdate}.
    */

From 9f6a8b414a8f2ab4db68aae699bf7fa94e45c42d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 12:48:19 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1609/1786] refactor(mina.ts): simplify IncludedTransaction
 type definition using Omit utility type

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 55f7d1ace7..a74058c7ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -145,10 +145,7 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   errors?: string[];
 };
 
-type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
-  PendingTransaction,
-  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data' | 'errors'
-> & {
+type IncludedTransaction = Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait' | 'isSuccess'> & {
   isIncluded: boolean;
 };
 

From acbb260b92be14a97aea6ec1cf1bca75879bb802 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 22:27:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1610/1786] minor

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 22 ++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index adab08e9b0..e25327ce57 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -790,11 +790,19 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Makes an {@link AccountUpdate} a child of this and approves it.
+   * Makes another {@link AccountUpdate} a child of this one.
+   *
+   * The parent-child relationship means that the child becomes part of the "statement"
+   * of the parent, and goes into the commitment that is authorized by either a signature
+   * or a proof.
+   *
+   * For a proof in particular, child account updates are contained in the public input
+   * of the proof that authorizes the parent account update.
    */
-  approve(childUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    makeChildAccountUpdate(this, childUpdate);
-    accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, childUpdate);
+  approve(child: AccountUpdate) {
+    child.body.callDepth = this.body.callDepth + 1;
+    accountUpdates()?.disattach(child);
+    accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, child);
   }
 
   get balance() {
@@ -1776,18 +1784,16 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   }
 }
 
+// TODO remove
 function createChildAccountUpdate(
   parent: AccountUpdate,
   childAddress: PublicKey,
   tokenId?: Field
 ) {
   let child = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(childAddress, tokenId);
-  makeChildAccountUpdate(parent, child);
-  return child;
-}
-function makeChildAccountUpdate(parent: AccountUpdate, child: AccountUpdate) {
   child.body.callDepth = parent.body.callDepth + 1;
   AccountUpdate.unlink(child);
+  return child;
 }
 
 // authorization

From d437c7e876eb3441b710e7a3a4128e2c7ff21b5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Thu, 8 Feb 2024 22:44:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1611/1786] not sure if this is a good idea yet

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts           |  3 +++
 src/lib/provable-types/auxiliary.ts | 13 +++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/provable-types/auxiliary.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index e25327ce57..1b88d258d8 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ import {
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
+import { RandomId } from './provable-types/auxiliary.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -1392,10 +1393,12 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
 ) {}
 
 type AccountUpdateTree = {
+  // id: number;
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
   calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>;
 };
 const AccountUpdateTree: ProvableHashable<AccountUpdateTree> = Struct({
+  // id: RandomId,
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
   calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>(),
 });
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/auxiliary.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/auxiliary.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46ee535526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/auxiliary.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import type { ProvableHashable } from '../hash.js';
+
+export { RandomId };
+
+const RandomId: ProvableHashable<number> = {
+  sizeInFields: () => 0,
+  toFields: () => [],
+  toAuxiliary: (v = Math.random()) => [v],
+  fromFields: (_, [v]) => v,
+  check: () => {},
+  toInput: () => ({}),
+  empty: () => Math.random(),
+};

From fa935cc930f46f370e4222e05f44c2e2d4f18efd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 09:33:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1612/1786] refactor unfinished tree similarly

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 78 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          |  4 +-
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 1b88d258d8..bd1ec734b6 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1061,10 +1061,11 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
 
   extractTree(): AccountUpdateTree {
     let layout = accountUpdates();
-    let hash = layout?.get(this)?.accountUpdate.hash;
+    let hash = layout?.get(this)?.final?.hash;
+    let id = this.id;
     let calls = layout?.finalizeAndRemove(this) ?? AccountUpdateForest.empty();
     let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(this, hash);
-    return { accountUpdate, calls };
+    return { accountUpdate, id, calls };
   }
 
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
@@ -1393,12 +1394,12 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
 ) {}
 
 type AccountUpdateTree = {
-  // id: number;
+  id: number;
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
   calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>;
 };
 const AccountUpdateTree: ProvableHashable<AccountUpdateTree> = Struct({
-  // id: RandomId,
+  id: RandomId,
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
   calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>(),
 });
@@ -1445,7 +1446,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
     let nodes = simpleForest.map((node) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate);
       let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromSimpleForest(node.children);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls };
+      return { accountUpdate, calls, id: node.accountUpdate.id };
     });
     return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
   }
@@ -1490,21 +1491,28 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
  * everything immediately. Instead, we maintain a structure consisting of either hashes or full account
  * updates that can be hashed into a final call forest at the end.
  *
- * `UnfinishedForest` behaves like a tagged enum type:
+ * `UnfinishedForest` and `UnfinishedTree` behave like a tagged enum type:
  * ```
  * type UnfinishedForest =
  *  | Mutable of UnfinishedTree[]
  *  | Final of AccountUpdateForest;
+ *
+ * type UnfinishedTree = (
+ *  | Mutable of AccountUpdate
+ *  | Final of HashedAccountUpdate)
+ * ) & { children: UnfinishedForest, ... }
  * ```
  */
 type UnfinishedTree = {
-  // TODO it would be nice to make this closer to `Final of Hashed<AccountUpdate> | Mutable of AccountUpdate`
-  accountUpdate: { hash?: Field; value: AccountUpdate };
+  id: number;
   isDummy: Bool;
   // `children` must be readonly since it's referenced in each child's siblings
   readonly children: UnfinishedForest;
   siblings?: UnfinishedForest;
-};
+} & (
+  | { final: HashedAccountUpdate; mutable?: undefined }
+  | { final?: undefined; mutable: AccountUpdate }
+);
 
 type UnfinishedForestFinal = UnfinishedForest & {
   final: AccountUpdateForest;
@@ -1576,15 +1584,11 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     this.mutable.push(node);
   }
 
-  // TODO this isn't quite right - shouldn't have to save the value in a circuit-accessible way if it's hashed
   pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
-    let value = AccountUpdate.dummy();
-    Provable.asProver(() => {
-      value = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
-    });
     this.mutable.push({
-      accountUpdate: { hash: tree.accountUpdate.hash, value },
+      final: tree.accountUpdate,
+      id: tree.id,
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
       siblings: this,
@@ -1594,9 +1598,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   remove(node: UnfinishedTree) {
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
     // find by .id
-    let index = this.mutable.findIndex(
-      (n) => n.accountUpdate.value.id === node.accountUpdate.value.id
-    );
+    let index = this.mutable.findIndex((n) => n.id === node.id);
 
     // nothing to do if it's not there
     if (index === -1) return;
@@ -1627,7 +1629,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     let flatUpdates: AccountUpdate[] = [];
     for (let node of this.mutable) {
       if (node.isDummy.toBoolean()) continue;
-      let update = node.accountUpdate.value;
+      let update = node.mutable ?? node.final.value.get();
       if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
       let children = node.children.toFlatArray(mutate, depth + 1);
       flatUpdates.push(update, ...children);
@@ -1642,14 +1644,12 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     }
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
     for (let node of this.mutable) {
-      node.accountUpdate.value = Provable.toConstant(
-        AccountUpdate,
-        node.accountUpdate.value
-      );
-      node.isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
-      if (node.accountUpdate.hash !== undefined) {
-        node.accountUpdate.hash = node.accountUpdate.hash.toConstant();
+      if (node.mutable !== undefined) {
+        node.mutable = Provable.toConstant(AccountUpdate, node.mutable);
+      } else {
+        node.final.hash = node.final.hash.toConstant();
       }
+      node.isDummy = Provable.toConstant(Bool, node.isDummy);
       node.children.toConstantInPlace();
     }
   }
@@ -1663,10 +1663,11 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
       assert(a.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
       indent += 2;
       for (let tree of a.mutable) {
-        layout +=
-          ' '.repeat(indent) +
-          `( ${tree.accountUpdate.value.label || '<no label>'} )` +
-          '\n';
+        let label = tree.mutable?.label || '<no label>';
+        if (tree.final !== undefined) {
+          Provable.asProver(() => (label = tree.final!.value.get().label));
+        }
+        layout += ' '.repeat(indent) + `( ${label} )` + '\n';
         toPretty(tree.children);
       }
       indent -= 2;
@@ -1678,12 +1679,9 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
 }
 
 function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
-  let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(
-    node.accountUpdate.value,
-    node.accountUpdate.hash
-  );
+  let accountUpdate = node.final ?? HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.mutable);
   let calls = node.children.finalize();
-  return { accountUpdate, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
+  return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
@@ -1695,7 +1693,8 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     this.map = new Map();
     root ??= AccountUpdate.dummy();
     let rootTree: UnfinishedTree = {
-      accountUpdate: { value: root },
+      mutable: root,
+      id: root.id,
       isDummy: Bool(false),
       children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
@@ -1709,15 +1708,16 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
 
   private getOrCreate(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
     if (!(update instanceof AccountUpdate)) {
-      if (!this.map.has(update.accountUpdate.value.id)) {
-        this.map.set(update.accountUpdate.value.id, update);
+      if (!this.map.has(update.id)) {
+        this.map.set(update.id, update);
       }
       return update;
     }
     let node = this.map.get(update.id);
     if (node !== undefined) return node;
     node = {
-      accountUpdate: { value: update },
+      mutable: update,
+      id: update.id,
       isDummy: update.isDummy(),
       children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
     };
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index dcba0348b9..24cfbaf882 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -1638,8 +1638,8 @@ function diffRecursive(
   let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.mutable!;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
-    let inputChild = inputChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;
-    let child = proverChildren[i].accountUpdate.value;
+    let inputChild = inputChildren[i].mutable;
+    let child = proverChildren[i].mutable;
     if (!inputChild || !child) return;
     diffRecursive(child, { transaction, index, accountUpdate: inputChild });
   }

From 44bf6c9835bf8623508c10b359dd759705a55a02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 09:33:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1613/1786] fix account update create signed outside tx

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index bd1ec734b6..c0eb98faf4 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -982,8 +982,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (isSameAsFeePayer) nonce++;
     // now, we check how often this account update already updated its nonce in
     // this tx, and increase nonce from `getAccount` by that amount
-    let layout = currentTransaction.get().layout;
-    layout.forEachPredecessor(update as AccountUpdate, (otherUpdate) => {
+    let layout = currentTransaction()?.layout;
+    layout?.forEachPredecessor(update as AccountUpdate, (otherUpdate) => {
       let shouldIncreaseNonce = otherUpdate.publicKey
         .equals(publicKey)
         .and(otherUpdate.tokenId.equals(tokenId))

From 0570bfb81bd5722bba6d8188535b2289de5cd667 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 09:34:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1614/1786] another test case for token contract

---
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index 2c9c059946..bcbe2bc882 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
 let [
   { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey },
   { publicKey: tokenAddress, privateKey: tokenKey },
-  { publicKey: otherAddress },
+  { publicKey: otherAddress, privateKey: otherKey },
 ] = Local.testAccounts;
 
 let token = new ExampleTokenContract(tokenAddress);
@@ -85,3 +85,20 @@ await assert.rejects(
   () => Mina.transaction(sender, () => token.approveBase(forest)),
   /Field\.assertEquals\(\): 1 != 0/
 );
+
+// succeeds to approve deep account update tree with zero balance sum
+let update4 = AccountUpdate.createSigned(otherAddress, tokenId);
+update4.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.InheritFromParent;
+update4.balanceChange = Int64.minusOne;
+update4.body.callDepth = 2;
+
+forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray([
+  update1,
+  update2,
+  update3,
+  update4,
+]);
+
+let approveTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => token.approveBase(forest));
+await approveTx.prove();
+await approveTx.sign([senderKey, otherKey]).send();

From e62be7e8284380f241cbf3712df1baf895ae68e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 10:46:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1615/1786] approve a whole tree

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 75 +++++++++++++++----
 .../mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts   | 41 +++++++++-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                              |  9 ++-
 3 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index c0eb98faf4..d1f41c7984 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -800,8 +800,10 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    * For a proof in particular, child account updates are contained in the public input
    * of the proof that authorizes the parent account update.
    */
-  approve(child: AccountUpdate) {
-    child.body.callDepth = this.body.callDepth + 1;
+  approve(child: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
+    if (child instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+      child.body.callDepth = this.body.callDepth + 1;
+    }
     accountUpdates()?.disattach(child);
     accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, child);
   }
@@ -1659,7 +1661,10 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     let layout = '';
 
     let toPretty = (a: UnfinishedForest) => {
-      if (a.isFinal()) layout += ' '.repeat(indent) + ' ( finalized forest )\n';
+      if (a.isFinal()) {
+        layout += ' '.repeat(indent) + ' ( finalized forest )\n';
+        return;
+      }
       assert(a.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
       indent += 2;
       for (let tree of a.mutable) {
@@ -1684,6 +1689,12 @@ function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
   return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
 }
 
+function isUnfinished(
+  input: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | UnfinishedTree
+): input is UnfinishedTree {
+  return 'final' in input || 'mutable' in input;
+}
+
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
   readonly map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
   readonly root: UnfinishedTree;
@@ -1702,30 +1713,62 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     this.root = rootTree;
   }
 
-  get(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  get(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
     return this.map.get(update.id);
   }
 
-  private getOrCreate(update: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree): UnfinishedTree {
-    if (!(update instanceof AccountUpdate)) {
+  private getOrCreate(
+    update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | UnfinishedTree
+  ): UnfinishedTree {
+    if (isUnfinished(update)) {
       if (!this.map.has(update.id)) {
         this.map.set(update.id, update);
       }
       return update;
     }
     let node = this.map.get(update.id);
-    if (node !== undefined) return node;
-    node = {
-      mutable: update,
-      id: update.id,
-      isDummy: update.isDummy(),
-      children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-    };
+    if (node !== undefined) {
+      // might have to change node
+      if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+        if (node.final !== undefined) {
+          Object.assign(node, {
+            mutable: update,
+            final: undefined,
+            children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+          });
+        }
+      } else if (node.mutable !== undefined) {
+        Object.assign(node, {
+          mutable: undefined,
+          final: update.accountUpdate,
+          children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.calls),
+        });
+      }
+      return node;
+    }
+    if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+      node = {
+        mutable: update,
+        id: update.id,
+        isDummy: update.isDummy(),
+        children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      };
+    } else {
+      node = {
+        final: update.accountUpdate,
+        id: update.id,
+        isDummy: Bool(false),
+        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.calls),
+      };
+    }
     this.map.set(update.id, node);
     return node;
   }
 
-  pushChild(parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree, child: AccountUpdate) {
+  pushChild(
+    parent: AccountUpdate | UnfinishedTree,
+    child: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree
+  ) {
     let parentNode = this.getOrCreate(parent);
     let childNode = this.getOrCreate(child);
     parentNode.children.push(childNode);
@@ -1747,13 +1790,13 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
     this.setChildren(this.root, children);
   }
 
-  disattach(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  disattach(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
     let node = this.get(update);
     node?.siblings?.remove(node);
     return node;
   }
 
-  finalizeAndRemove(update: AccountUpdate) {
+  finalizeAndRemove(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
     let node = this.get(update);
     if (node === undefined) return;
     this.disattach(update);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
index f75f503194..71638976f2 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 import { Mina } from '../../index.js';
-import { AccountUpdate } from '../account_update.js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
+  HashedAccountUpdate,
+} from '../account_update.js';
 import { UInt64 } from '../int.js';
 import { SmartContract, method } from '../zkapp.js';
 
@@ -7,9 +12,30 @@ import { SmartContract, method } from '../zkapp.js';
 
 class NestedCall extends SmartContract {
   @method deposit() {
-    const payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(this.sender);
+    let payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(this.sender);
     payerUpdate.send({ to: this.address, amount: UInt64.one });
   }
+
+  @method depositUsingTree() {
+    let payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(this.sender);
+    let receiverUpdate = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(this.address);
+    payerUpdate.send({ to: receiverUpdate, amount: UInt64.one });
+
+    // TODO make this super easy
+    let calls = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
+    let tree: AccountUpdateTree = {
+      accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(payerUpdate),
+      id: payerUpdate.id,
+      calls,
+    };
+    calls.push({
+      accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(receiverUpdate),
+      id: receiverUpdate.id,
+      calls: AccountUpdateForest.empty(),
+    });
+
+    this.approve(tree);
+  }
 }
 
 // setup
@@ -41,3 +67,14 @@ await depositTx.prove();
 await depositTx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 Mina.getBalance(zkappAddress).assertEquals(balanceBefore.add(1));
+
+// deposit call using tree
+
+balanceBefore = balanceBefore.add(1);
+
+depositTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => zkapp.depositUsingTree());
+console.log(depositTx.toPretty());
+await depositTx.prove();
+await depositTx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+Mina.getBalance(zkappAddress).assertEquals(balanceBefore.add(1));
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 24cfbaf882..b604efabca 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   LazyProof,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateLayout,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
 } from './account_update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
@@ -930,11 +931,11 @@ super.init();
    * @param updateOrCallback
    * @returns The account update that was approved (needed when passing in a Callback)
    */
-  approve(updateOrCallback: AccountUpdate | Callback<any>) {
+  approve(updateOrCallback: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | Callback<any>) {
     let accountUpdate =
-      updateOrCallback instanceof AccountUpdate
-        ? updateOrCallback
-        : Provable.witness(AccountUpdate, () => updateOrCallback.accountUpdate);
+      updateOrCallback instanceof Callback
+        ? Provable.witness(AccountUpdate, () => updateOrCallback.accountUpdate)
+        : updateOrCallback;
     this.self.approve(accountUpdate);
     return accountUpdate;
   }

From ddde1de2de62a5029d7cfa1d644fc4da2dda1a18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 11:04:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1616/1786] proper type for packed/hashed.provable

---
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts | 26 ++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index d0b7ddef4f..c770b28145 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ class Packed<T> {
   /**
    * Create a packed representation of `type`. You can then use `PackedType.pack(x)` to pack a value.
    */
-  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Packed<T> {
+  static create<T>(type: ProvableExtended<T>): typeof Packed<T> & {
+    provable: ProvableHashable<Packed<T>>;
+  } {
     // compute size of packed representation
     let input = type.toInput(type.empty());
     let packedSize = countFields(input);
@@ -67,6 +69,11 @@ class Packed<T> {
       static empty(): Packed<T> {
         return Packed_.pack(type.empty());
       }
+
+      static get provable() {
+        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Packed not initialized');
+        return this._provable;
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -118,10 +125,6 @@ class Packed<T> {
     return this.constructor as typeof Packed;
   }
 
-  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<Packed<any>> {
-    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Packed not initialized');
-    return this._provable;
-  }
   static get innerProvable(): ProvableExtended<any> {
     assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Packed not initialized');
     return this._innerProvable;
@@ -181,7 +184,9 @@ class Hashed<T> {
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
     hash?: (t: T) => Field
-  ): typeof Hashed<T> {
+  ): typeof Hashed<T> & {
+    provable: ProvableHashable<Hashed<T>>;
+  } {
     let _hash = hash ?? ((t: T) => Poseidon.hashPacked(type, t));
 
     let dummyHash = _hash(type.empty());
@@ -198,6 +203,11 @@ class Hashed<T> {
       static empty(): Hashed<T> {
         return new this(dummyHash, Unconstrained.from(type.empty()));
       }
+
+      static get provable() {
+        assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
+        return this._provable;
+      }
     };
   }
 
@@ -254,10 +264,6 @@ class Hashed<T> {
     return this.constructor as typeof Hashed;
   }
 
-  static get provable(): ProvableHashable<Hashed<any>> {
-    assert(this._provable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
-    return this._provable;
-  }
   static get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<any> {
     assert(this._innerProvable !== undefined, 'Hashed not initialized');
     return this._innerProvable;

From fe85eb088c85a6dc6ed88e85185b42b596df5371 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 11:04:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1617/1786] struct how it should be

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index ab6f802684..d1d24e9959 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ export {
   Struct,
   FlexibleProvable,
   FlexibleProvablePure,
+  Unconstrained,
 };
 
 // internal API
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export {
   HashInput,
   InferJson,
   InferredProvable,
-  Unconstrained,
+  StructNoJson,
 };
 
 type ProvableExtension<T, TJson = any> = {
@@ -477,6 +478,24 @@ function Struct<
   return Struct_ as any;
 }
 
+function StructNoJson<
+  A,
+  T extends InferProvable<A> = InferProvable<A>,
+  Pure extends boolean = IsPure<A>
+>(
+  type: A
+): (new (value: T) => T) & { _isStruct: true } & (Pure extends true
+    ? ProvablePure<T>
+    : Provable<T>) & {
+    toInput: (x: T) => {
+      fields?: Field[] | undefined;
+      packed?: [Field, number][] | undefined;
+    };
+    empty: () => T;
+  } {
+  return Struct(type) satisfies Provable<T> as any;
+}
+
 /**
  * Container which holds an unconstrained value. This can be used to pass values
  * between the out-of-circuit blocks in provable code.

From e12edc73ef08c78aa03dd57f5248bd9c2b7e7acd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 11:52:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1618/1786] make account update tree a usable class

---
 src/index.ts                                  |  1 +
 src/lib/account_update.ts                     | 98 ++++++++++++++-----
 .../mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts   | 17 +---
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts         |  4 +-
 4 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 3d3e7ca924..97240671ca 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ export {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   TransactionVersion,
   AccountUpdateForest,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
 } from './lib/account_update.js';
 
 export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index d1f41c7984..ed751763be 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ import {
   FlexibleProvable,
   provable,
   provablePure,
-  Struct,
-  Unconstrained,
+  StructNoJson,
 } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
@@ -35,12 +34,7 @@ import {
   Actions,
 } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/transaction-leaves.js';
 import { TokenId as Base58TokenId } from './base58-encodings.js';
-import {
-  hashWithPrefix,
-  packToFields,
-  Poseidon,
-  ProvableHashable,
-} from './hash.js';
+import { hashWithPrefix, packToFields, Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import {
   mocks,
   prefixes,
@@ -79,6 +73,7 @@ export {
   ZkappPublicInput,
   TransactionVersion,
   AccountUpdateForest,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
 };
 // internal API
 export {
@@ -100,7 +95,7 @@ export {
   zkAppProver,
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
-  AccountUpdateTree,
+  AccountUpdateTreeBase,
   AccountUpdateLayout,
   hashAccountUpdate,
   HashedAccountUpdate,
@@ -1067,7 +1062,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     let id = this.id;
     let calls = layout?.finalizeAndRemove(this) ?? AccountUpdateForest.empty();
     let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(this, hash);
-    return { accountUpdate, id, calls };
+    return new AccountUpdateTree({ accountUpdate, id, calls });
   }
 
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
@@ -1395,15 +1390,17 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
   hashAccountUpdate
 ) {}
 
-type AccountUpdateTree = {
+type AccountUpdateTreeBase = {
   id: number;
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>;
+  calls: AccountUpdateForestBase;
 };
-const AccountUpdateTree: ProvableHashable<AccountUpdateTree> = Struct({
+type AccountUpdateForestBase = MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTreeBase>;
+
+const AccountUpdateTreeBase = StructNoJson({
   id: RandomId,
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>(),
+  calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTreeBase>(),
 });
 
 /**
@@ -1420,7 +1417,7 @@ const AccountUpdateTree: ProvableHashable<AccountUpdateTree> = Struct({
  * ```
  */
 class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
-  AccountUpdateTree,
+  AccountUpdateTreeBase,
   merkleListHash
 ) {
   static fromFlatArray(updates: AccountUpdate[]): AccountUpdateForest {
@@ -1428,7 +1425,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
     return this.fromSimpleForest(simpleForest);
   }
   static toFlatArray(
-    forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>,
+    forest: AccountUpdateForestBase,
     mutate = true,
     depth = 0
   ) {
@@ -1454,7 +1451,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
   }
 
   // TODO this comes from paranoia and might be removed later
-  static assertConstant(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
+  static assertConstant(forest: AccountUpdateForestBase) {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
       forest.data.get().forEach(({ element: tree }) => {
         assert(
@@ -1467,13 +1464,68 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Class which represents a tree of account updates,
+ * in a compressed way which allows iterating and selectively witnessing the account updates.
+ *
+ * The (recursive) type signature is:
+ * ```
+ * type AccountUpdateTree = {
+ *   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
+ *   calls: AccountUpdateForest;
+ * };
+ * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<AccountUpdateTree>;
+ * ```
+ */
+class AccountUpdateTree extends StructNoJson({
+  id: RandomId,
+  accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
+  calls: AccountUpdateForest.provable,
+}) {
+  /**
+   * Create a tree of account updates which only consists of a root.
+   */
+  static from(update: AccountUpdate, hash?: Field) {
+    return new AccountUpdateTree({
+      accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update, hash),
+      id: update.id,
+      calls: AccountUpdateForest.empty(),
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add an {@link AccountUpdate} or {@link AccountUpdateTree} to the children of this tree's root.
+   *
+   * See {@link AccountUpdate.approve}.
+   */
+  approve(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree, hash?: Field) {
+    accountUpdates()?.disattach(update);
+    if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+      this.calls.pushIf(
+        update.isDummy().not(),
+        AccountUpdateTree.from(update, hash)
+      );
+    } else {
+      this.calls.push(update);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // fix Struct type
+  static fromFields(fields: Field[], aux: any) {
+    return new AccountUpdateTree(super.fromFields(fields, aux));
+  }
+  static empty() {
+    return new AccountUpdateTree(super.empty());
+  }
+}
+
 // how to hash a forest
 
-function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
+function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: AccountUpdateTreeBase) {
   return hashCons(forestHash, hashNode(tree));
 }
 
-function hashNode(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
+function hashNode(tree: AccountUpdateTreeBase) {
   return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
     tree.calls.hash,
@@ -1610,7 +1662,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     this.mutable.splice(index, 1);
   }
 
-  setToForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
+  setToForest(forest: AccountUpdateForestBase) {
     if (this.isMutable()) {
       assert(
         this.mutable.length === 0,
@@ -1620,7 +1672,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     return this.setFinal(new AccountUpdateForest(forest));
   }
 
-  static fromForest(forest: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTree>) {
+  static fromForest(forest: AccountUpdateForestBase) {
     return UnfinishedForest.empty().setToForest(forest);
   }
 
@@ -1683,7 +1735,9 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 }
 
-function toTree(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTree & { isDummy: Bool } {
+function toTree(
+  node: UnfinishedTree
+): AccountUpdateTreeBase & { isDummy: Bool } {
   let accountUpdate = node.final ?? HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.mutable);
   let calls = node.children.finalize();
   return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
index 71638976f2..76964ae423 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
@@ -18,22 +18,11 @@ class NestedCall extends SmartContract {
 
   @method depositUsingTree() {
     let payerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(this.sender);
-    let receiverUpdate = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(this.address);
+    let receiverUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address);
     payerUpdate.send({ to: receiverUpdate, amount: UInt64.one });
 
-    // TODO make this super easy
-    let calls = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
-    let tree: AccountUpdateTree = {
-      accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(payerUpdate),
-      id: payerUpdate.id,
-      calls,
-    };
-    calls.push({
-      accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(receiverUpdate),
-      id: receiverUpdate.id,
-      calls: AccountUpdateForest.empty(),
-    });
-
+    let tree = AccountUpdateTree.from(payerUpdate);
+    tree.approve(receiverUpdate);
     this.approve(tree);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index 441ae00951..8d0949e7a4 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
-  AccountUpdateTree,
+  AccountUpdateTreeBase,
   TokenId,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
   selfToken: Field;
 
   constructor(
-    forest: MerkleListIterator<AccountUpdateTree>,
+    forest: MerkleListIterator<AccountUpdateTreeBase>,
     mayUseToken: MayUseToken,
     selfToken: Field
   ) {

From 24f9fb7315fa8da9789a3f83cdaa61d58cf701f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:02:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1619/1786] allow approving forests and some other polish

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                       | 9 +++++++--
 src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts | 7 +------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts            | 8 ++++----
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                                | 8 +++++++-
 4 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index ed751763be..28e0d97701 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -795,7 +795,11 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    * For a proof in particular, child account updates are contained in the public input
    * of the proof that authorizes the parent account update.
    */
-  approve(child: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
+  approve(child: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | AccountUpdateForest) {
+    if (child instanceof AccountUpdateForest) {
+      accountUpdates()?.setChildren(this, child);
+      return;
+    }
     if (child instanceof AccountUpdate) {
       child.body.callDepth = this.body.callDepth + 1;
     }
@@ -1485,7 +1489,8 @@ class AccountUpdateTree extends StructNoJson({
   /**
    * Create a tree of account updates which only consists of a root.
    */
-  static from(update: AccountUpdate, hash?: Field) {
+  static from(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree, hash?: Field) {
+    if (update instanceof AccountUpdateTree) return update;
     return new AccountUpdateTree({
       accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update, hash),
       id: update.id,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
index 76964ae423..7fd21e50b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 import { Mina } from '../../index.js';
-import {
-  AccountUpdate,
-  AccountUpdateForest,
-  AccountUpdateTree,
-  HashedAccountUpdate,
-} from '../account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateTree } from '../account_update.js';
 import { UInt64 } from '../int.js';
 import { SmartContract, method } from '../zkapp.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 09950a2702..f1fe0a0fc1 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -49,23 +49,23 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     updates: AccountUpdateForest,
     callback: (update: AccountUpdate, usesToken: Bool) => void
   ) {
-    let forest = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(updates, this.token.id);
+    let iterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(updates, this.token.id);
 
     // iterate through the forest and apply user-defined logc
     for (let i = 0; i < MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES; i++) {
-      let { accountUpdate, usesThisToken } = forest.next();
+      let { accountUpdate, usesThisToken } = iterator.next();
       callback(accountUpdate, usesThisToken);
     }
 
     // prove that we checked all updates
-    forest.assertFinished(
+    iterator.assertFinished(
       `Number of account updates to approve exceed ` +
         `the supported limit of ${MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES}.\n`
     );
 
     // skip hashing our child account updates in the method wrapper
     // since we just did that in the loop above
-    accountUpdates()?.setTopLevel(updates);
+    this.approve(updates);
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index b604efabca..0c001e7c79 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -931,7 +931,13 @@ super.init();
    * @param updateOrCallback
    * @returns The account update that was approved (needed when passing in a Callback)
    */
-  approve(updateOrCallback: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | Callback<any>) {
+  approve(
+    updateOrCallback:
+      | AccountUpdate
+      | AccountUpdateTree
+      | AccountUpdateForest
+      | Callback<any>
+  ) {
     let accountUpdate =
       updateOrCallback instanceof Callback
         ? Provable.witness(AccountUpdate, () => updateOrCallback.accountUpdate)

From adc23a2530dacf6058d2f3ad102b8e93c8b47559 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:13:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1620/1786] calls -> children

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts             | 41 ++++++++++++++-------------
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts |  4 +--
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 28e0d97701..aebba25314 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1064,9 +1064,10 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     let layout = accountUpdates();
     let hash = layout?.get(this)?.final?.hash;
     let id = this.id;
-    let calls = layout?.finalizeAndRemove(this) ?? AccountUpdateForest.empty();
+    let children =
+      layout?.finalizeAndRemove(this) ?? AccountUpdateForest.empty();
     let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(this, hash);
-    return new AccountUpdateTree({ accountUpdate, id, calls });
+    return new AccountUpdateTree({ accountUpdate, id, children });
   }
 
   static defaultAccountUpdate(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
@@ -1397,14 +1398,14 @@ class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
 type AccountUpdateTreeBase = {
   id: number;
   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
-  calls: AccountUpdateForestBase;
+  children: AccountUpdateForestBase;
 };
 type AccountUpdateForestBase = MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTreeBase>;
 
 const AccountUpdateTreeBase = StructNoJson({
   id: RandomId,
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTreeBase>(),
+  children: MerkleListBase<AccountUpdateTreeBase>(),
 });
 
 /**
@@ -1416,7 +1417,7 @@ const AccountUpdateTreeBase = StructNoJson({
  * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<AccountUpdateTree>;
  * type AccountUpdateTree = {
  *   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
- *   calls: AccountUpdateForest;
+ *   children: AccountUpdateForest;
  * };
  * ```
  */
@@ -1438,7 +1439,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
       let update = tree.accountUpdate.value.get();
       if (mutate) update.body.callDepth = depth;
       flat.push(update);
-      flat.push(...this.toFlatArray(tree.calls, mutate, depth + 1));
+      flat.push(...this.toFlatArray(tree.children, mutate, depth + 1));
     }
     return flat;
   }
@@ -1448,8 +1449,8 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
   ): AccountUpdateForest {
     let nodes = simpleForest.map((node) => {
       let accountUpdate = HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.accountUpdate);
-      let calls = AccountUpdateForest.fromSimpleForest(node.children);
-      return { accountUpdate, calls, id: node.accountUpdate.id };
+      let children = AccountUpdateForest.fromSimpleForest(node.children);
+      return { accountUpdate, children, id: node.accountUpdate.id };
     });
     return AccountUpdateForest.from(nodes);
   }
@@ -1462,7 +1463,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
           Provable.isConstant(AccountUpdate, tree.accountUpdate.value.get()),
           'account update not constant'
         );
-        AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(tree.calls);
+        AccountUpdateForest.assertConstant(tree.children);
       });
     });
   }
@@ -1476,7 +1477,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
  * ```
  * type AccountUpdateTree = {
  *   accountUpdate: Hashed<AccountUpdate>;
- *   calls: AccountUpdateForest;
+ *   children: AccountUpdateForest;
  * };
  * type AccountUpdateForest = MerkleList<AccountUpdateTree>;
  * ```
@@ -1484,7 +1485,7 @@ class AccountUpdateForest extends MerkleList.create(
 class AccountUpdateTree extends StructNoJson({
   id: RandomId,
   accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.provable,
-  calls: AccountUpdateForest.provable,
+  children: AccountUpdateForest.provable,
 }) {
   /**
    * Create a tree of account updates which only consists of a root.
@@ -1494,7 +1495,7 @@ class AccountUpdateTree extends StructNoJson({
     return new AccountUpdateTree({
       accountUpdate: HashedAccountUpdate.hash(update, hash),
       id: update.id,
-      calls: AccountUpdateForest.empty(),
+      children: AccountUpdateForest.empty(),
     });
   }
 
@@ -1506,12 +1507,12 @@ class AccountUpdateTree extends StructNoJson({
   approve(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree, hash?: Field) {
     accountUpdates()?.disattach(update);
     if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
-      this.calls.pushIf(
+      this.children.pushIf(
         update.isDummy().not(),
         AccountUpdateTree.from(update, hash)
       );
     } else {
-      this.calls.push(update);
+      this.children.push(update);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1533,7 +1534,7 @@ function merkleListHash(forestHash: Field, tree: AccountUpdateTreeBase) {
 function hashNode(tree: AccountUpdateTreeBase) {
   return Poseidon.hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
     tree.accountUpdate.hash,
-    tree.calls.hash,
+    tree.children.hash,
   ]);
 }
 function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
@@ -1649,7 +1650,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
       final: tree.accountUpdate,
       id: tree.id,
       isDummy: Bool(false),
-      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.calls),
+      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.children),
       siblings: this,
     });
   }
@@ -1744,8 +1745,8 @@ function toTree(
   node: UnfinishedTree
 ): AccountUpdateTreeBase & { isDummy: Bool } {
   let accountUpdate = node.final ?? HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.mutable);
-  let calls = node.children.finalize();
-  return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, calls };
+  let children = node.children.finalize();
+  return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, children };
 }
 
 function isUnfinished(
@@ -1800,7 +1801,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
         Object.assign(node, {
           mutable: undefined,
           final: update.accountUpdate,
-          children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.calls),
+          children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.children),
         });
       }
       return node;
@@ -1817,7 +1818,7 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
         final: update.accountUpdate,
         id: update.id,
         isDummy: Bool(false),
-        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.calls),
+        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.children),
       };
     }
     this.map.set(update.id, node);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index 8d0949e7a4..62b717e94a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class TokenAccountUpdateIterator {
    */
   next() {
     // get next account update from the current forest (might be a dummy)
-    let { accountUpdate, calls } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
-    let childForest = AccountUpdateIterator.startIterating(calls);
+    let { accountUpdate, children } = this.currentLayer.forest.next();
+    let childForest = AccountUpdateIterator.startIterating(children);
     let childLayer = {
       forest: childForest,
       mayUseToken: MayUseToken.InheritFromParent,

From 314ab5fa0a731ae52d496b388b15cd4c1b08c964 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:14:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1621/1786] more explicit name for globally accessible accout
 update layout

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts              | 16 ++++++++--------
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts |  4 ++--
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts   |  2 --
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                       |  6 +++---
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index aebba25314..2f6cb5925a 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ import {
 } from './provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 import { Hashed } from './provable-types/packed.js';
 import {
-  accountUpdates,
+  accountUpdateLayout,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
@@ -797,14 +797,14 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    */
   approve(child: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | AccountUpdateForest) {
     if (child instanceof AccountUpdateForest) {
-      accountUpdates()?.setChildren(this, child);
+      accountUpdateLayout()?.setChildren(this, child);
       return;
     }
     if (child instanceof AccountUpdate) {
       child.body.callDepth = this.body.callDepth + 1;
     }
-    accountUpdates()?.disattach(child);
-    accountUpdates()?.pushChild(this, child);
+    accountUpdateLayout()?.disattach(child);
+    accountUpdateLayout()?.pushChild(this, child);
   }
 
   get balance() {
@@ -1055,13 +1055,13 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
   }
 
   toPrettyLayout() {
-    let node = accountUpdates()?.get(this);
+    let node = accountUpdateLayout()?.get(this);
     assert(node !== undefined, 'AccountUpdate not found in layout');
     node.children.print();
   }
 
   extractTree(): AccountUpdateTree {
-    let layout = accountUpdates();
+    let layout = accountUpdateLayout();
     let hash = layout?.get(this)?.final?.hash;
     let id = this.id;
     let children =
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
    * Disattach an account update from where it's currently located in the transaction
    */
   static unlink(accountUpdate: AccountUpdate) {
-    accountUpdates()?.disattach(accountUpdate);
+    accountUpdateLayout()?.disattach(accountUpdate);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ class AccountUpdateTree extends StructNoJson({
    * See {@link AccountUpdate.approve}.
    */
   approve(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree, hash?: Field) {
-    accountUpdates()?.disattach(update);
+    accountUpdateLayout()?.disattach(update);
     if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
       this.children.pushIf(
         update.isDummy().not(),
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
index a276a2ff1e..96f93c4e8c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './transaction-context.js';
 
-export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext, accountUpdates };
+export { smartContractContext, SmartContractContext, accountUpdateLayout };
 
 type SmartContractContext = {
   this: SmartContract;
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ let smartContractContext = Context.create<null | SmartContractContext>({
   default: null,
 });
 
-function accountUpdates() {
+function accountUpdateLayout() {
   // in a smart contract, return the layout currently created in the contract call
   let layout = smartContractContext.get()?.selfLayout;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index f1fe0a0fc1..38a2a64843 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ import {
   AccountUpdate,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateTree,
-  HashedAccountUpdate,
   Permissions,
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
-import { accountUpdates } from '../smart-contract-context.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 0c001e7c79..19c70e587c 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ import { SmartContractBase } from './mina/smart-contract-base.js';
 import { ZkappStateLength } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import {
   SmartContractContext,
-  accountUpdates,
+  accountUpdateLayout,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 
@@ -1641,8 +1641,8 @@ function diffRecursive(
   let { transaction, index, accountUpdate: input } = inputData;
   diff(transaction, index, prover.toPretty(), input.toPretty());
   // TODO
-  let inputChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(input)!.children.mutable!;
-  let proverChildren = accountUpdates()!.get(prover)!.children.mutable!;
+  let inputChildren = accountUpdateLayout()!.get(input)!.children.mutable!;
+  let proverChildren = accountUpdateLayout()!.get(prover)!.children.mutable!;
   let nChildren = inputChildren.length;
   for (let i = 0; i < nChildren; i++) {
     let inputChild = inputChildren[i].mutable;

From e4a87290908a43140272dcf8281b579713ebe326 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:43:47 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1622/1786] remove unnecessary changes

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 25 ++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 19c70e587c..3ac45d7307 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       }
     });
 
-    let insideContract = SmartContractContext.get();
+    let insideContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (!insideContract) {
       const { id, context } = SmartContractContext.enter(
         this,
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
           return result;
         }
       } finally {
-        SmartContractContext.leave(id);
+        smartContractContext.leave(id);
       }
     }
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ function wrapMethod(
       accountUpdate.body.callData.assertEquals(callData);
       return result;
     } finally {
-      SmartContractContext.leave(id);
+      smartContractContext.leave(id);
     }
   };
 }
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ super.init();
    */
   get self(): AccountUpdate {
     let inTransaction = Mina.currentTransaction.has();
-    let inSmartContract = SmartContractContext.get();
+    let inSmartContract = smartContractContext.get();
     if (!inTransaction && !inSmartContract) {
       // TODO: it's inefficient to return a fresh account update everytime, would be better to return a constant "non-writable" account update,
       // or even expose the .get() methods independently of any account update (they don't need one)
@@ -1157,8 +1157,8 @@ super.init();
         throw err;
       }
       let id: number;
-      let insideSmartContract = !!SmartContractContext.get();
-      if (insideSmartContract) id = SmartContractContext.stepOutside();
+      let insideSmartContract = !!smartContractContext.get();
+      if (insideSmartContract) id = smartContractContext.enter(null);
       try {
         for (let methodIntf of methodIntfs) {
           let accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ super.init();
           if (printSummary) console.log(methodIntf.methodName, summary());
         }
       } finally {
-        if (insideSmartContract) SmartContractContext.leave(id!);
+        if (insideSmartContract) smartContractContext.leave(id!);
       }
     }
     return methodMetadata;
@@ -1481,15 +1481,6 @@ const SmartContractContext = {
     let id = smartContractContext.enter(context);
     return { id, context };
   },
-  leave(id: number) {
-    smartContractContext.leave(id);
-  },
-  stepOutside() {
-    return smartContractContext.enter(null);
-  },
-  get() {
-    return smartContractContext.get();
-  },
 };
 
 type DeployArgs =
@@ -1500,7 +1491,7 @@ type DeployArgs =
   | undefined;
 
 function Account(address: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
-  if (SmartContractContext.get()) {
+  if (smartContractContext.get()) {
     return AccountUpdate.create(address, tokenId).account;
   } else {
     return AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(address, tokenId).account;

From aa37ee0902d51ea0883f36521dd190400477f5f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:44:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1623/1786] some code organization

---
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 110 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 54 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index 2f6cb5925a..bc5ec31f9c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@ function hashCons(forestHash: Field, nodeHash: Field) {
  *
  * type UnfinishedTree = (
  *  | Mutable of AccountUpdate
- *  | Final of HashedAccountUpdate)
+ *  | Final of HashedAccountUpdate
  * ) & { children: UnfinishedForest, ... }
  * ```
  */
@@ -1616,7 +1616,7 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     if (this.isFinal()) return this.final;
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'final or mutable');
 
-    let nodes = this.mutable.map(toTree);
+    let nodes = this.mutable.map(UnfinishedTree.finalize);
     let finalForest = AccountUpdateForest.empty();
 
     for (let { isDummy, ...tree } of [...nodes].reverse()) {
@@ -1644,17 +1644,6 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
     this.mutable.push(node);
   }
 
-  pushTree(tree: AccountUpdateTree) {
-    assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot push to an immutable forest');
-    this.mutable.push({
-      final: tree.accountUpdate,
-      id: tree.id,
-      isDummy: Bool(false),
-      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(tree.children),
-      siblings: this,
-    });
-  }
-
   remove(node: UnfinishedTree) {
     assert(this.isMutable(), 'Cannot remove from an immutable forest');
     // find by .id
@@ -1741,19 +1730,54 @@ class UnfinishedForest {
   }
 }
 
-function toTree(
-  node: UnfinishedTree
-): AccountUpdateTreeBase & { isDummy: Bool } {
-  let accountUpdate = node.final ?? HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.mutable);
-  let children = node.children.finalize();
-  return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, children };
-}
+const UnfinishedTree = {
+  create(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree): UnfinishedTree {
+    if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+      return {
+        mutable: update,
+        id: update.id,
+        isDummy: update.isDummy(),
+        children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+      };
+    }
+    return {
+      final: update.accountUpdate,
+      id: update.id,
+      isDummy: Bool(false),
+      children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.children),
+    };
+  },
 
-function isUnfinished(
-  input: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | UnfinishedTree
-): input is UnfinishedTree {
-  return 'final' in input || 'mutable' in input;
-}
+  setTo(node: UnfinishedTree, update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree) {
+    if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+      if (node.final !== undefined) {
+        Object.assign(node, {
+          mutable: update,
+          final: undefined,
+          children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
+        });
+      }
+    } else if (node.mutable !== undefined) {
+      Object.assign(node, {
+        mutable: undefined,
+        final: update.accountUpdate,
+        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.children),
+      });
+    }
+  },
+
+  finalize(node: UnfinishedTree): AccountUpdateTreeBase & { isDummy: Bool } {
+    let accountUpdate = node.final ?? HashedAccountUpdate.hash(node.mutable);
+    let children = node.children.finalize();
+    return { accountUpdate, id: node.id, isDummy: node.isDummy, children };
+  },
+
+  isUnfinished(
+    input: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | UnfinishedTree
+  ): input is UnfinishedTree {
+    return 'final' in input || 'mutable' in input;
+  },
+};
 
 class AccountUpdateLayout {
   readonly map: Map<number, UnfinishedTree>;
@@ -1780,47 +1804,21 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   private getOrCreate(
     update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | UnfinishedTree
   ): UnfinishedTree {
-    if (isUnfinished(update)) {
+    if (UnfinishedTree.isUnfinished(update)) {
       if (!this.map.has(update.id)) {
         this.map.set(update.id, update);
       }
       return update;
     }
     let node = this.map.get(update.id);
+
     if (node !== undefined) {
       // might have to change node
-      if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
-        if (node.final !== undefined) {
-          Object.assign(node, {
-            mutable: update,
-            final: undefined,
-            children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-          });
-        }
-      } else if (node.mutable !== undefined) {
-        Object.assign(node, {
-          mutable: undefined,
-          final: update.accountUpdate,
-          children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.children),
-        });
-      }
+      UnfinishedTree.setTo(node, update);
       return node;
     }
-    if (update instanceof AccountUpdate) {
-      node = {
-        mutable: update,
-        id: update.id,
-        isDummy: update.isDummy(),
-        children: UnfinishedForest.empty(),
-      };
-    } else {
-      node = {
-        final: update.accountUpdate,
-        id: update.id,
-        isDummy: Bool(false),
-        children: UnfinishedForest.fromForest(update.children),
-      };
-    }
+
+    node = UnfinishedTree.create(update);
     this.map.set(update.id, node);
     return node;
   }

From 694897dd06c3aad31e7c66ff30e4ac0144b75f2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:45:52 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1624/1786] fixup examples build

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
index 17c3d1bee0..556354db00 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     callback: Experimental.Callback<any>
   ) {
     // TODO use token contract methods for approve
-    let senderAccountUpdate = this.approve(callback);
+    let senderAccountUpdate = this.approve(callback) as AccountUpdate;
     let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
     let negativeAmount = Int64.fromObject(
       senderAccountUpdate.body.balanceChange

From 1cb30fa5d4e0f004090b8894851ca50d036a54cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 12:50:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1625/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 5ca42cd21a..d6b9b5cbf9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Remove `AccountUpdate.children` and `AccountUpdate.parent` properties https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1402
+  - Also removes the optional `AccountUpdatesLayout` argument to `approve()`
+  - Adds `AccountUpdateTree` and `AccountUpdateForest`, new classes that represent a layout of account updates explicitly
+  - Both of the new types are now accepted as inputs to `approve()`
+  - `accountUpdate.extractTree()` to obtain the tree associated with an account update in the current transaction context.
+
 ### Added
 
 - `MerkleList<T>` to enable provable operations on a dynamically-sized list https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398

From a7b70aff3751efba74d536753bb51e1b0d225834 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 15:22:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1626/1786] support custom empty hash in merkle list

---
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index a06e19c563..6e949c050e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
-    return this.hash.equals(emptyHash);
+    return this.hash.equals(this.Constructor.emptyHash);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return Provable.witness(WithHash(this.innerProvable), () => {
       let [value, ...data] = this.data.get();
       let head = value ?? {
-        previousHash: emptyHash,
+        previousHash: this.Constructor.emptyHash,
         element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
       };
       this.data.set(data);
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
   pop(): T {
     let { previousHash, element } = this.popWitness();
     let isEmpty = this.isEmpty();
+    let emptyHash = this.Constructor.emptyHash;
 
     let currentHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     currentHash = Provable.if(isEmpty, emptyHash, currentHash);
@@ -195,7 +196,8 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type),
+    emptyHash_ = emptyHash
   ): typeof MerkleList<T> & {
     // override static methods with strict types
     empty: () => MerkleList<T>;
@@ -211,13 +213,14 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
       }) as ProvableHashable<MerkleList<T>>;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
+      static _emptyHash = emptyHash_;
 
       static empty(): MerkleList<T> {
-        return new this({ hash: emptyHash, data: Unconstrained.from([]) });
+        return new this({ hash: emptyHash_, data: Unconstrained.from([]) });
       }
 
       static from(array: T[]): MerkleList<T> {
-        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
+        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash, emptyHash_);
         return new this({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
       }
 
@@ -230,6 +233,7 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, t: any) => Field) | undefined;
+  static _emptyHash: Field | undefined;
 
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleList<any>> | undefined;
   static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
@@ -246,6 +250,11 @@ class MerkleList<T> implements MerkleListBase<T> {
     return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
 
+  static get emptyHash() {
+    assert(this._emptyHash !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
+    return this._emptyHash;
+  }
+
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
@@ -277,7 +286,7 @@ type MerkleListIteratorBase<T> = {
 
 /**
  * MerkleListIterator helps iterating through a Merkle list.
- * This works similar to calling `list.pop()` repreatedly, but maintaining the entire list instead of removing elements.
+ * This works similar to calling `list.pop()` repeatedly, but maintaining the entire list instead of removing elements.
  *
  * The core method that supports iteration is {@link next()}.
  *
@@ -309,13 +318,13 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
   }
 
   isAtEnd() {
-    return this.currentHash.equals(emptyHash);
+    return this.currentHash.equals(this.Constructor.emptyHash);
   }
   jumpToEnd() {
     this.currentIndex.setTo(
       Unconstrained.witness(() => this.data.get().length)
     );
-    this.currentHash = emptyHash;
+    this.currentHash = this.Constructor.emptyHash;
   }
   jumpToEndIf(condition: Bool) {
     Provable.asProver(() => {
@@ -323,7 +332,11 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
         this.currentIndex.set(this.data.get().length);
       }
     });
-    this.currentHash = Provable.if(condition, emptyHash, this.currentHash);
+    this.currentHash = Provable.if(
+      condition,
+      this.Constructor.emptyHash,
+      this.currentHash
+    );
   }
 
   next() {
@@ -333,12 +346,13 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
       WithHash(this.innerProvable),
       () =>
         this.data.get()[this.currentIndex.get()] ?? {
-          previousHash: emptyHash,
+          previousHash: this.Constructor.emptyHash,
           element: this.innerProvable.empty(),
         }
     );
 
     let isDummy = this.isAtEnd();
+    let emptyHash = this.Constructor.emptyHash;
     let correctHash = this.nextHash(previousHash, element);
     let requiredHash = Provable.if(isDummy, emptyHash, correctHash);
     this.currentHash.assertEquals(requiredHash);
@@ -372,7 +386,8 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
    */
   static create<T>(
     type: ProvableHashable<T>,
-    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type)
+    nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field = merkleListHash(type),
+    emptyHash_ = emptyHash
   ): typeof MerkleListIterator<T> & {
     from: (array: T[]) => MerkleListIterator<T>;
     startIterating: (list: MerkleListBase<T>) => MerkleListIterator<T>;
@@ -392,9 +407,10 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
       >;
 
       static _nextHash = nextHash;
+      static _emptyHash = emptyHash_;
 
       static from(array: T[]): MerkleListIterator<T> {
-        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash);
+        let { hash, data } = withHashes(array, nextHash, emptyHash_);
         return this.startIterating({ data: Unconstrained.from(data), hash });
       }
 
@@ -433,6 +449,7 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
 
   // dynamic subclassing infra
   static _nextHash: ((hash: Field, value: any) => Field) | undefined;
+  static _emptyHash: Field | undefined;
 
   static _provable: ProvableHashable<MerkleListIterator<any>> | undefined;
   static _innerProvable: ProvableHashable<any> | undefined;
@@ -449,6 +466,11 @@ class MerkleListIterator<T> implements MerkleListIteratorBase<T> {
     return this.Constructor._nextHash(hash, value);
   }
 
+  static get emptyHash() {
+    assert(this._emptyHash !== undefined, 'MerkleList not initialized');
+    return this._emptyHash;
+  }
+
   get innerProvable(): ProvableHashable<T> {
     assert(
       this.Constructor._innerProvable !== undefined,
@@ -480,7 +502,8 @@ function merkleListHash<T>(provable: ProvableHashable<T>, prefix = '') {
 
 function withHashes<T>(
   data: T[],
-  nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field
+  nextHash: (hash: Field, value: T) => Field,
+  emptyHash: Field
 ): { data: WithHash<T>[]; hash: Field } {
   let n = data.length;
   let arrayWithHashes = Array<WithHash<T>>(n);

From f3c1762d553ab031ba2382a227354ed22867a8fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 15:23:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1627/1786] merkle list example that treats actions as a merkle
 list

---
 .../zkapps/reducer/actions-as-merkle-list.ts  | 148 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 148 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/reducer/actions-as-merkle-list.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/actions-as-merkle-list.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/actions-as-merkle-list.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86c38af844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/actions-as-merkle-list.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/**
+ * This example shows how to iterate through incoming actions, not using `Reducer.reduce` but by
+ * treating the actions as a merkle list.
+ *
+ * This is mainly intended as an example for using `MerkleList`, but it might also be useful as
+ * a blueprint for processing actions in a custom and more explicit way.
+ */
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Bool,
+  Field,
+  MerkleList,
+  Mina,
+  Provable,
+  PublicKey,
+  Reducer,
+  SmartContract,
+  method,
+  assert,
+} from 'o1js';
+
+const { Actions } = AccountUpdate;
+
+// in this example, an action is just a public key
+type Action = PublicKey;
+const Action = PublicKey;
+
+// the actions within one account update are a Merkle list with a custom hash
+const emptyHash = Actions.empty().hash;
+const nextHash = (hash: Field, action: Action) =>
+  Actions.pushEvent({ hash, data: [] }, action.toFields()).hash;
+
+class MerkleActions extends MerkleList.create(Action, nextHash, emptyHash) {}
+
+// the "action state" / actions from many account updates is a Merkle list
+// of the above Merkle list, with another custom hash
+let emptyActionsHash = Actions.emptyActionState();
+const nextActionsHash = (hash: Field, actions: MerkleActions) =>
+  Actions.updateSequenceState(hash, actions.hash);
+
+class MerkleActionss extends MerkleList.create(
+  MerkleActions.provable,
+  nextActionsHash,
+  emptyActionsHash
+) {}
+
+// constants for our static-sized provable code
+const MAX_UPDATES_WITH_ACTIONS = 100;
+const MAX_ACTIONS_PER_UPDATE = 2;
+
+/**
+ * This contract allows you to push either 1 or 2 public keys as actions,
+ * and has a reducer-like method which checks whether a given public key is contained in those actions.
+ */
+class ActionsContract extends SmartContract {
+  reducer = Reducer({ actionType: Action });
+
+  @method
+  postAddress(address: PublicKey) {
+    this.reducer.dispatch(address);
+  }
+
+  // to exhibit the generality of reducer: can dispatch more than 1 action per account update
+  @method postTwoAddresses(a1: PublicKey, a2: PublicKey) {
+    this.reducer.dispatch(a1);
+    this.reducer.dispatch(a2);
+  }
+
+  @method
+  assertContainsAddress(address: PublicKey) {
+    // get actions and, in a witness block, wrap them in a Merkle list of lists
+
+    // note: need to reverse here because `getActions()` returns the last pushed action last,
+    // but MerkleList.from() wants it to be first to match the natural iteration order
+    let actionss = this.reducer.getActions().reverse();
+
+    let merkleActionss = Provable.witness(MerkleActionss.provable, () =>
+      MerkleActionss.from(actionss.map((as) => MerkleActions.from(as)))
+    );
+
+    // prove that we know the correct action state
+    this.account.actionState.requireEquals(merkleActionss.hash);
+
+    // now our provable code to process the actions is very straight-forward
+    // (note: if we're past the actual sizes, `.pop()` returns a dummy Action -- in this case, the "empty" public key which is not equal to any real address)
+    let hasAddress = Bool(false);
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < MAX_UPDATES_WITH_ACTIONS; i++) {
+      let merkleActions = merkleActionss.pop();
+
+      for (let j = 0; j < MAX_ACTIONS_PER_UPDATE; j++) {
+        let action = merkleActions.pop();
+        hasAddress = hasAddress.or(action.equals(address));
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(hasAddress);
+  }
+}
+
+// TESTS
+
+// set up a local blockchain
+
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: false });
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+
+let [
+  { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey },
+  { publicKey: zkappAddress, privateKey: zkappKey },
+  { publicKey: otherAddress },
+  { publicKey: anotherAddress },
+] = Local.testAccounts;
+
+let zkapp = new ActionsContract(zkappAddress);
+
+// deploy the contract
+
+await ActionsContract.compile();
+console.log(
+  `rows for ${MAX_UPDATES_WITH_ACTIONS} updates with actions`,
+  ActionsContract.analyzeMethods().assertContainsAddress.rows
+);
+let deployTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => zkapp.deploy());
+await deployTx.sign([senderKey, zkappKey]).send();
+
+// push some actions
+
+let dispatchTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  zkapp.postAddress(otherAddress);
+  zkapp.postAddress(zkappAddress);
+  zkapp.postTwoAddresses(anotherAddress, sender);
+  zkapp.postAddress(anotherAddress);
+  zkapp.postTwoAddresses(zkappAddress, otherAddress);
+});
+await dispatchTx.prove();
+await dispatchTx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+
+assert(zkapp.reducer.getActions().length === 5);
+
+// check if the actions contain the `sender` address
+
+Local.setProofsEnabled(true);
+let containsTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () =>
+  zkapp.assertContainsAddress(sender)
+);
+await containsTx.prove();
+await containsTx.sign([senderKey]).send();

From e60b6d77f3ff2a4ca5bb4b10dc2ec1d5dc727bde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 17:34:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1628/1786] address review

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index da30f7551e..a9cc97781b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ export { Erc20Like, TrivialCoin };
  * https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/
  *
  * Differences to ERC-20:
- * - No approvals / allowance, because zkApps don't need them and they are a security footgun.
- * - `transfer()` and `transfer()` are collapsed into a single `transfer()` method which takes
+ * - No approvals / allowance, because zkApps don't need them and they are a security liability.
+ * - `transfer()` and `transferFrom()` are collapsed into a single `transfer()` method which takes
  *    both the sender and the receiver as arguments.
  * - `transfer()` and `balanceOf()` can also take an account update as an argument.
- *   This form might be needed for zkApp token accounts, where the account update has to come from a method
+ *   This form is needed for zkApp token accounts, where the account update has to come from a method
  *   (in order to get proof authorization), and can't be created by the token contract itself.
  * - `transfer()` doesn't return a boolean, because in the zkApp protocol,
  *   a transaction succeeds or fails in its entirety, and there is no need to handle partial failures.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ type Erc20Like = {
   // pure view functions which don't need @method
   name?: () => CircuitString;
   symbol?: () => CircuitString;
-  decimals?: () => Field; // TODO: should be UInt8 which doesn't exist yet
+  decimals?: () => Field;
   totalSupply(): UInt64;
   balanceOf(owner: PublicKey | AccountUpdate): UInt64;
 

From b5ef43221392692036e91c864ea64719ff605860 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 17:56:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1629/1786] fixup dex live test

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
index 97632223ef..22c013966f 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   keys,
   tokenIds,
 } from './dex-with-actions.js';
-import { TokenContract } from './dex.js';
+import { TrivialCoin as TokenContract } from './erc20.js';
 
 const useCustomLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
 // setting this to a higher number allows you to skip a few transactions, to pick up after an error

From cd3808e5ca3d059cd26ae4234b72cad93f8d6074 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 14:49:37 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1630/1786] feat(mina.ts): add sendOrThrowIfError method to
 Transaction type

This method sends the Transaction to the network and throws an error if internal errors are detected. This provides a more robust way of handling transaction failures.
---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index a74058c7ae..bd00d8f47c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -129,6 +129,11 @@ type Transaction = {
    * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network.
    */
   send(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
+
+  /**
+   * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network, unlike the standard send(), this function will throw an error if internal errors are detected.
+   */
+  sendOrThrowIfError(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
 };
 
 type PendingTransaction = Pick<
@@ -341,6 +346,9 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
         throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
       }
     },
+    async sendOrThrowIfError() {
+      return await sendOrThrowIfError(self);
+    },
   };
   return self;
 }
@@ -1162,6 +1170,16 @@ async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
   return await activeInstance.sendTransaction(txn);
 }
 
+async function sendOrThrowIfError(txn: Transaction) {
+  const pendingTransaction = await sendTransaction(txn);
+  if (!pendingTransaction.isSuccess) {
+    throw Error(
+      `Transaction failed: ${JSON.stringify(pendingTransaction.errors)}`
+    );
+  }
+  return pendingTransaction;
+}
+
 /**
  * @return A list of emitted events associated to the given public key.
  */

From 2329353c2a9c9e0f012d3d5398082d4f88c22ab4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 15:23:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1631/1786] feat(mina.ts): add RejectedTransaction type and
 waitOrThrowIfError

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index bd00d8f47c..815c04d0be 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -144,29 +144,54 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   wait(options?: {
     maxAttempts?: number;
     interval?: number;
-  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction>;
+  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
+  waitOrThrowIfError(options?: {
+    maxAttempts?: number;
+    interval?: number;
+  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
   hash(): string;
   data?: SendZkAppResponse;
   errors?: string[];
 };
 
-type IncludedTransaction = Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait' | 'isSuccess'> & {
-  isIncluded: boolean;
+type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
+  PendingTransaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
+> & {
+  status: 'included';
+};
+
+type RejectedTransaction = Pick<
+  PendingTransaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
+> & {
+  status: 'rejected';
+  errors: string[];
 };
 
-function createIncludedTransaction(
+function createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
   {
     transaction,
+    data,
     toJSON,
     toPretty,
     hash,
-    data,
-  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait'>,
+  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'>,
   errors?: string[]
-): IncludedTransaction {
+): IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction {
+  if (errors !== undefined) {
+    return {
+      status: 'rejected',
+      errors,
+      transaction,
+      toJSON,
+      toPretty,
+      hash,
+      data,
+    };
+  }
   return {
-    isIncluded: errors === undefined,
-    errors,
+    status: 'included',
     transaction,
     toJSON,
     toPretty,
@@ -583,12 +608,27 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         console.log(
           'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
         );
-        return Promise.resolve(createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction));
+        return Promise.resolve(
+          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction)
+        );
+      };
+
+      const waitOrThrowIfError = async (_options?: {
+        maxAttempts?: number;
+        interval?: number;
+      }) => {
+        console.log(
+          'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
+        );
+        return Promise.resolve(
+          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction)
+        );
       };
 
       return {
         ...pendingTransaction,
         wait,
+        waitOrThrowIfError,
       };
     },
     async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
@@ -879,25 +919,25 @@ function Network(
         maxAttempts: number,
         interval: number,
         attempts: number = 0
-      ): Promise<IncludedTransaction> => {
+      ): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction> => {
         let res: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof Fetch.checkZkappTransaction>>;
         try {
           res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
           if (res.success) {
-            return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction);
+            return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction);
           } else if (res.failureReason) {
-            return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
+            return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
               `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
             ]);
           }
         } catch (error) {
-          return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
+          return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
             (error as Error).message,
           ]);
         }
 
         if (maxAttempts && attempts >= maxAttempts) {
-          return createIncludedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
+          return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
             `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`,
           ]);
         }
@@ -909,9 +949,9 @@ function Network(
       const wait = async (options?: {
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
-      }): Promise<IncludedTransaction> => {
+      }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction> => {
         if (!isSuccess) {
-          return createIncludedTransaction(
+          return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
             pendingTransaction,
             pendingTransaction.errors
           );
@@ -925,7 +965,7 @@ function Network(
         const txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
 
         if (!txId) {
-          return createIncludedTransaction(
+          return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
             pendingTransaction,
             pendingTransaction.errors
           );
@@ -933,9 +973,25 @@ function Network(
         return pollTransactionStatus(txId, maxAttempts, interval);
       };
 
+      const waitOrThrowIfError = async (options?: {
+        maxAttempts?: number;
+        interval?: number;
+      }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction> => {
+        const pendingTransaction = await wait(options);
+        if (pendingTransaction.status === 'rejected') {
+          `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
+            pendingTransaction.errors,
+            null,
+            2
+          )}`;
+        }
+        return pendingTransaction;
+      };
+
       return {
         ...pendingTransaction,
         wait,
+        waitOrThrowIfError,
       };
     },
     async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
@@ -1172,9 +1228,13 @@ async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
 
 async function sendOrThrowIfError(txn: Transaction) {
   const pendingTransaction = await sendTransaction(txn);
-  if (!pendingTransaction.isSuccess) {
+  if (pendingTransaction.errors) {
     throw Error(
-      `Transaction failed: ${JSON.stringify(pendingTransaction.errors)}`
+      `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
+        pendingTransaction.errors,
+        null,
+        2
+      )}`
     );
   }
   return pendingTransaction;

From 6e49d78f8b5d9aa1b640d3029705c82b37cb5351 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 15:24:21 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1632/1786] feat(mina.ts): add RejectedTransaction to exports

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 815c04d0be..91cbee418a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ export {
   Transaction,
   PendingTransaction,
   IncludedTransaction,
+  RejectedTransaction,
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   transaction,

From baa33d3b9db122e64ba1943399da3bf719eb6b5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2024 15:26:12 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1633/1786] fix(mina.ts): throw error when transaction is
 rejected to handle transaction failure properly

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 91cbee418a..b2a93628d5 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -980,11 +980,13 @@ function Network(
       }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction> => {
         const pendingTransaction = await wait(options);
         if (pendingTransaction.status === 'rejected') {
-          `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
-            pendingTransaction.errors,
-            null,
-            2
-          )}`;
+          throw Error(
+            `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
+              pendingTransaction.errors,
+              null,
+              2
+            )}`
+          );
         }
         return pendingTransaction;
       };

From 24475ddb6c6149639e53f22d1118b472e3e0e45d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 10:33:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1634/1786] bump live tests timeout

---
 .github/workflows/live-tests.yml | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
index d6c3f72ff4..958c9bacfd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/live-tests.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   main-branch:
-    timeout-minutes: 25
+    timeout-minutes: 45
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' || (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.base_ref == 'main')
     services:
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
           mina-branch-name: o1js-main
 
   berkeley-branch:
-    timeout-minutes: 25
+    timeout-minutes: 45
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/berkeley' || (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.base_ref == 'berkeley')
     services:
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ jobs:
           mina-branch-name: berkeley
 
   develop-branch:
-    timeout-minutes: 25
+    timeout-minutes: 45
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/develop' || (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.base_ref == 'develop')
     services:

From 4b78640eac175943e26ee6d5e648404f7843664b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 11:46:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1635/1786] remove experimental callback and
 create-child-account-update

---
 src/index.ts              |  9 ----
 src/lib/account_update.ts | 13 ------
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts  |  5 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts          | 98 ++++++---------------------------------
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 97240671ca..c71bfafa93 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -110,19 +110,13 @@ export { ZkProgram };
 export { Crypto } from './lib/crypto.js';
 
 // experimental APIs
-import { Callback } from './lib/zkapp.js';
-import { createChildAccountUpdate } from './lib/account_update.js';
 import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Experimental };
 
 const Experimental_ = {
-  Callback,
-  createChildAccountUpdate,
   memoizeWitness,
 };
 
-type Callback_<Result> = Callback<Result>;
-
 /**
  * This module exposes APIs that are unstable, in the sense that the API surface is expected to change.
  * (Not unstable in the sense that they are less functional or tested than other parts.)
@@ -132,10 +126,7 @@ namespace Experimental {
    * The old `Experimental.ZkProgram` API has been deprecated in favor of the new `ZkProgram` top-level import.
    */
   export let ZkProgram = ExperimentalZkProgram;
-  export let createChildAccountUpdate = Experimental_.createChildAccountUpdate;
   export let memoizeWitness = Experimental_.memoizeWitness;
-  export let Callback = Experimental_.Callback;
-  export type Callback<Result> = Callback_<Result>;
 }
 
 Error.stackTraceLimit = 100000;
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index bc5ec31f9c..dace10bc9c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ export {
   TokenId,
   Token,
   CallForest,
-  createChildAccountUpdate,
   zkAppProver,
   dummySignature,
   LazyProof,
@@ -1888,18 +1887,6 @@ class AccountUpdateLayout {
   }
 }
 
-// TODO remove
-function createChildAccountUpdate(
-  parent: AccountUpdate,
-  childAddress: PublicKey,
-  tokenId?: Field
-) {
-  let child = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(childAddress, tokenId);
-  child.body.callDepth = parent.body.callDepth + 1;
-  AccountUpdate.unlink(child);
-  return child;
-}
-
 // authorization
 
 type ZkappCommand = {
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index d1d24e9959..9ac6daece5 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -627,10 +627,7 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
   if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) return obj;
 
   // HACK: callbacks
-  if (
-    obj.constructor?.name.includes('GenericArgument') ||
-    obj.constructor?.name.includes('Callback')
-  ) {
+  if (obj.constructor?.name.includes('GenericArgument')) {
     return obj;
   }
   // classes that define clone() are cloned using that method
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 3ac45d7307..9b4df0c32b 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -67,15 +67,7 @@ import {
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 
 // external API
-export {
-  SmartContract,
-  method,
-  DeployArgs,
-  declareMethods,
-  Callback,
-  Account,
-  Reducer,
-};
+export { SmartContract, method, DeployArgs, declareMethods, Account, Reducer };
 
 const reservedPropNames = new Set(['_methods', '_']);
 
@@ -511,57 +503,6 @@ function computeCallData(
   ];
 }
 
-class Callback<Result> extends GenericArgument {
-  instance: SmartContract;
-  methodIntf: MethodInterface & { returnType: Provable<Result> };
-  args: any[];
-
-  result?: Result;
-  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
-
-  static create<T extends SmartContract, K extends keyof T>(
-    instance: T,
-    methodName: K,
-    args: T[K] extends (...args: infer A) => any ? A : never
-  ) {
-    let ZkappClass = instance.constructor as typeof SmartContract;
-    let methodIntf_ = (ZkappClass._methods ?? []).find(
-      (i) => i.methodName === methodName
-    );
-    if (methodIntf_ === undefined)
-      throw Error(
-        `Callback: could not find method ${ZkappClass.name}.${String(
-          methodName
-        )}`
-      );
-    let methodIntf = {
-      ...methodIntf_,
-      returnType: methodIntf_.returnType ?? provable(null),
-    };
-
-    // call the callback, leveraging composability (if this is inside a smart contract method)
-    // to prove to the outer circuit that we called it
-    let result = (instance[methodName] as Function)(...args);
-    let accountUpdate = instance.self;
-
-    let callback = new Callback<any>({
-      instance,
-      methodIntf,
-      args,
-      result,
-      accountUpdate,
-      isEmpty: false,
-    });
-
-    return callback;
-  }
-
-  private constructor(self: Callback<any>) {
-    super();
-    Object.assign(this, self);
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * The main zkapp class. To write a zkapp, extend this class as such:
  *
@@ -913,37 +854,28 @@ super.init();
   }
 
   /**
-   * Approve an account update or callback. This will include the account update in the zkApp's public input,
-   * which means it allows you to read and use its content in a proof, make assertions about it, and modify it.
-   *
-   * If this is called with a callback as the first parameter, it will first extract the account update produced by that callback.
-   * The extracted account update is returned.
+   * Approve an account update or tree / forest of updates. Doing this means you include the account update in the zkApp's public input,
+   * which allows you to read and use its content in a proof, make assertions about it, and modify it.
    *
    * ```ts
-   * \@method myApprovingMethod(callback: Callback) {
-   *   let approvedUpdate = this.approve(callback);
+   * `@method` myApprovingMethod(update: AccountUpdate) {
+   *   this.approve(update);
+   *
+   *   // read balance on the account (for example)
+   *   let balance = update.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
    * }
    * ```
    *
    * Under the hood, "approving" just means that the account update is made a child of the zkApp in the
-   * tree of account updates that forms the transaction.
+   * tree of account updates that forms the transaction. Similarly, if you pass in an {@link AccountUpdateTree},
+   * the entire tree will become a subtree of the zkApp's account update.
    *
-   * @param updateOrCallback
-   * @returns The account update that was approved (needed when passing in a Callback)
+   * Passing in a forest is a bit different, because it means you set the entire children of the zkApp's account update
+   * at once. `approve()` will fail if the zkApp's account update already has children, to prevent you from accidentally
+   * excluding important information from the public input.
    */
-  approve(
-    updateOrCallback:
-      | AccountUpdate
-      | AccountUpdateTree
-      | AccountUpdateForest
-      | Callback<any>
-  ) {
-    let accountUpdate =
-      updateOrCallback instanceof Callback
-        ? Provable.witness(AccountUpdate, () => updateOrCallback.accountUpdate)
-        : updateOrCallback;
-    this.self.approve(accountUpdate);
-    return accountUpdate;
+  approve(update: AccountUpdate | AccountUpdateTree | AccountUpdateForest) {
+    this.self.approve(update);
   }
 
   send(args: {

From 88e4ea6ec7f6184e5d15b714da45c7f779ae4093 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 11:52:16 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1636/1786] remove "generic argument" which were only used for
 callbacks and could be implemented as an auxiliary provable nowadays

---
 src/lib/circuit_value.ts |  4 ----
 src/lib/proof_system.ts  | 44 ++++------------------------------------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts         |  1 -
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
index 9ac6daece5..d2e7465f70 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit_value.ts
@@ -626,10 +626,6 @@ function cloneCircuitValue<T>(obj: T): T {
   // primitive JS types and functions aren't cloned
   if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) return obj;
 
-  // HACK: callbacks
-  if (obj.constructor?.name.includes('GenericArgument')) {
-    return obj;
-  }
   // classes that define clone() are cloned using that method
   if (obj.constructor !== undefined && 'clone' in obj.constructor) {
     return (obj as any).constructor.clone(obj);
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index 59ebf57ec4..bf0599c626 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ export {
   sortMethodArguments,
   getPreviousProofsForProver,
   MethodInterface,
-  GenericArgument,
   picklesRuleFromFunction,
   compileProgram,
   analyzeMethod,
@@ -504,8 +503,7 @@ function sortMethodArguments(
 ): MethodInterface {
   let witnessArgs: Provable<unknown>[] = [];
   let proofArgs: Subclass<typeof Proof>[] = [];
-  let allArgs: { type: 'proof' | 'witness' | 'generic'; index: number }[] = [];
-  let genericArgs: Subclass<typeof GenericArgument>[] = [];
+  let allArgs: { type: 'proof' | 'witness'; index: number }[] = [];
   for (let i = 0; i < privateInputs.length; i++) {
     let privateInput = privateInputs[i];
     if (isProof(privateInput)) {
@@ -527,9 +525,6 @@ function sortMethodArguments(
     } else if (isAsFields((privateInput as any)?.provable)) {
       allArgs.push({ type: 'witness', index: witnessArgs.length });
       witnessArgs.push((privateInput as any).provable);
-    } else if (isGeneric(privateInput)) {
-      allArgs.push({ type: 'generic', index: genericArgs.length });
-      genericArgs.push(privateInput);
     } else {
       throw Error(
         `Argument ${
@@ -544,13 +539,7 @@ function sortMethodArguments(
         `Suggestion: You can merge more than two proofs by merging two at a time in a binary tree.`
     );
   }
-  return {
-    methodName,
-    witnessArgs,
-    proofArgs,
-    allArgs,
-    genericArgs,
-  };
+  return { methodName, witnessArgs, proofArgs, allArgs };
 }
 
 function isAsFields(
@@ -572,22 +561,6 @@ function isProof(type: unknown): type is typeof Proof {
   );
 }
 
-class GenericArgument {
-  isEmpty: boolean;
-  constructor(isEmpty = false) {
-    this.isEmpty = isEmpty;
-  }
-}
-let emptyGeneric = () => new GenericArgument(true);
-
-function isGeneric(type: unknown): type is typeof GenericArgument {
-  // the second case covers subclasses
-  return (
-    type === GenericArgument ||
-    (typeof type === 'function' && type.prototype instanceof GenericArgument)
-  );
-}
-
 function getPreviousProofsForProver(
   methodArgs: any[],
   { allArgs }: MethodInterface
@@ -605,11 +578,10 @@ function getPreviousProofsForProver(
 type MethodInterface = {
   methodName: string;
   // TODO: unify types of arguments
-  // "circuit types" should be flexible enough to encompass proofs and callback arguments
+  // proofs should just be `Provable<T>` as well
   witnessArgs: Provable<unknown>[];
   proofArgs: Subclass<typeof Proof>[];
-  genericArgs: Subclass<typeof GenericArgument>[];
-  allArgs: { type: 'witness' | 'proof' | 'generic'; index: number }[];
+  allArgs: { type: 'witness' | 'proof'; index: number }[];
   returnType?: Provable<any>;
 };
 
@@ -778,8 +750,6 @@ function picklesRuleFromFunction(
         let input = toFieldVars(type.input, publicInput);
         let output = toFieldVars(type.output, publicOutput);
         previousStatements.push(MlPair(input, output));
-      } else if (arg.type === 'generic') {
-        finalArgs[i] = argsWithoutPublicInput?.[i] ?? emptyGeneric();
       }
     }
     let result: any;
@@ -847,8 +817,6 @@ function synthesizeMethodArguments(
       let publicInput = empty(type.input);
       let publicOutput = empty(type.output);
       args.push(new Proof({ publicInput, publicOutput, proof: undefined }));
-    } else if (arg.type === 'generic') {
-      args.push(emptyGeneric());
     }
   }
   return args;
@@ -872,8 +840,6 @@ function methodArgumentsToConstant(
       constArgs.push(
         new Proof({ publicInput, publicOutput, proof: arg.proof })
       );
-    } else if (type === 'generic') {
-      constArgs.push(arg);
     }
   }
   return constArgs;
@@ -901,8 +867,6 @@ function methodArgumentTypesAndValues(
       let type = provablePure({ input: types.input, output: types.output });
       let value = { input: proof.publicInput, output: proof.publicOutput };
       typesAndValues.push({ type, value });
-    } else if (type === 'generic') {
-      typesAndValues.push({ type: Generic, value: arg });
     }
   }
   return typesAndValues;
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 9b4df0c32b..56be187d69 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ import {
   compileProgram,
   Empty,
   emptyValue,
-  GenericArgument,
   getPreviousProofsForProver,
   isAsFields,
   methodArgumentsToConstant,

From ce1f2419c33ac758d84025a8f41e8590bebf1cbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:06:33 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1637/1786] adapt token with proofs example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts | 54 +++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
index 556354db00..7f23db5475 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import {
-  isReady,
   method,
   Mina,
   AccountUpdate,
@@ -7,21 +6,19 @@ import {
   SmartContract,
   PublicKey,
   UInt64,
-  shutdown,
   Int64,
-  Experimental,
   Permissions,
   DeployArgs,
   VerificationKey,
   TokenId,
+  AccountUpdateTree,
+  assert,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-await isReady;
-
 class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   deploy(args: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
-    this.setPermissions({
+    this.account.permissions.set({
       ...Permissions.default(),
       access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
     });
@@ -30,12 +27,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
 
   @method tokenDeploy(deployer: PrivateKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
     let address = deployer.toPublicKey();
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
-    let deployUpdate = Experimental.createChildAccountUpdate(
-      this.self,
-      address,
-      tokenId
-    );
+    let deployUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(address, this.token.id);
     deployUpdate.account.permissions.set(Permissions.default());
     deployUpdate.account.verificationKey.set(verificationKey);
     deployUpdate.sign(deployer);
@@ -54,10 +46,12 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   @method sendTokens(
     senderAddress: PublicKey,
     receiverAddress: PublicKey,
-    callback: Experimental.Callback<any>
+    tree: AccountUpdateTree
   ) {
     // TODO use token contract methods for approve
-    let senderAccountUpdate = this.approve(callback) as AccountUpdate;
+    this.approve(tree);
+    assert(tree.children.isEmpty());
+    let senderAccountUpdate = tree.accountUpdate.unhash();
     let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
     let negativeAmount = Int64.fromObject(
       senderAccountUpdate.body.balanceChange
@@ -66,11 +60,7 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     let tokenId = this.token.id;
     senderAccountUpdate.body.tokenId.assertEquals(tokenId);
     senderAccountUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(senderAddress);
-    let receiverAccountUpdate = Experimental.createChildAccountUpdate(
-      this.self,
-      receiverAddress,
-      tokenId
-    );
+    let receiverAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(receiverAddress, tokenId);
     receiverAccountUpdate.balance.addInPlace(amount);
   }
 }
@@ -162,13 +152,11 @@ await tx.send();
 
 console.log('approve send from zkAppB');
 tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
-  let approveSendingCallback = Experimental.Callback.create(
-    zkAppB,
-    'approveSend',
-    []
-  );
-  // we call the token contract with the callback
-  tokenZkApp.sendTokens(zkAppBAddress, zkAppCAddress, approveSendingCallback);
+  zkAppB.approveSend();
+  let approveSendingTree = zkAppB.self.extractTree();
+
+  // we call the token contract with the tree
+  tokenZkApp.sendTokens(zkAppBAddress, zkAppCAddress, approveSendingTree);
 });
 console.log('approve send (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
@@ -183,13 +171,11 @@ console.log('approve send from zkAppC');
 tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
   // Pay for tokenAccount1's account creation
   AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
-  let approveSendingCallback = Experimental.Callback.create(
-    zkAppC,
-    'approveSend',
-    []
-  );
-  // we call the token contract with the callback
-  tokenZkApp.sendTokens(zkAppCAddress, tokenAccount1, approveSendingCallback);
+  zkAppC.approveSend();
+  let approveSendingTree = zkAppC.self.extractTree();
+
+  // we call the token contract with the tree
+  tokenZkApp.sendTokens(zkAppCAddress, tokenAccount1, approveSendingTree);
 });
 console.log('approve send (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
@@ -199,5 +185,3 @@ console.log(
   `tokenAccount1's balance for tokenId: ${TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)}`,
   Mina.getBalance(tokenAccount1, tokenId).value.toBigInt()
 );
-
-shutdown();

From 138aed5138d4ece5f3ed79146b4d1a620a845404 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:13:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1638/1786] boy-scouting: token with proofs example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts | 42 ++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
index 7f23db5475..eebd7344ad 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
@@ -82,7 +82,10 @@ class ZkAppC extends SmartContract {
 let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain();
 Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
 
-let feePayer = Local.testAccounts[0].privateKey;
+let [
+  { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey },
+  { publicKey: tokenAccount1 },
+] = Local.testAccounts;
 let initialBalance = 10_000_000;
 
 let tokenZkAppKey = PrivateKey.random();
@@ -94,9 +97,6 @@ let zkAppCAddress = zkAppCKey.toPublicKey();
 let zkAppBKey = PrivateKey.random();
 let zkAppBAddress = zkAppBKey.toPublicKey();
 
-let tokenAccount1Key = Local.testAccounts[1].privateKey;
-let tokenAccount1 = tokenAccount1Key.toPublicKey();
-
 let tokenZkApp = new TokenContract(tokenZkAppAddress);
 let tokenId = tokenZkApp.token.id;
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ console.log('tokenZkAppAddress', tokenZkAppAddress.toBase58());
 console.log('zkAppB', zkAppBAddress.toBase58());
 console.log('zkAppC', zkAppCAddress.toBase58());
 console.log('receiverAddress', tokenAccount1.toBase58());
-console.log('feePayer', feePayer.toPublicKey().toBase58());
+console.log('feePayer', sender.toBase58());
 console.log('-------------------------------------------');
 
 console.log('compile (TokenContract)');
@@ -119,39 +119,39 @@ console.log('compile (ZkAppC)');
 await ZkAppC.compile();
 
 console.log('deploy tokenZkApp');
-tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer, { initialBalance });
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender).balance.subInPlace(initialBalance);
   tokenZkApp.deploy({ zkappKey: tokenZkAppKey });
 });
-await tx.send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 console.log('deploy zkAppB');
-tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
   tokenZkApp.tokenDeploy(zkAppBKey, ZkAppB._verificationKey!);
 });
 console.log('deploy zkAppB (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 console.log('deploy zkAppC');
-tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
   tokenZkApp.tokenDeploy(zkAppCKey, ZkAppC._verificationKey!);
 });
 console.log('deploy zkAppC (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 console.log('mint token to zkAppB');
-tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   tokenZkApp.mint(zkAppBAddress);
 });
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 console.log('approve send from zkAppB');
-tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   zkAppB.approveSend();
   let approveSendingTree = zkAppB.self.extractTree();
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
 });
 console.log('approve send (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 console.log(
   `zkAppC's balance for tokenId: ${TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)}`,
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ console.log(
 );
 
 console.log('approve send from zkAppC');
-tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
+tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   // Pay for tokenAccount1's account creation
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
   zkAppC.approveSend();
   let approveSendingTree = zkAppC.self.extractTree();
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ tx = await Local.transaction(feePayer, () => {
 });
 console.log('approve send (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 
 console.log(
   `tokenAccount1's balance for tokenId: ${TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)}`,

From 638ec7a55f8cf6a405346f532e9e8e448599d419 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:25:55 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1639/1786] qol improvement for token transfer

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 38a2a64843..0979c372fb 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   transfer(
     from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
     to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate,
-    amount: UInt64
+    amount: UInt64 | number | bigint
   ) {
     // coerce the inputs to AccountUpdate and pass to `approveUpdates()`
     let tokenId = this.token.id;

From ac501f5320b00c5479b3d99d78fcc04e121728ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:28:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1640/1786] move example to token contract

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts | 59 +++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
index eebd7344ad..8d992ef476 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
@@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ import {
   SmartContract,
   PublicKey,
   UInt64,
-  Int64,
   Permissions,
   DeployArgs,
   VerificationKey,
   TokenId,
-  AccountUpdateTree,
-  assert,
+  TokenContract,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
 } from 'o1js';
 
-class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
+class Token extends TokenContract {
   deploy(args: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
-    this.account.permissions.set({
-      ...Permissions.default(),
-      access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
-    });
     this.balance.addInPlace(UInt64.from(initialBalance));
   }
 
+  @method
+  approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
+    this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
+  }
+
   @method tokenDeploy(deployer: PrivateKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
     let address = deployer.toPublicKey();
     let deployUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(address, this.token.id);
@@ -34,48 +34,25 @@ class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   @method mint(receiverAddress: PublicKey) {
-    let amount = UInt64.from(1_000_000);
+    let amount = 1_000_000;
     this.token.mint({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
   }
 
   @method burn(receiverAddress: PublicKey) {
-    let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
+    let amount = 1_000;
     this.token.burn({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
   }
-
-  @method sendTokens(
-    senderAddress: PublicKey,
-    receiverAddress: PublicKey,
-    tree: AccountUpdateTree
-  ) {
-    // TODO use token contract methods for approve
-    this.approve(tree);
-    assert(tree.children.isEmpty());
-    let senderAccountUpdate = tree.accountUpdate.unhash();
-    let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
-    let negativeAmount = Int64.fromObject(
-      senderAccountUpdate.body.balanceChange
-    );
-    negativeAmount.assertEquals(Int64.from(amount).neg());
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
-    senderAccountUpdate.body.tokenId.assertEquals(tokenId);
-    senderAccountUpdate.body.publicKey.assertEquals(senderAddress);
-    let receiverAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(receiverAddress, tokenId);
-    receiverAccountUpdate.balance.addInPlace(amount);
-  }
 }
 
 class ZkAppB extends SmartContract {
   @method approveSend() {
-    let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
-    this.balance.subInPlace(amount);
+    this.balance.subInPlace(1_000);
   }
 }
 
 class ZkAppC extends SmartContract {
   @method approveSend() {
-    let amount = UInt64.from(1_000);
-    this.balance.subInPlace(amount);
+    this.balance.subInPlace(1_000);
   }
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +74,7 @@ let zkAppCAddress = zkAppCKey.toPublicKey();
 let zkAppBKey = PrivateKey.random();
 let zkAppBAddress = zkAppBKey.toPublicKey();
 
-let tokenZkApp = new TokenContract(tokenZkAppAddress);
+let tokenZkApp = new Token(tokenZkAppAddress);
 let tokenId = tokenZkApp.token.id;
 
 let zkAppB = new ZkAppB(zkAppBAddress, tokenId);
@@ -112,7 +89,7 @@ console.log('feePayer', sender.toBase58());
 console.log('-------------------------------------------');
 
 console.log('compile (TokenContract)');
-await TokenContract.compile();
+await Token.compile();
 console.log('compile (ZkAppB)');
 await ZkAppB.compile();
 console.log('compile (ZkAppC)');
@@ -153,10 +130,9 @@ await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
 console.log('approve send from zkAppB');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   zkAppB.approveSend();
-  let approveSendingTree = zkAppB.self.extractTree();
 
-  // we call the token contract with the tree
-  tokenZkApp.sendTokens(zkAppBAddress, zkAppCAddress, approveSendingTree);
+  // we call the token contract with the self update
+  tokenZkApp.transfer(zkAppB.self, zkAppCAddress, 1_000);
 });
 console.log('approve send (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
@@ -172,10 +148,9 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   // Pay for tokenAccount1's account creation
   AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
   zkAppC.approveSend();
-  let approveSendingTree = zkAppC.self.extractTree();
 
   // we call the token contract with the tree
-  tokenZkApp.sendTokens(zkAppCAddress, tokenAccount1, approveSendingTree);
+  tokenZkApp.transfer(zkAppC.self, tokenAccount1, 1_000);
 });
 console.log('approve send (proof)');
 await tx.prove();

From 63b158c3ff88ddadc2d8121b375e1239c9c5e793 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:38:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1641/1786] further cleanup token example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts | 47 +++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
index 8d992ef476..33e7b3fd96 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
@@ -5,34 +5,17 @@ import {
   PrivateKey,
   SmartContract,
   PublicKey,
-  UInt64,
-  Permissions,
-  DeployArgs,
-  VerificationKey,
   TokenId,
   TokenContract,
   AccountUpdateForest,
 } from 'o1js';
 
 class Token extends TokenContract {
-  deploy(args: DeployArgs) {
-    super.deploy(args);
-    this.balance.addInPlace(UInt64.from(initialBalance));
-  }
-
   @method
   approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
     this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
   }
 
-  @method tokenDeploy(deployer: PrivateKey, verificationKey: VerificationKey) {
-    let address = deployer.toPublicKey();
-    let deployUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(address, this.token.id);
-    deployUpdate.account.permissions.set(Permissions.default());
-    deployUpdate.account.verificationKey.set(verificationKey);
-    deployUpdate.sign(deployer);
-  }
-
   @method mint(receiverAddress: PublicKey) {
     let amount = 1_000_000;
     this.token.mint({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
@@ -97,28 +80,24 @@ await ZkAppC.compile();
 
 console.log('deploy tokenZkApp');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender).balance.subInPlace(initialBalance);
-  tokenZkApp.deploy({ zkappKey: tokenZkAppKey });
+  tokenZkApp.deploy();
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender).send({
+    to: tokenZkApp.self,
+    amount: initialBalance,
+  });
 });
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey, tokenZkAppKey]).send();
 
-console.log('deploy zkAppB');
+console.log('deploy zkAppB and zkAppC');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
-  tokenZkApp.tokenDeploy(zkAppBKey, ZkAppB._verificationKey!);
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender, 2);
+  zkAppC.deploy();
+  zkAppB.deploy();
+  tokenZkApp.approveAccountUpdates([zkAppC.self, zkAppB.self]);
 });
-console.log('deploy zkAppB (proof)');
+console.log('deploy zkAppB and zkAppC (proof)');
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
-
-console.log('deploy zkAppC');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
-  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
-  tokenZkApp.tokenDeploy(zkAppCKey, ZkAppC._verificationKey!);
-});
-console.log('deploy zkAppC (proof)');
-await tx.prove();
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey, zkAppBKey, zkAppCKey]).send();
 
 console.log('mint token to zkAppB');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {

From 40dc510ed039c14763554915d5300ff41183153b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 12:41:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1642/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index d6b9b5cbf9..bde92e484f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - Adds `AccountUpdateTree` and `AccountUpdateForest`, new classes that represent a layout of account updates explicitly
   - Both of the new types are now accepted as inputs to `approve()`
   - `accountUpdate.extractTree()` to obtain the tree associated with an account update in the current transaction context.
+- Remove `Experimental.Callback` API https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1430
 
 ### Added
 

From d7d9712f0bdb0c18ab959db71b187edcda558120 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 14:12:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1643/1786] fix unit test

---
 src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
index 5da3390e71..d842cd2a1c 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ it('pickles rule creation', async () => {
       { type: 'proof', index: 0 },
       { type: 'witness', index: 0 },
     ],
-    genericArgs: [],
   });
 
   // store compiled tag

From 884a9d5f821e76d9c0376970aeb3f7481bc1f230 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 14:37:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1644/1786] elliptic_curve

---
 src/bindings                                | 2 +-
 src/lib/crypto.ts                           | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts          | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts          | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts           | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/group.ts                            | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts            | 2 +-
 src/provable/curve-bigint.ts                | 2 +-
 11 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3503101051..44bbc3feb1 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 35031010512993426bf226dbd6f1048fa1da09cc
+Subproject commit 44bbc3feb153b0206d372250b868871a145545c8
diff --git a/src/lib/crypto.ts b/src/lib/crypto.ts
index 3786284a9e..c58a220277 100644
--- a/src/lib/crypto.ts
+++ b/src/lib/crypto.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { CurveParams as CurveParams_ } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-e
 import {
   CurveAffine,
   createCurveAffine,
-} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 
 // crypto namespace
 const Crypto = {
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 08fb733bfd..56cbfe6ee1 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import {
   CurveParams,
   CurveAffine,
   createCurveAffine,
-} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+} from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import type { Group } from './group.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index 9cdac03730..b45c0ce930 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
 import { Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field } from './field.js';
 import { Crypto } from './crypto.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index bccbaa77ab..534850c134 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
 import {
   FlexiblePoint,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index a04ccc932c..b83f491745 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import {
   Ecdsa,
   EllipticCurve,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index 87876e788c..c09487d44c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import {
   CurveAffine,
   affineAdd,
   affineDouble,
-} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
index 39a6d41ce0..0119829060 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
-import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { createCurveAffine } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import {
   array,
   equivalentProvable,
diff --git a/src/lib/group.ts b/src/lib/group.ts
index 67b021097e..c1367d2df3 100644
--- a/src/lib/group.ts
+++ b/src/lib/group.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Field, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { GroupAffine, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { GroupAffine, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 9e719cebdd..fb29715f8c 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { base58 } from '../../lib/base58.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
-import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
 
 export {
diff --git a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
index f4d18dc4a9..1e3adac16c 100644
--- a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Fq, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { GroupProjective, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
+import { GroupProjective, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import {
   record,

From 412d3badabdbcee816e9f3f7ffc87cd3b085eb18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 14:38:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1645/1786] finite_field

---
 src/bindings                               | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts         | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts                   | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts                   | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts       | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts          | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts           | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts             | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts   | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts              | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-context.ts                | 2 +-
 src/lib/testing/random.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts           | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/provable/curve-bigint.ts               | 2 +-
 src/provable/field-bigint.ts               | 2 +-
 18 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 44bbc3feb1..9485b2c284 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 44bbc3feb153b0206d372250b868871a145545c8
+Subproject commit 9485b2c2849d767dd66a9e69763e6e167ff3c470
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
index b45c0ce930..8edb9d5875 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createForeignCurve } from './foreign-curve.js';
-import { Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fq } from '../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Vesta as V } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field } from './field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 788b95129e..2047ab26db 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import {
   Fp,
   FiniteField,
   createField,
-} from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+} from '../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
index 8f6f218935..4db98792bc 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/basic.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * Basic gadgets that only use generic gates
  */
-import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import type { Field, VarField } from '../field.js';
 import { existsOne, toVar } from './common.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index f6f186e941..61cca631f1 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   field,
   fieldWithRng,
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
-import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fp, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/property.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c09487d44c..c9aed26c31 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { inverse, mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert, exists } from './common.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 30c3725b80..7476050856 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import {
   inverse as modInverse,
   mod,
-} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+} from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
 import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 135fca61a1..61325ccc2a 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { exampleFields } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field-examples.js';
 import {
   array,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
index 1d33dae0f8..a4b6161d92 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Snarky } from '../../snarky.js';
-import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fp } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field as FieldProvable } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates } from '../gates.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 1caea18f17..4396999ce4 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
index ed69db8325..b1e764d3f6 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/fips/180-4/upd1/final
-import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt8 } from '../int.js';
 import { FlexibleBytes } from '../provable-types/bytes.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
index 96c78866e3..6db27b513c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/test-utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { ProvableSpec, spec } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index c285ee81f8..9779fa2ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import { Gate, GateType, JsonGate, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { parseHexString32 } from '../bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
-import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 
 // internal API
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/random.ts b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
index e06a8cf2eb..20d509804d 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/random.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/random.ts
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ import { Signable } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { tokenSymbolLength } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/derived-leaves.js';
 import { stringLengthInBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
-import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import type { FiniteField } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 
 export { Random, sample, withHardCoded };
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts
index 5d6f7c5c6d..1b3158dd18 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Fq } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fq } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Poseidon } from '../../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import {
   Group,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index 9743bda23b..c6ae459e04 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import { Field as FieldSnarky } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { PrivateKey as PrivateKeySnarky } from '../../lib/signature.js';
-import { p } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { p } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { AccountUpdate } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import { HashInput } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { Ml } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
diff --git a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
index 1e3adac16c..5b1b0f6e36 100644
--- a/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/curve-bigint.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Fq, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fq, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { GroupProjective, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
index c23e0e0bc4..99fcc95674 100644
--- a/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
+++ b/src/provable/field-bigint.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { randomBytes } from '../bindings/crypto/random.js';
-import { Fp, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
+import { Fp, mod } from '../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import {
   BinableBigint,
   HashInput,

From 9883ee2a4e47550682ca3371505af347b1e10ba7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 14:56:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1646/1786] build scripts

---
 package.json                                           | 10 +++++-----
 run-in-browser.js                                      |  2 +-
 src/bindings                                           |  2 +-
 src/build/{buildExample.js => build-example.js}        |  0
 src/build/{buildNode.js => build-node.js}              |  0
 src/build/{buildWeb.js => build-web.js}                |  0
 ...2eTestsBuildHelper.js => e2e-tests-build-helper.js} |  0
 .../{jsLayoutToTypes.mjs => js-layout-to-types.mjs}    |  2 +-
 src/build/run.js                                       |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 rename src/build/{buildExample.js => build-example.js} (100%)
 rename src/build/{buildNode.js => build-node.js} (100%)
 rename src/build/{buildWeb.js => build-web.js} (100%)
 rename src/build/{e2eTestsBuildHelper.js => e2e-tests-build-helper.js} (100%)
 rename src/build/{jsLayoutToTypes.mjs => js-layout-to-types.mjs} (98%)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 80f4b4340f..b9dc29d6f0 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -43,15 +43,15 @@
   },
   "scripts": {
     "dev": "npx tsc -p tsconfig.test.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js",
-    "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/buildNode.js",
+    "build": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npm run dev && node src/build/build-node.js",
     "build:bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/build-o1js-node.sh",
     "build:update-bindings": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-o1js-bindings.sh",
     "build:wasm": "./src/bindings/scripts/update-wasm-and-types.sh",
-    "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/buildWeb.js",
+    "build:web": "rimraf ./dist/web && node src/build/build-web.js",
     "build:examples": "npm run build && rimraf ./dist/examples && npx tsc -p tsconfig.examples.json",
     "build:docs": "npx typedoc --tsconfig ./tsconfig.web.json",
-    "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildWeb.js",
-    "prepublish:node": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/buildNode.js",
+    "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/build-web.js",
+    "prepublish:node": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/build-node.js",
     "prepublishOnly": "npm run prepublish:web && npm run prepublish:node",
     "dump-vks": "./run tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump",
     "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown **/*",
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
     "test:integration": "./run-integration-tests.sh",
     "test:unit": "./run-unit-tests.sh",
     "test:e2e": "rimraf ./tests/report && rimraf ./tests/test-artifacts && npx playwright test",
-    "e2e:prepare-server": "npm run build:examples && (cp -rf dist/examples dist/web || :) && node src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js && cp -rf src/examples/plain-html/index.html src/examples/plain-html/server.js tests/artifacts/html/*.html tests/artifacts/javascript/*.js dist/web",
+    "e2e:prepare-server": "npm run build:examples && (cp -rf dist/examples dist/web || :) && node src/build/e2e-tests-build-helper.js && cp -rf src/examples/plain-html/index.html src/examples/plain-html/server.js tests/artifacts/html/*.html tests/artifacts/javascript/*.js dist/web",
     "e2e:run-server": "node dist/web/server.js",
     "e2e:install": "npx playwright install --with-deps",
     "e2e:show-report": "npx playwright show-report tests/report",
diff --git a/run-in-browser.js b/run-in-browser.js
index 98d416166a..70c0ca3534 100755
--- a/run-in-browser.js
+++ b/run-in-browser.js
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import fs from 'node:fs/promises';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import http from 'node:http';
 import minimist from 'minimist';
-import { build } from './src/build/buildExample.js';
+import { build } from './src/build/build-example.js';
 
 let {
   _: [filePath],
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9485b2c284..d5208ae948 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9485b2c2849d767dd66a9e69763e6e167ff3c470
+Subproject commit d5208ae948bb2295caa8ab2a60fe1884a1ab763f
diff --git a/src/build/buildExample.js b/src/build/build-example.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/buildExample.js
rename to src/build/build-example.js
diff --git a/src/build/buildNode.js b/src/build/build-node.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/buildNode.js
rename to src/build/build-node.js
diff --git a/src/build/buildWeb.js b/src/build/build-web.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/buildWeb.js
rename to src/build/build-web.js
diff --git a/src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js b/src/build/e2e-tests-build-helper.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/build/e2eTestsBuildHelper.js
rename to src/build/e2e-tests-build-helper.js
diff --git a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs b/src/build/js-layout-to-types.mjs
similarity index 98%
rename from src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
rename to src/build/js-layout-to-types.mjs
index d76907da9b..70c983d0f0 100644
--- a/src/build/jsLayoutToTypes.mjs
+++ b/src/build/js-layout-to-types.mjs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ let selfPath = fileURLToPath(import.meta.url);
 let jsonPath = path.resolve(selfPath, '../../bindings/ocaml/jsLayout.json');
 let jsLayout = JSON.parse(await fs.readFile(jsonPath, 'utf8'));
 
-console.log(`jsLayoutToTypes.mjs: generating TS types from ${jsonPath}`);
+console.log(`js-layout-to-types.mjs: generating TS types from ${jsonPath}`);
 
 let builtinLeafTypes = new Set([
   'number',
diff --git a/src/build/run.js b/src/build/run.js
index 51c89c8852..7902f1ccdf 100755
--- a/src/build/run.js
+++ b/src/build/run.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env node
 import minimist from 'minimist';
-import { buildAndImport, buildOne } from './buildExample.js';
+import { buildAndImport, buildOne } from './build-example.js';
 
 let {
   _: [filePath],

From 986796ba04dc416a154a41f918c05ffe6a71a8bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:00:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1647/1786] mina-signer

---
 generate-keys.js                                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                     | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/nullifier.ts                                | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/build-web.sh                        | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/index.cjs                           | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/index.d.ts                          | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/{MinaSigner.ts => mina-signer.ts}   | 8 ++++----
 src/mina-signer/package.json                        | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts                    | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts           | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts        | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts           | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts                    | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/{TSTypes.ts => types.ts}        | 0
 src/mina-signer/src/{Utils.ts => utils.ts}          | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts                | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts               | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts               | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts               | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts               | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts      | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts  | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts            | 2 +-
 tsconfig.mina-signer-web.json                       | 2 +-
 tsconfig.mina-signer.json                           | 2 +-
 tsconfig.node.json                                  | 2 +-
 29 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)
 rename src/mina-signer/{MinaSigner.ts => mina-signer.ts} (99%)
 rename src/mina-signer/src/{TSTypes.ts => types.ts} (100%)
 rename src/mina-signer/src/{Utils.ts => utils.ts} (98%)

diff --git a/generate-keys.js b/generate-keys.js
index ef1a4d7b9b..b702948882 100755
--- a/generate-keys.js
+++ b/generate-keys.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env node
-import Client from './dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from './dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
 
 let client = new Client({ network: 'testnet' });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index b00075b40f..8bb7fe728d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import {
   transactionCommitments,
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import { FetchMode, currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import {
   activeInstance,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index dbaba81b33..e2a2252c77 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import type { Transaction, TransactionId } from '../mina.js';
 import type { Account } from './account.js';
 import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
 import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
-import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 
 export {
   Mina,
diff --git a/src/lib/nullifier.ts b/src/lib/nullifier.ts
index 2f68c234f9..cf3d09cb21 100644
--- a/src/lib/nullifier.ts
+++ b/src/lib/nullifier.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Nullifier as JsonNullifier } from '../mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import type { Nullifier as JsonNullifier } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
 import { Field, Group, Scalar } from './core.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/build-web.sh b/src/mina-signer/build-web.sh
index d3a0305851..b6aa9558e8 100755
--- a/src/mina-signer/build-web.sh
+++ b/src/mina-signer/build-web.sh
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ set -e
 
 tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer-web.json
 node moveWebFiles.js
-npx esbuild --bundle --minify dist/tmp/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js --outfile=./dist/web/index.js --format=esm --target=es2021
+npx esbuild --bundle --minify dist/tmp/mina-signer/mina-signer.js --outfile=./dist/web/index.js --format=esm --target=es2021
 npx rimraf dist/tmp
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.cjs b/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
index ac595416dd..600319e530 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // this file is a wrapper for supporting commonjs imports
 
-let Client = require('./MinaSigner.js');
+let Client = require('./mina-signer.js');
 
 module.exports = Client.default;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
index 9c3a5698e8..96efc51dfd 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // this file is a wrapper for supporting types in both commonjs and esm projects
 
-import Client from './MinaSigner.js';
-export { type NetworkId } from './src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from './mina-signer.ts';
+export { type NetworkId } from './src/types.ts';
 
 export = Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
similarity index 99%
rename from src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
rename to src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
index 559bcb27d3..fe3739404f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../provable/curve-bigint.js';
-import * as Json from './src/TSTypes.js';
-import type { SignedLegacy, Signed, NetworkId } from './src/TSTypes.js';
+import * as Json from './src/types.js';
+import type { SignedLegacy, Signed, NetworkId } from './src/types.js';
 
 import {
   isPayment,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   isSignedZkappCommand,
   isStakeDelegation,
   isZkappCommand,
-} from './src/Utils.js';
+} from './src/utils.js';
 import * as TransactionJson from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-json.js';
 import { ZkappCommand } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import {
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ class Client {
 
   /**
    * Returns the network ID.
-   * 
+   *
    * @returns {NetworkId} The network ID.
    */
   get networkId(): NetworkId {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index b6d951a18c..8152789289 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
   "homepage": "https://minaprotocol.com/",
   "repository": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js",
   "bugs": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/issues",
-  "main": "dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js",
+  "main": "dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js",
   "types": "dist/node/mina-signer/index.d.ts",
   "exports": {
     "web": "./dist/web/index.js",
     "require": "./dist/node/mina-signer/index.cjs",
-    "node": "./dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js",
+    "node": "./dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js",
     "default": "./dist/web/index.js"
   },
   "files": [
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts
index 1b3158dd18..07b5edf7d2 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/nullifier.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   PrivateKey,
 } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { Nullifier } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { Nullifier } from './types.js';
 
 export { createNullifier };
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
index f75c7ae93b..6ac2ab78ea 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import { PrivateKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { Signature } from './signature.js';
-import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 export { RandomTransaction };
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts
index 11c262c308..5d93cc0a75 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from './signature.js';
 import { Json } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import { bytesToBits, stringToBytes } from '../../bindings/lib/binable.js';
-import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 export {
   signPayment,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
index e5d6eb64ea..403c57287d 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import { PublicKey, Scalar } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../../lib/testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
-import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 let { privateKey, publicKey } = keypair;
 let networks: NetworkId[] = ['testnet', 'mainnet'];
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 0dc1f79a95..40e983e4fa 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
   verifyFieldElement,
 } from './signature.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
-import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 // external API
 export { signZkappCommand, verifyZkappCommandSignature };
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 49677e6ca9..5e60a87bb1 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
 import { Ml, MlHashInput } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import { FieldConst } from '../../lib/field.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
-import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 // monkey-patch bigint to json
 (BigInt.prototype as any).toJSON = function () {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index fb29715f8c..14a2096ec0 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import {
 import { base58 } from '../../lib/base58.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
-import { NetworkId } from './TSTypes.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 export {
   sign,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.ts
rename to src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/Utils.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/utils.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/mina-signer/src/Utils.ts
rename to src/mina-signer/src/utils.ts
index 213246b81a..871c8c8081 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/Utils.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/utils.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import type {
   SignedAny,
   SignedLegacy,
   SignableData,
-} from './TSTypes.js';
+} from './types.js';
 
 function hasCommonProperties(data: SignableData | ZkappCommand) {
   return (
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
index ca0cce3934..4ca384a2d2 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/client.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
 
 describe('Client Class Initialization', () => {
   let client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
index 5e3e48dd59..2c19c95caa 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/keypair.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
 
 describe('Keypair', () => {
   let client: Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
index 26011eabff..bd9586fb19 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/message.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { PrivateKey } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
+import type { PrivateKey } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/types.js';
 
 describe('Message', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
index 9a7d52804d..de84939d67 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/payment.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
+import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/types.js';
 
 describe('Payment', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
index 5db94f21e1..1981b135f3 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/rosetta.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
 
 describe('Rosetta', () => {
   let client: Client;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
index ea59458e1f..16cdf0d8f6 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/stake-delegation.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/MinaSigner.js';
-import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/TSTypes.js';
+import Client from '../dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
+import type { Keypair } from '../dist/node/mina-signer/src/types.js';
 
 describe('Stake Delegation', () => {
   describe('Mainnet network', () => {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index c32180cff0..6ddcae8eb1 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
 import { ZkProgram } from '../../lib/proof_system.js';
-import Client from '../MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../mina-signer.js';
 import { PrivateKey, Signature } from '../../lib/signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { Provable } from '../../lib/provable.js';
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
index 5c2aaf6a3f..0cd8a636c3 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/zkapp.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { ZkappCommand } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import * as TransactionJson from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-json.js';
-import Client from '../MinaSigner.js';
+import Client from '../mina-signer.js';
 import { accountUpdateExample } from '../src/test-vectors/accountUpdate.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { Transaction } from '../../lib/mina.js';
diff --git a/tsconfig.mina-signer-web.json b/tsconfig.mina-signer-web.json
index be6f93c607..a5dc691296 100644
--- a/tsconfig.mina-signer-web.json
+++ b/tsconfig.mina-signer-web.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "extends": "./tsconfig.mina-signer.json",
-  "include": ["./src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts", "./src/**/*.web.ts"],
+  "include": ["./src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts", "./src/**/*.web.ts"],
   "exclude": ["./src/examples"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "outDir": "src/mina-signer/dist/tmp"
diff --git a/tsconfig.mina-signer.json b/tsconfig.mina-signer.json
index 9a6debaf3a..4c5c88a26c 100644
--- a/tsconfig.mina-signer.json
+++ b/tsconfig.mina-signer.json
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "include": ["./src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts"],
+  "include": ["./src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts"],
   "exclude": ["./src/**/*.unit-test.ts"],
   "compilerOptions": {
     "rootDir": "./src",
diff --git a/tsconfig.node.json b/tsconfig.node.json
index 7b5d2daf33..f98f4f1634 100644
--- a/tsconfig.node.json
+++ b/tsconfig.node.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "./src/snarky.js",
     "./src/bindings/js/wrapper.js",
     "./src/mina-signer/src",
-    "./src/mina-signer/MinaSigner.ts",
+    "./src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts",
     "./src/js_crypto",
     "./src/provable"
   ],

From fb825c95667a52e1f3a5ea9d0b73460da11e33d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:03:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1648/1786] lib unit tests

---
 .../{account_update.unit-test.ts => account-update.unit-test.ts}  | 0
 src/lib/{circuit_value.test.ts => circuit-value.test.ts}          | 0
 .../{circuit_value.unit-test.ts => circuit-value.unit-test.ts}    | 0
 src/lib/{merkle_map.test.ts => merkle-map.test.ts}                | 0
 src/lib/{merkle_tree.test.ts => merkle-tree.test.ts}              | 0
 src/lib/{proof_system.unit-test.ts => proof-system.unit-test.ts}  | 0
 6 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{account_update.unit-test.ts => account-update.unit-test.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/{circuit_value.test.ts => circuit-value.test.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/{circuit_value.unit-test.ts => circuit-value.unit-test.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/{merkle_map.test.ts => merkle-map.test.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/{merkle_tree.test.ts => merkle-tree.test.ts} (100%)
 rename src/lib/{proof_system.unit-test.ts => proof-system.unit-test.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/account_update.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.test.ts b/src/lib/circuit-value.test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/circuit_value.test.ts
rename to src/lib/circuit-value.test.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/circuit_value.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle_map.test.ts b/src/lib/merkle-map.test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/merkle_map.test.ts
rename to src/lib/merkle-map.test.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle_tree.test.ts b/src/lib/merkle-tree.test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/merkle_tree.test.ts
rename to src/lib/merkle-tree.test.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/proof_system.unit-test.ts
rename to src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts

From e4c30caeae16681087487f79618098c5723073c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:04:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1649/1786] circuit_value

---
 src/bindings                                   | 2 +-
 src/index.ts                                   | 4 ++--
 src/lib/account_update.ts                      | 2 +-
 src/lib/{circuit_value.ts => circuit-value.ts} | 0
 src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts             | 2 +-
 src/lib/field.unit-test.ts                     | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts        | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts              | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts               | 2 +-
 src/lib/hash.ts                                | 2 +-
 src/lib/int.ts                                 | 2 +-
 src/lib/merkle_map.ts                          | 2 +-
 src/lib/merkle_tree.ts                         | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                        | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts          | 2 +-
 src/lib/ml/conversion.ts                       | 2 +-
 src/lib/nullifier.ts                           | 2 +-
 src/lib/precondition.ts                        | 2 +-
 src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts              | 2 +-
 src/lib/proof_system.ts                        | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts                | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts               | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts          | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts               | 2 +-
 src/lib/provable.ts                            | 2 +-
 src/lib/signature.ts                           | 2 +-
 src/lib/state.ts                               | 2 +-
 src/lib/string.ts                              | 2 +-
 src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                               | 2 +-
 35 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{circuit_value.ts => circuit-value.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index d5208ae948..7c9feffb58 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d5208ae948bb2295caa8ab2a60fe1884a1ab763f
+Subproject commit 7c9feffb589deed29ce5606a135aeca5515c3a90
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index c71bfafa93..a3acb82e36 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export type {
   FlexibleProvable,
   FlexibleProvablePure,
   InferProvable,
-} from './lib/circuit_value.js';
+} from './lib/circuit-value.js';
 export {
   CircuitValue,
   prop,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ export {
   provablePure,
   Struct,
   Unconstrained,
-} from './lib/circuit_value.js';
+} from './lib/circuit-value.js';
 export { Provable } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Circuit, Keypair, public_, circuitMain } from './lib/circuit.js';
 export { UInt32, UInt64, Int64, Sign, UInt8 } from './lib/int.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index dace10bc9c..d7348cdcd5 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
   provable,
   provablePure,
   StructNoJson,
-} from './circuit_value.js';
+} from './circuit-value.js';
 import { memoizationContext, memoizeWitness, Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Pickles, Test } from '../snarky.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_value.ts b/src/lib/circuit-value.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/circuit_value.ts
rename to src/lib/circuit-value.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
index 79fbbafa9d..731f0862d6 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { provable, Struct, Unconstrained } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { UInt32 } from './int.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
diff --git a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
index 8f7d8843f5..2b955dca85 100644
--- a/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/field.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { test, Random } from './testing/property.js';
 import { deepEqual, throws } from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Binable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
-import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvableExtended } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { FieldType } from './field.js';
 import {
   equivalentProvable as equivalent,
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 56cbfe6ee1..8e02fb8dc7 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
   createCurveAffine,
 } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import type { Group } from './group.js';
-import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
index 534850c134..b29966fccc 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-ecdsa.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
-import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit-value.js';
 import {
   FlexiblePoint,
   ForeignCurve,
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 2047ab26db..80db014c84 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
 import { ForeignField as FF } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { l3, l } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
-import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit-value.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignField };
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
index 31350bfa6a..e5c07e6b76 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
-import { provableTuple } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { provableTuple } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { assert } from '../errors.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
index 075a5d6e32..ea4083c293 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 
 let Arithmetic = ZkProgram({
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
index c9aed26c31..ab37aa5fcb 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/elliptic-curve.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
   affineDouble,
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
-import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { assertPositiveInteger } from '../../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
 import { arrayGet, assertBoolean } from './basic.js';
 import { sliceField3 } from './bit-slices.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
index 7476050856..c4fe120e6c 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { provableTuple } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Bool } from '../bool.js';
-import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { Unconstrained } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { Gates, foreignFieldAdd } from '../gates.js';
 import { modifiedField } from '../provable-types/fields.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 7f766c9412..69cd297472 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { HashInput, ProvableExtended, Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { HashInput, ProvableExtended, Struct } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { createHashHelpers } from './hash-generic.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/int.ts b/src/lib/int.ts
index de717abbe4..99c0d04e29 100644
--- a/src/lib/int.ts
+++ b/src/lib/int.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { AnyConstructor, CircuitValue, Struct, prop } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { HashInput } from './hash.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle_map.ts b/src/lib/merkle_map.ts
index 468018b80e..b851398190 100644
--- a/src/lib/merkle_map.ts
+++ b/src/lib/merkle_map.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { arrayProp, CircuitValue } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { arrayProp, CircuitValue } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './merkle_tree.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle_tree.ts b/src/lib/merkle_tree.ts
index 5fcae6dbb9..29067d38bb 100644
--- a/src/lib/merkle_tree.ts
+++ b/src/lib/merkle_tree.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * This file contains all code related to the [Merkle Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree) implementation available in o1js.
  */
 
-import { CircuitValue, arrayProp } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { CircuitValue, arrayProp } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Circuit } from './circuit.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 8bb7fe728d..072009e20d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import {
 } from './account_update.js';
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
-import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Empty, JsonProof, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index 1eb38eb214..a9c476168c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   TypeMap,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
-import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit-value.js';
 
 export { FetchedAccount, Account, PartialAccount };
 export { newAccount, accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index 62b717e94a..88002b9f08 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../account_update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
-import { Struct } from '../../circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct } from '../../circuit-value.js';
 import { assert } from '../../gadgets/common.js';
 import {
   MerkleListIterator,
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
index de65656cce..60748b2118 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/conversion.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { MlPublicKey, MlPublicKeyVar } from '../../snarky.js';
-import { HashInput } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { HashInput } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
 import { Scalar, ScalarConst } from '../scalar.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/nullifier.ts b/src/lib/nullifier.ts
index cf3d09cb21..a4a3f8c0b9 100644
--- a/src/lib/nullifier.ts
+++ b/src/lib/nullifier.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { Nullifier as JsonNullifier } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
-import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Field, Group, Scalar } from './core.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import { MerkleMapWitness } from './merkle_map.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index 56582f947f..cdd7e29505 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
-import { circuitValueEquals, cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { circuitValueEquals, cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { activeInstance as Mina } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import type { AccountUpdate } from './account_update.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
index d842cd2a1c..037a2f98ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
-import { Struct } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import {
   CompiledTag,
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
index bf0599c626..4682e42a97 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof_system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof_system.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import {
   provable,
   provablePure,
   toConstant,
-} from './circuit_value.js';
+} from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
 import { snarkContext } from './provable-context.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
index e6a9e1adb0..b8a443371e 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/bytes.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
-import type { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import type { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { chunkString } from '../util/arrays.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts
index 385c7d0cae..11dbe91061 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/fields.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { ProvablePureExtended } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 
 export { modifiedField, fields };
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
index 745b47ee9a..2cbcf5b33a 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/merkle-list.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { Struct, Unconstrained } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { provableFromClass } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
 import { Poseidon, packToFields, ProvableHashable } from '../hash.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
index c770b28145..edbb3565f9 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-types/packed.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import {
   HashInput,
   ProvableExtended,
   Unconstrained,
-} from '../circuit_value.js';
+} from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { Field } from '../field.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 import { Poseidon, ProvableHashable, packToFields } from '../hash.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 6d1eac028a..ea532b1c3a 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  */
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Provable as Provable_, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit_value.js';
+import type { FlexibleProvable, ProvableExtended } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Context } from './global-context.js';
 import {
   HashInput,
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 58d68ccef0..261aab8cc2 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Field, Bool, Group, Scalar } from './core.js';
-import { prop, CircuitValue, AnyConstructor } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { prop, CircuitValue, AnyConstructor } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { hashWithPrefix } from './hash.js';
 import {
   deriveNonce,
diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index bf6a534ec6..22c713923f 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
-import { FlexibleProvablePure } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { FlexibleProvablePure } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
 import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import * as Mina from './mina.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/string.ts b/src/lib/string.ts
index 360f66465f..efdacfc70b 100644
--- a/src/lib/string.ts
+++ b/src/lib/string.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Bool, Field } from '../lib/core.js';
-import { arrayProp, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit_value.js';
+import { arrayProp, CircuitValue, prop } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets/gadgets.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
index 7a0f20fd7d..d97b9fbae2 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/equivalent.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { deepEqual } from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
 import { AnyFunction, Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
-import { provable } from '../circuit_value.js';
+import { provable } from '../circuit-value.js';
 import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
 
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 56be187d69..698b485b63 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import {
   InferProvable,
   provable,
   toConstant,
-} from './circuit_value.js';
+} from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Provable, getBlindingValue, memoizationContext } from './provable.js';
 import * as Encoding from '../bindings/lib/encoding.js';
 import { Poseidon, hashConstant } from './hash.js';

From 3bdd184a4b954890f3c1511eeb8a92b67e8da167 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:05:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1650/1786] merkle tree and map

---
 src/index.ts                               | 4 ++--
 src/lib/{merkle_map.ts => merkle-map.ts}   | 2 +-
 src/lib/{merkle_tree.ts => merkle-tree.ts} | 1 -
 src/lib/merkle-tree.unit-test.ts           | 2 +-
 src/lib/nullifier.ts                       | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{merkle_map.ts => merkle-map.ts} (98%)
 rename src/lib/{merkle_tree.ts => merkle-tree.ts} (99%)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index a3acb82e36..724225790b 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ export {
 export * as Encryption from './lib/encryption.js';
 export * as Encoding from './bindings/lib/encoding.js';
 export { Character, CircuitString } from './lib/string.js';
-export { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './lib/merkle_tree.js';
-export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle_map.js';
+export { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './lib/merkle-tree.js';
+export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle-map.js';
 
 export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle_map.ts b/src/lib/merkle-map.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/lib/merkle_map.ts
rename to src/lib/merkle-map.ts
index b851398190..d10eed78fe 100644
--- a/src/lib/merkle_map.ts
+++ b/src/lib/merkle-map.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { arrayProp, CircuitValue } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from './core.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
-import { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './merkle_tree.js';
+import { MerkleTree, MerkleWitness } from './merkle-tree.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 
 const bits = 255;
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle_tree.ts b/src/lib/merkle-tree.ts
similarity index 99%
rename from src/lib/merkle_tree.ts
rename to src/lib/merkle-tree.ts
index 29067d38bb..b4b24bd46a 100644
--- a/src/lib/merkle_tree.ts
+++ b/src/lib/merkle-tree.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  */
 
 import { CircuitValue, arrayProp } from './circuit-value.js';
-import { Circuit } from './circuit.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/merkle-tree.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/merkle-tree.unit-test.ts
index fe81ef1756..8258f2d629 100644
--- a/src/lib/merkle-tree.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/merkle-tree.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
-import { maybeSwap, maybeSwapBad } from './merkle_tree.js';
+import { maybeSwap, maybeSwapBad } from './merkle-tree.js';
 import { Random, test } from './testing/property.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/nullifier.ts b/src/lib/nullifier.ts
index a4a3f8c0b9..c8e84984ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/nullifier.ts
+++ b/src/lib/nullifier.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { Nullifier as JsonNullifier } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import { Struct } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Field, Group, Scalar } from './core.js';
 import { Poseidon } from './hash.js';
-import { MerkleMapWitness } from './merkle_map.js';
+import { MerkleMapWitness } from './merkle-map.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey, scaleShifted } from './signature.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 

From 2cdfedc792f1b16e54032c57dd1bb1697b5af02f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:06:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1651/1786] proof_system

---
 src/index.ts                                       | 6 +++---
 src/lib/account_update.ts                          | 2 +-
 src/lib/circuit-value.ts                           | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts            | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts               | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts                 | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts         | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts           | 2 +-
 src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts                | 2 +-
 src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts                        | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/{proof_system.ts => proof-system.ts}       | 0
 src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts                | 2 +-
 src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts               | 2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                                   | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 17 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{proof_system.ts => proof-system.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 724225790b..bec52ce535 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ export {
 } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export { state, State, declareState } from './lib/state.js';
 
-export type { JsonProof } from './lib/proof_system.js';
+export type { JsonProof } from './lib/proof-system.js';
 export {
   Proof,
   SelfProof,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ export {
   Undefined,
   Void,
   VerificationKey,
-} from './lib/proof_system.js';
+} from './lib/proof-system.js';
 export { Cache, CacheHeader } from './lib/proof-system/cache.js';
 
 export {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ export { MerkleMap, MerkleMapWitness } from './lib/merkle-map.js';
 
 export { Nullifier } from './lib/nullifier.js';
 
-import { ExperimentalZkProgram, ZkProgram } from './lib/proof_system.js';
+import { ExperimentalZkProgram, ZkProgram } from './lib/proof-system.js';
 export { ZkProgram };
 
 export { Crypto } from './lib/crypto.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account_update.ts
index d7348cdcd5..ff2e7c38d3 100644
--- a/src/lib/account_update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account_update.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import {
   ClosedInterval,
   getAccountPreconditions,
 } from './precondition.js';
-import { dummyBase64Proof, Empty, Proof, Prover } from './proof_system.js';
+import { dummyBase64Proof, Empty, Proof, Prover } from './proof-system.js';
 import { Memo } from '../mina-signer/src/memo.js';
 import {
   Events,
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit-value.ts b/src/lib/circuit-value.ts
index d2e7465f70..3ade7bcb25 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit-value.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit-value.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import type {
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { inCheckedComputation } from './provable-context.js';
-import { Proof } from './proof_system.js';
+import { Proof } from './proof-system.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
index ea4083c293..9030eec117 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/arithmetic.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import {
   equivalentProvable as equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
index 61cca631f1..9e2f93f919 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/bitwise.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import {
   equivalentProvable as equivalent,
   equivalentAsync,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
index b83f491745..e008a011ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/ecdsa.unit-test.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 import { Field3 } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { CurveParams } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve-examples.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import { foreignField, uniformForeignField } from './test-utils.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
index 61325ccc2a..e5af3e9a50 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/foreign-field.unit-test.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
 } from '../testing/equivalent.js';
 import { Random } from '../testing/random.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { assert } from './common.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
index 4396999ce4..584e52cb57 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/range-check.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { mod } from '../../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
 import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import {
   Spec,
   boolean,
diff --git a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
index f17c7ad51e..f6383a7409 100644
--- a/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/gadgets/sha256.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import { Bytes } from '../provable-types/provable-types.js';
 import { Gadgets } from './gadgets.js';
 import { sha256 as nobleSha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
diff --git a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
index aad02e2342..090a53e915 100644
--- a/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/keccak.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Keccak } from './keccak.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from './proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from './proof-system.js';
 import {
   equivalentProvable,
   equivalent,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 072009e20d..48965c5a32 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import {
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit-value.js';
-import { Empty, JsonProof, Proof, verify } from './proof_system.js';
+import { Empty, JsonProof, Proof, verify } from './proof-system.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof_system.ts b/src/lib/proof-system.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/proof_system.ts
rename to src/lib/proof-system.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
index 037a2f98ae..d9572e54d4 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system.unit-test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   ZkProgram,
   picklesRuleFromFunction,
   sortMethodArguments,
-} from './proof_system.js';
+} from './proof-system.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { Pickles, ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { AnyFunction } from './util/types.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
index 18b68f27b9..c76db0ec71 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/prover-keys.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import { VerifierIndex } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings/kimchi-types.js';
 import { getRustConversion } from '../../bindings/crypto/bindings.js';
 import { MlString } from '../ml/base.js';
 import { CacheHeader, cacheHeaderVersion } from './cache.js';
-import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof_system.js';
+import type { MethodInterface } from '../proof-system.js';
 
 export {
   parseHeader,
diff --git a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
index 064b49d863..e01fd0627a 100644
--- a/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
+++ b/src/lib/testing/constraint-system.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
 import { Tuple } from '../util/types.js';
 import { Random } from './random.js';
 import { test } from './property.js';
-import { Undefined, ZkProgram } from '../proof_system.js';
+import { Undefined, ZkProgram } from '../proof-system.js';
 import { printGates } from '../provable-context.js';
 
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 698b485b63..86f22dcc4d 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ import {
   MethodInterface,
   Proof,
   sortMethodArguments,
-} from './proof_system.js';
+} from './proof-system.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import { assertStatePrecondition, cleanStatePrecondition } from './state.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
index 6ddcae8eb1..af9b2a3656 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/tests/verify-in-snark.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Field } from '../../lib/core.js';
-import { ZkProgram } from '../../lib/proof_system.js';
+import { ZkProgram } from '../../lib/proof-system.js';
 import Client from '../mina-signer.js';
 import { PrivateKey, Signature } from '../../lib/signature.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';

From 716afd685ae3627c3b8dde34bb3b364b74f24b44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:07:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1652/1786] account_update

---
 src/index.ts                                        | 2 +-
 src/lib/{account_update.ts => account-update.ts}    | 0
 src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts                         | 2 +-
 src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts                  | 2 +-
 src/lib/fetch.ts                                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina.ts                                     | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts     | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/account.ts                             | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/errors.ts                              | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts              | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts               | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts     | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts                | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts                 | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts             | 2 +-
 src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts            | 2 +-
 src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts                 | 2 +-
 src/lib/precondition.ts                             | 2 +-
 src/lib/state.ts                                    | 2 +-
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                                    | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts | 2 +-
 21 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
 rename src/lib/{account_update.ts => account-update.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index bec52ce535..6e6e1e6e51 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export {
   TransactionVersion,
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateTree,
-} from './lib/account_update.js';
+} from './lib/account-update.js';
 
 export { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.js';
 export { TokenContract } from './lib/mina/token/token-contract.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/account_update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/lib/account_update.ts
rename to src/lib/account-update.ts
diff --git a/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
index 47e242de6f..2fed8f00d1 100644
--- a/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account-update.js';
 import * as Mina from './mina.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
index 731f0862d6..4c7b194f6e 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit-value.unit-test.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { method, SmartContract } from './zkapp.js';
 import { LocalBlockchain, setActiveInstance, transaction } from './mina.js';
 import { State, state } from './state.js';
-import { AccountUpdate } from './account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate } from './account-update.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index f1d39ef8b8..02cf518f35 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import 'isomorphic-fetch';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { Actions, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
+import { Actions, TokenId } from './account-update.js';
 import { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from './signature.js';
 import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 48965c5a32..a64163cb9b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   Events,
   dummySignature,
   AccountUpdateLayout,
-} from './account_update.js';
+} from './account-update.js';
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
 import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit-value.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
index 7fd21e50b0..4adaeca841 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account-update-layout.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Mina } from '../../index.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateTree } from '../account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateTree } from '../account-update.js';
 import { UInt64 } from '../int.js';
 import { SmartContract, method } from '../zkapp.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index a9c476168c..af77941426 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Types } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../core.js';
-import { Permissions } from '../account_update.js';
+import { Permissions } from '../account-update.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from '../int.js';
 import { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
 import { TokenId, ReceiptChainHash } from '../base58-encodings.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/errors.ts b/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
index d4ccd1ee4a..261005dfbc 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Types } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
-import { TokenId } from '../account_update.js';
+import { TokenId } from '../account-update.js';
 import { Int64 } from '../int.js';
 
 export { invalidTransactionError };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
index 96f93c4e8c..916908dd10 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/smart-contract-context.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import type { SmartContract } from '../zkapp.js';
-import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate, AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account-update.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './transaction-context.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
index 88002b9f08..0bb673ff89 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateTreeBase,
   TokenId,
-} from '../../account_update.js';
+} from '../../account-update.js';
 import { Field } from '../../core.js';
 import { Provable } from '../../provable.js';
 import { Struct } from '../../circuit-value.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
index c9a92117a8..4a00bb57f7 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateForest,
   TokenId,
   hashAccountUpdate,
-} from '../../account_update.js';
+} from '../../account-update.js';
 import { TypesBigint } from '../../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Pickles } from '../../../snarky.js';
 import {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 0979c372fb..58a0984a0e 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateTree,
   Permissions,
-} from '../../account_update.js';
+} from '../../account-update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
index d981384085..e152d4eca9 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-context.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdateLayout } from '../account-update.js';
 import type { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
 import { Context } from '../global-context.js';
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
index 52e38f2065..7a185b95bd 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/apply.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * Apply transactions to a ledger of accounts.
  */
-import { type AccountUpdate } from '../../account_update.js';
+import { type AccountUpdate } from '../../account-update.js';
 import { Account } from '../account.js';
 
 export { applyAccountUpdate };
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
index daf7d3cb0d..3951ff2f5f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-logic/ledger.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * A ledger of accounts - simple model of a local blockchain.
  */
 import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
-import type { AccountUpdate } from '../../account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate } from '../../account-update.js';
 import { Account, newAccount } from '../account.js';
 import { Field } from '../../field.js';
 import { applyAccountUpdate } from './apply.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
index d0b78d0a03..c0c6e8aee9 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/consistency.unit-test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../testing/property.js';
 import { Field, Bool } from '../core.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
-import { TokenId, dummySignature } from '../account_update.js';
+import { TokenId, dummySignature } from '../account-update.js';
 import { Ml } from './conversion.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 import { FieldConst } from '../field.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index cdd7e29505..ff54c2c835 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { Bool, Field } from './core.js';
 import { circuitValueEquals, cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { activeInstance as Mina } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
-import type { AccountUpdate } from './account_update.js';
+import type { AccountUpdate } from './account-update.js';
 import { Int64, UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { Layout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/state.ts b/src/lib/state.ts
index 22c713923f..78a97aa36b 100644
--- a/src/lib/state.ts
+++ b/src/lib/state.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { ProvablePure } from '../snarky.js';
 import { FlexibleProvablePure } from './circuit-value.js';
-import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account_update.js';
+import { AccountUpdate, TokenId } from './account-update.js';
 import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import * as Mina from './mina.js';
 import { fetchAccount } from './fetch.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 86f22dcc4d..d927c490ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateLayout,
   AccountUpdateTree,
-} from './account_update.js';
+} from './account-update.js';
 import {
   cloneCircuitValue,
   FlexibleProvablePure,
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 5e60a87bb1..f8a4b51fd1 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 import {
   AccountUpdate as AccountUpdateSnarky,
   ZkappCommand as ZkappCommandSnarky,
-} from '../../lib/account_update.js';
+} from '../../lib/account-update.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,

From f4e6b2822cc329e82452b82b60aae82c5f86be97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:13:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1653/1786] most examples

---
 run-ci-live-tests.sh                                          | 2 +-
 run-ci-tests.sh                                               | 4 ++--
 run-integration-tests.sh                                      | 4 ++--
 src/examples/{api_exploration.ts => api-exploration.ts}       | 0
 src/examples/{circuit_string.ts => circuit-string.ts}         | 0
 src/examples/{constraint_system.ts => constraint-system.ts}   | 0
 src/examples/{fetch_live.ts => fetch-live.ts}                 | 0
 src/examples/{matrix_mul.ts => matrix-mul.ts}                 | 0
 .../{simple_zkapp_berkeley.ts => simple-zkapp-berkeley.ts}    | 0
 src/examples/{simple_zkapp.js => simple-zkapp.js}             | 0
 src/examples/{simple_zkapp.ts => simple-zkapp.ts}             | 0
 src/examples/{simple_zkapp.web.ts => simple-zkapp.web.ts}     | 0
 .../zkapps/{local_events_zkapp.ts => local-events-zkapp.ts}   | 0
 .../merkle_zkapp.ts => merkle-tree/merkle-zkapp.ts}           | 0
 .../reducer/{reducer_composite.ts => reducer-composite.ts}    | 0
 ...reconditions_zkapp.ts => set-local-preconditions-zkapp.ts} | 0
 .../{simple_zkapp_payment.ts => simple-zkapp-payment.ts}      | 0
 ...{simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts => simple-zkapp-with-proof.ts} | 0
 .../zkapps/{token_with_proofs.ts => token-with-proofs.ts}     | 0
 19 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/{api_exploration.ts => api-exploration.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{circuit_string.ts => circuit-string.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{constraint_system.ts => constraint-system.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{fetch_live.ts => fetch-live.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{matrix_mul.ts => matrix-mul.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{simple_zkapp_berkeley.ts => simple-zkapp-berkeley.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{simple_zkapp.js => simple-zkapp.js} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{simple_zkapp.ts => simple-zkapp.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/{simple_zkapp.web.ts => simple-zkapp.web.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{local_events_zkapp.ts => local-events-zkapp.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts => merkle-tree/merkle-zkapp.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/reducer/{reducer_composite.ts => reducer-composite.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts => set-local-preconditions-zkapp.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{simple_zkapp_payment.ts => simple-zkapp-payment.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts => simple-zkapp-with-proof.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{token_with_proofs.ts => token-with-proofs.ts} (100%)

diff --git a/run-ci-live-tests.sh b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
index 192041b540..e89b9ee4b9 100755
--- a/run-ci-live-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ echo ""
 HELLO_WORLD_PROC=$!
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "DEX" &
 DEX_PROC=$!
-./run src/examples/fetch_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "FETCH" &
+./run src/examples/fetch-live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "FETCH" &
 FETCH_PROC=$!
 
 # Wait for each process and capture their exit statuses
diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index 14f444a2a5..b8c0cbd9b2 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ case $TEST_TYPE in
 "Simple integration tests")
   echo "Running basic integration tests"
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts --bundle
-  ./run src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts --bundle
-  ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts --bundle
+  ./run src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts --bundle
+  ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer-composite.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
   ./run src/tests/fake-proof.ts
   ;;
diff --git a/run-integration-tests.sh b/run-integration-tests.sh
index 7c2241ed17..20fce0ebab 100755
--- a/run-integration-tests.sh
+++ b/run-integration-tests.sh
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ set -e
 
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts --bundle
-./run src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts --bundle
-./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts --bundle
+./run src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts --bundle
+./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer-composite.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts --bundle
diff --git a/src/examples/api_exploration.ts b/src/examples/api-exploration.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/api_exploration.ts
rename to src/examples/api-exploration.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/circuit_string.ts b/src/examples/circuit-string.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/circuit_string.ts
rename to src/examples/circuit-string.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/constraint_system.ts b/src/examples/constraint-system.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/constraint_system.ts
rename to src/examples/constraint-system.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/fetch_live.ts b/src/examples/fetch-live.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/fetch_live.ts
rename to src/examples/fetch-live.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/matrix_mul.ts b/src/examples/matrix-mul.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/matrix_mul.ts
rename to src/examples/matrix-mul.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp_berkeley.ts b/src/examples/simple-zkapp-berkeley.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/simple_zkapp_berkeley.ts
rename to src/examples/simple-zkapp-berkeley.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.js b/src/examples/simple-zkapp.js
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/simple_zkapp.js
rename to src/examples/simple-zkapp.js
diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/simple_zkapp.ts
rename to src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts b/src/examples/simple-zkapp.web.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/simple_zkapp.web.ts
rename to src/examples/simple-zkapp.web.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/local-events-zkapp.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/local_events_zkapp.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/local-events-zkapp.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/merkle-tree/merkle-zkapp.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/merkle_tree/merkle_zkapp.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/merkle-tree/merkle-zkapp.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer-composite.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer_composite.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer-composite.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/set-local-preconditions-zkapp.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/set_local_preconditions_zkapp.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/set-local-preconditions-zkapp.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_payment.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/simple-zkapp-payment.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_payment.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/simple-zkapp-payment.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/simple-zkapp-with-proof.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/simple_zkapp_with_proof.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/simple-zkapp-with-proof.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/token_with_proofs.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts

From dbd7e2ac78ee4aa41818598d1958f7422bd09880 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:20:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1654/1786] hello_world and dex

---
 README-dev.md                                                 | 2 +-
 run-ci-live-tests.sh                                          | 4 ++--
 run-ci-tests.sh                                               | 2 +-
 run-integration-tests.sh                                      | 2 +-
 src/examples/plain-html/index.html                            | 2 +-
 ...ry_token_interaction.ts => arbitrary-token-interaction.ts} | 0
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/{run_live.ts => run-live.ts}          | 0
 .../hello_world.ts => hello-world/hello-world.ts}             | 0
 .../{hello_world/run_live.ts => hello-world/run-live.ts}      | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/{hello_world => hello-world}/run.ts       | 2 +-
 .../javascript/{e2eTestsHelpers.js => e2e-tests-helpers.js}   | 0
 tests/artifacts/javascript/on-chain-state-mgmt-zkapp-ui.js    | 4 ++--
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts                          | 2 +-
 13 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/dex/{arbitrary_token_interaction.ts => arbitrary-token-interaction.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/dex/{run_live.ts => run-live.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{hello_world/hello_world.ts => hello-world/hello-world.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{hello_world/run_live.ts => hello-world/run-live.ts} (98%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/{hello_world => hello-world}/run.ts (98%)
 rename tests/artifacts/javascript/{e2eTestsHelpers.js => e2e-tests-helpers.js} (100%)

diff --git a/README-dev.md b/README-dev.md
index 389be17d9d..1839d130e3 100644
--- a/README-dev.md
+++ b/README-dev.md
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ See the [Docker Hub repository](https://hub.docker.com/r/o1labs/mina-local-netwo
 
 Next up, get the Mina blockchain accounts information to be used in your zkApp.  
 After the local network is up and running, you can use the [Lightnet](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/lib/fetch.ts#L1012) `o1js API namespace` to get the accounts information.  
-See the corresponding example in [src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts).
+See the corresponding example in [src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/blob/ec789794b2067addef6b6f9c9a91c6511e07e37c/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts).
 
 ### Profiling o1js
 
diff --git a/run-ci-live-tests.sh b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
index e89b9ee4b9..ae0b85787d 100755
--- a/run-ci-live-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ echo ""
 echo "Running integration tests against the real Mina network."
 echo ""
 
-./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "HELLO_WORLD" &
+./run src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "HELLO_WORLD" &
 HELLO_WORLD_PROC=$!
-./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "DEX" &
+./run src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "DEX" &
 DEX_PROC=$!
 ./run src/examples/fetch-live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "FETCH" &
 FETCH_PROC=$!
diff --git a/run-ci-tests.sh b/run-ci-tests.sh
index b8c0cbd9b2..fb33b0bd85 100755
--- a/run-ci-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-tests.sh
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ set -e
 case $TEST_TYPE in
 "Simple integration tests")
   echo "Running basic integration tests"
-  ./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts --bundle
+  ./run src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer-composite.ts --bundle
   ./run src/examples/zkapps/composability.ts --bundle
diff --git a/run-integration-tests.sh b/run-integration-tests.sh
index 20fce0ebab..3ffbbe4cac 100755
--- a/run-integration-tests.sh
+++ b/run-integration-tests.sh
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 set -e
 
-./run src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts --bundle
+./run src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts --bundle
 ./run src/examples/zkapps/reducer/reducer-composite.ts --bundle
diff --git a/src/examples/plain-html/index.html b/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
index 656bbec220..248739ad8f 100644
--- a/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
+++ b/src/examples/plain-html/index.html
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     <script type="importmap">
       { "imports": { "o1js": "./index.js" } }
     </script>    
-    <script type="module" src="./simple_zkapp.js">
+    <script type="module" src="./simple-zkapp.js">
     </script>
   </head>
   <body>
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary_token_interaction.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/dex/run_live.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/hello-world.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/hello-world.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts
index c54d323a8a..241b4d2b16 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run_live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
   PrivateKey,
   fetchAccount,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello_world.js';
+import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello-world.js';
 
 const useCustomLocalNetwork = process.env.USE_CUSTOM_LOCAL_NETWORK === 'true';
 const zkAppKey = PrivateKey.random();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
index 41a73dbb4d..272b4ea8f0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { AccountUpdate, Field, Mina, PrivateKey } from 'o1js';
 import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
-import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello_world.js';
+import { HelloWorld, adminPrivateKey } from './hello-world.js';
 
 const HelloWorldProfier = getProfiler('Hello World');
 HelloWorldProfier.start('Hello World test flow');
diff --git a/tests/artifacts/javascript/e2eTestsHelpers.js b/tests/artifacts/javascript/e2e-tests-helpers.js
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/artifacts/javascript/e2eTestsHelpers.js
rename to tests/artifacts/javascript/e2e-tests-helpers.js
diff --git a/tests/artifacts/javascript/on-chain-state-mgmt-zkapp-ui.js b/tests/artifacts/javascript/on-chain-state-mgmt-zkapp-ui.js
index 568ca13ab2..22f7dc0f54 100644
--- a/tests/artifacts/javascript/on-chain-state-mgmt-zkapp-ui.js
+++ b/tests/artifacts/javascript/on-chain-state-mgmt-zkapp-ui.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { logEvents } from './e2eTestsHelpers.js';
+import { logEvents } from './e2e-tests-helpers.js';
 import {
   adminPrivateKey,
   HelloWorld,
-} from './examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
+} from './examples/zkapps/hello-world/hello-world.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Field,
diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
index cccf97e4bc..65360578b3 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import fs from 'fs';
 import { Voting_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting.js';
 import { Membership_ } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/voting/membership.js';
-import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello_world/hello_world.js';
+import { HelloWorld } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/hello-world.js';
 import { TokenContract, createDex } from '../../src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.js';
 import {
   ecdsa,

From a1dda36c9905561a620be9519a5447ccdd31c601 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:22:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1655/1786] voting

---
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/demo.ts                        | 2 +-
 .../voting/{deployContracts.ts => deploy-contracts.ts}    | 0
 .../zkapps/voting/{dummyContract.ts => dummy-contract.ts} | 0
 ...lection_preconditions.ts => election-preconditions.ts} | 0
 .../voting/{off_chain_storage.ts => off-chain-storage.ts} | 0
 ...pant_preconditions.ts => participant-preconditions.ts} | 0
 .../zkapps/voting/{run_berkeley.ts => run-berkeley.ts}    | 4 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts                         | 2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/voting/test.ts                        | 8 ++++----
 .../zkapps/voting/{voting_lib.ts => voting-lib.ts}        | 2 +-
 10 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{deployContracts.ts => deploy-contracts.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{dummyContract.ts => dummy-contract.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{election_preconditions.ts => election-preconditions.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{off_chain_storage.ts => off-chain-storage.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{participant_preconditions.ts => participant-preconditions.ts} (100%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{run_berkeley.ts => run-berkeley.ts} (98%)
 rename src/examples/zkapps/voting/{voting_lib.ts => voting-lib.ts} (98%)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/demo.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/demo.ts
index a8f7fac57e..bb2ca126a0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/demo.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/demo.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from 'o1js';
 import { VotingApp, VotingAppParams } from './factory.js';
 import { Member, MyMerkleWitness } from './member.js';
-import { OffchainStorage } from './off_chain_storage.js';
+import { OffchainStorage } from './off-chain-storage.js';
 import {
   ParticipantPreconditions,
   ElectionPreconditions,
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/deployContracts.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/deploy-contracts.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/deployContracts.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/deploy-contracts.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummy-contract.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummyContract.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/dummy-contract.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/election_preconditions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/election-preconditions.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/election_preconditions.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/election-preconditions.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/off_chain_storage.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/off-chain-storage.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/off_chain_storage.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/off-chain-storage.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/participant_preconditions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/participant-preconditions.ts
similarity index 100%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/participant_preconditions.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/participant-preconditions.ts
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run_berkeley.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run-berkeley.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/run_berkeley.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/run-berkeley.ts
index 10e911f1e5..f8b7c1e426 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run_berkeley.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run-berkeley.ts
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ import {
 } from 'o1js';
 import { VotingApp, VotingAppParams } from './factory.js';
 import { Member, MyMerkleWitness } from './member.js';
-import { OffchainStorage } from './off_chain_storage.js';
+import { OffchainStorage } from './off-chain-storage.js';
 import {
   ParticipantPreconditions,
   ElectionPreconditions,
 } from './preconditions.js';
-import { getResults, vote } from './voting_lib.js';
+import { getResults, vote } from './voting-lib.js';
 await isReady;
 
 const Berkeley = Mina.Network({
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts
index b2a3a9ec65..b632ee2f69 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/run.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   ParticipantPreconditions,
 } from './preconditions.js';
 
-import { OffchainStorage } from './off_chain_storage.js';
+import { OffchainStorage } from './off-chain-storage.js';
 import { Member } from './member.js';
 import { testSet } from './test.js';
 import { getProfiler } from '../../utils/profiler.js';
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/test.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/test.ts
index 25c164607f..7253c1d715 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/test.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/test.ts
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ import {
   UInt32,
   Permissions,
 } from 'o1js';
-import { deployContracts, deployInvalidContracts } from './deployContracts.js';
-import { DummyContract } from './dummyContract.js';
+import { deployContracts, deployInvalidContracts } from './deploy-contracts.js';
+import { DummyContract } from './dummy-contract.js';
 import { VotingAppParams } from './factory.js';
 import { Member, MyMerkleWitness } from './member.js';
 import { Membership_ } from './membership.js';
-import { OffchainStorage } from './off_chain_storage.js';
+import { OffchainStorage } from './off-chain-storage.js';
 import { Voting_ } from './voting.js';
 import {
   assertValidTx,
   getResults,
   registerMember,
   vote,
-} from './voting_lib.js';
+} from './voting-lib.js';
 
 type Votes = OffchainStorage<Member>;
 type Candidates = OffchainStorage<Member>;
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting_lib.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting-lib.ts
similarity index 98%
rename from src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting_lib.ts
rename to src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting-lib.ts
index 27b474f1c6..af6cb62e20 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting_lib.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/voting/voting-lib.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Member, MyMerkleWitness } from './member.js';
-import { OffchainStorage } from './off_chain_storage.js';
+import { OffchainStorage } from './off-chain-storage.js';
 import { Voting_ } from './voting.js';
 import { Mina, PrivateKey } from 'o1js';
 import { Printer } from 'prettier';

From b06cfcf9d625db8b59da856900a92931a5f6b4aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 10:52:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1656/1786] refactor(graphql.ts): rename import from
 'account_update.js' to 'account-update.js' to maintain file naming
 consistency

---
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index a5ca944842..6b7002f7af 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { ActionStatesStringified, removeJsonQuotes } from '../fetch.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
-import { ZkappCommand } from '../account_update.js';
+import { ZkappCommand } from '../account-update.js';
 
 export {
   type EpochData,

From 8cf9bafb84209848c3a732c5f69b154f2da4bccf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 15:33:20 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1657/1786] refactor(fetch.ts, account.ts, graphql.ts): move
 FetchedAccount type and accountQuery from account.ts to graphql.ts

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts        |  11 ++--
 src/lib/mina/account.ts | 140 ++++++++--------------------------------
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts |  95 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index ecd2224391..a2b4ea0f62 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ import { ActionStates } from './mina.js';
 import { LedgerHash, EpochSeed, StateHash } from './base58-encodings.js';
 import {
   Account,
-  accountQuery,
-  FetchedAccount,
   fillPartialAccount,
   parseFetchedAccount,
   PartialAccount,
@@ -26,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   type ActionQueryResponse,
   type EventActionFilterOptions,
   type SendZkAppResponse,
+  type FetchedAccount,
   sendZkappQuery,
   lastBlockQuery,
   lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@ import {
   getEventsQuery,
   getActionsQuery,
   genesisConstantsQuery,
+  accountQuery,
 } from './mina/graphql.js';
 
 export {
@@ -200,16 +200,15 @@ async function fetchAccountInternal(
   config?: FetchConfig
 ) {
   const { publicKey, tokenId } = accountInfo;
-  let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+  let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<FetchedAccount>(
     accountQuery(publicKey, tokenId ?? TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)),
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints,
     config
   );
   if (error !== undefined) return { account: undefined, error };
-  let fetchedAccount = (response as FetchResponse).data
-    .account as FetchedAccount | null;
-  if (fetchedAccount === null) {
+  let fetchedAccount = response?.data;
+  if (!fetchedAccount) {
     return {
       account: undefined,
       error: {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/account.ts b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
index af77941426..ea99bb52b1 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/account.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/account.ts
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@ import {
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
 import { jsLayout } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/js-layout.js';
 import { ProvableExtended } from '../circuit-value.js';
+import { FetchedAccount } from './graphql.js';
 
-export { FetchedAccount, Account, PartialAccount };
-export { newAccount, accountQuery, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
+export { Account, PartialAccount };
+export { newAccount, parseFetchedAccount, fillPartialAccount };
 
-type AuthRequired = Types.Json.AuthRequired;
 type Account = Types.Account;
 const Account = Types.Account;
 
@@ -34,117 +34,31 @@ type PartialAccount = Omit<Partial<Account>, 'zkapp'> & {
   zkapp?: Partial<Account['zkapp']>;
 };
 
-// TODO auto-generate this type and the query
-type FetchedAccount = {
-  publicKey: string;
-  token: string;
-  nonce: string;
-  balance: { total: string };
-  tokenSymbol: string | null;
-  receiptChainHash: string | null;
-  timing: {
-    initialMinimumBalance: string | null;
-    cliffTime: string | null;
-    cliffAmount: string | null;
-    vestingPeriod: string | null;
-    vestingIncrement: string | null;
-  };
-  permissions: {
-    editState: AuthRequired;
-    access: AuthRequired;
-    send: AuthRequired;
-    receive: AuthRequired;
-    setDelegate: AuthRequired;
-    setPermissions: AuthRequired;
-    setVerificationKey: {
-      auth: AuthRequired;
-      txnVersion: string;
-    };
-    setZkappUri: AuthRequired;
-    editActionState: AuthRequired;
-    setTokenSymbol: AuthRequired;
-    incrementNonce: AuthRequired;
-    setVotingFor: AuthRequired;
-    setTiming: AuthRequired;
-  } | null;
-  delegateAccount: { publicKey: string } | null;
-  votingFor: string | null;
-  zkappState: string[] | null;
-  verificationKey: { verificationKey: string; hash: string } | null;
-  actionState: string[] | null;
-  provedState: boolean | null;
-  zkappUri: string | null;
-};
-const accountQuery = (publicKey: string, tokenId: string) => `{
-  account(publicKey: "${publicKey}", token: "${tokenId}") {
-    publicKey
-    token
-    nonce
-    balance { total }
-    tokenSymbol
-    receiptChainHash
-    timing {
-      initialMinimumBalance
-      cliffTime
-      cliffAmount
-      vestingPeriod
-      vestingIncrement
-    }
-    permissions {
-      editState
-      access
-      send
-      receive
-      setDelegate
-      setPermissions
-      setVerificationKey {
-        auth
-        txnVersion
-      }
-      setZkappUri
-      editActionState
-      setTokenSymbol
-      incrementNonce
-      setVotingFor
-      setTiming
-    }
-    delegateAccount { publicKey }
-    votingFor
-    zkappState
-    verificationKey {
-      verificationKey
-      hash
-    }
-    actionState
-    provedState
-    zkappUri
-  }
-}
-`;
-
 // convert FetchedAccount (from graphql) to Account (internal representation both here and in Mina)
-function parseFetchedAccount({
-  publicKey,
-  nonce,
-  zkappState,
-  balance,
-  permissions,
-  timing: {
-    cliffAmount,
-    cliffTime,
-    initialMinimumBalance,
-    vestingIncrement,
-    vestingPeriod,
-  },
-  delegateAccount,
-  receiptChainHash,
-  actionState,
-  token,
-  tokenSymbol,
-  verificationKey,
-  provedState,
-  zkappUri,
-}: FetchedAccount): Account {
+function parseFetchedAccount({ account }: FetchedAccount): Account {
+  const {
+    publicKey,
+    nonce,
+    zkappState,
+    balance,
+    permissions,
+    timing: {
+      cliffAmount,
+      cliffTime,
+      initialMinimumBalance,
+      vestingIncrement,
+      vestingPeriod,
+    },
+    delegateAccount,
+    receiptChainHash,
+    actionState,
+    token,
+    tokenSymbol,
+    verificationKey,
+    provedState,
+    zkappUri,
+  } = account;
+
   let hasZkapp =
     zkappState !== null ||
     verificationKey !== null ||
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index 6b7002f7af..cdb9de9f57 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { ActionStatesStringified, removeJsonQuotes } from '../fetch.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
 import { ZkappCommand } from '../account-update.js';
+import { Types } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export {
   type EpochData,
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ export {
   type ActionQueryResponse,
   type EventActionFilterOptions,
   type SendZkAppResponse,
+  type FetchedAccount,
   getEventsQuery,
   getActionsQuery,
   sendZkappQuery,
@@ -22,6 +24,52 @@ export {
   lastBlockQuery,
   lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
   genesisConstantsQuery,
+  accountQuery,
+};
+
+type AuthRequired = Types.Json.AuthRequired;
+// TODO auto-generate this type and the query
+type FetchedAccount = {
+  account: {
+    publicKey: string;
+    token: string;
+    nonce: string;
+    balance: { total: string };
+    tokenSymbol: string | null;
+    receiptChainHash: string | null;
+    timing: {
+      initialMinimumBalance: string | null;
+      cliffTime: string | null;
+      cliffAmount: string | null;
+      vestingPeriod: string | null;
+      vestingIncrement: string | null;
+    };
+    permissions: {
+      editState: AuthRequired;
+      access: AuthRequired;
+      send: AuthRequired;
+      receive: AuthRequired;
+      setDelegate: AuthRequired;
+      setPermissions: AuthRequired;
+      setVerificationKey: {
+        auth: AuthRequired;
+        txnVersion: string;
+      };
+      setZkappUri: AuthRequired;
+      editActionState: AuthRequired;
+      setTokenSymbol: AuthRequired;
+      incrementNonce: AuthRequired;
+      setVotingFor: AuthRequired;
+      setTiming: AuthRequired;
+    } | null;
+    delegateAccount: { publicKey: string } | null;
+    votingFor: string | null;
+    zkappState: string[] | null;
+    verificationKey: { verificationKey: string; hash: string } | null;
+    actionState: string[] | null;
+    provedState: boolean | null;
+    zkappUri: string | null;
+  };
 };
 
 type GenesisConstants = {
@@ -367,3 +415,50 @@ function sendZkappQuery(json: string) {
 }
 `;
 }
+
+const accountQuery = (publicKey: string, tokenId: string) => `{
+  account(publicKey: "${publicKey}", token: "${tokenId}") {
+    publicKey
+    token
+    nonce
+    balance { total }
+    tokenSymbol
+    receiptChainHash
+    timing {
+      initialMinimumBalance
+      cliffTime
+      cliffAmount
+      vestingPeriod
+      vestingIncrement
+    }
+    permissions {
+      editState
+      access
+      send
+      receive
+      setDelegate
+      setPermissions
+      setVerificationKey {
+        auth
+        txnVersion
+      }
+      setZkappUri
+      editActionState
+      setTokenSymbol
+      incrementNonce
+      setVotingFor
+      setTiming
+    }
+    delegateAccount { publicKey }
+    votingFor
+    zkappState
+    verificationKey {
+      verificationKey
+      hash
+    }
+    actionState
+    provedState
+    zkappUri
+  }
+}
+`;

From 4060d89400df95ee8085575d0d5bdea62aa661b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 16:26:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1658/1786] feat(fetch.ts, graphql.ts): add GenesisConstants
 type to handle genesis constants data

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts        | 13 +++++++++++--
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts | 28 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index a2b4ea0f62..ae6b35136c 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 } from './mina/account.js';
 import {
   type LastBlockQueryResponse,
-  type GenesisConstants,
+  type GenesisConstantsResponse,
   type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse,
   type FetchedBlock,
   type TransactionStatus,
@@ -276,6 +276,15 @@ let actionsToFetch = {} as Record<
     graphqlEndpoint: string;
   }
 >;
+type GenesisConstants = {
+  genesisTimestamp: string;
+  coinbase: number;
+  accountCreationFee: number;
+  epochDuration: number;
+  k: number;
+  slotDuration: number;
+  slotsPerEpoch: number;
+};
 let genesisConstantsCache = {} as Record<string, GenesisConstants>;
 
 function markAccountToBeFetched(
@@ -748,7 +757,7 @@ async function fetchActions(
 async function fetchGenesisConstants(
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
 ): Promise<GenesisConstants> {
-  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest(
+  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<GenesisConstantsResponse>(
     genesisConstantsQuery,
     graphqlEndpoint,
     networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index cdb9de9f57..4e91b45122 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { Types } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 export {
   type EpochData,
   type LastBlockQueryResponse,
-  type GenesisConstants,
+  type GenesisConstantsResponse,
   type FailureReasonResponse,
   type LastBlockQueryFailureCheckResponse,
   type FetchedBlock,
@@ -72,16 +72,6 @@ type FetchedAccount = {
   };
 };
 
-type GenesisConstants = {
-  genesisTimestamp: string;
-  coinbase: number;
-  accountCreationFee: number;
-  epochDuration: number;
-  k: number;
-  slotDuration: number;
-  slotsPerEpoch: number;
-};
-
 type EpochData = {
   ledger: {
     hash: string;
@@ -177,6 +167,22 @@ type FetchedBlock = {
   };
 };
 
+type GenesisConstantsResponse = {
+  genesisConstants: {
+    genesisTimestamp: string;
+    coinbase: string;
+    accountCreationFee: string;
+  };
+  daemonStatus: {
+    consensusConfiguration: {
+      epochDuration: string;
+      k: string;
+      slotDuration: string;
+      slotsPerEpoch: string;
+    };
+  };
+};
+
 /**
  * INCLUDED: A transaction that is on the longest chain
  *

From f3906d2cd348c3726a7b2bcd2cb407426ee5e851 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 14 Feb 2024 11:18:19 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1659/1786] feat(fetch.ts, graphql.ts): add fetchCurrentSlot
 function and CurrentSlotResponse type to fetch current slot data from the
 server This change allows the application to fetch the current slot data from
 the server, which is necessary for the application's functionality.

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts        | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index ae6b35136c..9cbc1abdff 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import {
   type EventActionFilterOptions,
   type SendZkAppResponse,
   type FetchedAccount,
+  type CurrentSlotResponse,
   sendZkappQuery,
   lastBlockQuery,
   lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
@@ -33,12 +34,14 @@ import {
   getActionsQuery,
   genesisConstantsQuery,
   accountQuery,
+  currentSlotQuery,
 } from './mina/graphql.js';
 
 export {
   fetchAccount,
   fetchLastBlock,
   fetchGenesisConstants,
+  fetchCurrentSlot,
   checkZkappTransaction,
   parseFetchedAccount,
   markAccountToBeFetched,
@@ -465,6 +468,22 @@ async function fetchLastBlock(graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint) {
   return network;
 }
 
+async function fetchCurrentSlot(graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint) {
+  let [resp, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<CurrentSlotResponse>(
+    currentSlotQuery,
+    graphqlEndpoint,
+    networkConfig.minaFallbackEndpoints
+  );
+  if (error) throw Error(`Error making GraphQL request: ${error.statusText}`);
+  let bestChain = resp?.data?.bestChain;
+  if (!bestChain || bestChain.length === 0) {
+    throw Error(
+      'Failed to fetch the current slot. The response data is undefined.'
+    );
+  }
+  return bestChain[0].protocolState.consensusState.slot;
+}
+
 async function fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(
   blockLength: number,
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.minaEndpoint
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index 4e91b45122..53f91e8836 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -17,14 +17,16 @@ export {
   type EventActionFilterOptions,
   type SendZkAppResponse,
   type FetchedAccount,
+  type CurrentSlotResponse,
   getEventsQuery,
   getActionsQuery,
   sendZkappQuery,
   transactionStatusQuery,
-  lastBlockQuery,
   lastBlockQueryFailureCheck,
-  genesisConstantsQuery,
   accountQuery,
+  currentSlotQuery,
+  genesisConstantsQuery,
+  lastBlockQuery,
 };
 
 type AuthRequired = Types.Json.AuthRequired;
@@ -183,6 +185,16 @@ type GenesisConstantsResponse = {
   };
 };
 
+type CurrentSlotResponse = {
+  bestChain: Array<{
+    protocolState: {
+      consensusState: {
+        slot: number;
+      };
+    };
+  }>;
+};
+
 /**
  * INCLUDED: A transaction that is on the longest chain
  *
@@ -468,3 +480,13 @@ const accountQuery = (publicKey: string, tokenId: string) => `{
   }
 }
 `;
+
+const currentSlotQuery = `{
+    bestChain(maxLength: 1) {
+      protocolState {
+        consensusState {
+          slot
+        }
+      }
+    }
+}`;

From 3b5f7c7d05776fdedd52928c8a925c8a2180b20e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 18:38:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1660/1786] Missed part of the Mainnet support.

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  6 ++
 package-lock.json                             |  4 +-
 package.json                                  |  2 +-
 src/bindings                                  |  2 +-
 src/lib/account-update.ts                     | 21 +++++--
 src/lib/mina.ts                               |  3 +-
 .../mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts   |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/package-lock.json             |  4 +-
 src/mina-signer/package.json                  |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts     | 55 ++++++++++++++-----
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       |  8 +--
 11 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index bde92e484f..42e2e34910 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...HEAD)
 
+## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...)
+
 ### Breaking changes
 
 - Remove `AccountUpdate.children` and `AccountUpdate.parent` properties https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1402
@@ -35,6 +37,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 - `TokenAccountUpdateIterator`, a primitive to iterate over all token account updates in a transaction https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1398
   - this is used to implement `TokenContract` under the hood
 
+### Fixed
+
+- Mainnet support. TBA
+
 ## [0.16.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...834a44002)
 
 ### Breaking changes
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 7596decd36..5aab1ef0a8 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.16.0",
+  "version": "0.16.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.16.0",
+      "version": "0.16.1",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index b9dc29d6f0..8d00104b7c 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.16.0",
+  "version": "0.16.1",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [
diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7c9feffb58..1022de361e 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7c9feffb589deed29ce5606a135aeca5515c3a90
+Subproject commit 1022de361ea86f19eaff1af151916eec9b397aff
diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index ff2e7c38d3..d2f56128f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -1017,7 +1017,12 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // implementations are equivalent, and catch regressions quickly
     if (Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
       let input = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput(this);
-      return hashWithPrefix(prefixes.body, packToFields(input));
+      return hashWithPrefix(
+        activeInstance.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
+          ? prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet
+          : prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet,
+        packToFields(input)
+      );
     } else {
       let json = Types.AccountUpdate.toJSON(this);
       return Field(Test.hashFromJson.accountUpdate(JSON.stringify(json)));
@@ -1048,7 +1053,8 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       forest,
       (a) => a.hash(),
       Poseidon.hashWithPrefix,
-      emptyHash
+      emptyHash,
+      activeInstance.getNetworkId()
     );
     return { accountUpdate, calls };
   }
@@ -1386,7 +1392,13 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
 // call forest stuff
 
 function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
-  return genericHash(AccountUpdate, prefixes.body, update);
+  return genericHash(
+    AccountUpdate,
+    activeInstance.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
+      ? prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet
+      : prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet,
+    update
+  );
 }
 
 class HashedAccountUpdate extends Hashed.create(
@@ -1983,7 +1995,8 @@ function addMissingSignatures(
 ): ZkappCommandSigned {
   let additionalPublicKeys = additionalKeys.map((sk) => sk.toPublicKey());
   let { commitment, fullCommitment } = transactionCommitments(
-    TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.fromJSON(ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand))
+    TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.fromJSON(ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand)),
+    activeInstance.getNetworkId()
   );
 
   function addFeePayerSignature(accountUpdate: FeePayerUnsigned): FeePayer {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index a64163cb9b..44c7830517 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -391,7 +391,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 
       let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(txn.transaction);
       let commitments = transactionCommitments(
-        TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.fromJSON(zkappCommandJson)
+        TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.fromJSON(zkappCommandJson),
+        minaNetworkId
       );
 
       if (enforceTransactionLimits) verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
index 4a00bb57f7..d93158b9ca 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/forest-iterator.unit-test.ts
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ test.custom({ timeBudget: 1000 })(
   (flatUpdatesBigint) => {
     // reference: bigint callforest hash from mina-signer
     let forestBigint = accountUpdatesToCallForest(flatUpdatesBigint);
-    let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint);
+    let expectedHash = callForestHash(forestBigint, 'testnet');
 
     let flatUpdates = flatUpdatesBigint.map(accountUpdateFromBigint);
     let forest = AccountUpdateForest.fromFlatArray(flatUpdates);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
index 55178b872b..7b97ce6a84 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
-  "version": "3.0.0",
+  "version": "3.0.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "mina-signer",
-      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "version": "3.0.1",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "^1.2.1",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index 8152789289..f6efdbefab 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
   "description": "Node API for signing transactions on various networks for Mina Protocol",
-  "version": "3.0.0",
+  "version": "3.0.1",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer.json",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 40e983e4fa..a42ff3ec3b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,10 @@ function signZkappCommand(
 ): Json.ZkappCommand {
   let zkappCommand = ZkappCommand.fromJSON(zkappCommand_);
 
-  let { commitment, fullCommitment } = transactionCommitments(zkappCommand);
+  let { commitment, fullCommitment } = transactionCommitments(
+    zkappCommand,
+    networkId
+  );
   let privateKey = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKeyBase58);
   let publicKey = zkappCommand.feePayer.body.publicKey;
 
@@ -71,7 +74,10 @@ function verifyZkappCommandSignature(
 ) {
   let zkappCommand = ZkappCommand.fromJSON(zkappCommand_);
 
-  let { commitment, fullCommitment } = transactionCommitments(zkappCommand);
+  let { commitment, fullCommitment } = transactionCommitments(
+    zkappCommand,
+    networkId
+  );
   let publicKey = PublicKey.fromBase58(publicKeyBase58);
 
   // verify fee payer signature
@@ -108,14 +114,17 @@ function verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
   return verifyFieldElement(signature, usedCommitment, publicKey, networkId);
 }
 
-function transactionCommitments(zkappCommand: ZkappCommand) {
+function transactionCommitments(
+  zkappCommand: ZkappCommand,
+  networkId: NetworkId
+) {
   if (!isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand)) {
     throw Error('zkapp command: invalid call depth');
   }
   let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest);
+  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
   let memoHash = Memo.hash(Memo.fromBase58(zkappCommand.memo));
-  let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(zkappCommand.feePayer);
+  let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(zkappCommand.feePayer, networkId);
   let fullCommitment = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateCons, [
     memoHash,
     feePayerDigest,
@@ -150,22 +159,37 @@ function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
   return forest;
 }
 
-function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate) {
+function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate, networkId: NetworkId) {
   assertAuthorizationKindValid(update);
   let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(update);
   let fields = packToFields(input);
-  return hashWithPrefix(prefixes.body, fields);
+  return hashWithPrefix(
+    networkId === 'mainnet'
+      ? prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet
+      : prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet,
+    fields
+  );
 }
 
-function callForestHash(forest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>): bigint {
-  return callForestHashGeneric(forest, accountUpdateHash, hashWithPrefix, 0n);
+function callForestHash(
+  forest: CallForest<AccountUpdate>,
+  networkId: NetworkId
+): bigint {
+  return callForestHashGeneric(
+    forest,
+    accountUpdateHash,
+    hashWithPrefix,
+    0n,
+    networkId
+  );
 }
 
 function callForestHashGeneric<A, F>(
   forest: CallForest<A>,
-  hash: (a: A) => F,
+  hash: (a: A, networkId: NetworkId) => F,
   hashWithPrefix: (prefix: string, input: F[]) => F,
-  emptyHash: F
+  emptyHash: F,
+  networkId: NetworkId
 ): F {
   let stackHash = emptyHash;
   for (let callTree of [...forest].reverse()) {
@@ -173,9 +197,10 @@ function callForestHashGeneric<A, F>(
       callTree.children,
       hash,
       hashWithPrefix,
-      emptyHash
+      emptyHash,
+      networkId
     );
-    let treeHash = hash(callTree.accountUpdate);
+    let treeHash = hash(callTree.accountUpdate, networkId);
     let nodeHash = hashWithPrefix(prefixes.accountUpdateNode, [
       treeHash,
       calls,
@@ -193,9 +218,9 @@ type FeePayer = ZkappCommand['feePayer'];
 function createFeePayer(feePayer: FeePayer['body']): FeePayer {
   return { authorization: '', body: feePayer };
 }
-function feePayerHash(feePayer: FeePayer) {
+function feePayerHash(feePayer: FeePayer, networkId: NetworkId) {
   let accountUpdate = accountUpdateFromFeePayer(feePayer);
-  return accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate);
+  return accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, networkId);
 }
 
 function accountUpdateFromFeePayer({
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index f8a4b51fd1..013beaa4f4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate) => {
   let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
   expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
 
-  let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate);
+  let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, 'testnet');
   let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
   expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
 });
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ test(RandomTransaction.zkappCommand, (zkappCommand, assert) => {
     JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
   );
   let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest);
+  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
   expect(commitment).toEqual(FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment));
 });
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ test(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest);
+    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
     expect(commitment).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
     );
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ test(
       stringify(feePayerInput1.packed)
     );
 
-    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer);
+    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, 'testnet');
     expect(feePayerDigest).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.feePayerHash)
     );

From ffb50a23e944b237572470e92e63e833c7b7aa9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 18:42:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1661/1786] Changelog.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 42e2e34910..b0cba5c1aa 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
     _Security_ in case of vulnerabilities.
  -->
 
-## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...HEAD)
+## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/3b5f7c7...HEAD)
 
-## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...)
+## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 
 ### Breaking changes
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ### Fixed
 
-- Mainnet support. TBA
+- Mainnet support. https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1437
 
 ## [0.16.0](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/e5d1e0f...834a44002)
 

From 91db2ce85b043a48d8a1693a7b215492e6b947f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 19:16:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1662/1786] Updated bindings pin.

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 1022de361e..48a129938c 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1022de361ea86f19eaff1af151916eec9b397aff
+Subproject commit 48a129938c73295076deda6ee326277dac554796

From c9980974c93ed6f2f52dc077a745ab554e014e27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 19:26:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1663/1786] Updated bindings.

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 48a129938c..575d972a54 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 48a129938c73295076deda6ee326277dac554796
+Subproject commit 575d972a5455088207c0c9f2f6a0ba0bea49f9ce

From 57fbe4d3a7d5c6721e4a7ea77a63852f7454c1e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 19:44:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1664/1786] MIna-signer tests fix.

---
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       | 34 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 013beaa4f4..2602f9c29c 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -125,18 +125,24 @@ test(memoGenerator, (memoString) => {
 });
 
 // zkapp transaction - basic properties & commitment
-test(RandomTransaction.zkappCommand, (zkappCommand, assert) => {
-  zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
+test(
+  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
+  RandomTransaction.networkId,
+  (zkappCommand, networkId, assert) => {
+    zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
 
-  assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
-  let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
-  let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
-    JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
-  );
-  let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
-  expect(commitment).toEqual(FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment));
-});
+    assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
+    let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
+    let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
+      JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
+    );
+    let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
+    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
+    expect(commitment).toEqual(
+      FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
+    );
+  }
+);
 
 // invalid zkapp transactions
 test.negative(
@@ -151,7 +157,9 @@ test.negative(
 // zkapp transaction
 test(
   RandomTransaction.zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey,
-  ({ feePayerKey, zkappCommand }) => {
+  RandomTransaction.networkId,
+  (zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey, networkId) => {
+    const { feePayerKey, zkappCommand } = zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey;
     zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
 
     let feePayerKeyBase58 = PrivateKey.toBase58(feePayerKey);
@@ -176,7 +184,7 @@ test(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
+    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
     expect(commitment).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
     );

From 2f74fdd817ec64ed51776f4a84b76e7f05cf2f02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 19:48:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1665/1786] MIna-signer tests fix.

---
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       | 42 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 2602f9c29c..8408a5f348 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -81,28 +81,32 @@ expect(stringify(dummyInput.packed)).toEqual(
   stringify(dummyInputSnarky.packed)
 );
 
-test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate) => {
-  fixVerificationKey(accountUpdate);
+test(
+  Random.accountUpdate,
+  RandomTransaction.networkId,
+  (accountUpdate, networkId) => {
+    fixVerificationKey(accountUpdate);
 
-  // example account update
-  let accountUpdateJson: Json.AccountUpdate =
-    AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
+    // example account update
+    let accountUpdateJson: Json.AccountUpdate =
+      AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
 
-  // account update hash
-  let accountUpdateSnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);
-  let inputSnarky = TypesSnarky.AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdateSnarky);
-  let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdate);
-  expect(toJSON(input.fields)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.fields));
-  expect(toJSON(input.packed)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.packed));
+    // account update hash
+    let accountUpdateSnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);
+    let inputSnarky = TypesSnarky.AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdateSnarky);
+    let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdate);
+    expect(toJSON(input.fields)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.fields));
+    expect(toJSON(input.packed)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.packed));
 
-  let packed = packToFields(input);
-  let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
-  expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
+    expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
 
-  let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, 'testnet');
-  let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
-  expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
-});
+    let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, networkId);
+    let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
+    expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
+  }
+);
 
 // private key to/from base58
 test(Random.json.privateKey, (feePayerKeyBase58) => {
@@ -208,7 +212,7 @@ test(
       stringify(feePayerInput1.packed)
     );
 
-    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, 'testnet');
+    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, networkId);
     expect(feePayerDigest).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.feePayerHash)
     );

From bc351638ff1787a8731ed03730a978d165be6de2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 11:06:57 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1666/1786] feat(tests): add transaction-flow test suite for
 zkApp

This commit introduces a new test suite for the zkApp transaction flow. The tests cover various scenarios including local and remote tests, transaction verification, zkApp deployment, method calls, event emission and fetching, and action rollups. The tests are designed to ensure the correct behavior of the zkApp and its interaction with the Mina protocol.
---
 src/tests/transaction-flow.ts | 291 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 291 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/tests/transaction-flow.ts

diff --git a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..936df0ff4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+import {
+  AccountUpdate,
+  Provable,
+  Field,
+  Lightnet,
+  Mina,
+  PrivateKey,
+  Struct,
+  PublicKey,
+  SmartContract,
+  State,
+  state,
+  method,
+  Reducer,
+  fetchAccount,
+  TokenId,
+} from 'o1js';
+import assert from 'node:assert';
+
+/**
+ * currentSlot:
+ *  - Remote: not implemented, throws
+ *  - Local: implemented
+ */
+
+class Event extends Struct({ pub: PublicKey, value: Field }) {}
+
+class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
+  @state(Field) x = State<Field>();
+  @state(Field) counter = State<Field>();
+  @state(Field) actionState = State<Field>();
+
+  reducer = Reducer({ actionType: Field });
+
+  events = {
+    complexEvent: Event,
+    simpleEvent: Field,
+  };
+
+  init() {
+    super.init();
+    this.x.set(Field(2));
+    this.counter.set(Field(0));
+    this.actionState.set(Reducer.initialActionState);
+  }
+
+  @method incrementCounter() {
+    this.reducer.dispatch(Field(1));
+  }
+
+  @method rollupIncrements() {
+    let counter = this.counter.get();
+    this.counter.requireEquals(counter);
+    let actionState = this.actionState.get();
+    this.actionState.requireEquals(actionState);
+
+    const endActionState = this.account.actionState.getAndRequireEquals();
+
+    let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
+      fromActionState: actionState,
+      endActionState,
+    });
+
+    let { state: newCounter, actionState: newActionState } =
+      this.reducer.reduce(
+        pendingActions,
+        Field,
+        (state: Field, _action: Field) => {
+          return state.add(1);
+        },
+        { state: counter, actionState }
+      );
+
+    // update on-chain state
+    this.counter.set(newCounter);
+    this.actionState.set(newActionState);
+  }
+
+  @method update(y: Field, publicKey: PublicKey) {
+    this.emitEvent('complexEvent', {
+      pub: publicKey,
+      value: y,
+    });
+    this.emitEvent('simpleEvent', y);
+    let x = this.x.getAndRequireEquals();
+    this.x.set(x.add(y));
+  }
+}
+
+async function testLocalAndRemote(
+  f: (...args: any[]) => Promise<any>,
+  ...args: any[]
+) {
+  console.log('⌛ Performing local test');
+  Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
+  const localResponse = await f(...args);
+
+  console.log('⌛ Performing remote test');
+  Mina.setActiveInstance(Remote);
+  const networkResponse = await f(...args);
+
+  if (localResponse !== undefined && networkResponse !== undefined) {
+    assert.strictEqual(
+      JSON.stringify(localResponse),
+      JSON.stringify(networkResponse)
+    );
+  }
+  console.log('✅ Test passed');
+}
+
+async function sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction: Mina.Transaction) {
+  await transaction.prove();
+  const pendingTransaction = await transaction.send();
+  assert(pendingTransaction.hash() !== undefined);
+  const includedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
+  assert(includedTransaction.status === 'included');
+}
+
+const transactionFee = 100_000_000;
+
+let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain();
+const Remote = Mina.Network({
+  mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
+  archive: 'http://localhost:8282 ',
+  lightnetAccountManager: 'http://localhost:8181',
+});
+
+// First set active instance to remote so we can sync up accounts between remote and local ledgers
+Mina.setActiveInstance(Remote);
+
+const senderKey = (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey;
+const sender = senderKey.toPublicKey();
+const zkAppKey = (await Lightnet.acquireKeyPair()).privateKey;
+const zkAppAddress = zkAppKey.toPublicKey();
+
+// Same balance as remote ledger
+const balance = (1550n * 10n ** 9n).toString();
+Local.addAccount(sender, balance);
+Local.addAccount(zkAppAddress, balance);
+
+console.log('Compiling the smart contract.');
+const { verificationKey } = await SimpleZkapp.compile();
+const zkApp = new SimpleZkapp(zkAppAddress);
+console.log('');
+
+console.log('Testing network auxiliary functions do not throw');
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  try {
+    await Mina.transaction({ sender, fee: transactionFee }, () => {
+      Mina.getNetworkConstants();
+      Mina.getNetworkState();
+      Mina.getNetworkId();
+      Mina.getProofsEnabled();
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log(
+  `Test 'fetchAccount', 'getAccount', and 'hasAccount' match behavior using publicKey: ${zkAppAddress.toBase58()}`
+);
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  try {
+    await fetchAccount({ publicKey: zkAppAddress }); // Must call fetchAccount to populate internal account cache
+    const account = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress);
+    return {
+      publicKey: account.publicKey,
+      nonce: account.nonce,
+      hasAccount: Mina.hasAccount(zkAppAddress),
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log('Test deploying zkApp for public key ' + zkAppAddress.toBase58());
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.deploy({ verificationKey });
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log("Test calling 'update' method on zkApp does not throw");
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.update(Field(1), PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+    await Mina.fetchEvents(zkAppAddress, TokenId.default);
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log("Test specifying 'invalid_fee_access' throws");
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  let errorWasThrown = false;
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(zkAppAddress);
+        zkApp.update(Field(1), PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  } catch (error) {
+    errorWasThrown = true;
+  }
+  assert(errorWasThrown);
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log('Test emitting and fetching actions do not throw');
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.incrementCounter();
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.rollupIncrements();
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.incrementCounter();
+        zkApp.incrementCounter();
+        zkApp.incrementCounter();
+        zkApp.incrementCounter();
+        zkApp.incrementCounter();
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.rollupIncrements();
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  } catch (error) {
+    assert.ifError(error);
+  }
+});

From d0e304366165d8e9bc144f102a9d08b5463bfd4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 11:07:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1667/1786] feat(run-ci-live-tests.sh): add transaction-flow
 test to CI live tests to increase test coverage

---
 run-ci-live-tests.sh | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/run-ci-live-tests.sh b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
index ae0b85787d..3d6a53de9c 100755
--- a/run-ci-live-tests.sh
+++ b/run-ci-live-tests.sh
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ HELLO_WORLD_PROC=$!
 DEX_PROC=$!
 ./run src/examples/fetch-live.ts --bundle | add_prefix "FETCH" &
 FETCH_PROC=$!
+./run src/tests/transaction-flow.ts --bundle | add_prefix "TRANSACTION_FLOW" &
+TRANSACTION_FLOW_PROC=$!
 
 # Wait for each process and capture their exit statuses
 FAILURE=0
@@ -43,6 +45,13 @@ if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
   echo ""
   FAILURE=1
 fi
+wait $TRANSACTION_FLOW_PROC
+if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+  echo ""
+  echo "TRANSACTION_FLOW test failed."
+  echo ""
+  FAILURE=1
+fi
 
 # Exit with failure if any process failed
 if [ $FAILURE -ne 0 ]; then

From 1984c25ca58075b6124dbe8c26e3bbe324001fbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 21:24:26 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1668/1786] Additional account update hash case.

---
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       | 63 +++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 8408a5f348..f2b7fe9129 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import { Ml, MlHashInput } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import { FieldConst } from '../../lib/field.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
+import { setActiveInstance, Network } from '../../lib/mina.js';
 
 // monkey-patch bigint to json
 (BigInt.prototype as any).toJSON = function () {
@@ -81,32 +82,42 @@ expect(stringify(dummyInput.packed)).toEqual(
   stringify(dummyInputSnarky.packed)
 );
 
-test(
-  Random.accountUpdate,
-  RandomTransaction.networkId,
-  (accountUpdate, networkId) => {
-    fixVerificationKey(accountUpdate);
-
-    // example account update
-    let accountUpdateJson: Json.AccountUpdate =
-      AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
-
-    // account update hash
-    let accountUpdateSnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);
-    let inputSnarky = TypesSnarky.AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdateSnarky);
-    let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdate);
-    expect(toJSON(input.fields)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.fields));
-    expect(toJSON(input.packed)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.packed));
-
-    let packed = packToFields(input);
-    let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
-    expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
-
-    let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, networkId);
-    let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
-    expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
-  }
-);
+test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate) => {
+  const testnetMinaInstance = Network({
+    networkId: 'testnet',
+    mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
+  });
+  const mainnetMinaInstance = Network({
+    networkId: 'mainnet',
+    mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
+  });
+
+  fixVerificationKey(accountUpdate);
+
+  // example account update
+  let accountUpdateJson: Json.AccountUpdate =
+    AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
+
+  // account update hash
+  let accountUpdateSnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);
+  let inputSnarky = TypesSnarky.AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdateSnarky);
+  let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdate);
+  expect(toJSON(input.fields)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.fields));
+  expect(toJSON(input.packed)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.packed));
+
+  let packed = packToFields(input);
+  let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
+  expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
+
+  let hashTestnet = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, 'testnet');
+  let hashMainnet = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, 'mainnet');
+  setActiveInstance(testnetMinaInstance);
+  let hashSnarkyTestnet = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
+  setActiveInstance(mainnetMinaInstance);
+  let hashSnarkyMainnet = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
+  expect(hashTestnet).toEqual(hashSnarkyTestnet.toBigInt());
+  expect(hashMainnet).toEqual(hashSnarkyMainnet.toBigInt());
+});
 
 // private key to/from base58
 test(Random.json.privateKey, (feePayerKeyBase58) => {

From 1eb25efe8d980ab8784e7ff2d66957f3eeebe9cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 00:12:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1669/1786] (WIP) Introduce the NetworkID parameter for some of
 the Test.hashFromJson methods.

---
 src/bindings              | 2 +-
 src/lib/account-update.ts | 7 ++++++-
 src/snarky.d.ts           | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 575d972a54..363a00e72c 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 575d972a5455088207c0c9f2f6a0ba0bea49f9ce
+Subproject commit 363a00e72c39b6e359538fd30211c487a531c6cd
diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index d2f56128f8..f8673c7ad4 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -1025,7 +1025,12 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       );
     } else {
       let json = Types.AccountUpdate.toJSON(this);
-      return Field(Test.hashFromJson.accountUpdate(JSON.stringify(json)));
+      return Field(
+        Test.hashFromJson.accountUpdate(
+          JSON.stringify(json),
+          activeInstance.getNetworkId()
+        )
+      );
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 2c47b9dc63..79626cd3dc 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ declare const Test: {
     accountUpdate(json: string): MlArray<FieldConst>;
   };
   hashFromJson: {
-    accountUpdate(json: string): FieldConst;
+    accountUpdate(json: string, networkId: string): FieldConst;
     /**
      * Returns the commitment of a JSON transaction.
      */

From cff8b4d4b23a989d782db66287e56fed515f0b78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 16:41:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1670/1786] feat(mina.ts): use 'hashZkAppCommand' to hash
 transaction

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 12 +++++-------
 src/snarky.d.ts |  1 +
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 356eb160d4..26ecc56bcc 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Ledger } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
@@ -590,16 +590,14 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         }
       });
 
+      const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
       const pendingTransaction = {
         isSuccess: true,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
         hash: (): string => {
-          const message =
-            'Info: Txn Hash retrieving is not supported for LocalBlockchain.';
-          console.log(message);
-          return message;
+          return hash;
         },
       };
 
@@ -903,6 +901,7 @@ function Network(
       }
 
       const isSuccess = errors === undefined;
+      const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
       const pendingTransaction = {
         isSuccess,
         data: response?.data,
@@ -911,8 +910,7 @@ function Network(
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
         hash() {
-          // TODO: compute this
-          return response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash!;
+          return hash;
         },
       };
 
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 2c47b9dc63..c156774dca 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -693,6 +693,7 @@ declare const Test: {
     serializeCommon(common: string): { data: Uint8Array };
     hashPayment(payment: string): string;
     hashPaymentV1(payment: string): string;
+    hashZkAppCommand(command: string): string;
   };
 };
 

From 06ecf3e0d5ae535d429bf1047679b0b5cd057111 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2024 16:44:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1671/1786] feat(submodule): update mina to b9ed54 and
 o1js-bindings to 4c847f

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 src/mina     | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7c9feffb58..c2072cd398 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7c9feffb589deed29ce5606a135aeca5515c3a90
+Subproject commit c2072cd398fc10a58974b2dcf4921ef2212779da
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index a5c7f667a5..b9ed54f1d0 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a5c7f667a5008c15243f28921505c3930a4fdf35
+Subproject commit b9ed54f1d0c1b98d14116474efcf9d05c1cc5138

From 65ea211c6671ceb79f0392ff09105f2f30be3935 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 10:53:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1672/1786] Tests refactoring.

---
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       | 78 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index f2b7fe9129..5161f2b410 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,14 +1,5 @@
 import { expect } from 'expect';
-import { Ledger, Test, Pickles } from '../../snarky.js';
-import {
-  PrivateKey as PrivateKeySnarky,
-  PublicKey as PublicKeySnarky,
-} from '../../lib/signature.js';
-import {
-  AccountUpdate as AccountUpdateSnarky,
-  ZkappCommand as ZkappCommandSnarky,
-} from '../../lib/account-update.js';
-import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
+import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import {
   AccountUpdate,
   Field,
@@ -16,6 +7,28 @@ import {
   ZkappCommand,
 } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-bigint.js';
 import * as TypesSnarky from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction.js';
+import {
+  AccountUpdate as AccountUpdateSnarky,
+  ZkappCommand as ZkappCommandSnarky,
+} from '../../lib/account-update.js';
+import { FieldConst } from '../../lib/field.js';
+import { packToFields as packToFieldsSnarky } from '../../lib/hash.js';
+import { Network, setActiveInstance } from '../../lib/mina.js';
+import { Ml, MlHashInput } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
+import {
+  PrivateKey as PrivateKeySnarky,
+  PublicKey as PublicKeySnarky,
+} from '../../lib/signature.js';
+import { Random, test, withHardCoded } from '../../lib/testing/property.js';
+import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../../provable/curve-bigint.js';
+import {
+  hashWithPrefix,
+  packToFields,
+  prefixes,
+} from '../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
+import { Pickles, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Memo } from './memo.js';
+import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
 import {
   accountUpdateFromFeePayer,
   accountUpdateHash,
@@ -26,25 +39,12 @@ import {
   signZkappCommand,
   verifyZkappCommandSignature,
 } from './sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import {
-  hashWithPrefix,
-  packToFields,
-  prefixes,
-} from '../../provable/poseidon-bigint.js';
-import { packToFields as packToFieldsSnarky } from '../../lib/hash.js';
-import { Memo } from './memo.js';
 import {
   Signature,
   signFieldElement,
   verifyFieldElement,
 } from './signature.js';
-import { Random, test, withHardCoded } from '../../lib/testing/property.js';
-import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
-import { Ml, MlHashInput } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
-import { FieldConst } from '../../lib/field.js';
-import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
-import { setActiveInstance, Network } from '../../lib/mina.js';
 
 // monkey-patch bigint to json
 (BigInt.prototype as any).toJSON = function () {
@@ -140,24 +140,18 @@ test(memoGenerator, (memoString) => {
 });
 
 // zkapp transaction - basic properties & commitment
-test(
-  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
-  RandomTransaction.networkId,
-  (zkappCommand, networkId, assert) => {
-    zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
+test(RandomTransaction.zkappCommand, (zkappCommand, assert) => {
+  zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
 
-    assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
-    let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
-    let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
-      JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
-    );
-    let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
-    expect(commitment).toEqual(
-      FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
-    );
-  }
-);
+  assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
+  let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
+  let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
+    JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
+  );
+  let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
+  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
+  expect(commitment).toEqual(FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment));
+});
 
 // invalid zkapp transactions
 test.negative(
@@ -199,7 +193,7 @@ test(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
+    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
     expect(commitment).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
     );
@@ -223,7 +217,7 @@ test(
       stringify(feePayerInput1.packed)
     );
 
-    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, networkId);
+    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, 'testnet');
     expect(feePayerDigest).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.feePayerHash)
     );

From 921c584f81e8ab39bcfa96989ef1691114abf1a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 12:21:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1673/1786] Bindings pin update.

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 363a00e72c..447858757f 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 363a00e72c39b6e359538fd30211c487a531c6cd
+Subproject commit 447858757faca1eabf09e97fae21ce6540726104

From 7d0b2ea5705ac501949e183ce843b928c440c9d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 15:47:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1674/1786] simplify network id hashing

---
 src/bindings                              |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts | 19 +++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 363a00e72c..9e68971065 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 363a00e72c39b6e359538fd30211c487a531c6cd
+Subproject commit 9e689710651e9d0cf099efb494214007a2569285
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index a42ff3ec3b..e5a6985f08 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -159,16 +159,23 @@ function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
   return forest;
 }
 
+const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
+  switch (network) {
+    case 'mainnet':
+      return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
+    case 'testnet':
+      return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
+
+    default:
+      return 'ZkappBody' + network;
+  }
+};
+
 function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate, networkId: NetworkId) {
   assertAuthorizationKindValid(update);
   let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(update);
   let fields = packToFields(input);
-  return hashWithPrefix(
-    networkId === 'mainnet'
-      ? prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet
-      : prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet,
-    fields
-  );
+  return hashWithPrefix(zkAppBodyPrefix(networkId), fields);
 }
 
 function callForestHash(

From b516570f5b4ea7d6c7a69464927eb0eb8606cfc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 15:47:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1675/1786] simplify unit tests

---
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       | 65 ++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 5161f2b410..b11d9a02c9 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -146,7 +146,8 @@ test(RandomTransaction.zkappCommand, (zkappCommand, assert) => {
   assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
   let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
   let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
-    JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
+    JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
+    'testnet'
   );
   let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
   let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
@@ -190,10 +191,11 @@ test(
 
     // tx commitment
     let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
-      JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson)
+      JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
+      networkId
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
+    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
     expect(commitment).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
     );
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ test(
       stringify(feePayerInput1.packed)
     );
 
-    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, 'testnet');
+    let feePayerDigest = feePayerHash(feePayer, networkId);
     expect(feePayerDigest).toEqual(
       FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.feePayerHash)
     );
@@ -232,55 +234,42 @@ test(
     );
 
     // signature
-    let sigTestnet = signFieldElement(fullCommitment, feePayerKey, 'testnet');
-    let sigMainnet = signFieldElement(fullCommitment, feePayerKey, 'mainnet');
-    let sigTestnetOcaml = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
-      ocamlCommitments.fullCommitment,
-      Ml.fromPrivateKey(feePayerKeySnarky),
-      false
+    let sigFieldElements = signFieldElement(
+      fullCommitment,
+      feePayerKey,
+      networkId
     );
-    let sigMainnetOcaml = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
+    let sigOCaml = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
       ocamlCommitments.fullCommitment,
       Ml.fromPrivateKey(feePayerKeySnarky),
-      true
+      networkId === 'mainnet' ? true : false
     );
-    expect(Signature.toBase58(sigTestnet)).toEqual(sigTestnetOcaml);
-    expect(Signature.toBase58(sigMainnet)).toEqual(sigMainnetOcaml);
+
+    expect(Signature.toBase58(sigFieldElements)).toEqual(sigOCaml);
 
     let verify = (s: Signature, id: NetworkId) =>
       verifyFieldElement(s, fullCommitment, feePayerAddress, id);
-    expect(verify(sigTestnet, 'testnet')).toEqual(true);
-    expect(verify(sigTestnet, 'mainnet')).toEqual(false);
-    expect(verify(sigMainnet, 'testnet')).toEqual(false);
-    expect(verify(sigMainnet, 'mainnet')).toEqual(true);
+
+    expect(verify(sigFieldElements, networkId)).toEqual(true);
+    expect(
+      verify(sigFieldElements, networkId === 'mainnet' ? 'testnet' : 'mainnet')
+    ).toEqual(false);
 
     // full end-to-end test: sign a zkapp transaction
-    let sTest = signZkappCommand(
-      zkappCommandJson,
-      feePayerKeyBase58,
-      'testnet'
-    );
-    expect(sTest.feePayer.authorization).toEqual(sigTestnetOcaml);
-    let sMain = signZkappCommand(
-      zkappCommandJson,
-      feePayerKeyBase58,
-      'mainnet'
-    );
-    expect(sMain.feePayer.authorization).toEqual(sigMainnetOcaml);
+    let sig = signZkappCommand(zkappCommandJson, feePayerKeyBase58, networkId);
+    expect(sig.feePayer.authorization).toEqual(sigOCaml);
 
     let feePayerAddressBase58 = PublicKey.toBase58(feePayerAddress);
     expect(
-      verifyZkappCommandSignature(sTest, feePayerAddressBase58, 'testnet')
+      verifyZkappCommandSignature(sig, feePayerAddressBase58, networkId)
     ).toEqual(true);
     expect(
-      verifyZkappCommandSignature(sTest, feePayerAddressBase58, 'mainnet')
-    ).toEqual(false);
-    expect(
-      verifyZkappCommandSignature(sMain, feePayerAddressBase58, 'testnet')
+      verifyZkappCommandSignature(
+        sig,
+        feePayerAddressBase58,
+        networkId === 'mainnet' ? 'testnet' : 'mainnet'
+      )
     ).toEqual(false);
-    expect(
-      verifyZkappCommandSignature(sMain, feePayerAddressBase58, 'mainnet')
-    ).toEqual(true);
   }
 );
 

From f62a064cb273307f47b4ad6a9209d7d5e4273e70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 15:47:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1676/1786] fix snarky interface

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 79626cd3dc..51a43dcb40 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -663,7 +663,10 @@ declare const Test: {
     /**
      * Returns the commitment of a JSON transaction.
      */
-    transactionCommitments(txJson: string): {
+    transactionCommitments(
+      txJson: string,
+      networkId: string
+    ): {
       commitment: FieldConst;
       fullCommitment: FieldConst;
       feePayerHash: FieldConst;

From ae267191aeeabf9f22fe5440683fdf25e854714e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 15:54:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1677/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 9e68971065..a6b6800186 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 9e689710651e9d0cf099efb494214007a2569285
+Subproject commit a6b6800186752b3cf5c9a29b7eb167e494784286

From ec34710393f12d74af03f0ed9dc683dc46c76c91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 09:48:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1678/1786] refactor(fetch.ts, graphql.ts): move
 removeJsonQuotes function from fetch.ts to graphql.ts

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts        |  7 -------
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts | 11 +++++++++--
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 9cbc1abdff..db731ff833 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ export {
   setArchiveGraphqlFallbackEndpoints,
   setLightnetAccountManagerEndpoint,
   sendZkapp,
-  removeJsonQuotes,
   fetchEvents,
   fetchActions,
   Lightnet,
@@ -931,12 +930,6 @@ function updateActionState(actions: string[][], actionState: Field) {
   return Actions.updateSequenceState(actionState, actionHash);
 }
 
-// removes the quotes on JSON keys
-function removeJsonQuotes(json: string) {
-  let cleaned = JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(json), null, 2);
-  return cleaned.replace(/\"(\S+)\"\s*:/gm, '$1:');
-}
-
 // TODO it seems we're not actually catching most errors here
 async function makeGraphqlRequest<TDataResponse = any>(
   query: string,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index 53f91e8836..586a9ed83a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { ActionStatesStringified, removeJsonQuotes } from '../fetch.js';
+import { type ActionStatesStringified, removeJsonQuotes } from '../fetch.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
-import { ZkappCommand } from '../account-update.js';
+import { type ZkappCommand } from '../account-update.js';
 import { Types } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export {
@@ -27,8 +27,15 @@ export {
   currentSlotQuery,
   genesisConstantsQuery,
   lastBlockQuery,
+  removeJsonQuotes,
 };
 
+// removes the quotes on JSON keys
+function removeJsonQuotes(json: string) {
+  let cleaned = JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(json), null, 2);
+  return cleaned.replace(/\"(\S+)\"\s*:/gm, '$1:');
+}
+
 type AuthRequired = Types.Json.AuthRequired;
 // TODO auto-generate this type and the query
 type FetchedAccount = {

From 166a501e361725b05a35494a9012270d10c18d76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 09:50:57 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1679/1786] refactor(transaction-flow.ts): replace let with
 const for immutability This change is done to ensure that variables that are
 not reassigned are declared as constants, improving code readability and
 preventing accidental reassignments.

---
 src/tests/transaction-flow.ts | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
index 936df0ff4f..1afa23bbf3 100644
--- a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
+++ b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
@@ -49,19 +49,19 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   @method rollupIncrements() {
-    let counter = this.counter.get();
+    const counter = this.counter.get();
     this.counter.requireEquals(counter);
-    let actionState = this.actionState.get();
+    const actionState = this.actionState.get();
     this.actionState.requireEquals(actionState);
 
     const endActionState = this.account.actionState.getAndRequireEquals();
 
-    let pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
+    const pendingActions = this.reducer.getActions({
       fromActionState: actionState,
       endActionState,
     });
 
-    let { state: newCounter, actionState: newActionState } =
+    const { state: newCounter, actionState: newActionState } =
       this.reducer.reduce(
         pendingActions,
         Field,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {
       value: y,
     });
     this.emitEvent('simpleEvent', y);
-    let x = this.x.getAndRequireEquals();
+    const x = this.x.getAndRequireEquals();
     this.x.set(x.add(y));
   }
 }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ async function sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction: Mina.Transaction) {
 
 const transactionFee = 100_000_000;
 
-let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain();
+const Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain();
 const Remote = Mina.Network({
   mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
   archive: 'http://localhost:8282 ',

From 0a3f4a057fab5939a62b1db99efbb3b75d87da78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 09:58:07 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1680/1786] refactor(fetch.unit-test.ts): replace
 Fetch.removeJsonQuotes with removeJsonQuotes

---
 src/lib/fetch.unit-test.ts | 14 ++++++--------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/fetch.unit-test.ts
index 49f0c22120..c1a4eb422d 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.unit-test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import { shutdown } from '../index.js';
-import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
+import { removeJsonQuotes } from './mina/graphql.js';
 import { expect } from 'expect';
 
 console.log('testing regex helpers');
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ expected = `{
   ]
 }`;
 
-actual = Fetch.removeJsonQuotes(input);
+actual = removeJsonQuotes(input);
 expect(actual).toEqual(expected);
 
 input = `{
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ expected = `{
   ]
 }`;
 
-actual = Fetch.removeJsonQuotes(input);
+actual = removeJsonQuotes(input);
 expect(actual).toEqual(expected);
 
 input = `{ 
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ expected = `{
   Date: "2 May 2016 23:59:59"
 }`;
 
-actual = Fetch.removeJsonQuotes(input);
+actual = removeJsonQuotes(input);
 expect(actual).toEqual(expected);
 
 input = `{ 
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ expected = `{
   Phone: "1234567890",
   Date: "2 May 2016 23:59:59"
 }`;
-actual = Fetch.removeJsonQuotes(input);
+actual = removeJsonQuotes(input);
 
 expect(actual).toEqual(expected);
 
@@ -114,9 +113,8 @@ expected = `{
   Date: "2 May 2016 23:59:59"
 }`;
 
-actual = Fetch.removeJsonQuotes(input);
+actual = removeJsonQuotes(input);
 
 expect(actual).toEqual(expected);
 
 console.log('regex tests complete 🎉');
-shutdown();

From f1ec38f40cbb77d19948462752572614686e922b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 09:59:03 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1681/1786] refactor(graphql.ts): modify import statements

---
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index 586a9ed83a..45600d3932 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { type ActionStatesStringified, removeJsonQuotes } from '../fetch.js';
 import { UInt32 } from '../int.js';
-import { type ZkappCommand } from '../account-update.js';
+import type { ZkappCommand } from '../account-update.js';
+import type { ActionStatesStringified } from '../fetch.js';
 import { Types } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 
 export {

From 6b4c68c73f1358090eea4153b6b432a39b7ee5bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 16:17:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1682/1786] refactor(fetch.ts): rename 'txnId' to
 'transactionHash'

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index db731ff833..60010f3679 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -503,11 +503,14 @@ async function fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(
   return bestChain;
 }
 
-async function checkZkappTransaction(txnId: string, blockLength = 20) {
+async function checkZkappTransaction(
+  transactionHash: string,
+  blockLength = 20
+) {
   let bestChainBlocks = await fetchLatestBlockZkappStatus(blockLength);
   for (let block of bestChainBlocks.bestChain) {
     for (let zkappCommand of block.transactions.zkappCommands) {
-      if (zkappCommand.hash === txnId) {
+      if (zkappCommand.hash === transactionHash) {
         if (zkappCommand.failureReason !== null) {
           let failureReason = zkappCommand.failureReason
             .reverse()

From 1ede8948eca8aff19ee63718d2fafd116d2c1d34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 16:19:16 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1683/1786] refactor(mina.ts): improve error handling and
 transaction status checking

1. Change error handling in createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction function to check for non-empty error array instead of undefined.
2. Remove redundant sendOrThrowIfError function and integrate its functionality into send function.
3. Improve error handling in LocalBlockchain and Network functions to collect and handle errors more effectively.
4. Refactor pollTransactionStatus function to use transaction hash instead of response data.
5. Remove unnecessary console logs and comments.
---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 117 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 26ecc56bcc..54a63c5c29 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -179,9 +179,9 @@ function createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
     toPretty,
     hash,
   }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'>,
-  errors?: string[]
+  errors: string[]
 ): IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction {
-  if (errors !== undefined) {
+  if (errors.length > 0) {
     return {
       status: 'rejected',
       errors,
@@ -365,15 +365,15 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
       return sendZkappQuery(self.toJSON());
     },
     async send() {
+      return await sendTransaction(self);
+    },
+    async sendOrThrowIfError() {
       try {
         return await sendTransaction(self);
       } catch (error) {
         throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
       }
     },
-    async sendOrThrowIfError() {
-      return await sendOrThrowIfError(self);
-    },
   };
   return self;
 }
@@ -513,6 +513,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         }
       }
 
+      let isSuccess = true;
+      const errors: string[] = [];
       try {
         ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
           JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
@@ -520,17 +522,15 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           JSON.stringify(networkState)
         );
       } catch (err: any) {
-        try {
-          // reverse errors so they match order of account updates
-          // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
-          let errors = JSON.parse(err.message);
-          err.message = invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, errors, {
+        // reverse errors so they match order of account updates
+        // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
+        errors.push(
+          invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, JSON.parse(err.message), {
             accountCreationFee:
               defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
-          });
-        } finally {
-          throw err;
-        }
+          })
+        );
+        isSuccess = false;
       }
 
       // fetches all events from the transaction and stores them
@@ -592,7 +592,8 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
 
       const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
       const pendingTransaction = {
-        isSuccess: true,
+        isSuccess,
+        errors,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
@@ -605,11 +606,11 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
       }) => {
-        console.log(
-          'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
-        );
         return Promise.resolve(
-          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction)
+          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+            pendingTransaction,
+            pendingTransaction.errors
+          )
         );
       };
 
@@ -617,11 +618,20 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
       }) => {
-        console.log(
-          'Info: Waiting for inclusion in a block is not supported for LocalBlockchain.'
-        );
+        if (pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
+          throw Error(
+            `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
+              pendingTransaction.errors,
+              null,
+              2
+            )}`
+          );
+        }
         return Promise.resolve(
-          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction)
+          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+            pendingTransaction,
+            pendingTransaction.errors
+          )
         );
       };
 
@@ -888,19 +898,14 @@ function Network(
       verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
 
       let [response, error] = await Fetch.sendZkapp(txn.toJSON());
-      let errors: any[] | undefined;
+      let errors: string[] = [];
       if (response === undefined && error !== undefined) {
-        console.log('Error: Failed to send transaction', error);
-        errors = [error];
+        errors = [JSON.stringify(error)];
       } else if (response && response.errors && response.errors.length > 0) {
-        console.log(
-          'Error: Transaction returned with errors',
-          JSON.stringify(response.errors, null, 2)
-        );
-        errors = response.errors;
+        response?.errors.forEach((e: any) => errors.push(JSON.stringify(e)));
       }
 
-      const isSuccess = errors === undefined;
+      const isSuccess = errors.length === 0;
       const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
       const pendingTransaction = {
         isSuccess,
@@ -915,19 +920,22 @@ function Network(
       };
 
       const pollTransactionStatus = async (
-        txId: string,
+        transactionHash: string,
         maxAttempts: number,
         interval: number,
         attempts: number = 0
       ): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction> => {
         let res: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof Fetch.checkZkappTransaction>>;
         try {
-          res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(txId);
+          res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(transactionHash);
           if (res.success) {
-            return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction);
+            return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+              pendingTransaction,
+              pendingTransaction.errors
+            );
           } else if (res.failureReason) {
             return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
-              `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
+              `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${transactionHash}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
             ]);
           }
         } catch (error) {
@@ -938,12 +946,17 @@ function Network(
 
         if (maxAttempts && attempts >= maxAttempts) {
           return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
-            `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${txId}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`,
+            `Exceeded max attempts.\nTransactionId: ${transactionHash}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nLast received status: ${res}`,
           ]);
         }
 
         await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, interval));
-        return pollTransactionStatus(txId, maxAttempts, interval, attempts + 1);
+        return pollTransactionStatus(
+          transactionHash,
+          maxAttempts,
+          interval,
+          attempts + 1
+        );
       };
 
       const wait = async (options?: {
@@ -962,15 +975,11 @@ function Network(
         // fetching an update every 20s is more than enough with a current block time of 3min
         const maxAttempts = options?.maxAttempts ?? 45;
         const interval = options?.interval ?? 20000;
-        const txId = response?.data?.sendZkapp?.zkapp?.hash;
-
-        if (!txId) {
-          return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-            pendingTransaction,
-            pendingTransaction.errors
-          );
-        }
-        return pollTransactionStatus(txId, maxAttempts, interval);
+        return pollTransactionStatus(
+          pendingTransaction.hash(),
+          maxAttempts,
+          interval
+        );
       };
 
       const waitOrThrowIfError = async (options?: {
@@ -1228,20 +1237,6 @@ async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
   return await activeInstance.sendTransaction(txn);
 }
 
-async function sendOrThrowIfError(txn: Transaction) {
-  const pendingTransaction = await sendTransaction(txn);
-  if (pendingTransaction.errors) {
-    throw Error(
-      `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
-        pendingTransaction.errors,
-        null,
-        2
-      )}`
-    );
-  }
-  return pendingTransaction;
-}
-
 /**
  * @return A list of emitted events associated to the given public key.
  */

From 76574c2335e9bf9161d0d0d4f8db33d42f35f85d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Feb 2024 16:22:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1684/1786] refactor(transaction-flow.ts): modify tests to test
 throwing methods

---
 src/tests/transaction-flow.ts | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
index 1afa23bbf3..b21a3e7eff 100644
--- a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
+++ b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
@@ -108,12 +108,18 @@ async function testLocalAndRemote(
   console.log('✅ Test passed');
 }
 
-async function sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction: Mina.Transaction) {
+async function sendAndVerifyTransaction(
+  transaction: Mina.Transaction,
+  throwOnFail = false
+) {
   await transaction.prove();
-  const pendingTransaction = await transaction.send();
-  assert(pendingTransaction.hash() !== undefined);
-  const includedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
-  assert(includedTransaction.status === 'included');
+  if (throwOnFail) {
+    const pendingTransaction = await transaction.sendOrThrowIfError();
+    return await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError();
+  } else {
+    const pendingTransaction = await transaction.send();
+    return await pendingTransaction.wait();
+  }
 }
 
 const transactionFee = 100_000_000;
@@ -145,16 +151,14 @@ console.log('');
 
 console.log('Testing network auxiliary functions do not throw');
 await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
-  try {
+  await assert.doesNotReject(async () => {
     await Mina.transaction({ sender, fee: transactionFee }, () => {
       Mina.getNetworkConstants();
       Mina.getNetworkState();
       Mina.getNetworkId();
       Mina.getProofsEnabled();
     });
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
+  });
 });
 console.log('');
 
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ console.log(
   `Test 'fetchAccount', 'getAccount', and 'hasAccount' match behavior using publicKey: ${zkAppAddress.toBase58()}`
 );
 await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
-  try {
+  await assert.doesNotReject(async () => {
     await fetchAccount({ publicKey: zkAppAddress }); // Must call fetchAccount to populate internal account cache
     const account = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress);
     return {
@@ -170,15 +174,13 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
       nonce: account.nonce,
       hasAccount: Mina.hasAccount(zkAppAddress),
     };
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
+  });
 });
 console.log('');
 
 console.log('Test deploying zkApp for public key ' + zkAppAddress.toBase58());
 await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
-  try {
+  await assert.doesNotReject(async () => {
     const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
@@ -187,15 +189,15 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
     await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
+  });
 });
 console.log('');
 
-console.log("Test calling 'update' method on zkApp does not throw");
+console.log(
+  "Test calling successful 'update' method does not throw with throwOnFail is false"
+);
 await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
-  try {
+  await assert.doesNotReject(async () => {
     const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
@@ -203,16 +205,56 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
       }
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
-    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+    const includedTransaction = await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+    assert(includedTransaction.status === 'included');
     await Mina.fetchEvents(zkAppAddress, TokenId.default);
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
+  });
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log(
+  "Test calling successful 'update' method does not throw with throwOnFail is true"
+);
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  await assert.doesNotReject(async () => {
+    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+      { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+      () => {
+        zkApp.update(Field(1), PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
+      }
+    );
+    transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+    const includedTransaction = await sendAndVerifyTransaction(
+      transaction,
+      true
+    );
+    assert(includedTransaction.status === 'included');
+    await Mina.fetchEvents(zkAppAddress, TokenId.default);
+  });
 });
 console.log('');
 
-console.log("Test specifying 'invalid_fee_access' throws");
+console.log(
+  "Test calling failing 'update' expecting 'invalid_fee_access' does not throw with throwOnFail is false"
+);
 await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+    { sender, fee: transactionFee },
+    () => {
+      AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(zkAppAddress);
+      zkApp.update(Field(1), PrivateKey.random().toPublicKey());
+    }
+  );
+  transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
+  const rejectedTransaction = await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+  assert(rejectedTransaction.status === 'rejected');
+});
+console.log('');
+
+console.log(
+  "Test calling failing 'update' expecting 'invalid_fee_access' does throw with throwOnFail is true"
+);
+await testLocalAndRemote(async (skip: string) => {
   let errorWasThrown = false;
   try {
     const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
@@ -223,7 +265,7 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
       }
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
-    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
+    await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction, true);
   } catch (error) {
     errorWasThrown = true;
   }
@@ -234,7 +276,7 @@ console.log('');
 console.log('Test emitting and fetching actions do not throw');
 await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
   try {
-    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+    let transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
         zkApp.incrementCounter();
@@ -242,12 +284,8 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
     await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
 
-  try {
-    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+    transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
         zkApp.rollupIncrements();
@@ -255,12 +293,8 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
     await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
 
-  try {
-    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+    transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
         zkApp.incrementCounter();
@@ -272,12 +306,8 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
     await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction);
-  } catch (error) {
-    assert.ifError(error);
-  }
 
-  try {
-    const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
+    transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
         zkApp.rollupIncrements();

From b7b5f14f057b2f87f4c19211ba114ba03e6d3cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Feb 2024 10:48:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1685/1786] Fix for Mina-Signer exports.

---
 src/mina-signer/index.d.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
index 96efc51dfd..4de98de40f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // this file is a wrapper for supporting types in both commonjs and esm projects
 
 import Client from './mina-signer.ts';
-export { type NetworkId } from './src/types.ts';
+import { NetworkId } from './src/types.ts';
 
-export = Client;
+export { Client, NetworkId };

From aa3619dfdaca768a75c79dab4996d165cf2778e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Feb 2024 10:49:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1686/1786] Version bump.

---
 src/mina-signer/package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/package.json      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
index 7b97ce6a84..78be1e1d0a 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
-  "version": "3.0.1",
+  "version": "3.0.2",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "mina-signer",
-      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "version": "3.0.2",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "^1.2.1",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index f6efdbefab..d86abaf654 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
   "description": "Node API for signing transactions on various networks for Mina Protocol",
-  "version": "3.0.1",
+  "version": "3.0.2",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer.json",

From d362809aeecc58859258d96497be1f431c2e484a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Feb 2024 11:30:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1687/1786] Default export.

---
 src/mina-signer/index.d.ts | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
index 4de98de40f..1cb97651f7 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
 import Client from './mina-signer.ts';
 import { NetworkId } from './src/types.ts';
 
+export default Client;
 export { Client, NetworkId };

From 401d99c8ab8704d7df8b7e8f22edd6576942729d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Feb 2024 16:38:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1688/1786] Export improvements.

---
 package-lock.json                 | 4 ++--
 package.json                      | 2 +-
 src/index.ts                      | 2 ++
 src/mina-signer/index.cjs         | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/index.d.ts        | 5 ++---
 src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts    | 2 +-
 src/mina-signer/package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/package.json      | 2 +-
 8 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 5aab1ef0a8..5cba08e5e2 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
-  "version": "0.16.1",
+  "version": "0.16.2",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "o1js",
-      "version": "0.16.1",
+      "version": "0.16.2",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 8d00104b7c..fb3856ef3a 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "o1js",
   "description": "TypeScript framework for zk-SNARKs and zkApps",
-  "version": "0.16.1",
+  "version": "0.16.2",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/",
   "keywords": [
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 6e6e1e6e51..14cf5b4181 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ export { ZkProgram };
 
 export { Crypto } from './lib/crypto.js';
 
+export type { NetworkId } from './mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
+
 // experimental APIs
 import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Experimental };
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.cjs b/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
index 600319e530..da037851c3 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // this file is a wrapper for supporting commonjs imports
 
-let Client = require('./mina-signer.js');
+const Client = require('./mina-signer.js');
 
 module.exports = Client.default;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
index 1cb97651f7..c0417d103f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.d.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // this file is a wrapper for supporting types in both commonjs and esm projects
 
-import Client from './mina-signer.ts';
-import { NetworkId } from './src/types.ts';
+import Client, { type NetworkId } from './mina-signer.ts';
 
 export default Client;
-export { Client, NetworkId };
+export { Client, type NetworkId };
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
index fe3739404f..1c7c9f55b4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import {
 import { sign, Signature, verify } from './src/signature.js';
 import { createNullifier } from './src/nullifier.js';
 
-export { Client as default };
+export { Client as default, type NetworkId };
 
 const defaultValidUntil = '4294967295';
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
index 78be1e1d0a..88342af0d7 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
-  "version": "3.0.2",
+  "version": "3.0.3",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "mina-signer",
-      "version": "3.0.2",
+      "version": "3.0.3",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "^1.2.1",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index d86abaf654..9c3523cf3a 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
   "description": "Node API for signing transactions on various networks for Mina Protocol",
-  "version": "3.0.2",
+  "version": "3.0.3",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer.json",

From 04d60856b065064f30cfa5e274a119b048f59f0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sat, 17 Feb 2024 19:57:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1689/1786] add custom network id

---
 src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts                | 21 ++++++++++++-------
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts     |  1 -
 .../src/test-vectors/legacySignatures.ts      |  2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/types.ts                  |  8 ++++++-
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
index fe3739404f..ed40baeb09 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
@@ -39,16 +39,14 @@ export { Client as default };
 const defaultValidUntil = '4294967295';
 
 class Client {
-  private network: NetworkId; // TODO: Rename to "networkId" for consistency with remaining codebase.
+  private network: NetworkId;
 
   constructor(options: { network: NetworkId }) {
     if (!options?.network) {
       throw Error('Invalid Specified Network');
     }
     const specifiedNetwork = options.network.toLowerCase();
-    if (specifiedNetwork !== 'mainnet' && specifiedNetwork !== 'testnet') {
-      throw Error('Invalid Specified Network');
-    }
+
     this.network = specifiedNetwork;
   }
 
@@ -122,9 +120,13 @@ class Client {
    * @param privateKey The private key used for signing
    * @returns The signed field elements
    */
-  signFields(fields: bigint[], privateKey: Json.PrivateKey): Signed<bigint[]> {
+  signFields(
+    fields: bigint[],
+    privateKey: Json.PrivateKey,
+    network?: NetworkId
+  ): Signed<bigint[]> {
     let privateKey_ = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'testnet');
+    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, network ?? 'testnet');
     return {
       signature: Signature.toBase58(signature),
       publicKey: PublicKey.toBase58(PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privateKey_)),
@@ -139,12 +141,15 @@ class Client {
    * @returns True if the `signedFields` contains a valid signature matching
    * the fields and publicKey.
    */
-  verifyFields({ data, signature, publicKey }: Signed<bigint[]>) {
+  verifyFields(
+    { data, signature, publicKey }: Signed<bigint[]>,
+    network?: NetworkId
+  ) {
     return verify(
       Signature.fromBase58(signature),
       { fields: data },
       PublicKey.fromBase58(publicKey),
-      'testnet'
+      network ?? 'testnet'
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index e5a6985f08..05cc303768 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@ const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
       return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
     case 'testnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
-
     default:
       return 'ZkappBody' + network;
   }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/legacySignatures.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/legacySignatures.ts
index d31f538f58..7090587475 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/legacySignatures.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/test-vectors/legacySignatures.ts
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ let strings = [
  * - the 3 stake delegations,
  * - the 3 strings.
  */
-let signatures = {
+let signatures: { [k: string]: { field: string; scalar: string }[] } = {
   testnet: [
     {
       field:
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
index d0e2c6991a..28ed239753 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ export type Field = number | bigint | string;
 export type PublicKey = string;
 export type PrivateKey = string;
 export type Signature = SignatureJson;
-export type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet';
+export type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet' | string;
+
+export const NetworkID = {
+  Mainnet: 'mainnet',
+  Testnet: 'testnet',
+  Other: (other: string) => other,
+};
 
 export type Keypair = {
   readonly privateKey: PrivateKey;

From 66f0699f3f7dd8e8152d9b9abc3537bcd53a9ac4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 00:42:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1690/1786] temp

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts                     |  35 ++++--
 src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts     |   2 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts     |  15 ++-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       | 102 +++++++++---------
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts              |  41 +++++--
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts    |   4 +-
 src/mina-signer/src/types.ts                  |   2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts                               |   3 +-
 8 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index f8673c7ad4..b06e1bf2fe 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ import {
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
 import { RandomId } from './provable-types/auxiliary.js';
+import { max } from 'src/bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -104,6 +105,32 @@ const TransactionVersion = {
   current: () => UInt32.from(protocolVersions.txnVersion),
 };
 
+// TODO FIX ME PLS
+
+const createCustomBodyPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
+  const maxLength = 20;
+  const paddingChar = '*';
+  let length = prefix.length;
+
+  if (length <= maxLength) {
+    let diff = maxLength - length;
+    return prefix + paddingChar.repeat(diff);
+  } else {
+    return prefix.substring(0, maxLength);
+  }
+};
+
+const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
+  switch (network) {
+    case 'mainnet':
+      return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
+    case 'testnet':
+      return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
+    default:
+      return createCustomBodyPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
+  }
+};
+
 type ZkappProverData = {
   transaction: ZkappCommand;
   accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
@@ -1018,9 +1045,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     if (Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
       let input = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput(this);
       return hashWithPrefix(
-        activeInstance.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
-          ? prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet
-          : prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet,
+        zkAppBodyPrefix(activeInstance.getNetworkId()),
         packToFields(input)
       );
     } else {
@@ -1399,9 +1424,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
 function hashAccountUpdate(update: AccountUpdate) {
   return genericHash(
     AccountUpdate,
-    activeInstance.getNetworkId() === 'mainnet'
-      ? prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet
-      : prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet,
+    zkAppBodyPrefix(activeInstance.getNetworkId()),
     update
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
index 6ac2ab78ea..4709b7e433 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
@@ -141,6 +141,6 @@ const RandomTransaction = {
   zkappCommand,
   zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey,
   zkappCommandJson,
-  networkId: Random.oneOf<NetworkId[]>('testnet', 'mainnet'),
+  networkId: Random.oneOf<NetworkId[]>('testnet', 'mainnet', 'other'),
   accountUpdateWithCallDepth: accountUpdate,
 };
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 05cc303768..79f57ee932 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -159,6 +159,19 @@ function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
   return forest;
 }
 
+const createCustomBodyPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
+  const maxLength = 20;
+  const paddingChar = '*';
+  let length = prefix.length;
+
+  if (length <= maxLength) {
+    let diff = maxLength - length;
+    return prefix + paddingChar.repeat(diff);
+  } else {
+    return prefix.substring(0, maxLength);
+  }
+};
+
 const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
   switch (network) {
     case 'mainnet':
@@ -166,7 +179,7 @@ const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
     case 'testnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
     default:
-      return 'ZkappBody' + network;
+      return createCustomBodyPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index b11d9a02c9..1345bc116a 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -82,42 +82,38 @@ expect(stringify(dummyInput.packed)).toEqual(
   stringify(dummyInputSnarky.packed)
 );
 
-test(Random.accountUpdate, (accountUpdate) => {
-  const testnetMinaInstance = Network({
-    networkId: 'testnet',
-    mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
-  });
-  const mainnetMinaInstance = Network({
-    networkId: 'mainnet',
-    mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
-  });
-
-  fixVerificationKey(accountUpdate);
-
-  // example account update
-  let accountUpdateJson: Json.AccountUpdate =
-    AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
-
-  // account update hash
-  let accountUpdateSnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);
-  let inputSnarky = TypesSnarky.AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdateSnarky);
-  let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdate);
-  expect(toJSON(input.fields)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.fields));
-  expect(toJSON(input.packed)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.packed));
-
-  let packed = packToFields(input);
-  let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
-  expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
-
-  let hashTestnet = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, 'testnet');
-  let hashMainnet = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, 'mainnet');
-  setActiveInstance(testnetMinaInstance);
-  let hashSnarkyTestnet = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
-  setActiveInstance(mainnetMinaInstance);
-  let hashSnarkyMainnet = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
-  expect(hashTestnet).toEqual(hashSnarkyTestnet.toBigInt());
-  expect(hashMainnet).toEqual(hashSnarkyMainnet.toBigInt());
-});
+test(
+  Random.accountUpdate,
+  RandomTransaction.networkId,
+  (accountUpdate, networkId) => {
+    const minaInstance = Network({
+      networkId,
+      mina: 'http://localhost:8080/graphql',
+    });
+
+    fixVerificationKey(accountUpdate);
+
+    // example account update
+    let accountUpdateJson: Json.AccountUpdate =
+      AccountUpdate.toJSON(accountUpdate);
+
+    // account update hash
+    let accountUpdateSnarky = AccountUpdateSnarky.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson);
+    let inputSnarky = TypesSnarky.AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdateSnarky);
+    let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(accountUpdate);
+    expect(toJSON(input.fields)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.fields));
+    expect(toJSON(input.packed)).toEqual(toJSON(inputSnarky.packed));
+
+    let packed = packToFields(input);
+    let packedSnarky = packToFieldsSnarky(inputSnarky);
+    expect(toJSON(packed)).toEqual(toJSON(packedSnarky));
+
+    setActiveInstance(minaInstance);
+    let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
+    let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, networkId);
+    expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
+  }
+);
 
 // private key to/from base58
 test(Random.json.privateKey, (feePayerKeyBase58) => {
@@ -140,19 +136,25 @@ test(memoGenerator, (memoString) => {
 });
 
 // zkapp transaction - basic properties & commitment
-test(RandomTransaction.zkappCommand, (zkappCommand, assert) => {
-  zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
-
-  assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
-  let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
-  let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
-    JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-    'testnet'
-  );
-  let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
-  let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, 'testnet');
-  expect(commitment).toEqual(FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment));
-});
+test(
+  RandomTransaction.zkappCommand,
+  RandomTransaction.networkId,
+  (zkappCommand, networkId, assert) => {
+    zkappCommand.accountUpdates.forEach(fixVerificationKey);
+
+    assert(isCallDepthValid(zkappCommand));
+    let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
+    let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
+      JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
+      networkId
+    );
+    let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
+    let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
+    expect(commitment).toEqual(
+      FieldConst.toBigint(ocamlCommitments.commitment)
+    );
+  }
+);
 
 // invalid zkapp transactions
 test.negative(
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ test(
     let sigOCaml = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
       ocamlCommitments.fullCommitment,
       Ml.fromPrivateKey(feePayerKeySnarky),
-      networkId === 'mainnet' ? true : false
+      networkId
     );
 
     expect(Signature.toBase58(sigFieldElements)).toEqual(sigOCaml);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 14a2096ec0..58eeb59cce 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -150,10 +150,10 @@ function deriveNonce(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let d = Field(privateKey);
-  let id = networkId === 'mainnet' ? networkIdMainnet : networkIdTestnet;
+  let id = getNetworkId(networkId);
   let input = HashInput.append(message, {
     fields: [x, y, d],
-    packed: [[id, 8]],
+    packed: [[id, 40]],
   });
   let packedInput = packToFields(input);
   let inputBits = packedInput.map(Field.toBits).flat();
@@ -189,11 +189,12 @@ function hashMessage(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let input = HashInput.append(message, { fields: [x, y, r] });
-  let prefix =
-    networkId === 'mainnet'
-      ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
-      : prefixes.signatureTestnet;
-  return hashWithPrefix(prefix, packToFields(input));
+
+  let chain = '';
+  if (networkId === 'mainnet') chain = prefixes.signatureMainnet;
+  else if (networkId === 'testnet') chain = prefixes.signatureTestnet;
+  else chain = 'otherSignature******';
+  return hashWithPrefix(chain, packToFields(input));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ function deriveNonceLegacy(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let scalarBits = Scalar.toBits(privateKey);
-  let id = networkId === 'mainnet' ? networkIdMainnet : networkIdTestnet;
+  let id = getNetworkId(networkId);
   let idBits = bytesToBits([Number(id)]);
   let input = HashInputLegacy.append(message, {
     fields: [x, y],
@@ -317,3 +318,27 @@ function hashMessageLegacy(
       : prefixes.signatureTestnet;
   return HashLegacy.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packToFieldsLegacy(input));
 }
+
+const toBytePadded = (b: number) => ('000000000' + b.toString(2)).substr(-8);
+
+function networkIdOfString(n: string) {
+  let l = n.length;
+  let acc = '';
+  for (let i = l - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    let b = n.charCodeAt(i);
+    let padded = toBytePadded(b);
+    acc = acc.concat(padded);
+  }
+  return BigInt('0b' + [...acc].reverse().join(''));
+}
+
+function getNetworkId(networkId: string) {
+  switch (networkId) {
+    case 'mainnet':
+      return networkIdMainnet;
+    case 'testnet':
+      return networkIdTestnet;
+    default:
+      return networkIdOfString(networkId);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index c6ae459e04..e3161cbc2b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ function checkConsistentSingle(
   // consistent with OCaml
   let msgMl = FieldConst.fromBigint(msg);
   let keyMl = Ml.fromPrivateKey(keySnarky);
-  let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, false);
-  let actualMain = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, true);
+  let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, 'testnet');
+  let actualMain = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, 'mainnet');
   expect(Signature.toBase58(sigTest)).toEqual(actualTest);
   expect(Signature.toBase58(sigMain)).toEqual(actualMain);
 }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
index 28ed239753..6591bcaf91 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export type Field = number | bigint | string;
 export type PublicKey = string;
 export type PrivateKey = string;
 export type Signature = SignatureJson;
-export type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet' | string;
+export type NetworkId = string;
 
 export const NetworkID = {
   Mainnet: 'mainnet',
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 51a43dcb40..8af068222e 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ declare const Test: {
     signFieldElement(
       messageHash: FieldConst,
       privateKey: ScalarConst,
-      isMainnet: boolean
+      networkId: string
     ): string;
     /**
      * Returns a dummy signature.
@@ -663,6 +663,7 @@ declare const Test: {
     /**
      * Returns the commitment of a JSON transaction.
      */
+    test(networkid: string): void;
     transactionCommitments(
       txJson: string,
       networkId: string

From 857946d1e0d698a0bcae0d444976fdb409410679 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 12:02:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1691/1786] Addressing review comments.

---
 src/mina-signer/index.cjs      | 1 +
 src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/index.cjs b/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
index da037851c3..22639a9abe 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
+++ b/src/mina-signer/index.cjs
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
 const Client = require('./mina-signer.js');
 
 module.exports = Client.default;
+module.exports.Client = Client.default;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
index 1c7c9f55b4..b2d226affe 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import {
 import { sign, Signature, verify } from './src/signature.js';
 import { createNullifier } from './src/nullifier.js';
 
-export { Client as default, type NetworkId };
+export { Client, Client as default, type NetworkId };
 
 const defaultValidUntil = '4294967295';
 

From d72446838ae6b0c36a185fc3f3b2a7cb2f28c793 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 13:56:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1692/1786] make custom network deriver for signature

---
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 58eeb59cce..9a27c6df34 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ function deriveNonce(
   let id = getNetworkId(networkId);
   let input = HashInput.append(message, {
     fields: [x, y, d],
-    packed: [[id, 40]],
+    packed: [id],
   });
   let packedInput = packToFields(input);
   let inputBits = packedInput.map(Field.toBits).flat();
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ function hashMessageLegacy(
 
 const toBytePadded = (b: number) => ('000000000' + b.toString(2)).substr(-8);
 
-function networkIdOfString(n: string) {
+function networkIdOfString(n: string): [bigint, number] {
   let l = n.length;
   let acc = '';
   for (let i = l - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
@@ -329,15 +329,15 @@ function networkIdOfString(n: string) {
     let padded = toBytePadded(b);
     acc = acc.concat(padded);
   }
-  return BigInt('0b' + [...acc].reverse().join(''));
+  return [BigInt('0b' + acc), acc.length];
 }
 
-function getNetworkId(networkId: string) {
+function getNetworkId(networkId: string): [bigint, number] {
   switch (networkId) {
     case 'mainnet':
-      return networkIdMainnet;
+      return [networkIdMainnet, 8];
     case 'testnet':
-      return networkIdTestnet;
+      return [networkIdTestnet, 8];
     default:
       return networkIdOfString(networkId);
   }

From 9081fb84b25b08f32893e78fb647d9f9659a2ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 14:01:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1693/1786] fix types

---
 src/snarky.d.ts | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index 8af068222e..3e7daca766 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -663,7 +663,6 @@ declare const Test: {
     /**
      * Returns the commitment of a JSON transaction.
      */
-    test(networkid: string): void;
     transactionCommitments(
       txJson: string,
       networkId: string

From 44070bdeccfe2ce6e733a8af32597c45d19cb6a4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 14:29:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1694/1786] refac

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts                  |  1 -
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts  |  5 +--
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts           | 24 +++++++------
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts | 41 +++++++++++++---------
 4 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index b06e1bf2fe..1a9bab0920 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ import {
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
 import { RandomId } from './provable-types/auxiliary.js';
-import { max } from 'src/bindings/crypto/bigint-helpers.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index 79f57ee932..cc0bcfde6b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ export {
   accountUpdateFromFeePayer,
   isCallDepthValid,
   CallForest,
+  createCustomPrefix,
 };
 
 function signZkappCommand(
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
   return forest;
 }
 
-const createCustomBodyPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
+const createCustomPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
   const maxLength = 20;
   const paddingChar = '*';
   let length = prefix.length;
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
     case 'testnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
     default:
-      return createCustomBodyPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
+      return createCustomPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 9a27c6df34..73f7844601 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { base58 } from '../../lib/base58.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
+import { createCustomPrefix } from './sign-zkapp-command.js';
 
 export {
   sign,
@@ -189,12 +190,7 @@ function hashMessage(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let input = HashInput.append(message, { fields: [x, y, r] });
-
-  let chain = '';
-  if (networkId === 'mainnet') chain = prefixes.signatureMainnet;
-  else if (networkId === 'testnet') chain = prefixes.signatureTestnet;
-  else chain = 'otherSignature******';
-  return hashWithPrefix(chain, packToFields(input));
+  return hashWithPrefix(signaturePrefix(networkId), packToFields(input));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -312,10 +308,7 @@ function hashMessageLegacy(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let input = HashInputLegacy.append(message, { fields: [x, y, r], bits: [] });
-  let prefix =
-    networkId === 'mainnet'
-      ? prefixes.signatureMainnet
-      : prefixes.signatureTestnet;
+  let prefix = signaturePrefix(networkId);
   return HashLegacy.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packToFieldsLegacy(input));
 }
 
@@ -342,3 +335,14 @@ function getNetworkId(networkId: string): [bigint, number] {
       return networkIdOfString(networkId);
   }
 }
+
+const signaturePrefix = (network: string) => {
+  switch (network) {
+    case 'mainnet':
+      return prefixes.signatureMainnet;
+    case 'testnet':
+      return prefixes.signatureTestnet;
+    default:
+      return createCustomPrefix(network + 'Signature');
+  }
+};
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index e3161cbc2b..50999cc89f 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -23,26 +23,29 @@ function checkConsistentSingle(
   msg: Field,
   key: PrivateKey,
   keySnarky: PrivateKeySnarky,
-  pk: PublicKey
+  pk: PublicKey,
+  networkId: string
 ) {
-  let sigTest = signFieldElement(msg, key, 'testnet');
-  let sigMain = signFieldElement(msg, key, 'mainnet');
+  let sig = signFieldElement(msg, key, networkId);
+
   // verify
-  let okTestnetTestnet = verifyFieldElement(sigTest, msg, pk, 'testnet');
-  let okMainnetTestnet = verifyFieldElement(sigMain, msg, pk, 'testnet');
-  let okTestnetMainnet = verifyFieldElement(sigTest, msg, pk, 'mainnet');
-  let okMainnetMainnet = verifyFieldElement(sigMain, msg, pk, 'mainnet');
-  expect(okTestnetTestnet).toEqual(true);
-  expect(okMainnetTestnet).toEqual(false);
-  expect(okTestnetMainnet).toEqual(false);
-  expect(okMainnetMainnet).toEqual(true);
+  expect(verifyFieldElement(sig, msg, pk, networkId)).toEqual(true);
+
+  // verify against different network
+  expect(
+    verifyFieldElement(
+      sig,
+      msg,
+      pk,
+      networkId === 'mainnet' ? 'testnet' : 'mainnet'
+    )
+  ).toEqual(false);
+
   // consistent with OCaml
   let msgMl = FieldConst.fromBigint(msg);
   let keyMl = Ml.fromPrivateKey(keySnarky);
-  let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, 'testnet');
-  let actualMain = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, 'mainnet');
-  expect(Signature.toBase58(sigTest)).toEqual(actualTest);
-  expect(Signature.toBase58(sigMain)).toEqual(actualMain);
+  let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, networkId);
+  expect(Signature.toBase58(sig)).toEqual(actualTest);
 }
 
 // check that various multi-field hash inputs can be verified
@@ -96,12 +99,16 @@ for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
   // hard coded single field elements
   let hardcoded = [0n, 1n, 2n, p - 1n];
   for (let x of hardcoded) {
-    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey);
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'testnet');
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'mainnet');
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'other');
   }
   // random single field elements
   for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
     let x = randomFields[i];
-    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey);
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'testnet');
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'mainnet');
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'other');
   }
   // hard-coded multi-element hash inputs
   let messages: HashInput[] = [

From f4625c1e2c303dda0005f3cb3ddd8b16a1292e0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 14:34:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1695/1786] fix legacy test

---
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 73f7844601..70e04dd7aa 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ function deriveNonceLegacy(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let scalarBits = Scalar.toBits(privateKey);
-  let id = getNetworkId(networkId);
+  let id = getNetworkId(networkId)[0];
   let idBits = bytesToBits([Number(id)]);
   let input = HashInputLegacy.append(message, {
     fields: [x, y],

From eef6849db3cfba187c6e7cc42eba741f26ab0c0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 14:40:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1696/1786] bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a6b6800186..1beb2fec84 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a6b6800186752b3cf5c9a29b7eb167e494784286
+Subproject commit 1beb2fec847e18225adf6dd3687c3459550fe676

From 02450c482d447967b6fb82732fc56143f6bfb1fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 14:54:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1697/1786] refac derivers

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts                 | 32 ++++------------------
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts | 26 +-----------------
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts          | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index 1a9bab0920..5f20c2f20b 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,11 @@ import {
   protocolVersions,
 } from '../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { MlArray } from './ml/base.js';
-import { Signature, signFieldElement } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
+import {
+  Signature,
+  signFieldElement,
+  zkAppBodyPrefix,
+} from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import {
   accountUpdatesToCallForest,
@@ -104,32 +108,6 @@ const TransactionVersion = {
   current: () => UInt32.from(protocolVersions.txnVersion),
 };
 
-// TODO FIX ME PLS
-
-const createCustomBodyPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
-  const maxLength = 20;
-  const paddingChar = '*';
-  let length = prefix.length;
-
-  if (length <= maxLength) {
-    let diff = maxLength - length;
-    return prefix + paddingChar.repeat(diff);
-  } else {
-    return prefix.substring(0, maxLength);
-  }
-};
-
-const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
-  switch (network) {
-    case 'mainnet':
-      return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
-    case 'testnet':
-      return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
-    default:
-      return createCustomBodyPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
-  }
-};
-
 type ZkappProverData = {
   transaction: ZkappCommand;
   accountUpdate: AccountUpdate;
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
index cc0bcfde6b..c70f8556ff 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   Signature,
   signFieldElement,
   verifyFieldElement,
+  zkAppBodyPrefix,
 } from './signature.js';
 import { mocks } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
@@ -35,7 +36,6 @@ export {
   accountUpdateFromFeePayer,
   isCallDepthValid,
   CallForest,
-  createCustomPrefix,
 };
 
 function signZkappCommand(
@@ -160,30 +160,6 @@ function accountUpdatesToCallForest<A extends { body: { callDepth: number } }>(
   return forest;
 }
 
-const createCustomPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
-  const maxLength = 20;
-  const paddingChar = '*';
-  let length = prefix.length;
-
-  if (length <= maxLength) {
-    let diff = maxLength - length;
-    return prefix + paddingChar.repeat(diff);
-  } else {
-    return prefix.substring(0, maxLength);
-  }
-};
-
-const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
-  switch (network) {
-    case 'mainnet':
-      return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
-    case 'testnet':
-      return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
-    default:
-      return createCustomPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
-  }
-};
-
 function accountUpdateHash(update: AccountUpdate, networkId: NetworkId) {
   assertAuthorizationKindValid(update);
   let input = AccountUpdate.toInput(update);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 70e04dd7aa..37600b0e81 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ import { base58 } from '../../lib/base58.js';
 import { versionBytes } from '../../bindings/crypto/constants.js';
 import { Pallas } from '../../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
-import { createCustomPrefix } from './sign-zkapp-command.js';
 
 export {
   sign,
@@ -40,6 +39,8 @@ export {
   signLegacy,
   verifyLegacy,
   deriveNonce,
+  signaturePrefix,
+  zkAppBodyPrefix,
 };
 
 const networkIdMainnet = 0x01n;
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ function deriveNonce(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let d = Field(privateKey);
-  let id = getNetworkId(networkId);
+  let id = getNetworkIdHashInput(networkId);
   let input = HashInput.append(message, {
     fields: [x, y, d],
     packed: [id],
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ function deriveNonceLegacy(
 ): Scalar {
   let { x, y } = publicKey;
   let scalarBits = Scalar.toBits(privateKey);
-  let id = getNetworkId(networkId)[0];
+  let id = getNetworkIdHashInput(networkId)[0];
   let idBits = bytesToBits([Number(id)]);
   let input = HashInputLegacy.append(message, {
     fields: [x, y],
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ function networkIdOfString(n: string): [bigint, number] {
   return [BigInt('0b' + acc), acc.length];
 }
 
-function getNetworkId(networkId: string): [bigint, number] {
+function getNetworkIdHashInput(networkId: string): [bigint, number] {
   switch (networkId) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return [networkIdMainnet, 8];
@@ -336,6 +337,19 @@ function getNetworkId(networkId: string): [bigint, number] {
   }
 }
 
+const createCustomPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
+  const maxLength = 20;
+  const paddingChar = '*';
+  let length = prefix.length;
+
+  if (length <= maxLength) {
+    let diff = maxLength - length;
+    return prefix + paddingChar.repeat(diff);
+  } else {
+    return prefix.substring(0, maxLength);
+  }
+};
+
 const signaturePrefix = (network: string) => {
   switch (network) {
     case 'mainnet':
@@ -346,3 +360,14 @@ const signaturePrefix = (network: string) => {
       return createCustomPrefix(network + 'Signature');
   }
 };
+
+const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
+  switch (network) {
+    case 'mainnet':
+      return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
+    case 'testnet':
+      return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
+    default:
+      return createCustomPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
+  }
+};

From 33abba1cd6febfa660bb461e3afa25417a181b3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 15:03:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1698/1786] remove explicit network id declartion

---
 src/mina-signer/src/types.ts | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
index 6591bcaf91..e1b7a52c32 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,6 @@ export type PrivateKey = string;
 export type Signature = SignatureJson;
 export type NetworkId = string;
 
-export const NetworkID = {
-  Mainnet: 'mainnet',
-  Testnet: 'testnet',
-  Other: (other: string) => other,
-};
-
 export type Keypair = {
   readonly privateKey: PrivateKey;
   readonly publicKey: PublicKey;

From 90bb55800ae6a67d9b9e700840e08f6431a7440f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Feb 2024 15:10:37 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1699/1786] dont use deprecated function

---
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 37600b0e81..1da40bfaa4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -313,14 +313,14 @@ function hashMessageLegacy(
   return HashLegacy.hashWithPrefix(prefix, packToFieldsLegacy(input));
 }
 
-const toBytePadded = (b: number) => ('000000000' + b.toString(2)).substr(-8);
+const numberToBytePadded = (b: number) => b.toString(2).padStart(8, '0');
 
 function networkIdOfString(n: string): [bigint, number] {
   let l = n.length;
   let acc = '';
   for (let i = l - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
     let b = n.charCodeAt(i);
-    let padded = toBytePadded(b);
+    let padded = numberToBytePadded(b);
     acc = acc.concat(padded);
   }
   return [BigInt('0b' + acc), acc.length];

From 3cb66fb27eabdec6191b9c926813b138ab4de72b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:22:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1700/1786] add optional network parameter to signature

---
 src/lib/signature.ts | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 261aab8cc2..9c80c0a834 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -235,7 +235,11 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Signs a message using a {@link PrivateKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Signature}
    */
-  static create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[]): Signature {
+  static create(
+    privKey: PrivateKey,
+    msg: Field[],
+    networkId?: string
+  ): Signature {
     const publicKey = PublicKey.fromPrivateKey(privKey).toGroup();
     const d = privKey.s;
     const kPrime = Scalar.fromBigInt(
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        'testnet'
+        networkId ?? 'testnet'
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);

From 105320dbd0b8fc31c6abbf022c6778a4324b9e08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:25:53 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1701/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b0cba5c1aa..2a59c77398 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/3b5f7c7...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- Support for custom network identifiers other than `mainnet` or `testnet` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1444
+  - New optional argument `networkId?: string` in `Signature.create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[], networkId?: string)` to reflect support for custom network identifiers.
+
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 90764e564af70c0dd5d0e4f2b46ab8e2f3acd0f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:31:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1702/1786] fix verify

---
 CHANGELOG.md         | 2 +-
 src/lib/signature.ts | 7 ++++---
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2a59c77398..556cd8e80c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - Support for custom network identifiers other than `mainnet` or `testnet` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1444
-  - New optional argument `networkId?: string` in `Signature.create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[], networkId?: string)` to reflect support for custom network identifiers.
+  - New optional argument `networkId?: string` toin `Signature.create()` and `Signature.verify()` to reflect support for custom network identifiers.
 
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 9c80c0a834..30ee60d0e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { hashWithPrefix } from './hash.js';
 import {
   deriveNonce,
   Signature as SignatureBigint,
+  signaturePrefix,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/signature.js';
 import { Bool as BoolBigint } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import {
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      prefixes.signatureTestnet,
+      signaturePrefix(networkId ?? 'testnet'),
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"
@@ -267,10 +268,10 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Verifies the {@link Signature} using a message and the corresponding {@link PublicKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Bool}
    */
-  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
+  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[], networkId?: string): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      prefixes.signatureTestnet,
+      signaturePrefix(networkId ?? 'testnet'),
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"

From 2c3a6f2e3c5036ed374e96b1e628c5401d8e8795 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:31:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1703/1786] typo

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 556cd8e80c..e290278623 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - Support for custom network identifiers other than `mainnet` or `testnet` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1444
-  - New optional argument `networkId?: string` toin `Signature.create()` and `Signature.verify()` to reflect support for custom network identifiers.
+  - New optional argument `networkId?: string` to `Signature.create()` and `Signature.verify()` to reflect support for custom network identifiers.
 
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 

From 80a84cc8865330f3495abcb0dbfaad8f63565a1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 16:57:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1704/1786] move token() off of account update, deprecate on
 smart contract

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts            |  94 -------------------------
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts |   8 +++
 src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts  | 100 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                     |   7 +-
 4 files changed, 113 insertions(+), 96 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index f8673c7ad4..1447d24253 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -642,100 +642,6 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     return cloned;
   }
 
-  token() {
-    let thisAccountUpdate = this;
-    let tokenOwner = this.publicKey;
-    let parentTokenId = this.tokenId;
-    let id = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner, parentTokenId);
-
-    function getApprovedAccountUpdate(
-      accountLike: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract,
-      label: string
-    ) {
-      if (isSmartContract(accountLike)) {
-        accountLike = accountLike.self;
-      }
-      if (accountLike instanceof AccountUpdate) {
-        accountLike.tokenId.assertEquals(id);
-        thisAccountUpdate.approve(accountLike);
-      }
-      if (accountLike instanceof PublicKey) {
-        accountLike = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(accountLike, id);
-        thisAccountUpdate.approve(accountLike);
-      }
-      if (!accountLike.label)
-        accountLike.label = `${
-          thisAccountUpdate.label ?? 'Unlabeled'
-        }.${label}`;
-      return accountLike;
-    }
-
-    return {
-      id,
-      parentTokenId,
-      tokenOwner,
-
-      /**
-       * Mints token balance to `address`. Returns the mint account update.
-       */
-      mint({
-        address,
-        amount,
-      }: {
-        address: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
-        amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
-      }) {
-        let receiver = getApprovedAccountUpdate(address, 'token.mint()');
-        receiver.balance.addInPlace(amount);
-        return receiver;
-      },
-
-      /**
-       * Burn token balance on `address`. Returns the burn account update.
-       */
-      burn({
-        address,
-        amount,
-      }: {
-        address: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
-        amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
-      }) {
-        let sender = getApprovedAccountUpdate(address, 'token.burn()');
-
-        // Sub the amount to burn from the sender's account
-        sender.balance.subInPlace(amount);
-
-        // Require signature from the sender account being deducted
-        sender.body.useFullCommitment = Bool(true);
-        Authorization.setLazySignature(sender);
-        return sender;
-      },
-
-      /**
-       * Move token balance from `from` to `to`. Returns the `to` account update.
-       */
-      send({
-        from,
-        to,
-        amount,
-      }: {
-        from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
-        to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
-        amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
-      }) {
-        let sender = getApprovedAccountUpdate(from, 'token.send() (sender)');
-        sender.balance.subInPlace(amount);
-        sender.body.useFullCommitment = Bool(true);
-        Authorization.setLazySignature(sender);
-
-        let receiver = getApprovedAccountUpdate(to, 'token.send() (receiver)');
-        receiver.balance.addInPlace(amount);
-
-        return receiver;
-      },
-    };
-  }
-
   get tokenId() {
     return this.body.tokenId;
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 58a0984a0e..1c829e963f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../account-update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
+import { tokenMethods } from './token-methods.js';
 
 export { TokenContract };
 
@@ -33,6 +34,13 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Helper methods to use on a token contract.
+   */
+  get token() {
+    return tokenMethods(this.self);
+  }
+
   // APPROVABLE API has to be specified by subclasses,
   // but the hard part is `forEachUpdate()`
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bfff2f0141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import { AccountUpdate, Authorization, TokenId } from '../../account-update.js';
+import { isSmartContract } from '../smart-contract-base.js';
+import { PublicKey } from '../../signature.js';
+import type { SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
+import { UInt64 } from '../../int.js';
+import { Bool, Field } from '../../core.js';
+
+export { tokenMethods };
+
+function tokenMethods(self: AccountUpdate) {
+  let tokenOwner = self.publicKey;
+  let parentTokenId = self.tokenId;
+  let id = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner, parentTokenId);
+
+  return {
+    id,
+    parentTokenId,
+    tokenOwner,
+
+    /**
+     * Mints token balance to `address`. Returns the mint account update.
+     */
+    mint({
+      address,
+      amount,
+    }: {
+      address: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
+      amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
+    }) {
+      let receiver = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, address, 'token.mint()');
+      receiver.balance.addInPlace(amount);
+      return receiver;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Burn token balance on `address`. Returns the burn account update.
+     */
+    burn({
+      address,
+      amount,
+    }: {
+      address: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
+      amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
+    }) {
+      let sender = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, address, 'token.burn()');
+
+      // Sub the amount to burn from the sender's account
+      sender.balance.subInPlace(amount);
+
+      // Require signature from the sender account being deducted
+      sender.body.useFullCommitment = Bool(true);
+      Authorization.setLazySignature(sender);
+      return sender;
+    },
+
+    /**
+     * Move token balance from `from` to `to`. Returns the `to` account update.
+     */
+    send({
+      from,
+      to,
+      amount,
+    }: {
+      from: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
+      to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
+      amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
+    }) {
+      let sender = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, from, 'token.send() (sender)');
+      sender.balance.subInPlace(amount);
+      sender.body.useFullCommitment = Bool(true);
+      Authorization.setLazySignature(sender);
+
+      let receiver = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, to, 'token.send() (receiver)');
+      receiver.balance.addInPlace(amount);
+
+      return receiver;
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function getApprovedUpdate(
+  self: AccountUpdate,
+  tokenId: Field,
+  child: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract,
+  label: string
+) {
+  if (isSmartContract(child)) {
+    child = child.self;
+  }
+  if (child instanceof AccountUpdate) {
+    child.tokenId.assertEquals(tokenId);
+    self.approve(child);
+  }
+  if (child instanceof PublicKey) {
+    child = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(child, tokenId);
+    self.approve(child);
+  }
+  if (!child.label) child.label = `${self.label ?? 'Unlabeled'}.${label}`;
+  return child;
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index d927c490ae..309dc0a421 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ import {
   accountUpdateLayout,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
+import { tokenMethods } from './mina/token/token-methods.js';
 
 // external API
 export { SmartContract, method, DeployArgs, declareMethods, Account, Reducer };
@@ -846,10 +847,12 @@ super.init();
     return this.self.currentSlot;
   }
   /**
-   * Token of the {@link SmartContract}.
+   * @deprecated `SmartContract.token` will be removed, and token methods will only be available on `TokenContract`.
+   *
+   * For security reasons, it is recommended to use `TokenContract` as the base contract for tokens.
    */
   get token() {
-    return this.self.token();
+    return tokenMethods(this.self);
   }
 
   /**

From d9751011374afcf6168e1991823d21b21dad7a40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:18:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1705/1786] additional refactor, rename to
 TokenContract.internal

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts          | 19 +++++++++---
 .../mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts    |  2 +-
 src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts           | 30 +++++++++++++------
 src/lib/zkapp.ts                              |  6 ++--
 4 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 1c829e963f..e101efce1d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateForest,
   AccountUpdateTree,
   Permissions,
+  TokenId,
 } from '../../account-update.js';
 import { DeployArgs, SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { TokenAccountUpdateIterator } from './forest-iterator.js';
@@ -35,9 +36,16 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Helper methods to use on a token contract.
+   * The token ID of the token managed by this contract.
    */
-  get token() {
+  deriveTokenId() {
+    return TokenId.derive(this.address, this.tokenId);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Helper methods to use from within a token contract.
+   */
+  get internal() {
     return tokenMethods(this.self);
   }
 
@@ -55,7 +63,10 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     updates: AccountUpdateForest,
     callback: (update: AccountUpdate, usesToken: Bool) => void
   ) {
-    let iterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(updates, this.token.id);
+    let iterator = TokenAccountUpdateIterator.create(
+      updates,
+      this.deriveTokenId()
+    );
 
     // iterate through the forest and apply user-defined logc
     for (let i = 0; i < MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES; i++) {
@@ -119,7 +130,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
     amount: UInt64 | number | bigint
   ) {
     // coerce the inputs to AccountUpdate and pass to `approveUpdates()`
-    let tokenId = this.token.id;
+    let tokenId = this.deriveTokenId();
     if (from instanceof PublicKey) {
       from = AccountUpdate.defaultAccountUpdate(from, tokenId);
       from.requireSignature();
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index bcbe2bc882..a62ebf160c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
     super.init();
 
     // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
-    this.token.mint({ address: this.address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
+    this.internal.mint({ address: this.address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
 
     // pay fees for opened account
     this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts
index bfff2f0141..701bf36d36 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-methods.ts
@@ -5,18 +5,10 @@ import type { SmartContract } from '../../zkapp.js';
 import { UInt64 } from '../../int.js';
 import { Bool, Field } from '../../core.js';
 
-export { tokenMethods };
+export { tokenMethods, deprecatedToken };
 
 function tokenMethods(self: AccountUpdate) {
-  let tokenOwner = self.publicKey;
-  let parentTokenId = self.tokenId;
-  let id = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner, parentTokenId);
-
   return {
-    id,
-    parentTokenId,
-    tokenOwner,
-
     /**
      * Mints token balance to `address`. Returns the mint account update.
      */
@@ -27,6 +19,7 @@ function tokenMethods(self: AccountUpdate) {
       address: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
       amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
     }) {
+      let id = TokenId.derive(self.publicKey, self.tokenId);
       let receiver = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, address, 'token.mint()');
       receiver.balance.addInPlace(amount);
       return receiver;
@@ -42,6 +35,7 @@ function tokenMethods(self: AccountUpdate) {
       address: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
       amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
     }) {
+      let id = TokenId.derive(self.publicKey, self.tokenId);
       let sender = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, address, 'token.burn()');
 
       // Sub the amount to burn from the sender's account
@@ -65,6 +59,7 @@ function tokenMethods(self: AccountUpdate) {
       to: PublicKey | AccountUpdate | SmartContract;
       amount: number | bigint | UInt64;
     }) {
+      let id = TokenId.derive(self.publicKey, self.tokenId);
       let sender = getApprovedUpdate(self, id, from, 'token.send() (sender)');
       sender.balance.subInPlace(amount);
       sender.body.useFullCommitment = Bool(true);
@@ -78,6 +73,8 @@ function tokenMethods(self: AccountUpdate) {
   };
 }
 
+// helper
+
 function getApprovedUpdate(
   self: AccountUpdate,
   tokenId: Field,
@@ -98,3 +95,18 @@ function getApprovedUpdate(
   if (!child.label) child.label = `${self.label ?? 'Unlabeled'}.${label}`;
   return child;
 }
+
+// deprecated token interface for `SmartContract`
+
+function deprecatedToken(self: AccountUpdate) {
+  let tokenOwner = self.publicKey;
+  let parentTokenId = self.tokenId;
+  let id = TokenId.derive(tokenOwner, parentTokenId);
+
+  return {
+    id,
+    parentTokenId,
+    tokenOwner,
+    ...tokenMethods(self),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 309dc0a421..aff97c04c3 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ import {
   accountUpdateLayout,
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
-import { tokenMethods } from './mina/token/token-methods.js';
+import { deprecatedToken } from './mina/token/token-methods.js';
 
 // external API
 export { SmartContract, method, DeployArgs, declareMethods, Account, Reducer };
@@ -847,12 +847,12 @@ super.init();
     return this.self.currentSlot;
   }
   /**
-   * @deprecated `SmartContract.token` will be removed, and token methods will only be available on `TokenContract`.
+   * @deprecated `SmartContract.token` will be removed, and token methods will only be available on `TokenContract.internal`.
    *
    * For security reasons, it is recommended to use `TokenContract` as the base contract for tokens.
    */
   get token() {
-    return tokenMethods(this.self);
+    return deprecatedToken(this.self);
   }
 
   /**

From b7210573052b46b9552d0a65cb2e711bdbd6e3b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:22:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1706/1786] fix tests where immediately possible

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts           | 4 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts         | 4 ++--
 src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index 5799e6f80a..b909030af1 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
      *
      * we mint the max uint64 of tokens here, so that we can overflow it in tests if we just mint a bit more
      */
-    let receiver = this.token.mint({
+    let receiver = this.internal.mint({
       address: this.address,
       amount: UInt64.MAXINT(),
     });
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ class TokenContract extends BaseTokenContract {
    * mint additional tokens to some user, so we can overflow token balances
    */
   @method init2() {
-    let receiver = this.token.mint({
+    let receiver = this.internal.mint({
       address: addresses.user,
       amount: UInt64.from(10n ** 6n),
     });
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
index a9cc97781b..bbc7585fc0 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/erc20.ts
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
 
     // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
     let address = this.self.body.publicKey;
-    let receiver = this.token.mint({ address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
+    let receiver = this.internal.mint({ address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
 
     // assert that the receiving account is new, so this can be only done once
     receiver.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class TrivialCoin extends TokenContract implements Erc20Like {
   balanceOf(owner: PublicKey | AccountUpdate): UInt64 {
     let update =
       owner instanceof PublicKey
-        ? AccountUpdate.create(owner, this.token.id)
+        ? AccountUpdate.create(owner, this.deriveTokenId())
         : owner;
     this.approveAccountUpdate(update);
     return update.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
index 33e7b3fd96..4911b0e519 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ class Token extends TokenContract {
 
   @method mint(receiverAddress: PublicKey) {
     let amount = 1_000_000;
-    this.token.mint({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
+    this.internal.mint({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
   }
 
   @method burn(receiverAddress: PublicKey) {
     let amount = 1_000;
-    this.token.burn({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
+    this.internal.burn({ address: receiverAddress, amount });
   }
 }
 

From 56bd4c409539091500d13bcf400461870bb799f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:22:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1707/1786] tweak comment

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index e101efce1d..2e39e2e118 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   /**
-   * The token ID of the token managed by this contract.
+   * Returns the `tokenId` of the token managed by this contract.
    */
   deriveTokenId() {
     return TokenId.derive(this.address, this.tokenId);

From 8f7546ce39eb5118df0aa7a25e2b1a09da8f85a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:31:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1708/1786] refactor dex with actions to be a token contract

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts | 42 +++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
index add16ae08b..6b8a7b3014 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex-with-actions.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import {
   Account,
   AccountUpdate,
+  AccountUpdateForest,
   Field,
   InferProvable,
   Mina,
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   SmartContract,
   State,
   Struct,
+  TokenContract,
   TokenId,
   UInt64,
   method,
@@ -23,17 +25,23 @@ import {
 } from 'o1js';
 
 import { randomAccounts } from './dex.js';
-import { TrivialCoin as TokenContract } from './erc20.js';
+import { TrivialCoin } from './erc20.js';
 
 export { Dex, DexTokenHolder, addresses, getTokenBalances, keys, tokenIds };
 
 class RedeemAction extends Struct({ address: PublicKey, dl: UInt64 }) {}
 
-class Dex extends SmartContract {
+class Dex extends TokenContract {
   // addresses of token contracts are constants
   tokenX = addresses.tokenX;
   tokenY = addresses.tokenY;
 
+  // Approvable API
+
+  @method approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
+    this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
+  }
+
   /**
    * state that keeps track of total lqXY supply -- this is needed to calculate what to return when redeeming liquidity
    *
@@ -71,7 +79,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
   }
 
   @method createAccount() {
-    this.token.mint({ address: this.sender, amount: UInt64.from(0) });
+    this.internal.mint({ address: this.sender, amount: UInt64.from(0) });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -86,14 +94,14 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
    */
   @method supplyLiquidityBase(dx: UInt64, dy: UInt64): UInt64 {
     let user = this.sender;
-    let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
-    let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
+    let tokenX = new TrivialCoin(this.tokenX);
+    let tokenY = new TrivialCoin(this.tokenY);
 
     // get balances of X and Y token
-    let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+    let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
     let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
-    let dexY = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
+    let dexY = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenY.deriveTokenId());
     let y = dexY.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
     // // assert dy === [dx * y/x], or x === 0
@@ -108,7 +116,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
     // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dx
     // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
     let dl = dy.add(dx);
-    this.token.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });
+    this.internal.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });
 
     // update l supply
     let l = this.totalSupply.get();
@@ -157,7 +165,7 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
    */
   @method redeemInitialize(dl: UInt64) {
     this.reducer.dispatch(new RedeemAction({ address: this.sender, dl }));
-    this.token.burn({ address: this.sender, amount: dl });
+    this.internal.burn({ address: this.sender, amount: dl });
     // TODO: preconditioning on the state here ruins concurrent interactions,
     // there should be another `finalize` DEX method which reduces actions & updates state
     this.totalSupply.set(this.totalSupply.getAndRequireEquals().sub(dl));
@@ -186,8 +194,8 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
    * the called methods which requires proof authorization.
    */
   swapX(dx: UInt64): UInt64 {
-    let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
-    let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
+    let tokenY = new TrivialCoin(this.tokenY);
+    let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.deriveTokenId());
     let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
     tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
     return dy;
@@ -204,16 +212,12 @@ class Dex extends SmartContract {
    * the called methods which requires proof authorization.
    */
   swapY(dy: UInt64): UInt64 {
-    let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
-    let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+    let tokenX = new TrivialCoin(this.tokenX);
+    let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
     let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
     tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
     return dx;
   }
-
-  @method transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, amount: UInt64) {
-    this.token.send({ from, to, amount });
-  }
 }
 
 class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
@@ -292,10 +296,10 @@ class DexTokenHolder extends SmartContract {
   ): UInt64 {
     // we're writing this as if our token === y and other token === x
     let dx = otherTokenAmount;
-    let tokenX = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
+    let tokenX = new TrivialCoin(otherTokenAddress);
 
     // get balances of X and Y token
-    let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+    let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
     let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
     let y = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 

From 7b24cc09d06ac709525c361e85143c83d46840fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:44:05 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1709/1786] refactor dex to token contract

---
 .../zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts |  2 +-
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts                | 46 ++++++++++++-------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts      |  6 ++-
 3 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
index 182beb95fa..27843a1a23 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
   );
   // 😈😈😈 mint any number of tokens to our account 😈😈😈
   let tokenContract = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
-  tokenContract.token.mint({
+  tokenContract.internal.mint({
     address: userAddress,
     amount: UInt64.from(1e18),
   });
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index b909030af1..eec19763d7 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -25,11 +25,18 @@ class UInt64x2 extends Struct([UInt64, UInt64]) {}
 function createDex({
   lockedLiquiditySlots,
 }: { lockedLiquiditySlots?: number } = {}) {
-  class Dex extends SmartContract {
+  class Dex extends BaseTokenContract {
     // addresses of token contracts are constants
     tokenX = addresses.tokenX;
     tokenY = addresses.tokenY;
 
+    // Approvable API
+
+    @method
+    approveBase(forest: AccountUpdateForest) {
+      this.checkZeroBalanceChange(forest);
+    }
+
     /**
      * state which keeps track of total lqXY supply -- this is needed to calculate what to return when redeeming liquidity
      *
@@ -53,10 +60,16 @@ function createDex({
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
 
       // get balances of X and Y token
-      let dexXUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let dexXUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(
+        this.address,
+        tokenX.deriveTokenId()
+      );
       let dexXBalance = dexXUpdate.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
-      let dexYUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
+      let dexYUpdate = AccountUpdate.create(
+        this.address,
+        tokenY.deriveTokenId()
+      );
       let dexYBalance = dexYUpdate.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
 
       // assert dy === [dx * y/x], or x === 0
@@ -71,7 +84,7 @@ function createDex({
       // calculate liquidity token output simply as dl = dx + dy
       // => maintains ratio x/l, y/l
       let dl = dy.add(dx);
-      let userUpdate = this.token.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });
+      let userUpdate = this.internal.mint({ address: user, amount: dl });
       if (lockedLiquiditySlots !== undefined) {
         /**
          * exercise the "timing" (vesting) feature to lock the received liquidity tokens.
@@ -114,7 +127,7 @@ function createDex({
       // calculate dy outside circuit
       let x = Account(this.address, TokenId.derive(this.tokenX)).balance.get();
       let y = Account(this.address, TokenId.derive(this.tokenY)).balance.get();
-      if (x.value.isConstant() && x.value.isZero().toBoolean()) {
+      if (x.value.isConstant() && x.value.equals(0).toBoolean()) {
         throw Error(
           'Cannot call `supplyLiquidity` when reserves are zero. Use `supplyLiquidityBase`.'
         );
@@ -136,7 +149,7 @@ function createDex({
     redeemLiquidity(dl: UInt64) {
       // call the token X holder inside a token X-approved callback
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
-      let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
       let dxdy = dexX.redeemLiquidity(this.sender, dl, this.tokenY);
       let dx = dxdy[0];
       tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
@@ -152,7 +165,7 @@ function createDex({
      */
     @method swapX(dx: UInt64): UInt64 {
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
-      let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
+      let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.deriveTokenId());
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
       tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
@@ -167,7 +180,7 @@ function createDex({
      */
     @method swapY(dy: UInt64): UInt64 {
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(this.tokenX);
-      let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let dexX = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
       let dx = dexX.swap(this.sender, dy, this.tokenY);
       tokenX.transfer(dexX.self, this.sender, dx);
       return dx;
@@ -186,22 +199,21 @@ function createDex({
      */
     @method burnLiquidity(user: PublicKey, dl: UInt64): UInt64 {
       // this makes sure there is enough l to burn (user balance stays >= 0), so l stays >= 0, so l was >0 before
-      this.token.burn({ address: user, amount: dl });
+      this.internal.burn({ address: user, amount: dl });
       let l = this.totalSupply.get();
       this.totalSupply.requireEquals(l);
       this.totalSupply.set(l.sub(dl));
       return l;
     }
-
-    @method transfer(from: PublicKey, to: PublicKey, amount: UInt64) {
-      this.token.send({ from, to, amount });
-    }
   }
 
   class ModifiedDex extends Dex {
     @method swapX(dx: UInt64): UInt64 {
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
-      let dexY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
+      let dexY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(
+        this.address,
+        tokenY.deriveTokenId()
+      );
       let dy = dexY.swap(this.sender, dx, this.tokenX);
       tokenY.transfer(dexY.self, this.sender, dy);
       return dy;
@@ -241,7 +253,7 @@ function createDex({
     ): UInt64x2 {
       // first call the Y token holder, approved by the Y token contract; this makes sure we get dl, the user's lqXY
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
-      let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.token.id);
+      let dexY = new DexTokenHolder(this.address, tokenY.deriveTokenId());
       let result = dexY.redeemLiquidityPartial(user, dl);
       let l = result[0];
       let dy = result[1];
@@ -267,7 +279,7 @@ function createDex({
       let dx = otherTokenAmount;
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
       // get balances
-      let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
       let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
       let y = this.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
       // send x from user to us (i.e., to the same address as this but with the other token)
@@ -292,7 +304,7 @@ function createDex({
       let dx = otherTokenAmount;
       let tokenX = new TokenContract(otherTokenAddress);
       // get balances
-      let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.token.id);
+      let dexX = AccountUpdate.create(this.address, tokenX.deriveTokenId());
       let x = dexX.account.balance.getAndRequireEquals();
       let y = this.account.balance.get();
       this.account.balance.requireEquals(y);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 6511e64aa3..0c9fba9b9b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -378,11 +378,13 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   // Making sure that both token holder accounts have been updated with the new modified verification key
   expect(
-    Mina.getAccount(addresses.dex, tokenX.token.id).zkapp?.verificationKey?.data
+    Mina.getAccount(addresses.dex, tokenX.deriveTokenId()).zkapp
+      ?.verificationKey?.data
   ).toEqual(ModifiedDexTokenHolder._verificationKey?.data);
 
   expect(
-    Mina.getAccount(addresses.dex, tokenY.token.id).zkapp?.verificationKey?.data
+    Mina.getAccount(addresses.dex, tokenY.deriveTokenId()).zkapp
+      ?.verificationKey?.data
   ).toEqual(ModifiedDexTokenHolder._verificationKey?.data);
 
   // this is important; we have to re-enable proof production (and verification) to make sure the proofs are valid against the newly deployed VK

From da7786e04ebc7fe854aeeea0e58f38d346c9b9c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:44:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1710/1786] tweak comment

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index aff97c04c3..0f39725950 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -848,8 +848,9 @@ super.init();
   }
   /**
    * @deprecated `SmartContract.token` will be removed, and token methods will only be available on `TokenContract.internal`.
+   * Instead of `SmartContract.token.id`, use `TokenContract.deriveTokenId()`.
    *
-   * For security reasons, it is recommended to use `TokenContract` as the base contract for tokens.
+   * For security reasons, it is recommended to use `TokenContract` as the base contract for all tokens.
    */
   get token() {
     return deprecatedToken(this.self);

From f64e6ccf13dc4b3e4b96265ac90c6efbb5480afa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:44:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1711/1786] adapt example

---
 src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts | 2 +-
 src/lib/token.test.ts                    | 2 ++
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
index 4911b0e519..6ce61bc301 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/token-with-proofs.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ let zkAppBKey = PrivateKey.random();
 let zkAppBAddress = zkAppBKey.toPublicKey();
 
 let tokenZkApp = new Token(tokenZkAppAddress);
-let tokenId = tokenZkApp.token.id;
+let tokenId = tokenZkApp.deriveTokenId();
 
 let zkAppB = new ZkAppB(zkAppBAddress, tokenId);
 let zkAppC = new ZkAppC(zkAppCAddress, tokenId);
diff --git a/src/lib/token.test.ts b/src/lib/token.test.ts
index e6c2ee1f5b..df138aefc1 100644
--- a/src/lib/token.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/token.test.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {
 
 const tokenSymbol = 'TOKEN';
 
+// TODO: Refactor to `TokenContract`
+
 class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   SUPPLY = UInt64.from(10n ** 18n);
   @state(UInt64) totalAmountInCirculation = State<UInt64>();

From cafbb52fc9faf20e289fed9706d6cfeb876f9ea9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:52:36 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1712/1786] isNew precondition

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 2e39e2e118..673524d1ef 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -29,10 +29,17 @@ abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
 
   deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
+
+    // set access permission, to prevent unauthorized token operations
     this.account.permissions.set({
       ...Permissions.default(),
       access: Permissions.proofOrSignature(),
     });
+
+    // assert that this account is new, to ensure unauthorized token operations
+    // are not possible before this contract is deployed
+    // see https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/issues/1439 for details
+    this.account.isNew.requireEquals(Bool(true));
   }
 
   /**

From e5b28453796095ed9b2459c578e79ce8ee411966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 17:53:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1713/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b0cba5c1aa..6f34205241 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/3b5f7c7...HEAD)
 
+### Deprecated
+
+- `SmartContract.token` is deprecated in favor of new methods on `TokenContract` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1446
+  - `TokenContract.deriveTokenId()` to get the ID of the managed token
+  - `TokenContract.internal.{send, mint, burn}` to perform token operations from within the contract
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Mitigate security hazard of deploying token contracts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/issues/1439
+
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 
 ### Breaking changes

From 9b78cc0a31a93336516b47e44606375c2a961b06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 12:59:29 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1714/1786] refactor(fetch.ts): simplify failureReason mapping
 in checkZkappTransaction function

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 60010f3679..73d324770d 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -515,9 +515,7 @@ async function checkZkappTransaction(
           let failureReason = zkappCommand.failureReason
             .reverse()
             .map((failure) => {
-              return ` AccountUpdate #${
-                failure.index
-              } failed. Reason: "${failure.failures.join(', ')}"`;
+              return [failure.failures.map((failureItem) => failureItem)];
             });
           return {
             success: false,

From 23b32ec35281c7f1177ef42a5e06c0557d148cd7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:02:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1715/1786] refactor(errors.ts): improve error handling for fee
 payer and account updates

This commit improves the error handling logic for fee payer and account updates. It checks if the number of errors matches the number of account updates. If there are more, then the fee payer has an error. This check is necessary because the fee payer error is not included in network transaction errors and is always present (even if empty) in the local transaction errors.
---
 src/lib/mina/errors.ts | 31 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/errors.ts b/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
index 261005dfbc..16d2ab2d85 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
@@ -60,23 +60,26 @@ function invalidTransactionError(
 ): string {
   let errorMessages = [];
   let rawErrors = JSON.stringify(errors);
+  let n = transaction.accountUpdates.length;
+  let accountUpdateErrors = errors.slice(1, n + 1);
 
-  // handle errors for fee payer
-  let errorsForFeePayer = errors[0];
-  for (let [error] of errorsForFeePayer) {
-    let message = ErrorHandlers[error as keyof typeof ErrorHandlers]?.({
-      transaction,
-      accountUpdateIndex: NaN,
-      isFeePayer: true,
-      ...additionalContext,
-    });
-    if (message) errorMessages.push(message);
+  // Check if the number of errors match the number of account updates. If there are more, then the fee payer has an error.
+  // We do this check because the fee payer error is not included in network transaction errors and is always present (even if empty) in the local transaction errors.
+  if (accountUpdateErrors.length === n) {
+    let errorsForFeePayer = errors[0];
+    for (let [error] of errorsForFeePayer) {
+      let message = ErrorHandlers[error as keyof typeof ErrorHandlers]?.({
+        transaction,
+        accountUpdateIndex: NaN,
+        isFeePayer: true,
+        ...additionalContext,
+      });
+      if (message) errorMessages.push(message);
+    }
   }
 
-  // handle errors for each account update
-  let n = transaction.accountUpdates.length;
-  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    let errorsForUpdate = errors[i + 1];
+  for (let i = 0; i < accountUpdateErrors.length; i++) {
+    let errorsForUpdate = accountUpdateErrors[i];
     for (let [error] of errorsForUpdate) {
       let message = ErrorHandlers[error as keyof typeof ErrorHandlers]?.({
         transaction,

From aac4e3434e6ac027eb507db9f5cf483d6c3835c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:06:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1716/1786] refactor(mina.ts): simplify error handling in
 sendOrThrowIfError, LocalBlockchain and Network functions

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 54a63c5c29..bff81a08d2 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
   hash(): string;
   data?: SendZkAppResponse;
-  errors?: string[];
+  errors: string[];
 };
 
 type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
@@ -368,11 +368,15 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
       return await sendTransaction(self);
     },
     async sendOrThrowIfError() {
-      try {
-        return await sendTransaction(self);
-      } catch (error) {
-        throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
+      const pendingTransaction = await sendTransaction(self);
+      if (pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
+        throw Error(
+          `Transaction failed with errors:\n- ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(
+            '\n- '
+          )}`
+        );
       }
+      return pendingTransaction;
     },
   };
   return self;
@@ -524,12 +528,12 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       } catch (err: any) {
         // reverse errors so they match order of account updates
         // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
-        errors.push(
-          invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, JSON.parse(err.message), {
-            accountCreationFee:
-              defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
-          })
-        );
+        const errorMessages = JSON.parse(err.message);
+        const error = invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, errorMessages, {
+          accountCreationFee:
+            defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+        });
+        errors.push(error);
         isSuccess = false;
       }
 
@@ -591,7 +595,10 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       });
 
       const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
-      const pendingTransaction = {
+      const pendingTransaction: Omit<
+        PendingTransaction,
+        'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'
+      > = {
         isSuccess,
         errors,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
@@ -606,11 +613,9 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
       }) => {
-        return Promise.resolve(
-          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-            pendingTransaction,
-            pendingTransaction.errors
-          )
+        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+          pendingTransaction,
+          pendingTransaction.errors
         );
       };
 
@@ -618,20 +623,9 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
       }) => {
-        if (pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
-          throw Error(
-            `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
-              pendingTransaction.errors,
-              null,
-              2
-            )}`
-          );
-        }
-        return Promise.resolve(
-          createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-            pendingTransaction,
-            pendingTransaction.errors
-          )
+        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+          pendingTransaction,
+          pendingTransaction.errors
         );
       };
 
@@ -907,7 +901,10 @@ function Network(
 
       const isSuccess = errors.length === 0;
       const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
-      const pendingTransaction = {
+      const pendingTransaction: Omit<
+        PendingTransaction,
+        'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'
+      > = {
         isSuccess,
         data: response?.data,
         errors,
@@ -929,13 +926,18 @@ function Network(
         try {
           res = await Fetch.checkZkappTransaction(transactionHash);
           if (res.success) {
-            return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-              pendingTransaction,
-              pendingTransaction.errors
-            );
+            return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, []);
           } else if (res.failureReason) {
+            const error = invalidTransactionError(
+              txn.transaction,
+              res.failureReason,
+              {
+                accountCreationFee:
+                  defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+              }
+            );
             return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(pendingTransaction, [
-              `Transaction failed.\nTransactionId: ${transactionHash}\nAttempts: ${attempts}\nfailureReason(s): ${res.failureReason}`,
+              error,
             ]);
           }
         } catch (error) {
@@ -989,10 +991,8 @@ function Network(
         const pendingTransaction = await wait(options);
         if (pendingTransaction.status === 'rejected') {
           throw Error(
-            `Transaction failed with errors: ${JSON.stringify(
-              pendingTransaction.errors,
-              null,
-              2
+            `Transaction failed with errors:\n${pendingTransaction.errors.join(
+              '\n'
             )}`
           );
         }

From 111bae1ea0a9101506c145f7d612f15574870aeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:07:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1717/1786] refactor(precondition.test.ts, token.test.ts):
 replace send() with sendOrThrowIfError() for better error handling This
 change ensures that any errors during the send operation are immediately
 thrown, improving debugging and error tracking.

---
 src/lib/precondition.test.ts | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 src/lib/token.test.ts        | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.test.ts b/src/lib/precondition.test.ts
index 07d0243d68..1228a2ec1f 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.test.ts
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
           precondition().assertEquals(p.add(1) as any);
           AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
         });
-        await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+        await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
       }).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
     }
   });
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
           precondition().requireEquals(p.add(1) as any);
           AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
         });
-        await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send();
+        await tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
       }).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
     }
   });
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
         precondition().assertEquals(p.not());
         AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
       });
-      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
         /unsatisfied/
       );
     }
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
         precondition().requireEquals(p.not());
         AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
       });
-      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
         /unsatisfied/
       );
     }
@@ -288,7 +288,9 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
       zkapp.account.delegate.assertEquals(publicKey);
       AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
     });
-    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+      /unsatisfied/
+    );
   });
 
   it('unsatisfied requireEquals should be rejected (public key)', async () => {
@@ -297,7 +299,9 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
       zkapp.account.delegate.requireEquals(publicKey);
       AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
     });
-    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+      /unsatisfied/
+    );
   });
 
   it('unsatisfied assertBetween should be rejected', async () => {
@@ -307,7 +311,7 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
         precondition().assertBetween(p.add(20), p.add(30));
         AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
       });
-      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
         /unsatisfied/
       );
     }
@@ -320,7 +324,7 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
         precondition().requireBetween(p.add(20), p.add(30));
         AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
       });
-      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+      await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
         /unsatisfied/
       );
     }
@@ -331,7 +335,9 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
       zkapp.currentSlot.assertBetween(UInt32.from(20), UInt32.from(30));
       AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
     });
-    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+      /unsatisfied/
+    );
   });
 
   it('unsatisfied currentSlot.requireBetween should be rejected', async () => {
@@ -339,7 +345,9 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
       zkapp.currentSlot.requireBetween(UInt32.from(20), UInt32.from(30));
       AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
     });
-    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/unsatisfied/);
+    await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+      /unsatisfied/
+    );
   });
 
   // TODO: is this a gotcha that should be addressed?
@@ -351,7 +359,9 @@ describe('preconditions', () => {
       zkapp.requireSignature();
       AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(zkapp.self);
     });
-    expect(() => tx.sign([zkappKey, feePayerKey]).send()).toThrow();
+    expect(() =>
+      tx.sign([zkappKey, feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()
+    ).toThrow();
   });
 });
 
diff --git a/src/lib/token.test.ts b/src/lib/token.test.ts
index e6c2ee1f5b..69a20a522f 100644
--- a/src/lib/token.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/token.test.ts
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ describe('Token', () => {
             tokenZkapp.requireSignature();
           })
         ).sign([zkAppBKey, feePayerKey, tokenZkappKey]);
-        await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow();
+        await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow();
       });
     });
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ describe('Token', () => {
           })
         ).sign([zkAppBKey, feePayerKey, tokenZkappKey]);
 
-        await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow();
+        await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow();
       });
 
       test('should error if sender sends more tokens than they have', async () => {
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ describe('Token', () => {
             tokenZkapp.requireSignature();
           })
         ).sign([zkAppBKey, feePayerKey, tokenZkappKey]);
-        await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow();
+        await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow();
       });
     });
   });
@@ -579,9 +579,9 @@ describe('Token', () => {
           });
           AccountUpdate.attachToTransaction(tokenZkapp.self);
         });
-        await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
-          /Update_not_permitted_access/
-        );
+        await expect(
+          tx.sign([feePayerKey]).sendOrThrowIfError()
+        ).rejects.toThrow(/Update_not_permitted_access/);
       });
     });
   });

From 9c214e58b880e096cc80e6a296262acb3ced04f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:08:14 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1718/1786] refactor(transaction-flow.ts): remove outdated
 comments about currentSlot implementation status to avoid confusion

---
 src/tests/transaction-flow.ts | 6 ------
 1 file changed, 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
index b21a3e7eff..46da5aa209 100644
--- a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
+++ b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
@@ -17,12 +17,6 @@ import {
 } from 'o1js';
 import assert from 'node:assert';
 
-/**
- * currentSlot:
- *  - Remote: not implemented, throws
- *  - Local: implemented
- */
-
 class Event extends Struct({ pub: PublicKey, value: Field }) {}
 
 class SimpleZkapp extends SmartContract {

From 023d31d57f9394f88b78feacb0f9d958287e8dab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 13:33:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1719/1786] feat(mina.ts): add detailed comments for
 PendingTransaction, IncludedTransaction, and RejectedTransaction types

This commit adds comprehensive comments to the PendingTransaction, IncludedTransaction, and RejectedTransaction types in mina.ts. The comments provide detailed explanations of the properties and methods of these types, as well as examples of their usage. This will improve code readability and maintainability by providing clear documentation for developers working with these types.
---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 126 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 126 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index bff81a08d2..ce6adcd978 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -138,36 +138,162 @@ type Transaction = {
   sendOrThrowIfError(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
 };
 
+/**
+ * Represents a transaction that has been submitted to the blockchain but has not yet reached a final state.
+ * The `PendingTransaction` type extends certain functionalities from the base `Transaction` type,
+ * adding methods to monitor the transaction's progress towards being finalized (either included in a block or rejected).
+ */
 type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   Transaction,
   'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty'
 > & {
+  /**
+   * @property {boolean} isSuccess Indicates whether the transaction was successfully sent to the Mina daemon.
+   * It does not guarantee inclusion in a block. A value of `true` means the transaction was accepted by the Mina daemon for processing.
+   * However, the transaction may still be rejected later during the finalization process if it fails to be included in a block.
+   * Use `.wait()` or `.waitOrThrowIfError()` methods to determine the final state of the transaction.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * if (pendingTransaction.isSuccess) {
+   *   console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
+   *   try {
+   *     await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError();
+   *     console.log('Transaction was included in a block.');
+   *   } catch (error) {
+   *     console.error('Transaction was rejected or failed to be included in a block:', error);
+   *   }
+   * } else {
+   *   console.error('Failed to send transaction to the Mina daemon.');
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
   isSuccess: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Waits for the transaction to be finalized and returns the result.
+   *
+   * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
+   * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of attempts to check the transaction status.
+   * @param {number} [options.interval] The interval, in milliseconds, between status checks.
+   * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state.
+   *
+   * * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const finalState = await pendingTransaction.wait({ maxAttempts: 5, interval: 1000 });
+   * console.log(finalState.status); // 'included' or 'rejected'
+   * ```
+   */
   wait(options?: {
     maxAttempts?: number;
     interval?: number;
   }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
+
+  /**
+   * Similar to `wait`, but throws an error if the transaction is rejected or if it fails to finalize within the given attempts.
+   *
+   * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
+   * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of polling attempts.
+   * @param {number} [options.interval] The time interval, in milliseconds, between each polling attempt.
+   * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state or throws an error.
+   *
+   * * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * try {
+   *   const finalState = await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError({ maxAttempts: 10, interval: 2000 });
+   *   console.log('Transaction included in a block.');
+   * } catch (error) {
+   *   console.error('Transaction rejected or failed to finalize:', error);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
   waitOrThrowIfError(options?: {
     maxAttempts?: number;
     interval?: number;
   }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
+
+  /**
+   * Generates and returns the transaction hash as a string identifier.
+   *
+   * @returns {string} The hash of the transaction.
+   *
+   * * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const txHash = pendingTransaction.hash();
+   * console.log(`Transaction hash: ${txHash}`);
+   * ```
+   */
   hash(): string;
+
+  /**
+   * Optional. Contains response data from a ZkApp transaction submission.
+   *
+   * @property {SendZkAppResponse} [data] The response data from the transaction submission.
+   */
   data?: SendZkAppResponse;
+
+  /**
+   * An array of error messages related to the transaction processing.
+   *
+   * @property {string[]} errors Descriptive error messages if the transaction encountered issues during processing.
+   *
+   * * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * if (!pendingTransaction.isSuccess && pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
+   *   console.error(`Transaction errors: ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(', ')}`);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
   errors: string[];
 };
 
+/**
+ * Represents a transaction that has been successfully included in a block.
+ */
 type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
   PendingTransaction,
   'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
 > & {
+  /**
+   * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, indicating successful inclusion in a block.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const includedTx: IncludedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
+   * if (includedTx.status === 'included') {
+   *   console.log(`Transaction ${includedTx.hash()} included in a block.`);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
   status: 'included';
 };
 
+/**
+ * Represents a transaction that has been rejected and not included in a blockchain block.
+ */
 type RejectedTransaction = Pick<
   PendingTransaction,
   'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
 > & {
+  /**
+   * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, specifically indicating that it has been rejected.
+   *
+   *  * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const rejectedTx: RejectedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
+   * if (rejectedTx.status === 'rejected') {
+   *   console.error(`Transaction ${rejectedTx.hash()} was rejected.`);
+   *   rejectedTx.errors.forEach((error, i) => {
+   *     console.error(`Error ${i + 1}: ${error}`);
+   *   });
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
   status: 'rejected';
+
+  /**
+   * @property {string[]} errors An array of error messages detailing the reasons for the transaction's rejection.
+   */
   errors: string[];
 };
 

From 671c35e488263edc5be4adce0bdfa05e3a42e06d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 14:01:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1720/1786] docs(mina.ts): update comments for better clarity
 and add examples

Improve the documentation of the Transaction type in mina.ts by providing more detailed descriptions and adding examples for better understanding. This will help developers understand the purpose and usage of each method more clearly.
---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index ce6adcd978..7bc52a1803 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -96,51 +96,84 @@ setActiveInstance({
   },
 });
 
+/**
+ * Defines the structure and operations associated with a transaction.
+ * This type encompasses methods for serializing the transaction, signing it, generating proofs,
+ * and submitting it to the network.
+ */
 type Transaction = {
   /**
    * Transaction structure used to describe a state transition on the Mina blockchain.
    */
   transaction: ZkappCommand;
   /**
-   * Returns a JSON representation of the {@link Transaction}.
+   * Serializes the transaction to a JSON string.
+   * @returns A string representation of the {@link Transaction}.
    */
   toJSON(): string;
   /**
-   * Returns a pretty-printed JSON representation of the {@link Transaction}.
+   * Produces a pretty-printed JSON representation of the {@link Transaction}.
+   * @returns A formatted string representing the transaction in JSON.
    */
   toPretty(): any;
   /**
-   * Returns the GraphQL query for the Mina daemon.
+   * Constructs the GraphQL query string used for submitting the transaction to a Mina daemon.
+   * @returns The GraphQL query string for the {@link Transaction}.
    */
   toGraphqlQuery(): string;
   /**
    * Signs all {@link AccountUpdate}s included in the {@link Transaction} that require a signature.
-   *
    * {@link AccountUpdate}s that require a signature can be specified with `{AccountUpdate|SmartContract}.requireSignature()`.
-   *
    * @param additionalKeys The list of keys that should be used to sign the {@link Transaction}
+   * @returns The {@link Transaction} instance with all required signatures applied.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const signedTx = transaction.sign([userPrivateKey]);
+   * console.log('Transaction signed successfully.');
+   * ```
    */
   sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]): Transaction;
   /**
-   * Generates proofs for the {@link Transaction}.
-   *
+   * Initiates the proof generation process for the {@link Transaction}. This asynchronous operation is
+   * crucial for zero-knowledge-based transactions, where proofs are required to validate state transitions.
    * This can take some time.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * await transaction.prove();
+   * ```
    */
   prove(): Promise<(Proof<ZkappPublicInput, Empty> | undefined)[]>;
   /**
-   * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network.
+   * Submits the {@link Transaction} to the network. This method asynchronously sends the transaction
+   * for processing and returns a {@link PendingTransaction} instance, which can be used to monitor its progress.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a {@link PendingTransaction} instance representing the submitted transaction.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const pendingTransaction = await transaction.send();
+   * console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
+   * ```
    */
   send(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
 
   /**
    * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network, unlike the standard send(), this function will throw an error if internal errors are detected.
+   * @throws {Error} If the transaction fails to be sent to the Mina daemon or if it encounters errors during processing.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * try {
+   *  const pendingTransaction = await transaction.sendOrThrowIfError();
+   *  console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
+   * } catch (error) {
+   *  console.error('Transaction failed with errors:', error);
+   * }
+   * ```
    */
   sendOrThrowIfError(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
 };
 
 /**
  * Represents a transaction that has been submitted to the blockchain but has not yet reached a final state.
- * The `PendingTransaction` type extends certain functionalities from the base `Transaction` type,
+ * The {@link PendingTransaction} type extends certain functionalities from the base {@link Transaction} type,
  * adding methods to monitor the transaction's progress towards being finalized (either included in a block or rejected).
  */
 type PendingTransaction = Pick<

From c8d1d1401331ea86ee07845246c99a9b9e1f60cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 14:01:32 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1721/1786] style(mina.ts): remove unnecessary comment lines

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 26 ++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 7bc52a1803..ea0b9404b0 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
    * It does not guarantee inclusion in a block. A value of `true` means the transaction was accepted by the Mina daemon for processing.
    * However, the transaction may still be rejected later during the finalization process if it fails to be included in a block.
    * Use `.wait()` or `.waitOrThrowIfError()` methods to determine the final state of the transaction.
-   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * if (pendingTransaction.isSuccess) {
@@ -205,16 +204,14 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
 
   /**
    * Waits for the transaction to be finalized and returns the result.
-   *
    * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
    * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of attempts to check the transaction status.
    * @param {number} [options.interval] The interval, in milliseconds, between status checks.
    * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state.
-   *
-   * * @example
+   * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const finalState = await pendingTransaction.wait({ maxAttempts: 5, interval: 1000 });
-   * console.log(finalState.status); // 'included' or 'rejected'
+   * const transaction = await pendingTransaction.wait({ maxAttempts: 5, interval: 1000 });
+   * console.log(transaction.status); // 'included' or 'rejected'
    * ```
    */
   wait(options?: {
@@ -224,16 +221,14 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
 
   /**
    * Similar to `wait`, but throws an error if the transaction is rejected or if it fails to finalize within the given attempts.
-   *
    * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
    * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of polling attempts.
    * @param {number} [options.interval] The time interval, in milliseconds, between each polling attempt.
    * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state or throws an error.
-   *
-   * * @example
+   * @example
    * ```ts
    * try {
-   *   const finalState = await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError({ maxAttempts: 10, interval: 2000 });
+   *   const transaction = await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError({ maxAttempts: 10, interval: 2000 });
    *   console.log('Transaction included in a block.');
    * } catch (error) {
    *   console.error('Transaction rejected or failed to finalize:', error);
@@ -247,10 +242,8 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
 
   /**
    * Generates and returns the transaction hash as a string identifier.
-   *
    * @returns {string} The hash of the transaction.
-   *
-   * * @example
+   * @example
    * ```ts
    * const txHash = pendingTransaction.hash();
    * console.log(`Transaction hash: ${txHash}`);
@@ -269,8 +262,7 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
    * An array of error messages related to the transaction processing.
    *
    * @property {string[]} errors Descriptive error messages if the transaction encountered issues during processing.
-   *
-   * * @example
+   * @example
    * ```ts
    * if (!pendingTransaction.isSuccess && pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
    *   console.error(`Transaction errors: ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(', ')}`);
@@ -289,7 +281,6 @@ type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
 > & {
   /**
    * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, indicating successful inclusion in a block.
-   *
    * @example
    * ```ts
    * const includedTx: IncludedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
@@ -310,8 +301,7 @@ type RejectedTransaction = Pick<
 > & {
   /**
    * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, specifically indicating that it has been rejected.
-   *
-   *  * @example
+   * @example
    * ```ts
    * const rejectedTx: RejectedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
    * if (rejectedTx.status === 'rejected') {

From 9ca996bf21b81bd31e7a2ff8b6bddd8c71ee2bf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 14:39:14 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1722/1786] refactor: replace 'send' method with
 'sendOrThrowIfError' in dex/run.ts, dex/upgradability.ts,
 account-update.unit-test.ts, and caller.unit-test.ts for better error
 handling

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts           | 24 +++++++++++++++---------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts | 18 +++++++++---------
 src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts      |  2 +-
 src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts              |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index ca831647e3..d7367bfc42 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -236,7 +236,9 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
         (USER_DX * oldBalances.total.lqXY) / oldBalances.dex.X
     );
   } else {
-    await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(/Update_not_permitted_timing/);
+    await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+      /Update_not_permitted_timing/
+    );
   }
 
   /**
@@ -251,14 +253,14 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([keys.user2]);
-  await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(/Overflow/);
+  await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(/Overflow/);
   console.log('supplying with insufficient tokens (should fail)');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.user, () => {
     dex.supplyLiquidityBase(UInt64.from(1e9), UInt64.from(1e9));
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([keys.user]);
-  await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(/Overflow/);
+  await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(/Overflow/);
 
   /**
    * - Resulting operation will overflow the SC’s receiving token by type or by any other applicable limits;
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     );
   });
   await tx.prove();
-  await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenY]).send();
+  await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenY]).sendOrThrowIfError();
   console.log('supply overflowing liquidity');
   await expect(async () => {
     tx = await Mina.transaction(addresses.tokenX, () => {
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     });
     await tx.prove();
     tx.sign([keys.tokenX]);
-    await tx.send();
+    await tx.sendOrThrowIfError();
   }).rejects.toThrow();
 
   /**
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     dex.supplyLiquidity(UInt64.from(10));
   });
   await tx.prove();
-  await expect(tx.sign([keys.tokenX]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
+  await expect(tx.sign([keys.tokenX]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
     /Update_not_permitted_balance/
   );
 
@@ -342,7 +344,9 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     });
     await tx.prove();
     tx.sign([keys.user]);
-    await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(/Source_minimum_balance_violation/);
+    await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+      /Source_minimum_balance_violation/
+    );
 
     // another slot => now it should work
     Local.incrementGlobalSlot(1);
@@ -451,7 +455,7 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([keys.user, keys.user2]);
-  await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(
+  await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
     /Account_balance_precondition_unsatisfied/
   );
 
@@ -486,7 +490,9 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     dex.redeemLiquidity(UInt64.from(1n));
   });
   await tx.prove();
-  await expect(tx.sign([keys.user2]).send()).rejects.toThrow(/Overflow/);
+  await expect(tx.sign([keys.user2]).sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
+    /Overflow/
+  );
   [oldBalances, balances] = [balances, getTokenBalances()];
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 6511e64aa3..4db73e648e 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
   });
   await tx.prove();
 
-  await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
-    /Cannot update field 'delegate'/
-  );
+  await expect(
+    tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).sendOrThrowIfError()
+  ).rejects.toThrow(/Cannot update field 'delegate'/);
 
   console.log('changing delegate permission back to normal');
 
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     fieldUpdate.requireSignature();
   });
   await tx.prove();
-  await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
-    /Cannot update field 'delegate'/
-  );
+  await expect(
+    tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).sendOrThrowIfError()
+  ).rejects.toThrow(/Cannot update field 'delegate'/);
 
   /**
    * # Atomic Actions 3
@@ -458,9 +458,9 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     modifiedDex.deploy(); // cannot deploy new VK because its forbidden
   });
   await tx.prove();
-  await expect(tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).send()).rejects.toThrow(
-    /Cannot update field 'verificationKey'/
-  );
+  await expect(
+    tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.dex]).sendOrThrowIfError()
+  ).rejects.toThrow(/Cannot update field 'verificationKey'/);
 
   console.log('trying to invoke modified swap method');
   // method should still be valid since the upgrade was forbidden
diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts
index 845cd25a48..2b85457d05 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.unit-test.ts
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ function createAccountUpdate() {
     AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer);
   });
   tx.sign();
-  await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(
+  await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
     'Check signature: Invalid signature on fee payer for key'
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
index 2fed8f00d1..01eef352d3 100644
--- a/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/caller.unit-test.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ let tx = await Mina.transaction(privateKey, () => {
 });
 
 // according to this test, the child doesn't get token permissions
-await expect(tx.send()).rejects.toThrow(
+await expect(tx.sendOrThrowIfError()).rejects.toThrow(
   'can not use or pass on token permissions'
 );

From d2322e0b86e77bf67c3a4002be38bc10a0570843 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 14:43:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1723/1786] refactor(run.ts): replace send() with
 sendOrThrowIfError() for better error handling This change ensures that any
 errors that occur during the sending of transactions are immediately thrown
 and can be handled appropriately.

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
index 272b4ea8f0..36f714601c 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer1.publicKey, () => {
   AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayer1.publicKey);
   zkAppInstance.deploy();
 });
-await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey, zkAppPrivateKey]).send();
+await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey, zkAppPrivateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 
 const initialState =
   Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer1.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.update(Field(4), adminPrivateKey);
 });
 await txn.prove();
-await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).send();
+await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ try {
     zkAppInstance.update(Field(16), wrongAdminPrivateKey);
   });
   await txn.prove();
-  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).send();
+  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'Account_delegate_precondition_unsatisfied');
 }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ try {
     zkAppInstance.update(Field(30), adminPrivateKey);
   });
   await txn.prove();
-  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).send();
+  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'assertEquals');
 }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ try {
     }
   );
   await txn.prove();
-  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).send();
+  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'assertEquals');
 }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ txn2 = await Mina.transaction({ sender: feePayer2.publicKey, fee: '2' }, () => {
   zkAppInstance.update(Field(16), adminPrivateKey);
 });
 await txn2.prove();
-await txn2.sign([feePayer2.privateKey]).send();
+await txn2.sign([feePayer2.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ txn3 = await Mina.transaction({ sender: feePayer3.publicKey, fee: '1' }, () => {
   zkAppInstance.update(Field(256), adminPrivateKey);
 });
 await txn3.prove();
-await txn3.sign([feePayer3.privateKey]).send();
+await txn3.sign([feePayer3.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ try {
     }
   );
   await txn4.prove();
-  await txn4.sign([feePayer4.privateKey]).send();
+  await txn4.sign([feePayer4.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'assertEquals');
 }

From 88fa9e206a7fcb87b437f506ff398f266e982bfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 15:05:07 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1724/1786] feat(mina.ts): add error handling for JSON parsing
 in LocalBlockchain function This change adds a try-catch block to handle any
 errors that may occur during JSON parsing of error messages. It also provides
 a fallback error message in case the parsing fails, ensuring that an error
 message is always available.

---
 src/lib/mina.ts | 24 ++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 6f41c3e470..b1892462f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -676,15 +676,23 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
           JSON.stringify(networkState)
         );
       } catch (err: any) {
-        // reverse errors so they match order of account updates
-        // TODO: label updates, and try to give precise explanations about what went wrong
-        const errorMessages = JSON.parse(err.message);
-        const error = invalidTransactionError(txn.transaction, errorMessages, {
-          accountCreationFee:
-            defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
-        });
-        errors.push(error);
         isSuccess = false;
+        try {
+          const errorMessages = JSON.parse(err.message);
+          const formattedError = invalidTransactionError(
+            txn.transaction,
+            errorMessages,
+            {
+              accountCreationFee:
+                defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+            }
+          );
+          errors.push(formattedError);
+        } catch (parseError: any) {
+          const fallbackErrorMessage =
+            err.message || parseError.message || 'Unknown error occurred';
+          errors.push(fallbackErrorMessage);
+        }
       }
 
       // fetches all events from the transaction and stores them

From c4aefd4829519a6c461c61d0c89ba2d82eb444e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 16:18:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1725/1786] fix(run.ts): correct function call syntax for
 sendOrThrowIfError method

---
 src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
index 36f714601c..da37518357 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run.ts
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ txn = await Mina.transaction(feePayer1.publicKey, () => {
   zkAppInstance.update(Field(4), adminPrivateKey);
 });
 await txn.prove();
-await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ try {
     zkAppInstance.update(Field(16), wrongAdminPrivateKey);
   });
   await txn.prove();
-  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'Account_delegate_precondition_unsatisfied');
 }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ try {
     zkAppInstance.update(Field(30), adminPrivateKey);
   });
   await txn.prove();
-  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'assertEquals');
 }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ try {
     }
   );
   await txn.prove();
-  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+  await txn.sign([feePayer1.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'assertEquals');
 }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ txn2 = await Mina.transaction({ sender: feePayer2.publicKey, fee: '2' }, () => {
   zkAppInstance.update(Field(16), adminPrivateKey);
 });
 await txn2.prove();
-await txn2.sign([feePayer2.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+await txn2.sign([feePayer2.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ txn3 = await Mina.transaction({ sender: feePayer3.publicKey, fee: '1' }, () => {
   zkAppInstance.update(Field(256), adminPrivateKey);
 });
 await txn3.prove();
-await txn3.sign([feePayer3.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+await txn3.sign([feePayer3.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 
 currentState = Mina.getAccount(zkAppAddress).zkapp?.appState?.[0].toString();
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ try {
     }
   );
   await txn4.prove();
-  await txn4.sign([feePayer4.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError;
+  await txn4.sign([feePayer4.privateKey]).sendOrThrowIfError();
 } catch (err: any) {
   handleError(err, 'assertEquals');
 }

From cd43ef7994cfa8f6ab7cf60c9fe861b7080db370 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:02:44 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1726/1786] revert sig type

---
 CHANGELOG.md         |  1 -
 src/lib/signature.ts | 12 +++++++++---
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e290278623..195463582c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Added
 
 - Support for custom network identifiers other than `mainnet` or `testnet` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1444
-  - New optional argument `networkId?: string` to `Signature.create()` and `Signature.verify()` to reflect support for custom network identifiers.
 
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 
diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 30ee60d0e1..bdc0450248 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -243,18 +243,21 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
   ): Signature {
     const publicKey = PublicKey.fromPrivateKey(privKey).toGroup();
     const d = privKey.s;
+    // we chose an arbitrary prefix for the signature, and it happened to be 'testnet'
+    // there's no consequences in practice and the signatures can be used with any network
+    // if there needs to be a custom nonce, include it in the message itself
     const kPrime = Scalar.fromBigInt(
       deriveNonce(
         { fields: msg.map((f) => f.toBigInt()) },
         { x: publicKey.x.toBigInt(), y: publicKey.y.toBigInt() },
         BigInt(d.toJSON()),
-        networkId ?? 'testnet'
+        'testnet'
       )
     );
     let { x: r, y: ry } = Group.generator.scale(kPrime);
     const k = ry.toBits()[0].toBoolean() ? kPrime.neg() : kPrime;
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      signaturePrefix(networkId ?? 'testnet'),
+      signaturePrefix('testnet'),
       msg.concat([publicKey.x, publicKey.y, r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"
@@ -270,8 +273,11 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    */
   verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[], networkId?: string): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
+    // we chose an arbitrary prefix for the signature, and it happened to be 'testnet'
+    // there's no consequences in practice and the signatures can be used with any network
+    // if there needs to be a custom nonce, include it in the message itself
     let h = hashWithPrefix(
-      signaturePrefix(networkId ?? 'testnet'),
+      signaturePrefix('testnet'),
       msg.concat([point.x, point.y, this.r])
     );
     // TODO: Scalar.fromBits interprets the input as a "shifted scalar"

From 1a60fd1012686f87465ddf7f3072e715369bc3c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:14:23 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1727/1786] revert sig type

---
 src/lib/signature.ts | 8 ++------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index bdc0450248..c830f21319 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -236,11 +236,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Signs a message using a {@link PrivateKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Signature}
    */
-  static create(
-    privKey: PrivateKey,
-    msg: Field[],
-    networkId?: string
-  ): Signature {
+  static create(privKey: PrivateKey, msg: Field[]): Signature {
     const publicKey = PublicKey.fromPrivateKey(privKey).toGroup();
     const d = privKey.s;
     // we chose an arbitrary prefix for the signature, and it happened to be 'testnet'
@@ -271,7 +267,7 @@ class Signature extends CircuitValue {
    * Verifies the {@link Signature} using a message and the corresponding {@link PublicKey}.
    * @returns a {@link Bool}
    */
-  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[], networkId?: string): Bool {
+  verify(publicKey: PublicKey, msg: Field[]): Bool {
     const point = publicKey.toGroup();
     // we chose an arbitrary prefix for the signature, and it happened to be 'testnet'
     // there's no consequences in practice and the signatures can be used with any network

From 3c799af8ed655b7d0171cccffae3b660401ef340 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:19:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1728/1786] fix build

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts                     |  8 +++----
 src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts                | 24 +++++--------------
 src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts     |  4 +++-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts  |  3 ++-
 .../src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts       |  6 ++---
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts              | 14 +++++------
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts    | 13 ++++++----
 src/mina-signer/src/types.ts                  |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index 5f20c2f20b..4c6220ad82 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -1019,18 +1019,16 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // consistency between JS & OCaml hashing on *every single account update
     // proof* we create. It will give us 100% confidence that the two
     // implementations are equivalent, and catch regressions quickly
+    let networkId = activeInstance.getNetworkId();
     if (Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
       let input = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput(this);
-      return hashWithPrefix(
-        zkAppBodyPrefix(activeInstance.getNetworkId()),
-        packToFields(input)
-      );
+      return hashWithPrefix(zkAppBodyPrefix(networkId), packToFields(input));
     } else {
       let json = Types.AccountUpdate.toJSON(this);
       return Field(
         Test.hashFromJson.accountUpdate(
           JSON.stringify(json),
-          activeInstance.getNetworkId()
+          typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
         )
       );
     }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
index b2e7ddf494..c1356b52e0 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/mina-signer.ts
@@ -41,13 +41,8 @@ const defaultValidUntil = '4294967295';
 class Client {
   private network: NetworkId;
 
-  constructor(options: { network: NetworkId }) {
-    if (!options?.network) {
-      throw Error('Invalid Specified Network');
-    }
-    const specifiedNetwork = options.network.toLowerCase();
-
-    this.network = specifiedNetwork;
+  constructor({ network }: { network: NetworkId }) {
+    this.network = network;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -120,13 +115,9 @@ class Client {
    * @param privateKey The private key used for signing
    * @returns The signed field elements
    */
-  signFields(
-    fields: bigint[],
-    privateKey: Json.PrivateKey,
-    network?: NetworkId
-  ): Signed<bigint[]> {
+  signFields(fields: bigint[], privateKey: Json.PrivateKey): Signed<bigint[]> {
     let privateKey_ = PrivateKey.fromBase58(privateKey);
-    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, network ?? 'testnet');
+    let signature = sign({ fields }, privateKey_, 'testnet');
     return {
       signature: Signature.toBase58(signature),
       publicKey: PublicKey.toBase58(PrivateKey.toPublicKey(privateKey_)),
@@ -141,15 +132,12 @@ class Client {
    * @returns True if the `signedFields` contains a valid signature matching
    * the fields and publicKey.
    */
-  verifyFields(
-    { data, signature, publicKey }: Signed<bigint[]>,
-    network?: NetworkId
-  ) {
+  verifyFields({ data, signature, publicKey }: Signed<bigint[]>) {
     return verify(
       Signature.fromBase58(signature),
       { fields: data },
       PublicKey.fromBase58(publicKey),
-      network ?? 'testnet'
+      'testnet'
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
index 4709b7e433..d86270790b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/random-transaction.ts
@@ -141,6 +141,8 @@ const RandomTransaction = {
   zkappCommand,
   zkappCommandAndFeePayerKey,
   zkappCommandJson,
-  networkId: Random.oneOf<NetworkId[]>('testnet', 'mainnet', 'other'),
+  networkId: Random.oneOf<NetworkId[]>('testnet', 'mainnet', {
+    custom: 'other',
+  }),
   accountUpdateWithCallDepth: accountUpdate,
 };
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
index 403c57287d..f745914460 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ let networks: NetworkId[] = ['testnet', 'mainnet'];
 
 for (let network of networks) {
   let i = 0;
-  let reference = signatures[network];
+  let reference =
+    signatures[typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom];
 
   for (let payment of payments) {
     let signature = signPayment(payment, privateKey, network);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 1345bc116a..34b34e9aeb 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ test(
     let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
     let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-      networkId
+      typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
     let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ test(
     // tx commitment
     let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-      networkId
+      typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
     let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ test(
     let sigOCaml = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
       ocamlCommitments.fullCommitment,
       Ml.fromPrivateKey(feePayerKeySnarky),
-      networkId
+      typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
     );
 
     expect(Signature.toBase58(sigFieldElements)).toEqual(sigOCaml);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 1da40bfaa4..03f11b0811 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -326,14 +326,14 @@ function networkIdOfString(n: string): [bigint, number] {
   return [BigInt('0b' + acc), acc.length];
 }
 
-function getNetworkIdHashInput(networkId: string): [bigint, number] {
-  switch (networkId) {
+function getNetworkIdHashInput(network: NetworkId): [bigint, number] {
+  switch (typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return [networkIdMainnet, 8];
     case 'testnet':
       return [networkIdTestnet, 8];
     default:
-      return networkIdOfString(networkId);
+      return networkIdOfString(network as string);
   }
 }
 
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ const createCustomPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
   }
 };
 
-const signaturePrefix = (network: string) => {
-  switch (network) {
+const signaturePrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
+  switch (typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return prefixes.signatureMainnet;
     case 'testnet':
@@ -361,8 +361,8 @@ const signaturePrefix = (network: string) => {
   }
 };
 
-const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: string) => {
-  switch (network) {
+const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
+  switch (typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
     case 'testnet':
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index 50999cc89f..165f8fcfec 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { AccountUpdate } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/gen/transaction-b
 import { HashInput } from '../../bindings/lib/provable-bigint.js';
 import { Ml } from '../../lib/ml/conversion.js';
 import { FieldConst } from '../../lib/field.js';
+import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
 
 // check consistency with OCaml, where we expose the function to sign 1 field element with "testnet"
 function checkConsistentSingle(
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ function checkConsistentSingle(
   key: PrivateKey,
   keySnarky: PrivateKeySnarky,
   pk: PublicKey,
-  networkId: string
+  networkId: NetworkId
 ) {
   let sig = signFieldElement(msg, key, networkId);
 
@@ -44,7 +45,11 @@ function checkConsistentSingle(
   // consistent with OCaml
   let msgMl = FieldConst.fromBigint(msg);
   let keyMl = Ml.fromPrivateKey(keySnarky);
-  let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(msgMl, keyMl, networkId);
+  let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
+    msgMl,
+    keyMl,
+    typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
+  );
   expect(Signature.toBase58(sig)).toEqual(actualTest);
 }
 
@@ -101,14 +106,14 @@ for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
   for (let x of hardcoded) {
     checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'testnet');
     checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'mainnet');
-    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'other');
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, { custom: 'other' });
   }
   // random single field elements
   for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
     let x = randomFields[i];
     checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'testnet');
     checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'mainnet');
-    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, 'other');
+    checkConsistentSingle(x, key, keySnarky, publicKey, { custom: 'other' });
   }
   // hard-coded multi-element hash inputs
   let messages: HashInput[] = [
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
index e1b7a52c32..6133704784 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ export type Field = number | bigint | string;
 export type PublicKey = string;
 export type PrivateKey = string;
 export type Signature = SignatureJson;
-export type NetworkId = string;
+export type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet' | { custom: string };
 
 export type Keypair = {
   readonly privateKey: PrivateKey;

From d311e926607e052f46840e282a10f8598e88d5ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:23:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1729/1786] add NetworkID.toString

---
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts             | 6 +++---
 src/mina-signer/src/types.ts                 | 6 ++++++
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
index f745914460..4a714f3287 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../../lib/testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
+import { Network } from 'src/lib/precondition.js';
 
 let { privateKey, publicKey } = keypair;
 let networks: NetworkId[] = ['testnet', 'mainnet'];
@@ -29,8 +30,7 @@ let networks: NetworkId[] = ['testnet', 'mainnet'];
 
 for (let network of networks) {
   let i = 0;
-  let reference =
-    signatures[typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom];
+  let reference = signatures[NetworkId.toString(network)];
 
   for (let payment of payments) {
     let signature = signPayment(payment, privateKey, network);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 03f11b0811..c159de2e2e 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ function networkIdOfString(n: string): [bigint, number] {
 }
 
 function getNetworkIdHashInput(network: NetworkId): [bigint, number] {
-  switch (typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom) {
+  switch (NetworkId.toString(network)) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return [networkIdMainnet, 8];
     case 'testnet':
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ const createCustomPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
 };
 
 const signaturePrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
-  switch (typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom) {
+  switch (NetworkId.toString(network)) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return prefixes.signatureMainnet;
     case 'testnet':
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ const signaturePrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
 };
 
 const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
-  switch (typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom) {
+  switch (NetworkId.toString(network)) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
     case 'testnet':
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
index 6133704784..87739e059b 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/types.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ export type PrivateKey = string;
 export type Signature = SignatureJson;
 export type NetworkId = 'mainnet' | 'testnet' | { custom: string };
 
+export const NetworkId = {
+  toString(network: NetworkId) {
+    return typeof network === 'string' ? network : network.custom;
+  },
+};
+
 export type Keypair = {
   readonly privateKey: PrivateKey;
   readonly publicKey: PublicKey;

From 1685902836ee5ae62ec33a697a50bd8ef1ac8c51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:25:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1730/1786] simplify

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts                           | 3 ++-
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts | 6 +++---
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts          | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index 4c6220ad82..e36f51078c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ import {
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { assert } from './util/assert.js';
 import { RandomId } from './provable-types/auxiliary.js';
+import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 
 // external API
 export {
@@ -1028,7 +1029,7 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
       return Field(
         Test.hashFromJson.accountUpdate(
           JSON.stringify(json),
-          typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
+          NetworkId.toString(networkId)
         )
       );
     }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 34b34e9aeb..04f2946bc6 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ test(
     let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(zkappCommand);
     let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-      typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
+      NetworkId.toString(networkId)
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
     let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ test(
     // tx commitment
     let ocamlCommitments = Test.hashFromJson.transactionCommitments(
       JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-      typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
+      NetworkId.toString(networkId)
     );
     let callForest = accountUpdatesToCallForest(zkappCommand.accountUpdates);
     let commitment = callForestHash(callForest, networkId);
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ test(
     let sigOCaml = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
       ocamlCommitments.fullCommitment,
       Ml.fromPrivateKey(feePayerKeySnarky),
-      typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
+      NetworkId.toString(networkId)
     );
 
     expect(Signature.toBase58(sigFieldElements)).toEqual(sigOCaml);
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
index 165f8fcfec..ae8384cd24 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.unit-test.ts
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ function checkConsistentSingle(
   let actualTest = Test.signature.signFieldElement(
     msgMl,
     keyMl,
-    typeof networkId === 'string' ? networkId : networkId.custom
+    NetworkId.toString(networkId)
   );
   expect(Signature.toBase58(sig)).toEqual(actualTest);
 }

From ecf67e5c9c00c715e1c0ae6b2a528e691664da44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:38:14 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1731/1786] cleanup

---
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts        |  1 -
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts |  8 ++++++++
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts                    | 11 +++++++----
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
index 4a714f3287..61a9de37d6 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-legacy.unit-test.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import { Field } from '../../provable/field-bigint.js';
 import { Random, test } from '../../lib/testing/property.js';
 import { RandomTransaction } from './random-transaction.js';
 import { NetworkId } from './types.js';
-import { Network } from 'src/lib/precondition.js';
 
 let { privateKey, publicKey } = keypair;
 let networks: NetworkId[] = ['testnet', 'mainnet'];
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index 04f2946bc6..ced276d9ed 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -112,6 +112,14 @@ test(
     let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
     let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, networkId);
     expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
+    /* 
+    // check against different network hash
+    expect(hash).not.toEqual(
+      accountUpdateHash(
+        accountUpdate,
+        NetworkId.toString(networkId) === 'mainnet' ? 'testnet' : 'mainnet'
+      )
+    ); */
   }
 );
 
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index c159de2e2e..9a94f01cd4 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -327,13 +327,14 @@ function networkIdOfString(n: string): [bigint, number] {
 }
 
 function getNetworkIdHashInput(network: NetworkId): [bigint, number] {
-  switch (NetworkId.toString(network)) {
+  let s = NetworkId.toString(network);
+  switch (s) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return [networkIdMainnet, 8];
     case 'testnet':
       return [networkIdTestnet, 8];
     default:
-      return networkIdOfString(network as string);
+      return networkIdOfString(s);
   }
 }
 
@@ -351,7 +352,8 @@ const createCustomPrefix = (prefix: string) => {
 };
 
 const signaturePrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
-  switch (NetworkId.toString(network)) {
+  let s = NetworkId.toString(network);
+  switch (s) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return prefixes.signatureMainnet;
     case 'testnet':
@@ -362,7 +364,8 @@ const signaturePrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
 };
 
 const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
-  switch (NetworkId.toString(network)) {
+  let s = NetworkId.toString(network);
+  switch (s) {
     case 'mainnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyMainnet;
     case 'testnet':

From 5840e767d3ef57b48accce4315c1fb1529af8aa3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:43:19 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1732/1786] fix tests

---
 src/lib/account-update.ts        | 8 +++++---
 src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/account-update.ts b/src/lib/account-update.ts
index e36f51078c..beb297c26c 100644
--- a/src/lib/account-update.ts
+++ b/src/lib/account-update.ts
@@ -1020,16 +1020,18 @@ class AccountUpdate implements Types.AccountUpdate {
     // consistency between JS & OCaml hashing on *every single account update
     // proof* we create. It will give us 100% confidence that the two
     // implementations are equivalent, and catch regressions quickly
-    let networkId = activeInstance.getNetworkId();
     if (Provable.inCheckedComputation()) {
       let input = Types.AccountUpdate.toInput(this);
-      return hashWithPrefix(zkAppBodyPrefix(networkId), packToFields(input));
+      return hashWithPrefix(
+        zkAppBodyPrefix(activeInstance.getNetworkId()),
+        packToFields(input)
+      );
     } else {
       let json = Types.AccountUpdate.toJSON(this);
       return Field(
         Test.hashFromJson.accountUpdate(
           JSON.stringify(json),
-          NetworkId.toString(networkId)
+          NetworkId.toString(activeInstance.getNetworkId())
         )
       );
     }
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
index 9a94f01cd4..a80ef3e80e 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/signature.ts
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ const signaturePrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
     case 'testnet':
       return prefixes.signatureTestnet;
     default:
-      return createCustomPrefix(network + 'Signature');
+      return createCustomPrefix(s + 'Signature');
   }
 };
 
@@ -371,6 +371,6 @@ const zkAppBodyPrefix = (network: NetworkId) => {
     case 'testnet':
       return prefixes.zkappBodyTestnet;
     default:
-      return createCustomPrefix(network + 'ZkappBody');
+      return createCustomPrefix(s + 'ZkappBody');
   }
 };

From 5b9bdcfebb8ee738a3d3207632240449ae1abfaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Florian Kluge <florian@technotro.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:44:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1733/1786] add check against different network hash

---
 src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
index ced276d9ed..a6db9a9327 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.unit-test.ts
@@ -112,14 +112,14 @@ test(
     let hashSnarky = accountUpdateSnarky.hash();
     let hash = accountUpdateHash(accountUpdate, networkId);
     expect(hash).toEqual(hashSnarky.toBigInt());
-    /* 
+
     // check against different network hash
     expect(hash).not.toEqual(
       accountUpdateHash(
         accountUpdate,
         NetworkId.toString(networkId) === 'mainnet' ? 'testnet' : 'mainnet'
       )
-    ); */
+    );
   }
 );
 

From be9619101f02ef2e3488cb2616deca6af537fe59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:31:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1734/1786] method to generate random keypair

---
 src/lib/signature.ts | 21 ++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/signature.ts b/src/lib/signature.ts
index 261aab8cc2..42cf340dda 100644
--- a/src/lib/signature.ts
+++ b/src/lib/signature.ts
@@ -32,9 +32,13 @@ class PrivateKey extends CircuitValue {
   }
 
   /**
-   * You can use this method to generate a private key. You can then obtain
-   * the associated public key via {@link toPublicKey}. And generate signatures
-   * via {@link Signature.create}.
+   * Generate a random private key.
+   *
+   * You can obtain the associated public key via {@link toPublicKey}.
+   * And generate signatures via {@link Signature.create}.
+   *
+   * Note: This uses node or browser built-in APIs to obtain cryptographically strong randomness,
+   * and can be safely used to generate a real private key.
    *
    * @returns a new {@link PrivateKey}.
    */
@@ -42,6 +46,17 @@ class PrivateKey extends CircuitValue {
     return new PrivateKey(Scalar.random());
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Create a random keypair `{ privateKey: PrivateKey, publicKey: PublicKey }`.
+   *
+   * Note: This uses node or browser built-in APIs to obtain cryptographically strong randomness,
+   * and can be safely used to generate a real keypair.
+   */
+  static randomKeypair() {
+    let privateKey = PrivateKey.random();
+    return { privateKey, publicKey: privateKey.toPublicKey() };
+  }
+
   /**
    * Deserializes a list of bits into a {@link PrivateKey}.
    *

From 1b89d8160797850839343d54ba9c5c4aac0b06aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:32:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1735/1786] fix token contract test

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
index a62ebf160c..3301f9380a 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.unit-test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   AccountUpdateForest,
   TokenContract,
   Int64,
+  PrivateKey,
 } from '../../../index.js';
 
 class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
@@ -26,9 +27,6 @@ class ExampleTokenContract extends TokenContract {
 
     // mint the entire supply to the token account with the same address as this contract
     this.internal.mint({ address: this.address, amount: this.SUPPLY });
-
-    // pay fees for opened account
-    this.balance.subInPlace(Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee);
   }
 }
 
@@ -39,15 +37,19 @@ Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
 
 let [
   { publicKey: sender, privateKey: senderKey },
-  { publicKey: tokenAddress, privateKey: tokenKey },
   { publicKey: otherAddress, privateKey: otherKey },
 ] = Local.testAccounts;
 
+let { publicKey: tokenAddress, privateKey: tokenKey } =
+  PrivateKey.randomKeypair();
 let token = new ExampleTokenContract(tokenAddress);
-let tokenId = token.token.id;
+let tokenId = token.deriveTokenId();
 
 // deploy token contract
-let deployTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => token.deploy());
+let deployTx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+  AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender, 2);
+  token.deploy();
+});
 await deployTx.prove();
 await deployTx.sign([tokenKey, senderKey]).send();
 

From 358aa27c2cf4233c2a3a8779af5ac5ecc7c9160d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:41:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1736/1786] fix dex deploy scripts to respect isNew
 precondition

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts | 12 ++++++------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts  | 12 ++++++------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts                | 12 ++++++------
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts                     | 11 ++++++-----
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts           | 10 +++++-----
 5 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
index 47ca1078bf..78a07961eb 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-actions.ts
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
 tic('deploy & init token contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
-  const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
-  // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
-  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
-  feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
-  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee });
-  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee });
   tokenX.deploy();
   tokenY.deploy();
+
+  // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
+  const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
+  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenX.self, amount: accountFee });
+  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenY.self, amount: accountFee });
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
index 6f44280549..2b6fae11b5 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/happy-path-with-proofs.ts
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ let dexTokenHolderY = new DexTokenHolder(addresses.dex, tokenIds.Y);
 
 tic('deploy & init token contracts');
 tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
-  const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
-  // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
-  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
-  feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
-  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee });
-  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee });
   tokenX.deploy();
   tokenY.deploy();
+
+  // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
+  const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
+  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenX.self, amount: accountFee });
+  feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenY.self, amount: accountFee });
 });
 await tx.prove();
 await tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
index 22c013966f..6db2631acc 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ let userSpec = { sender: addresses.user, fee: 0.1e9 };
 if (successfulTransactions <= 0) {
   tic('deploy & init token contracts');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(senderSpec, () => {
-    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
-    // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
-    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(sender);
-    feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee });
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee });
     tokenX.deploy();
     tokenY.deploy();
+
+    // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender, 2);
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenX.self, amount: accountFee });
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenY.self, amount: accountFee });
   });
   await tx.prove();
   pendingTx = await tx.sign([senderKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]).send();
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
index ca831647e3..0244ae541e 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run.ts
@@ -76,13 +76,14 @@ async function main({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
-    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
-    // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
-    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
     tokenX.deploy();
     tokenY.deploy();
+
+    // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenX.self, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenY.self, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]);
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 0c9fba9b9b..4f8cf4a7ec 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -267,14 +267,14 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
-    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+    tokenX.deploy();
+    tokenY.deploy();
+
     // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
-    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(feePayerAddress);
-    feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(accountFee.mul(2));
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
     feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
     feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
-    tokenX.deploy();
-    tokenY.deploy();
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]);

From 8e9a6161755ee9dfd5fd13e874646ff5210cefd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:42:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1737/1786] changelog

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 6f34205241..255351b785 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/3b5f7c7...HEAD)
 
+### Added
+
+- `PrivateKey.randomKeypair()` to generate private and public key in one command https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1446
+
 ### Deprecated
 
 - `SmartContract.token` is deprecated in favor of new methods on `TokenContract` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1446

From 71087acda48d7fe962f4a6e09a5ce6af93dfd13c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:43:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1738/1786] dump vks

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 6e8a9a738d..2c0384dd01 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -84,8 +84,12 @@
     }
   },
   "Dex": {
-    "digest": "1adce234400fe0b0ea8b1e625256538660d9ed6e15767e2ac78bb7a59d83a3af",
+    "digest": "36685f69aa608d71cbd88eddf77cc2271d0ad781182e7f8ce7ceab746cde896b",
     "methods": {
+      "approveBase": {
+        "rows": 13244,
+        "digest": "4dd81f1cc1a06b617677e08883e50fbd"
+      },
       "supplyLiquidityBase": {
         "rows": 2882,
         "digest": "9930f9a0b82eff6247cded6430c6356f"
@@ -101,15 +105,11 @@
       "burnLiquidity": {
         "rows": 718,
         "digest": "6c406099fe2d2493bd216f9bbe3ba934"
-      },
-      "transfer": {
-        "rows": 1044,
-        "digest": "1df1d01485d388ee364156f940214d23"
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "AADgDFCYyznG8hH/Z695+WW86B544SmJFzz5ObrizTJ4KMqy+pfsOR2Mt2yGViXSJPpAR76RNHNga83UB8/9OPQIB+uHOnxXH7vN8sUeDQi50gWdXzRlzSS1jsT9t+XsQwHNWgMQp04pKmF+0clYz1zwOO95BwHGcQ/olrSYW4tbJN6KW0hN2eESQfUJcwfB6uUzwvGtkFs+aiUykn7KUgUgXQkKgdHHdyFioNHNPmkpiAre/Ts8BKwwvf5hCa1MtBF6ax6ymlATB4YBL0ETiEPTE/Qk1zGWUSL2UB6aY45/LlfTLCKlyLq7cR3HOucFfBncVfzI7D8j5n4wVqY+vAI4cf+Yv7iVRLbeFcycXtsuPQntgBzKa/mcqcWuVM7p2SYRrtKdX8EKvOO6NhfLx4x0atAi8pKf+vZR76LSP4iOA8hwXvk6MNvPt1fxCS96ZAKuAzZnAcK+MH1OcKeLj+EHtZmf40WRb3AEG5TWRKuD6DT5noDclZsE8ROZKUSOKAUGIBvt7MpzOWPPchmnromWEevmXo3GoPUZCKnWX6ZLAtJwAszLUgiVS8rx3JnLXuXrtcVFto5FFQhwSHZyzuYZAIDAYK7Q5B4vfVRO2sKtcsdvqGaN8PqBI0wk/ztCG24fs6Y8bh/c3VE5+aYOpXHrg48pkPU0BALhn9HBXRD4zAEX158Ec7dRasnw88ilp3WCDpjKgqPkM2k6lr/GtZEqJPVdN/OQieSqy7+nA/QJOMD0KJw/f/BRjQK8pl5w1+YDJ5M/KjfmCc2/EsnV7Mhax350ZtrXdzh/HWIWzEZKKxcbERFbRtf+fkMOOLNpNov1FEFvKOU612vDOIbrVHeBN9mwuepUrJctcfgLc0Mi3Sxs3+NA0I74qm5ktjmplDwgUtKzIs3IrVFv6b1pg/J32HmwNzJZw2fYzpFE1LDjBSK/SX3axwMy5yEd8+jl4uAdQZpa9UQQIHu1Y1ZMgJSDDicXz6D1bZMA1Q2/lU+8AYbldgQVmlLq/lzr63krX+AMui2aEHwEFHenVnLoyu8b9mrtq35xqy228mqECf8YRQtjf5x4cYfXeDfwEqyfh+J9Wau/9pflXra/iQpHqoJlPruN7YPBiXekC30QeageThlYM/EdNZbgPSCxaKiLvdkrysX/B10Phr5p9KLUclsaeQrwr3taDhHobZe2LxxKVCz59l19FcR35ItoigIxtMfkv3rdlCOeBVI93oVl5esiH8AvYGHhulWIvrNfKol3Viir41zv4qMBOcQg8+ygqjwqREU5+qiYeJlQ2AtT0/PVeZWg4mHC39uz1Lld3N2hyyxRo+Z0nC/8220uuf9gAnQ+JFixgyYW0NowUtuFj+uYAV9Dh/Zpe4LyAOkU0kBW4CEuOxNr+gz+9h0BoPfBHlMuuQAUc5L8uMunJC7uBKZiL+/tT1ZGfyIuqU47fEP9Hghxmip8v7gpf+4wB0MVUUwav9QRe9g88ER1HcJPqYb4EIOc2kbYSX75bT0mAFqR8lwZrj6lbQtNS0QQboG5fzoyYGi8YnSXhC2T5fFDpGJ319GHUsna58o5wk8LMwKWNTxq+FN6XiRgu0BFOrtG6MtT1OxYE9Dti6WatGDsWv+KMLDHjxUK1bhiSRnvkWYNcnuDJ0Ry+PRGHNUijVU0SbchntC2JHdhwKbwIofwKHE8HhvlK8FgQ1VOLDioA26UFzr23LpCTqwSJ7/sAqttNGcPR8MSeeR9TQvXNYQPKrA7Gh720X+7LD6BuHdy4vkcr9EKBU0ccUJ2ABBiyPdji+AgEbUCL/wrp6/GX8pui5YJGWx3XmIFj/RnYS2Je5FZ7w74JclD3XhLUo5Dhpq5RznHplpLB9mNdZdm5269US/XCgC/ZKyUxW3+0ajdBY1cLzF6qglitaYTp3MVUENVOkACM2RyKw6jIK2Leq3qLp6AUz21VXj4WznZcdI8MXqT9v8HxjXbAI9dtbhLRZRpJmu/129vrVmwSTHvsVoA7vXyYh/iO3ZMcy+D1x+HZU6Q/oDYCicqOPHxpSc9QGehmNyeGzI//524Gz3RudkU7s6MPdLWqZrieRTnWsTIrCDieu4ValfP8BFz7asYUv0t9jMWpv3yjbY7c5h8N/m7IUXwTQCzFpjPV7HC72BjVwPaYqh5/oAQsSNcv5I3c2GsCGj5C4hFFoT7eWfVtu/6ibQl0COhRDsegnOBtZ7NGfybI8IIO/4yrgel92bypb3eSxeMvdE5wzURluGDkBVVIACD8C5W1MzqrejUiiTfc3mkLhQ0xKRRhT0qqkmYWlbGN5hmMOA9YaYx8OFTgMys1WbzdidWgEkyvvdkWctGlges6eg/lJE61tJ8wGxvJfKtpyDW/2MRvsnO1+2EXIQ2eV3hkxg=",
-      "hash": "23594323045578615602880853374590447788338441806100547122393736875331781522763"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "27190148268093452485039136201330807645985391900537471731621996478489554499244"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From a6a06e44c99ee2bd26c3f23000e7f0de72f64858 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 11:45:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1739/1786] remove obsolete example

---
 .../zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts | 57 -------------------
 1 file changed, 57 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 27843a1a23..0000000000
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/arbitrary-token-interaction.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-import { AccountUpdate, Mina, TokenId, UInt64 } from 'o1js';
-import { TokenContract, addresses, keys, tokenIds } from './dex.js';
-
-let doProofs = true;
-let Local = Mina.LocalBlockchain({ proofsEnabled: doProofs });
-Mina.setActiveInstance(Local);
-
-let [{ privateKey: userKey, publicKey: userAddress }] = Local.testAccounts;
-let tx;
-
-console.log('-------------------------------------------------');
-console.log('TOKEN X ADDRESS\t', addresses.tokenX.toBase58());
-console.log('USER ADDRESS\t', userAddress.toBase58());
-console.log('-------------------------------------------------');
-console.log('TOKEN X ID\t', TokenId.toBase58(tokenIds.X));
-console.log('-------------------------------------------------');
-
-// compile & deploy all 5 zkApps
-console.log('compile (token)...');
-await TokenContract.compile();
-
-let tokenX = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
-
-console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
-  // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 1 account themselves
-  let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress);
-  feePayerUpdate.balance.subInPlace(
-    Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1)
-  );
-  tokenX.deploy();
-});
-await tx.prove();
-tx.sign([keys.tokenX]);
-await tx.send();
-
-console.log('arbitrary token minting...');
-tx = await Mina.transaction(userAddress, () => {
-  // pay fees for creating user's token X account
-  AccountUpdate.createSigned(userAddress).balance.subInPlace(
-    Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee.mul(1)
-  );
-  // 😈😈😈 mint any number of tokens to our account 😈😈😈
-  let tokenContract = new TokenContract(addresses.tokenX);
-  tokenContract.internal.mint({
-    address: userAddress,
-    amount: UInt64.from(1e18),
-  });
-});
-await tx.prove();
-console.log(tx.toPretty());
-await tx.send();
-
-console.log(
-  'User tokens: ',
-  Mina.getBalance(userAddress, tokenIds.X).value.toBigInt()
-);

From 40ebf95c8d5b3f2a4631564178b056b2763cc2b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 12:09:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1740/1786] fixup upgradability test

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts           | 6 ++++++
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts | 4 ++--
 src/lib/precondition.ts                  | 7 +++++++
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
index eec19763d7..84dec73c87 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/dex.ts
@@ -208,6 +208,12 @@ function createDex({
   }
 
   class ModifiedDex extends Dex {
+    deploy() {
+      super.deploy();
+      // override the isNew requirement for re-deploying
+      this.account.isNew.requireNothing();
+    }
+
     @method swapX(dx: UInt64): UInt64 {
       let tokenY = new TokenContract(this.tokenY);
       let dexY = new ModifiedDexTokenHolder(
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 4f8cf4a7ec..8358b45364 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ async function upgradeabilityTests({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
     // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
     const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
     let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenX.self, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenY.self, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]);
diff --git a/src/lib/precondition.ts b/src/lib/precondition.ts
index ff54c2c835..8800d5b344 100644
--- a/src/lib/precondition.ts
+++ b/src/lib/precondition.ts
@@ -426,6 +426,13 @@ function preconditionSubclass<
       this.requireEquals(value);
     },
     requireNothing() {
+      let property = getPath(
+        accountUpdate.body.preconditions,
+        longKey
+      ) as AnyCondition<U>;
+      if ('isSome' in property) {
+        property.isSome = Bool(false);
+      }
       context.constrained.add(longKey);
     },
     assertNothing() {

From 6be807ba93965647f5fd8f19117466107dd842a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 12:14:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1741/1786] another fix

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
index 8358b45364..366ca2c467 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/upgradability.ts
@@ -57,13 +57,14 @@ async function atomicActionsTest({ withVesting }: { withVesting: boolean }) {
 
   console.log('deploy & init token contracts...');
   tx = await Mina.transaction(feePayerAddress, () => {
-    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
-    // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
-    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenX, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
-    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: addresses.tokenY, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
     tokenX.deploy();
     tokenY.deploy();
+
+    // pay fees for creating 2 token contract accounts, and fund them so each can create 2 accounts themselves
+    const accountFee = Mina.getNetworkConstants().accountCreationFee;
+    let feePayerUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(feePayerAddress, 2);
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenX.self, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
+    feePayerUpdate.send({ to: tokenY.self, amount: accountFee.mul(2) });
   });
   await tx.prove();
   tx.sign([feePayerKey, keys.tokenX, keys.tokenY]);

From 97470486c138165134f6a1ba48397c633428dfd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 09:39:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1742/1786] refactor(transaction): move transaction
 implementations to new module

---
 src/index.ts                |   6 +
 src/lib/mina.ts             | 453 +---------------------------------
 src/lib/mina/graphql.ts     |   9 +
 src/lib/mina/transaction.ts | 468 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 496 insertions(+), 440 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction.ts

diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 3df9a61116..865bb01d05 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,12 @@ export {
 } from './lib/provable-types/merkle-list.js';
 
 export * as Mina from './lib/mina.js';
+export {
+  type Transaction,
+  type PendingTransaction,
+  type IncludedTransaction,
+  type RejectedTransaction,
+} from './lib/mina/transaction.js';
 export type { DeployArgs } from './lib/zkapp.js';
 export {
   SmartContract,
diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index b1892462f8..a92d7c5d6b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -3,29 +3,23 @@ import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
 import {
-  addMissingProofs,
-  addMissingSignatures,
-  FeePayerUnsigned,
   ZkappCommand,
   AccountUpdate,
   ZkappPublicInput,
   TokenId,
-  CallForest,
   Authorization,
   Actions,
   Events,
   dummySignature,
-  AccountUpdateLayout,
 } from './account-update.js';
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
-import { assertPreconditionInvariants, NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
-import { cloneCircuitValue, toConstant } from './circuit-value.js';
-import { Empty, JsonProof, Proof, verify } from './proof-system.js';
+import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
+import { cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit-value.js';
+import { JsonProof, verify } from './proof-system.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
 import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './mina/constants.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { Ml } from './ml/conversion.js';
 import {
@@ -33,7 +27,7 @@ import {
   verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
 } from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
-import { FetchMode, currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
+import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import {
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
@@ -46,14 +40,18 @@ import {
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
+import { type EventActionFilterOptions } from './mina/graphql.js';
 import {
-  type EventActionFilterOptions,
-  type SendZkAppResponse,
-  sendZkappQuery,
-} from './mina/graphql.js';
+  type Transaction,
+  type PendingTransaction,
+  type IncludedTransaction,
+  type RejectedTransaction,
+  createTransaction,
+  newTransaction,
+  createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
+} from './mina/transaction.js';
 
 export {
-  createTransaction,
   BerkeleyQANet,
   Network,
   LocalBlockchain,
@@ -74,7 +72,6 @@ export {
   getNetworkConstants,
   getNetworkState,
   accountCreationFee,
-  sendTransaction,
   fetchEvents,
   fetchActions,
   getActions,
@@ -96,261 +93,6 @@ setActiveInstance({
   },
 });
 
-/**
- * Defines the structure and operations associated with a transaction.
- * This type encompasses methods for serializing the transaction, signing it, generating proofs,
- * and submitting it to the network.
- */
-type Transaction = {
-  /**
-   * Transaction structure used to describe a state transition on the Mina blockchain.
-   */
-  transaction: ZkappCommand;
-  /**
-   * Serializes the transaction to a JSON string.
-   * @returns A string representation of the {@link Transaction}.
-   */
-  toJSON(): string;
-  /**
-   * Produces a pretty-printed JSON representation of the {@link Transaction}.
-   * @returns A formatted string representing the transaction in JSON.
-   */
-  toPretty(): any;
-  /**
-   * Constructs the GraphQL query string used for submitting the transaction to a Mina daemon.
-   * @returns The GraphQL query string for the {@link Transaction}.
-   */
-  toGraphqlQuery(): string;
-  /**
-   * Signs all {@link AccountUpdate}s included in the {@link Transaction} that require a signature.
-   * {@link AccountUpdate}s that require a signature can be specified with `{AccountUpdate|SmartContract}.requireSignature()`.
-   * @param additionalKeys The list of keys that should be used to sign the {@link Transaction}
-   * @returns The {@link Transaction} instance with all required signatures applied.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const signedTx = transaction.sign([userPrivateKey]);
-   * console.log('Transaction signed successfully.');
-   * ```
-   */
-  sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]): Transaction;
-  /**
-   * Initiates the proof generation process for the {@link Transaction}. This asynchronous operation is
-   * crucial for zero-knowledge-based transactions, where proofs are required to validate state transitions.
-   * This can take some time.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * await transaction.prove();
-   * ```
-   */
-  prove(): Promise<(Proof<ZkappPublicInput, Empty> | undefined)[]>;
-  /**
-   * Submits the {@link Transaction} to the network. This method asynchronously sends the transaction
-   * for processing and returns a {@link PendingTransaction} instance, which can be used to monitor its progress.
-   * @returns A promise that resolves to a {@link PendingTransaction} instance representing the submitted transaction.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const pendingTransaction = await transaction.send();
-   * console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
-   * ```
-   */
-  send(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
-
-  /**
-   * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network, unlike the standard send(), this function will throw an error if internal errors are detected.
-   * @throws {Error} If the transaction fails to be sent to the Mina daemon or if it encounters errors during processing.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * try {
-   *  const pendingTransaction = await transaction.sendOrThrowIfError();
-   *  console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
-   * } catch (error) {
-   *  console.error('Transaction failed with errors:', error);
-   * }
-   * ```
-   */
-  sendOrThrowIfError(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
-};
-
-/**
- * Represents a transaction that has been submitted to the blockchain but has not yet reached a final state.
- * The {@link PendingTransaction} type extends certain functionalities from the base {@link Transaction} type,
- * adding methods to monitor the transaction's progress towards being finalized (either included in a block or rejected).
- */
-type PendingTransaction = Pick<
-  Transaction,
-  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty'
-> & {
-  /**
-   * @property {boolean} isSuccess Indicates whether the transaction was successfully sent to the Mina daemon.
-   * It does not guarantee inclusion in a block. A value of `true` means the transaction was accepted by the Mina daemon for processing.
-   * However, the transaction may still be rejected later during the finalization process if it fails to be included in a block.
-   * Use `.wait()` or `.waitOrThrowIfError()` methods to determine the final state of the transaction.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * if (pendingTransaction.isSuccess) {
-   *   console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
-   *   try {
-   *     await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError();
-   *     console.log('Transaction was included in a block.');
-   *   } catch (error) {
-   *     console.error('Transaction was rejected or failed to be included in a block:', error);
-   *   }
-   * } else {
-   *   console.error('Failed to send transaction to the Mina daemon.');
-   * }
-   * ```
-   */
-  isSuccess: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Waits for the transaction to be finalized and returns the result.
-   * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
-   * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of attempts to check the transaction status.
-   * @param {number} [options.interval] The interval, in milliseconds, between status checks.
-   * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const transaction = await pendingTransaction.wait({ maxAttempts: 5, interval: 1000 });
-   * console.log(transaction.status); // 'included' or 'rejected'
-   * ```
-   */
-  wait(options?: {
-    maxAttempts?: number;
-    interval?: number;
-  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
-
-  /**
-   * Similar to `wait`, but throws an error if the transaction is rejected or if it fails to finalize within the given attempts.
-   * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
-   * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of polling attempts.
-   * @param {number} [options.interval] The time interval, in milliseconds, between each polling attempt.
-   * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state or throws an error.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * try {
-   *   const transaction = await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError({ maxAttempts: 10, interval: 2000 });
-   *   console.log('Transaction included in a block.');
-   * } catch (error) {
-   *   console.error('Transaction rejected or failed to finalize:', error);
-   * }
-   * ```
-   */
-  waitOrThrowIfError(options?: {
-    maxAttempts?: number;
-    interval?: number;
-  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
-
-  /**
-   * Generates and returns the transaction hash as a string identifier.
-   * @returns {string} The hash of the transaction.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const txHash = pendingTransaction.hash();
-   * console.log(`Transaction hash: ${txHash}`);
-   * ```
-   */
-  hash(): string;
-
-  /**
-   * Optional. Contains response data from a ZkApp transaction submission.
-   *
-   * @property {SendZkAppResponse} [data] The response data from the transaction submission.
-   */
-  data?: SendZkAppResponse;
-
-  /**
-   * An array of error messages related to the transaction processing.
-   *
-   * @property {string[]} errors Descriptive error messages if the transaction encountered issues during processing.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * if (!pendingTransaction.isSuccess && pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
-   *   console.error(`Transaction errors: ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(', ')}`);
-   * }
-   * ```
-   */
-  errors: string[];
-};
-
-/**
- * Represents a transaction that has been successfully included in a block.
- */
-type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
-  PendingTransaction,
-  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
-> & {
-  /**
-   * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, indicating successful inclusion in a block.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const includedTx: IncludedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
-   * if (includedTx.status === 'included') {
-   *   console.log(`Transaction ${includedTx.hash()} included in a block.`);
-   * }
-   * ```
-   */
-  status: 'included';
-};
-
-/**
- * Represents a transaction that has been rejected and not included in a blockchain block.
- */
-type RejectedTransaction = Pick<
-  PendingTransaction,
-  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
-> & {
-  /**
-   * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, specifically indicating that it has been rejected.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const rejectedTx: RejectedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
-   * if (rejectedTx.status === 'rejected') {
-   *   console.error(`Transaction ${rejectedTx.hash()} was rejected.`);
-   *   rejectedTx.errors.forEach((error, i) => {
-   *     console.error(`Error ${i + 1}: ${error}`);
-   *   });
-   * }
-   * ```
-   */
-  status: 'rejected';
-
-  /**
-   * @property {string[]} errors An array of error messages detailing the reasons for the transaction's rejection.
-   */
-  errors: string[];
-};
-
-function createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-  {
-    transaction,
-    data,
-    toJSON,
-    toPretty,
-    hash,
-  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'>,
-  errors: string[]
-): IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction {
-  if (errors.length > 0) {
-    return {
-      status: 'rejected',
-      errors,
-      transaction,
-      toJSON,
-      toPretty,
-      hash,
-      data,
-    };
-  }
-  return {
-    status: 'included',
-    transaction,
-    toJSON,
-    toPretty,
-    hash,
-    data,
-  };
-}
-
 const Transaction = {
   fromJSON(json: Types.Json.ZkappCommand): Transaction {
     let transaction = ZkappCommand.fromJSON(json);
@@ -366,171 +108,6 @@ function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
   }
 }
 
-function createTransaction(
-  feePayer: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
-  f: () => unknown,
-  numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined,
-  {
-    fetchMode = 'cached' as FetchMode,
-    isFinalRunOutsideCircuit = true,
-    proofsEnabled = true,
-  } = {}
-): Transaction {
-  if (currentTransaction.has()) {
-    throw new Error('Cannot start new transaction within another transaction');
-  }
-  let feePayerSpec: {
-    sender?: PublicKey;
-    feePayerKey?: PrivateKey;
-    fee?: number | string | UInt64;
-    memo?: string;
-    nonce?: number;
-  };
-  if (feePayer === undefined) {
-    feePayerSpec = {};
-  } else if (feePayer instanceof PrivateKey) {
-    feePayerSpec = { feePayerKey: feePayer, sender: feePayer.toPublicKey() };
-  } else if (feePayer instanceof PublicKey) {
-    feePayerSpec = { sender: feePayer };
-  } else {
-    feePayerSpec = feePayer;
-    if (feePayerSpec.sender === undefined)
-      feePayerSpec.sender = feePayerSpec.feePayerKey?.toPublicKey();
-  }
-  let { feePayerKey, sender, fee, memo = '', nonce } = feePayerSpec;
-
-  let transactionId = currentTransaction.enter({
-    sender,
-    layout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
-    fetchMode,
-    isFinalRunOutsideCircuit,
-    numberOfRuns,
-  });
-
-  // run circuit
-  // we have this while(true) loop because one of the smart contracts we're calling inside `f` might be calling
-  // SmartContract.analyzeMethods, which would be running its methods again inside `Provable.constraintSystem`, which
-  // would throw an error when nested inside `Provable.runAndCheck`. So if that happens, we have to run `analyzeMethods` first
-  // and retry `Provable.runAndCheck(f)`. Since at this point in the function, we don't know which smart contracts are involved,
-  // we created that hack with a `bootstrap()` function that analyzeMethods sticks on the error, to call itself again.
-  try {
-    let err: any;
-    while (true) {
-      if (err !== undefined) err.bootstrap();
-      try {
-        if (fetchMode === 'test') {
-          Provable.runUnchecked(() => {
-            f();
-            Provable.asProver(() => {
-              let tx = currentTransaction.get();
-              tx.layout.toConstantInPlace();
-            });
-          });
-        } else {
-          f();
-        }
-        break;
-      } catch (err_) {
-        if ((err_ as any)?.bootstrap) err = err_;
-        else throw err_;
-      }
-    }
-  } catch (err) {
-    currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
-    throw err;
-  }
-
-  let accountUpdates = currentTransaction
-    .get()
-    .layout.toFlatList({ mutate: true });
-
-  try {
-    // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
-    for (let accountUpdate of accountUpdates) {
-      assertPreconditionInvariants(accountUpdate);
-    }
-  } catch (err) {
-    currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
-    throw err;
-  }
-
-  let feePayerAccountUpdate: FeePayerUnsigned;
-  if (sender !== undefined) {
-    // if senderKey is provided, fetch account to get nonce and mark to be signed
-    let nonce_;
-    let senderAccount = getAccount(sender, TokenId.default);
-
-    if (nonce === undefined) {
-      nonce_ = senderAccount.nonce;
-    } else {
-      nonce_ = UInt32.from(nonce);
-      senderAccount.nonce = nonce_;
-      Fetch.addCachedAccount(senderAccount);
-    }
-    feePayerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.defaultFeePayer(sender, nonce_);
-    if (feePayerKey !== undefined)
-      feePayerAccountUpdate.lazyAuthorization!.privateKey = feePayerKey;
-    if (fee !== undefined) {
-      feePayerAccountUpdate.body.fee =
-        fee instanceof UInt64 ? fee : UInt64.from(String(fee));
-    }
-  } else {
-    // otherwise use a dummy fee payer that has to be filled in later
-    feePayerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.dummyFeePayer();
-  }
-
-  let transaction: ZkappCommand = {
-    accountUpdates,
-    feePayer: feePayerAccountUpdate,
-    memo,
-  };
-
-  currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
-  return newTransaction(transaction, proofsEnabled);
-}
-
-function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
-  let self: Transaction = {
-    transaction,
-    sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]) {
-      self.transaction = addMissingSignatures(self.transaction, additionalKeys);
-      return self;
-    },
-    async prove() {
-      let { zkappCommand, proofs } = await addMissingProofs(self.transaction, {
-        proofsEnabled,
-      });
-      self.transaction = zkappCommand;
-      return proofs;
-    },
-    toJSON() {
-      let json = ZkappCommand.toJSON(self.transaction);
-      return JSON.stringify(json);
-    },
-    toPretty() {
-      return ZkappCommand.toPretty(self.transaction);
-    },
-    toGraphqlQuery() {
-      return sendZkappQuery(self.toJSON());
-    },
-    async send() {
-      return await sendTransaction(self);
-    },
-    async sendOrThrowIfError() {
-      const pendingTransaction = await sendTransaction(self);
-      if (pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
-        throw Error(
-          `Transaction failed with errors:\n- ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(
-            '\n- '
-          )}`
-        );
-      }
-      return pendingTransaction;
-    },
-  };
-  return self;
-}
-
 /**
  * A mock Mina blockchain running locally and useful for testing.
  */
@@ -1391,10 +968,6 @@ function accountCreationFee() {
   return activeInstance.accountCreationFee();
 }
 
-async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
-  return await activeInstance.sendTransaction(txn);
-}
-
 /**
  * @return A list of emitted events associated to the given public key.
  */
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
index 45600d3932..9cff4b2217 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/graphql.ts
@@ -404,6 +404,15 @@ const lastBlockQueryFailureCheck = (length: number) => `{
         }
       }
     }
+    stateHash
+    protocolState {
+      consensusState {
+        blockHeight
+        epoch
+        slotSinceGenesis
+      }
+      previousStateHash
+    }
   }
 }`;
 
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43274c98c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+import {
+  ZkappCommand,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  ZkappPublicInput,
+  AccountUpdateLayout,
+  FeePayerUnsigned,
+  addMissingSignatures,
+  TokenId,
+  addMissingProofs,
+} from '../account-update.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { UInt32, UInt64 } from '../int.js';
+import { Empty, Proof } from '../proof-system.js';
+import { currentTransaction } from './transaction-context.js';
+import { Provable } from '../provable.js';
+import { assertPreconditionInvariants } from '../precondition.js';
+import { Account } from './account.js';
+import {
+  type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  activeInstance,
+} from './mina-instance.js';
+import * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
+import { type SendZkAppResponse, sendZkappQuery } from './graphql.js';
+import { type FetchMode } from './transaction-context.js';
+
+export {
+  type Transaction,
+  type PendingTransaction,
+  type IncludedTransaction,
+  type RejectedTransaction,
+  createTransaction,
+  sendTransaction,
+  newTransaction,
+  getAccount,
+  createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Defines the structure and operations associated with a transaction.
+ * This type encompasses methods for serializing the transaction, signing it, generating proofs,
+ * and submitting it to the network.
+ */
+type Transaction = {
+  /**
+   * Transaction structure used to describe a state transition on the Mina blockchain.
+   */
+  transaction: ZkappCommand;
+  /**
+   * Serializes the transaction to a JSON string.
+   * @returns A string representation of the {@link Transaction}.
+   */
+  toJSON(): string;
+  /**
+   * Produces a pretty-printed JSON representation of the {@link Transaction}.
+   * @returns A formatted string representing the transaction in JSON.
+   */
+  toPretty(): any;
+  /**
+   * Constructs the GraphQL query string used for submitting the transaction to a Mina daemon.
+   * @returns The GraphQL query string for the {@link Transaction}.
+   */
+  toGraphqlQuery(): string;
+  /**
+   * Signs all {@link AccountUpdate}s included in the {@link Transaction} that require a signature.
+   * {@link AccountUpdate}s that require a signature can be specified with `{AccountUpdate|SmartContract}.requireSignature()`.
+   * @param additionalKeys The list of keys that should be used to sign the {@link Transaction}
+   * @returns The {@link Transaction} instance with all required signatures applied.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const signedTx = transaction.sign([userPrivateKey]);
+   * console.log('Transaction signed successfully.');
+   * ```
+   */
+  sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]): Transaction;
+  /**
+   * Initiates the proof generation process for the {@link Transaction}. This asynchronous operation is
+   * crucial for zero-knowledge-based transactions, where proofs are required to validate state transitions.
+   * This can take some time.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * await transaction.prove();
+   * ```
+   */
+  prove(): Promise<(Proof<ZkappPublicInput, Empty> | undefined)[]>;
+  /**
+   * Submits the {@link Transaction} to the network. This method asynchronously sends the transaction
+   * for processing and returns a {@link PendingTransaction} instance, which can be used to monitor its progress.
+   * @returns A promise that resolves to a {@link PendingTransaction} instance representing the submitted transaction.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const pendingTransaction = await transaction.send();
+   * console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
+   * ```
+   */
+  send(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
+
+  /**
+   * Sends the {@link Transaction} to the network, unlike the standard send(), this function will throw an error if internal errors are detected.
+   * @throws {Error} If the transaction fails to be sent to the Mina daemon or if it encounters errors during processing.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * try {
+   *  const pendingTransaction = await transaction.sendOrThrowIfError();
+   *  console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
+   * } catch (error) {
+   *  console.error('Transaction failed with errors:', error);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  sendOrThrowIfError(): Promise<PendingTransaction>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Represents a transaction that has been submitted to the blockchain but has not yet reached a final state.
+ * The {@link PendingTransaction} type extends certain functionalities from the base {@link Transaction} type,
+ * adding methods to monitor the transaction's progress towards being finalized (either included in a block or rejected).
+ */
+type PendingTransaction = Pick<
+  Transaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty'
+> & {
+  /**
+   * @property {boolean} isSuccess Indicates whether the transaction was successfully sent to the Mina daemon.
+   * It does not guarantee inclusion in a block. A value of `true` means the transaction was accepted by the Mina daemon for processing.
+   * However, the transaction may still be rejected later during the finalization process if it fails to be included in a block.
+   * Use `.wait()` or `.waitOrThrowIfError()` methods to determine the final state of the transaction.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * if (pendingTransaction.isSuccess) {
+   *   console.log('Transaction sent successfully to the Mina daemon.');
+   *   try {
+   *     await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError();
+   *     console.log('Transaction was included in a block.');
+   *   } catch (error) {
+   *     console.error('Transaction was rejected or failed to be included in a block:', error);
+   *   }
+   * } else {
+   *   console.error('Failed to send transaction to the Mina daemon.');
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  isSuccess: boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Waits for the transaction to be finalized and returns the result.
+   * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
+   * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of attempts to check the transaction status.
+   * @param {number} [options.interval] The interval, in milliseconds, between status checks.
+   * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const transaction = await pendingTransaction.wait({ maxAttempts: 5, interval: 1000 });
+   * console.log(transaction.status); // 'included' or 'rejected'
+   * ```
+   */
+  wait(options?: {
+    maxAttempts?: number;
+    interval?: number;
+  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
+
+  /**
+   * Similar to `wait`, but throws an error if the transaction is rejected or if it fails to finalize within the given attempts.
+   * @param {Object} [options] Configuration options for polling behavior.
+   * @param {number} [options.maxAttempts] The maximum number of polling attempts.
+   * @param {number} [options.interval] The time interval, in milliseconds, between each polling attempt.
+   * @returns {Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>} A promise that resolves to the transaction's final state or throws an error.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * try {
+   *   const transaction = await pendingTransaction.waitOrThrowIfError({ maxAttempts: 10, interval: 2000 });
+   *   console.log('Transaction included in a block.');
+   * } catch (error) {
+   *   console.error('Transaction rejected or failed to finalize:', error);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  waitOrThrowIfError(options?: {
+    maxAttempts?: number;
+    interval?: number;
+  }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
+
+  /**
+   * Generates and returns the transaction hash as a string identifier.
+   * @returns {string} The hash of the transaction.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const txHash = pendingTransaction.hash();
+   * console.log(`Transaction hash: ${txHash}`);
+   * ```
+   */
+  hash(): string;
+
+  /**
+   * Optional. Contains response data from a ZkApp transaction submission.
+   *
+   * @property {SendZkAppResponse} [data] The response data from the transaction submission.
+   */
+  data?: SendZkAppResponse;
+
+  /**
+   * An array of error messages related to the transaction processing.
+   *
+   * @property {string[]} errors Descriptive error messages if the transaction encountered issues during processing.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * if (!pendingTransaction.isSuccess && pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
+   *   console.error(`Transaction errors: ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(', ')}`);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  errors: string[];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Represents a transaction that has been successfully included in a block.
+ */
+type IncludedTransaction = Pick<
+  PendingTransaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
+> & {
+  /**
+   * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, indicating successful inclusion in a block.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const includedTx: IncludedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
+   * if (includedTx.status === 'included') {
+   *   console.log(`Transaction ${includedTx.hash()} included in a block.`);
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  status: 'included';
+};
+
+/**
+ * Represents a transaction that has been rejected and not included in a blockchain block.
+ */
+type RejectedTransaction = Pick<
+  PendingTransaction,
+  'transaction' | 'toJSON' | 'toPretty' | 'hash' | 'data'
+> & {
+  /**
+   * @property {string} status The final status of the transaction, specifically indicating that it has been rejected.
+   * @example
+   * ```ts
+   * const rejectedTx: RejectedTransaction = await pendingTransaction.wait();
+   * if (rejectedTx.status === 'rejected') {
+   *   console.error(`Transaction ${rejectedTx.hash()} was rejected.`);
+   *   rejectedTx.errors.forEach((error, i) => {
+   *     console.error(`Error ${i + 1}: ${error}`);
+   *   });
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
+  status: 'rejected';
+
+  /**
+   * @property {string[]} errors An array of error messages detailing the reasons for the transaction's rejection.
+   */
+  errors: string[];
+};
+
+function createTransaction(
+  feePayer: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  f: () => unknown,
+  numberOfRuns: 0 | 1 | undefined,
+  {
+    fetchMode = 'cached' as FetchMode,
+    isFinalRunOutsideCircuit = true,
+    proofsEnabled = true,
+  } = {}
+): Transaction {
+  if (currentTransaction.has()) {
+    throw new Error('Cannot start new transaction within another transaction');
+  }
+  let feePayerSpec: {
+    sender?: PublicKey;
+    feePayerKey?: PrivateKey;
+    fee?: number | string | UInt64;
+    memo?: string;
+    nonce?: number;
+  };
+  if (feePayer === undefined) {
+    feePayerSpec = {};
+  } else if (feePayer instanceof PrivateKey) {
+    feePayerSpec = { feePayerKey: feePayer, sender: feePayer.toPublicKey() };
+  } else if (feePayer instanceof PublicKey) {
+    feePayerSpec = { sender: feePayer };
+  } else {
+    feePayerSpec = feePayer;
+    if (feePayerSpec.sender === undefined)
+      feePayerSpec.sender = feePayerSpec.feePayerKey?.toPublicKey();
+  }
+  let { feePayerKey, sender, fee, memo = '', nonce } = feePayerSpec;
+
+  let transactionId = currentTransaction.enter({
+    sender,
+    layout: new AccountUpdateLayout(),
+    fetchMode,
+    isFinalRunOutsideCircuit,
+    numberOfRuns,
+  });
+
+  // run circuit
+  // we have this while(true) loop because one of the smart contracts we're calling inside `f` might be calling
+  // SmartContract.analyzeMethods, which would be running its methods again inside `Provable.constraintSystem`, which
+  // would throw an error when nested inside `Provable.runAndCheck`. So if that happens, we have to run `analyzeMethods` first
+  // and retry `Provable.runAndCheck(f)`. Since at this point in the function, we don't know which smart contracts are involved,
+  // we created that hack with a `bootstrap()` function that analyzeMethods sticks on the error, to call itself again.
+  try {
+    let err: any;
+    while (true) {
+      if (err !== undefined) err.bootstrap();
+      try {
+        if (fetchMode === 'test') {
+          Provable.runUnchecked(() => {
+            f();
+            Provable.asProver(() => {
+              let tx = currentTransaction.get();
+              tx.layout.toConstantInPlace();
+            });
+          });
+        } else {
+          f();
+        }
+        break;
+      } catch (err_) {
+        if ((err_ as any)?.bootstrap) err = err_;
+        else throw err_;
+      }
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
+    throw err;
+  }
+
+  let accountUpdates = currentTransaction
+    .get()
+    .layout.toFlatList({ mutate: true });
+
+  try {
+    // check that on-chain values weren't used without setting a precondition
+    for (let accountUpdate of accountUpdates) {
+      assertPreconditionInvariants(accountUpdate);
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
+    throw err;
+  }
+
+  let feePayerAccountUpdate: FeePayerUnsigned;
+  if (sender !== undefined) {
+    // if senderKey is provided, fetch account to get nonce and mark to be signed
+    let nonce_;
+    let senderAccount = getAccount(sender, TokenId.default);
+
+    if (nonce === undefined) {
+      nonce_ = senderAccount.nonce;
+    } else {
+      nonce_ = UInt32.from(nonce);
+      senderAccount.nonce = nonce_;
+      Fetch.addCachedAccount(senderAccount);
+    }
+    feePayerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.defaultFeePayer(sender, nonce_);
+    if (feePayerKey !== undefined)
+      feePayerAccountUpdate.lazyAuthorization!.privateKey = feePayerKey;
+    if (fee !== undefined) {
+      feePayerAccountUpdate.body.fee =
+        fee instanceof UInt64 ? fee : UInt64.from(String(fee));
+    }
+  } else {
+    // otherwise use a dummy fee payer that has to be filled in later
+    feePayerAccountUpdate = AccountUpdate.dummyFeePayer();
+  }
+
+  let transaction: ZkappCommand = {
+    accountUpdates,
+    feePayer: feePayerAccountUpdate,
+    memo,
+  };
+
+  currentTransaction.leave(transactionId);
+  return newTransaction(transaction, proofsEnabled);
+}
+
+function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
+  let self: Transaction = {
+    transaction,
+    sign(additionalKeys?: PrivateKey[]) {
+      self.transaction = addMissingSignatures(self.transaction, additionalKeys);
+      return self;
+    },
+    async prove() {
+      let { zkappCommand, proofs } = await addMissingProofs(self.transaction, {
+        proofsEnabled,
+      });
+      self.transaction = zkappCommand;
+      return proofs;
+    },
+    toJSON() {
+      let json = ZkappCommand.toJSON(self.transaction);
+      return JSON.stringify(json);
+    },
+    toPretty() {
+      return ZkappCommand.toPretty(self.transaction);
+    },
+    toGraphqlQuery() {
+      return sendZkappQuery(self.toJSON());
+    },
+    async send() {
+      return await sendTransaction(self);
+    },
+    async sendOrThrowIfError() {
+      const pendingTransaction = await sendTransaction(self);
+      if (pendingTransaction.errors.length > 0) {
+        throw Error(
+          `Transaction failed with errors:\n- ${pendingTransaction.errors.join(
+            '\n- '
+          )}`
+        );
+      }
+      return pendingTransaction;
+    },
+  };
+  return self;
+}
+
+async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
+  return await activeInstance.sendTransaction(txn);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return The account data associated to the given public key.
+ */
+function getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account {
+  return activeInstance.getAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
+}
+
+function createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+  {
+    transaction,
+    data,
+    toJSON,
+    toPretty,
+    hash,
+  }: Omit<PendingTransaction, 'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'>,
+  errors: string[]
+): IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction {
+  if (errors.length > 0) {
+    return {
+      status: 'rejected',
+      errors,
+      transaction,
+      toJSON,
+      toPretty,
+      hash,
+      data,
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    status: 'included',
+    transaction,
+    toJSON,
+    toPretty,
+    hash,
+    data,
+  };
+}

From 62eade25c33987d2281af933f2f165877c58b5c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Feb 2024 10:01:34 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1743/1786] feat(local-blockchain): seperate local-blockchain
 into it's own module

---
 src/lib/mina.ts                  | 709 +------------------------------
 src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts | 389 +++++++++++++++++
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts    | 346 ++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 741 insertions(+), 703 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index a92d7c5d6b..054dde392c 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -1,31 +1,13 @@
-import { Ledger, Test } from '../snarky.js';
+import { Test } from '../snarky.js';
 import { Field } from './core.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
-import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from './signature.js';
-import {
-  ZkappCommand,
-  AccountUpdate,
-  ZkappPublicInput,
-  TokenId,
-  Authorization,
-  Actions,
-  Events,
-  dummySignature,
-} from './account-update.js';
+import { PublicKey } from './signature.js';
+import { ZkappCommand, TokenId, Authorization } from './account-update.js';
 import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
-import { NetworkValue } from './precondition.js';
-import { cloneCircuitValue } from './circuit-value.js';
-import { JsonProof, verify } from './proof-system.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
-import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
-import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './mina/constants.js';
 import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
-import { Ml } from './ml/conversion.js';
-import {
-  transactionCommitments,
-  verifyAccountUpdateSignature,
-} from '../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import {
@@ -33,13 +15,15 @@ import {
   setActiveInstance,
   Mina,
   defaultNetworkConstants,
+  reportGetAccountError,
+  verifyTransactionLimits,
+  defaultNetworkState,
+  filterGroups,
   type FeePayerSpec,
   type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   type ActionStates,
   type NetworkConstants,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
-import { SimpleLedger } from './mina/transaction-logic/ledger.js';
-import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { type EventActionFilterOptions } from './mina/graphql.js';
 import {
   type Transaction,
@@ -50,11 +34,12 @@ import {
   newTransaction,
   createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
 } from './mina/transaction.js';
+import { LocalBlockchain } from './mina/local-blockchain.js';
 
 export {
   BerkeleyQANet,
-  Network,
   LocalBlockchain,
+  Network,
   currentTransaction,
   Transaction,
   PendingTransaction,
@@ -100,369 +85,6 @@ const Transaction = {
   },
 };
 
-function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
-  if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
-    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
-  } else {
-    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey} with the tokenId ${tokenId}`;
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * A mock Mina blockchain running locally and useful for testing.
- */
-function LocalBlockchain({
-  proofsEnabled = true,
-  enforceTransactionLimits = true,
-  networkId = 'testnet' as NetworkId,
-} = {}) {
-  const slotTime = 3 * 60 * 1000;
-  const startTime = Date.now();
-  const genesisTimestamp = UInt64.from(startTime);
-  const ledger = Ledger.create();
-  let networkState = defaultNetworkState();
-  let minaNetworkId: NetworkId = networkId;
-
-  function addAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: string) {
-    ledger.addAccount(Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey), balance);
-  }
-
-  let testAccounts: {
-    publicKey: PublicKey;
-    privateKey: PrivateKey;
-  }[] = [];
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-    let MINA = 10n ** 9n;
-    const largeValue = 1000n * MINA;
-    const k = PrivateKey.random();
-    const pk = k.toPublicKey();
-    addAccount(pk, largeValue.toString());
-    testAccounts.push({ privateKey: k, publicKey: pk });
-  }
-
-  const events: Record<string, any> = {};
-  const actions: Record<
-    string,
-    Record<string, { actions: string[][]; hash: string }[]>
-  > = {};
-
-  return {
-    getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
-    proofsEnabled,
-    /**
-     * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
-     */
-    accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
-    getNetworkConstants() {
-      return {
-        ...defaultNetworkConstants,
-        genesisTimestamp,
-      };
-    },
-    currentSlot() {
-      return UInt32.from(
-        Math.ceil((new Date().valueOf() - startTime) / slotTime)
-      );
-    },
-    hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-      return !!ledger.getAccount(
-        Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey),
-        Ml.constFromField(tokenId)
-      );
-    },
-    getAccount(
-      publicKey: PublicKey,
-      tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-    ): Account {
-      let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
-        Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey),
-        Ml.constFromField(tokenId)
-      );
-      if (accountJson === undefined) {
-        throw new Error(
-          reportGetAccountError(publicKey.toBase58(), TokenId.toBase58(tokenId))
-        );
-      }
-      return Types.Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
-    },
-    getNetworkState() {
-      return networkState;
-    },
-    async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction): Promise<PendingTransaction> {
-      txn.sign();
-
-      let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(txn.transaction);
-      let commitments = transactionCommitments(
-        TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.fromJSON(zkappCommandJson),
-        minaNetworkId
-      );
-
-      if (enforceTransactionLimits) verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
-
-      // create an ad-hoc ledger to record changes to accounts within the transaction
-      let simpleLedger = SimpleLedger.create();
-
-      for (const update of txn.transaction.accountUpdates) {
-        let authIsProof = !!update.authorization.proof;
-        let kindIsProof = update.body.authorizationKind.isProved.toBoolean();
-        // checks and edge case where a proof is expected, but the developer forgot to invoke await tx.prove()
-        // this resulted in an assertion OCaml error, which didn't contain any useful information
-        if (kindIsProof && !authIsProof) {
-          throw Error(
-            `The actual authorization does not match the expected authorization kind. Did you forget to invoke \`await tx.prove();\`?`
-          );
-        }
-
-        let account = simpleLedger.load(update.body);
-
-        // the first time we encounter an account, use it from the persistent ledger
-        if (account === undefined) {
-          let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
-            Ml.fromPublicKey(update.body.publicKey),
-            Ml.constFromField(update.body.tokenId)
-          );
-          if (accountJson !== undefined) {
-            let storedAccount = Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
-            simpleLedger.store(storedAccount);
-            account = storedAccount;
-          }
-        }
-
-        // TODO: verify account update even if the account doesn't exist yet, using a default initial account
-        if (account !== undefined) {
-          let publicInput = update.toPublicInput(txn.transaction);
-          await verifyAccountUpdate(
-            account,
-            update,
-            publicInput,
-            commitments,
-            this.proofsEnabled,
-            this.getNetworkId()
-          );
-          simpleLedger.apply(update);
-        }
-      }
-
-      let isSuccess = true;
-      const errors: string[] = [];
-      try {
-        ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
-          JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
-          defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
-          JSON.stringify(networkState)
-        );
-      } catch (err: any) {
-        isSuccess = false;
-        try {
-          const errorMessages = JSON.parse(err.message);
-          const formattedError = invalidTransactionError(
-            txn.transaction,
-            errorMessages,
-            {
-              accountCreationFee:
-                defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
-            }
-          );
-          errors.push(formattedError);
-        } catch (parseError: any) {
-          const fallbackErrorMessage =
-            err.message || parseError.message || 'Unknown error occurred';
-          errors.push(fallbackErrorMessage);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // fetches all events from the transaction and stores them
-      // events are identified and associated with a publicKey and tokenId
-      txn.transaction.accountUpdates.forEach((p, i) => {
-        let pJson = zkappCommandJson.accountUpdates[i];
-        let addr = pJson.body.publicKey;
-        let tokenId = pJson.body.tokenId;
-        events[addr] ??= {};
-        if (p.body.events.data.length > 0) {
-          events[addr][tokenId] ??= [];
-          let updatedEvents = p.body.events.data.map((data) => {
-            return {
-              data,
-              transactionInfo: {
-                transactionHash: '',
-                transactionStatus: '',
-                transactionMemo: '',
-              },
-            };
-          });
-          events[addr][tokenId].push({
-            events: updatedEvents,
-            blockHeight: networkState.blockchainLength,
-            globalSlot: networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis,
-            // The following fields are fetched from the Mina network. For now, we mock these values out
-            // since networkState does not contain these fields.
-            blockHash: '',
-            parentBlockHash: '',
-            chainStatus: '',
-          });
-        }
-
-        // actions/sequencing events
-
-        // most recent action state
-        let storedActions = actions[addr]?.[tokenId];
-        let latestActionState_ =
-          storedActions?.[storedActions.length - 1]?.hash;
-        // if there exists no hash, this means we initialize our latest hash with the empty state
-        let latestActionState =
-          latestActionState_ !== undefined
-            ? Field(latestActionState_)
-            : Actions.emptyActionState();
-
-        actions[addr] ??= {};
-        if (p.body.actions.data.length > 0) {
-          let newActionState = Actions.updateSequenceState(
-            latestActionState,
-            p.body.actions.hash
-          );
-          actions[addr][tokenId] ??= [];
-          actions[addr][tokenId].push({
-            actions: pJson.body.actions,
-            hash: newActionState.toString(),
-          });
-        }
-      });
-
-      const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
-      const pendingTransaction: Omit<
-        PendingTransaction,
-        'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'
-      > = {
-        isSuccess,
-        errors,
-        transaction: txn.transaction,
-        toJSON: txn.toJSON,
-        toPretty: txn.toPretty,
-        hash: (): string => {
-          return hash;
-        },
-      };
-
-      const wait = async (_options?: {
-        maxAttempts?: number;
-        interval?: number;
-      }) => {
-        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-          pendingTransaction,
-          pendingTransaction.errors
-        );
-      };
-
-      const waitOrThrowIfError = async (_options?: {
-        maxAttempts?: number;
-        interval?: number;
-      }) => {
-        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-          pendingTransaction,
-          pendingTransaction.errors
-        );
-      };
-
-      return {
-        ...pendingTransaction,
-        wait,
-        waitOrThrowIfError,
-      };
-    },
-    async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
-      // bad hack: run transaction just to see whether it creates proofs
-      // if it doesn't, this is the last chance to run SmartContract.runOutsideCircuit, which is supposed to run only once
-      // TODO: this has obvious holes if multiple zkapps are involved, but not relevant currently because we can't prove with multiple account updates
-      // and hopefully with upcoming work by Matt we can just run everything in the prover, and nowhere else
-      let tx = createTransaction(sender, f, 0, {
-        isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: false,
-        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
-        fetchMode: 'test',
-      });
-      let hasProofs = tx.transaction.accountUpdates.some(
-        Authorization.hasLazyProof
-      );
-      return createTransaction(sender, f, 1, {
-        isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: !hasProofs,
-        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
-      });
-    },
-    applyJsonTransaction(json: string) {
-      return ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
-        json,
-        defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
-        JSON.stringify(networkState)
-      );
-    },
-    async fetchEvents(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-      return events?.[publicKey.toBase58()]?.[TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)] ?? [];
-    },
-    async fetchActions(
-      publicKey: PublicKey,
-      actionStates?: ActionStates,
-      tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-    ) {
-      return this.getActions(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId);
-    },
-    getActions(
-      publicKey: PublicKey,
-      actionStates?: ActionStates,
-      tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
-    ): { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[] {
-      let currentActions =
-        actions?.[publicKey.toBase58()]?.[TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)] ?? [];
-      let { fromActionState, endActionState } = actionStates ?? {};
-
-      let emptyState = Actions.emptyActionState();
-      if (endActionState?.equals(emptyState).toBoolean()) return [];
-
-      let start = fromActionState?.equals(emptyState).toBoolean()
-        ? undefined
-        : fromActionState?.toString();
-      let end = endActionState?.toString();
-
-      let startIndex = 0;
-      if (start) {
-        let i = currentActions.findIndex((e) => e.hash === start);
-        if (i === -1) throw Error(`getActions: fromActionState not found.`);
-        startIndex = i + 1;
-      }
-      let endIndex: number | undefined;
-      if (end) {
-        let i = currentActions.findIndex((e) => e.hash === end);
-        if (i === -1) throw Error(`getActions: endActionState not found.`);
-        endIndex = i + 1;
-      }
-      return currentActions.slice(startIndex, endIndex);
-    },
-    addAccount,
-    /**
-     * An array of 10 test accounts that have been pre-filled with
-     * 30000000000 units of currency.
-     */
-    testAccounts,
-    setGlobalSlot(slot: UInt32 | number) {
-      networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis = UInt32.from(slot);
-    },
-    incrementGlobalSlot(increment: UInt32 | number) {
-      networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis =
-        networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis.add(increment);
-    },
-    setBlockchainLength(height: UInt32) {
-      networkState.blockchainLength = height;
-    },
-    setTotalCurrency(currency: UInt64) {
-      networkState.totalCurrency = currency;
-    },
-    setProofsEnabled(newProofsEnabled: boolean) {
-      this.proofsEnabled = newProofsEnabled;
-    },
-  };
-}
-// assert type compatibility without preventing LocalBlockchain to return additional properties / methods
-LocalBlockchain satisfies (...args: any) => Mina;
-
 /**
  * Represents the Mina blockchain running on a real network
  */
@@ -1011,317 +633,6 @@ function dummyAccount(pubkey?: PublicKey): Account {
   return dummy;
 }
 
-function defaultNetworkState(): NetworkValue {
-  let epochData: NetworkValue['stakingEpochData'] = {
-    ledger: { hash: Field(0), totalCurrency: UInt64.zero },
-    seed: Field(0),
-    startCheckpoint: Field(0),
-    lockCheckpoint: Field(0),
-    epochLength: UInt32.zero,
-  };
-  return {
-    snarkedLedgerHash: Field(0),
-    blockchainLength: UInt32.zero,
-    minWindowDensity: UInt32.zero,
-    totalCurrency: UInt64.zero,
-    globalSlotSinceGenesis: UInt32.zero,
-    stakingEpochData: epochData,
-    nextEpochData: cloneCircuitValue(epochData),
-  };
-}
-
-async function verifyAccountUpdate(
-  account: Account,
-  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-  publicInput: ZkappPublicInput,
-  transactionCommitments: { commitment: bigint; fullCommitment: bigint },
-  proofsEnabled: boolean,
-  networkId: NetworkId
-): Promise<void> {
-  // check that that top-level updates have mayUseToken = No
-  // (equivalent check exists in the Mina node)
-  if (
-    accountUpdate.body.callDepth === 0 &&
-    !AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.isNo(accountUpdate).toBoolean()
-  ) {
-    throw Error(
-      'Top-level account update can not use or pass on token permissions. Make sure that\n' +
-        'accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;'
-    );
-  }
-
-  let perm = account.permissions;
-
-  // check if addMissingSignatures failed to include a signature
-  // due to a missing private key
-  if (accountUpdate.authorization === dummySignature()) {
-    let pk = PublicKey.toBase58(accountUpdate.body.publicKey);
-    throw Error(
-      `verifyAccountUpdate: Detected a missing signature for (${pk}), private key was missing.`
-    );
-  }
-  // we are essentially only checking if the update is empty or an actual update
-  function includesChange<T extends {}>(
-    val: T | string | null | (string | null)[]
-  ): boolean {
-    if (Array.isArray(val)) {
-      return !val.every((v) => v === null);
-    } else {
-      return val !== null;
-    }
-  }
-
-  function permissionForUpdate(key: string): Types.AuthRequired {
-    switch (key) {
-      case 'appState':
-        return perm.editState;
-      case 'delegate':
-        return perm.setDelegate;
-      case 'verificationKey':
-        return perm.setVerificationKey.auth;
-      case 'permissions':
-        return perm.setPermissions;
-      case 'zkappUri':
-        return perm.setZkappUri;
-      case 'tokenSymbol':
-        return perm.setTokenSymbol;
-      case 'timing':
-        return perm.setTiming;
-      case 'votingFor':
-        return perm.setVotingFor;
-      case 'actions':
-        return perm.editActionState;
-      case 'incrementNonce':
-        return perm.incrementNonce;
-      case 'send':
-        return perm.send;
-      case 'receive':
-        return perm.receive;
-      default:
-        throw Error(`Invalid permission for field ${key}: does not exist.`);
-    }
-  }
-
-  let accountUpdateJson = accountUpdate.toJSON();
-  const update = accountUpdateJson.body.update;
-
-  let errorTrace = '';
-
-  let isValidProof = false;
-  let isValidSignature = false;
-
-  // we don't check if proofs aren't enabled
-  if (!proofsEnabled) isValidProof = true;
-
-  if (accountUpdate.authorization.proof && proofsEnabled) {
-    try {
-      let publicInputFields = ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput);
-
-      let proof: JsonProof = {
-        maxProofsVerified: 2,
-        proof: accountUpdate.authorization.proof!,
-        publicInput: publicInputFields.map((f) => f.toString()),
-        publicOutput: [],
-      };
-
-      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data;
-      assert(
-        verificationKey !== undefined,
-        'Account does not have a verification key'
-      );
-
-      isValidProof = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
-      if (!isValidProof) {
-        throw Error(
-          `Invalid proof for account update\n${JSON.stringify(update)}`
-        );
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
-      isValidProof = false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (accountUpdate.authorization.signature) {
-    // checking permissions and authorization for each account update individually
-    try {
-      isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
-        TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
-        transactionCommitments,
-        networkId
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
-      isValidSignature = false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  let verified = false;
-
-  function checkPermission(p0: Types.AuthRequired, field: string) {
-    let p = Types.AuthRequired.toJSON(p0);
-    if (p === 'None') return;
-
-    if (p === 'Impossible') {
-      throw Error(
-        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}'`
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (p === 'Signature' || p === 'Either') {
-      verified ||= isValidSignature;
-    }
-
-    if (p === 'Proof' || p === 'Either') {
-      verified ||= isValidProof;
-    }
-
-    if (!verified) {
-      throw Error(
-        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}', but the required authorization was not provided or is invalid.
-        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}\n\n`
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  // goes through the update field on a transaction
-  Object.entries(update).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-    if (includesChange(value)) {
-      let p = permissionForUpdate(key);
-      checkPermission(p, key);
-    }
-  });
-
-  // checks the sequence events (which result in an updated sequence state)
-  if (accountUpdate.body.actions.data.length > 0) {
-    let p = permissionForUpdate('actions');
-    checkPermission(p, 'actions');
-  }
-
-  if (accountUpdate.body.incrementNonce.toBoolean()) {
-    let p = permissionForUpdate('incrementNonce');
-    checkPermission(p, 'incrementNonce');
-  }
-
-  // this checks for an edge case where an account update can be approved using proofs but
-  // a) the proof is invalid (bad verification key)
-  // and b) there are no state changes initiate so no permissions will be checked
-  // however, if the verification key changes, the proof should still be invalid
-  if (errorTrace && !verified) {
-    throw Error(
-      `One or more proofs were invalid and no other form of authorization was provided.\n${errorTrace}`
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-function verifyTransactionLimits({ accountUpdates }: ZkappCommand) {
-  let eventElements = { events: 0, actions: 0 };
-
-  let authKinds = accountUpdates.map((update) => {
-    eventElements.events += countEventElements(update.body.events);
-    eventElements.actions += countEventElements(update.body.actions);
-    let { isSigned, isProved, verificationKeyHash } =
-      update.body.authorizationKind;
-    return {
-      isSigned: isSigned.toBoolean(),
-      isProved: isProved.toBoolean(),
-      verificationKeyHash: verificationKeyHash.toString(),
-    };
-  });
-  // insert entry for the fee payer
-  authKinds.unshift({
-    isSigned: true,
-    isProved: false,
-    verificationKeyHash: '',
-  });
-  let authTypes = filterGroups(authKinds);
-
-  /*
-  np := proof
-  n2 := signedPair
-  n1 := signedSingle
-  
-  formula used to calculate how expensive a zkapp transaction is
-
-  10.26*np + 10.08*n2 + 9.14*n1 < 69.45
-  */
-  let totalTimeRequired =
-    TransactionCost.PROOF_COST * authTypes.proof +
-    TransactionCost.SIGNED_PAIR_COST * authTypes.signedPair +
-    TransactionCost.SIGNED_SINGLE_COST * authTypes.signedSingle;
-
-  let isWithinCostLimit = totalTimeRequired < TransactionCost.COST_LIMIT;
-
-  let isWithinEventsLimit =
-    eventElements.events <= TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS;
-  let isWithinActionsLimit =
-    eventElements.actions <= TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS;
-
-  let error = '';
-
-  if (!isWithinCostLimit) {
-    // TODO: we should add a link to the docs explaining the reasoning behind it once we have such an explainer
-    error += `Error: The transaction is too expensive, try reducing the number of AccountUpdates that are attached to the transaction.
-Each transaction needs to be processed by the snark workers on the network.
-Certain layouts of AccountUpdates require more proving time than others, and therefore are too expensive.
-
-${JSON.stringify(authTypes)}
-\n\n`;
-  }
-
-  if (!isWithinEventsLimit) {
-    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much event data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in events is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.events}.\n\n`;
-  }
-
-  if (!isWithinActionsLimit) {
-    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much action data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in actions is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.actions}.\n\n`;
-  }
-
-  if (error) throw Error('Error during transaction sending:\n\n' + error);
-}
-
-function countEventElements({ data }: Events) {
-  return data.reduce((acc, ev) => acc + ev.length, 0);
-}
-
-type AuthorizationKind = { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean };
-
-const isPair = (a: AuthorizationKind, b: AuthorizationKind) =>
-  !a.isProved && !b.isProved;
-
-function filterPairs(xs: AuthorizationKind[]): {
-  xs: { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean }[];
-  pairs: number;
-} {
-  if (xs.length <= 1) return { xs, pairs: 0 };
-  if (isPair(xs[0], xs[1])) {
-    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(2));
-    return { xs: rec.xs, pairs: rec.pairs + 1 };
-  } else {
-    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(1));
-    return { xs: [xs[0]].concat(rec.xs), pairs: rec.pairs };
-  }
-}
-
-function filterGroups(xs: AuthorizationKind[]) {
-  let pairs = filterPairs(xs);
-  xs = pairs.xs;
-
-  let singleCount = 0;
-  let proofCount = 0;
-
-  xs.forEach((t) => {
-    if (t.isProved) proofCount++;
-    else singleCount++;
-  });
-
-  return {
-    signedPair: pairs.pairs,
-    signedSingle: singleCount,
-    proof: proofCount,
-  };
-}
-
 async function waitForFunding(address: string): Promise<void> {
   let attempts = 0;
   let maxAttempts = 30;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cefed43f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+import { SimpleLedger } from './transaction-logic/ledger.js';
+import { Ml } from '../ml/conversion.js';
+import { transactionCommitments } from '../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { Ledger, Test } from '../../snarky.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { UInt32, UInt64 } from '../int.js';
+import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { Account } from './account.js';
+import {
+  ZkappCommand,
+  TokenId,
+  Authorization,
+  Actions,
+} from '../account-update.js';
+import { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/types.js';
+import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import { invalidTransactionError } from './errors.js';
+import {
+  Transaction,
+  PendingTransaction,
+  createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
+  createTransaction,
+} from './transaction.js';
+import {
+  type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  type ActionStates,
+  Mina,
+  defaultNetworkConstants,
+  reportGetAccountError,
+  defaultNetworkState,
+  verifyTransactionLimits,
+  verifyAccountUpdate,
+} from './mina-instance.js';
+
+export { LocalBlockchain };
+/**
+ * A mock Mina blockchain running locally and useful for testing.
+ */
+function LocalBlockchain({
+  proofsEnabled = true,
+  enforceTransactionLimits = true,
+  networkId = 'testnet' as NetworkId,
+} = {}) {
+  const slotTime = 3 * 60 * 1000;
+  const startTime = Date.now();
+  const genesisTimestamp = UInt64.from(startTime);
+  const ledger = Ledger.create();
+  let networkState = defaultNetworkState();
+  let minaNetworkId: NetworkId = networkId;
+
+  function addAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, balance: string) {
+    ledger.addAccount(Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey), balance);
+  }
+
+  let testAccounts: {
+    publicKey: PublicKey;
+    privateKey: PrivateKey;
+  }[] = [];
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    let MINA = 10n ** 9n;
+    const largeValue = 1000n * MINA;
+    const k = PrivateKey.random();
+    const pk = k.toPublicKey();
+    addAccount(pk, largeValue.toString());
+    testAccounts.push({ privateKey: k, publicKey: pk });
+  }
+
+  const events: Record<string, any> = {};
+  const actions: Record<
+    string,
+    Record<string, { actions: string[][]; hash: string }[]>
+  > = {};
+
+  return {
+    getNetworkId: () => minaNetworkId,
+    proofsEnabled,
+    /**
+     * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+     */
+    accountCreationFee: () => defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee,
+    getNetworkConstants() {
+      return {
+        ...defaultNetworkConstants,
+        genesisTimestamp,
+      };
+    },
+    currentSlot() {
+      return UInt32.from(
+        Math.ceil((new Date().valueOf() - startTime) / slotTime)
+      );
+    },
+    hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
+      return !!ledger.getAccount(
+        Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey),
+        Ml.constFromField(tokenId)
+      );
+    },
+    getAccount(
+      publicKey: PublicKey,
+      tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
+    ): Account {
+      let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
+        Ml.fromPublicKey(publicKey),
+        Ml.constFromField(tokenId)
+      );
+      if (accountJson === undefined) {
+        throw new Error(
+          reportGetAccountError(publicKey.toBase58(), TokenId.toBase58(tokenId))
+        );
+      }
+      return Types.Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
+    },
+    getNetworkState() {
+      return networkState;
+    },
+    async sendTransaction(txn: Transaction): Promise<PendingTransaction> {
+      txn.sign();
+
+      let zkappCommandJson = ZkappCommand.toJSON(txn.transaction);
+      let commitments = transactionCommitments(
+        TypesBigint.ZkappCommand.fromJSON(zkappCommandJson),
+        minaNetworkId
+      );
+
+      if (enforceTransactionLimits) verifyTransactionLimits(txn.transaction);
+
+      // create an ad-hoc ledger to record changes to accounts within the transaction
+      let simpleLedger = SimpleLedger.create();
+
+      for (const update of txn.transaction.accountUpdates) {
+        let authIsProof = !!update.authorization.proof;
+        let kindIsProof = update.body.authorizationKind.isProved.toBoolean();
+        // checks and edge case where a proof is expected, but the developer forgot to invoke await tx.prove()
+        // this resulted in an assertion OCaml error, which didn't contain any useful information
+        if (kindIsProof && !authIsProof) {
+          throw Error(
+            `The actual authorization does not match the expected authorization kind. Did you forget to invoke \`await tx.prove();\`?`
+          );
+        }
+
+        let account = simpleLedger.load(update.body);
+
+        // the first time we encounter an account, use it from the persistent ledger
+        if (account === undefined) {
+          let accountJson = ledger.getAccount(
+            Ml.fromPublicKey(update.body.publicKey),
+            Ml.constFromField(update.body.tokenId)
+          );
+          if (accountJson !== undefined) {
+            let storedAccount = Account.fromJSON(accountJson);
+            simpleLedger.store(storedAccount);
+            account = storedAccount;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: verify account update even if the account doesn't exist yet, using a default initial account
+        if (account !== undefined) {
+          let publicInput = update.toPublicInput(txn.transaction);
+          await verifyAccountUpdate(
+            account,
+            update,
+            publicInput,
+            commitments,
+            this.proofsEnabled,
+            this.getNetworkId()
+          );
+          simpleLedger.apply(update);
+        }
+      }
+
+      let isSuccess = true;
+      const errors: string[] = [];
+      try {
+        ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
+          JSON.stringify(zkappCommandJson),
+          defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+          JSON.stringify(networkState)
+        );
+      } catch (err: any) {
+        isSuccess = false;
+        try {
+          const errorMessages = JSON.parse(err.message);
+          const formattedError = invalidTransactionError(
+            txn.transaction,
+            errorMessages,
+            {
+              accountCreationFee:
+                defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+            }
+          );
+          errors.push(formattedError);
+        } catch (parseError: any) {
+          const fallbackErrorMessage =
+            err.message || parseError.message || 'Unknown error occurred';
+          errors.push(fallbackErrorMessage);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // fetches all events from the transaction and stores them
+      // events are identified and associated with a publicKey and tokenId
+      txn.transaction.accountUpdates.forEach((p, i) => {
+        let pJson = zkappCommandJson.accountUpdates[i];
+        let addr = pJson.body.publicKey;
+        let tokenId = pJson.body.tokenId;
+        events[addr] ??= {};
+        if (p.body.events.data.length > 0) {
+          events[addr][tokenId] ??= [];
+          let updatedEvents = p.body.events.data.map((data) => {
+            return {
+              data,
+              transactionInfo: {
+                transactionHash: '',
+                transactionStatus: '',
+                transactionMemo: '',
+              },
+            };
+          });
+          events[addr][tokenId].push({
+            events: updatedEvents,
+            blockHeight: networkState.blockchainLength,
+            globalSlot: networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis,
+            // The following fields are fetched from the Mina network. For now, we mock these values out
+            // since networkState does not contain these fields.
+            blockHash: '',
+            parentBlockHash: '',
+            chainStatus: '',
+          });
+        }
+
+        // actions/sequencing events
+
+        // most recent action state
+        let storedActions = actions[addr]?.[tokenId];
+        let latestActionState_ =
+          storedActions?.[storedActions.length - 1]?.hash;
+        // if there exists no hash, this means we initialize our latest hash with the empty state
+        let latestActionState =
+          latestActionState_ !== undefined
+            ? Field(latestActionState_)
+            : Actions.emptyActionState();
+
+        actions[addr] ??= {};
+        if (p.body.actions.data.length > 0) {
+          let newActionState = Actions.updateSequenceState(
+            latestActionState,
+            p.body.actions.hash
+          );
+          actions[addr][tokenId] ??= [];
+          actions[addr][tokenId].push({
+            actions: pJson.body.actions,
+            hash: newActionState.toString(),
+          });
+        }
+      });
+
+      const hash = Test.transactionHash.hashZkAppCommand(txn.toJSON());
+      const pendingTransaction: Omit<
+        PendingTransaction,
+        'wait' | 'waitOrThrowIfError'
+      > = {
+        isSuccess,
+        errors,
+        transaction: txn.transaction,
+        toJSON: txn.toJSON,
+        toPretty: txn.toPretty,
+        hash: (): string => {
+          return hash;
+        },
+      };
+
+      const wait = async (_options?: {
+        maxAttempts?: number;
+        interval?: number;
+      }) => {
+        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+          pendingTransaction,
+          pendingTransaction.errors
+        );
+      };
+
+      const waitOrThrowIfError = async (_options?: {
+        maxAttempts?: number;
+        interval?: number;
+      }) => {
+        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
+          pendingTransaction,
+          pendingTransaction.errors
+        );
+      };
+
+      return {
+        ...pendingTransaction,
+        wait,
+        waitOrThrowIfError,
+      };
+    },
+    async transaction(sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec, f: () => void) {
+      // bad hack: run transaction just to see whether it creates proofs
+      // if it doesn't, this is the last chance to run SmartContract.runOutsideCircuit, which is supposed to run only once
+      // TODO: this has obvious holes if multiple zkapps are involved, but not relevant currently because we can't prove with multiple account updates
+      // and hopefully with upcoming work by Matt we can just run everything in the prover, and nowhere else
+      let tx = createTransaction(sender, f, 0, {
+        isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: false,
+        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
+        fetchMode: 'test',
+      });
+      let hasProofs = tx.transaction.accountUpdates.some(
+        Authorization.hasLazyProof
+      );
+      return createTransaction(sender, f, 1, {
+        isFinalRunOutsideCircuit: !hasProofs,
+        proofsEnabled: this.proofsEnabled,
+      });
+    },
+    applyJsonTransaction(json: string) {
+      return ledger.applyJsonTransaction(
+        json,
+        defaultNetworkConstants.accountCreationFee.toString(),
+        JSON.stringify(networkState)
+      );
+    },
+    async fetchEvents(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
+      return events?.[publicKey.toBase58()]?.[TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)] ?? [];
+    },
+    async fetchActions(
+      publicKey: PublicKey,
+      actionStates?: ActionStates,
+      tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
+    ) {
+      return this.getActions(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId);
+    },
+    getActions(
+      publicKey: PublicKey,
+      actionStates?: ActionStates,
+      tokenId: Field = TokenId.default
+    ): { hash: string; actions: string[][] }[] {
+      let currentActions =
+        actions?.[publicKey.toBase58()]?.[TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)] ?? [];
+      let { fromActionState, endActionState } = actionStates ?? {};
+
+      let emptyState = Actions.emptyActionState();
+      if (endActionState?.equals(emptyState).toBoolean()) return [];
+
+      let start = fromActionState?.equals(emptyState).toBoolean()
+        ? undefined
+        : fromActionState?.toString();
+      let end = endActionState?.toString();
+
+      let startIndex = 0;
+      if (start) {
+        let i = currentActions.findIndex((e) => e.hash === start);
+        if (i === -1) throw Error(`getActions: fromActionState not found.`);
+        startIndex = i + 1;
+      }
+      let endIndex: number | undefined;
+      if (end) {
+        let i = currentActions.findIndex((e) => e.hash === end);
+        if (i === -1) throw Error(`getActions: endActionState not found.`);
+        endIndex = i + 1;
+      }
+      return currentActions.slice(startIndex, endIndex);
+    },
+    addAccount,
+    /**
+     * An array of 10 test accounts that have been pre-filled with
+     * 30000000000 units of currency.
+     */
+    testAccounts,
+    setGlobalSlot(slot: UInt32 | number) {
+      networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis = UInt32.from(slot);
+    },
+    incrementGlobalSlot(increment: UInt32 | number) {
+      networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis =
+        networkState.globalSlotSinceGenesis.add(increment);
+    },
+    setBlockchainLength(height: UInt32) {
+      networkState.blockchainLength = height;
+    },
+    setTotalCurrency(currency: UInt64) {
+      networkState.totalCurrency = currency;
+    },
+    setProofsEnabled(newProofsEnabled: boolean) {
+      this.proofsEnabled = newProofsEnabled;
+    },
+  };
+}
+// assert type compatibility without preventing LocalBlockchain to return additional properties / methods
+LocalBlockchain satisfies (...args: any) => Mina;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index 92e4ac68c1..6cc1d85d7b 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,29 @@
 /**
  * This module holds the global Mina instance and its interface.
  */
-import type { Field } from '../field.js';
+import {
+  ZkappCommand,
+  TokenId,
+  Events,
+  ZkappPublicInput,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  dummySignature,
+} from '../account-update.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt64, UInt32 } from '../int.js';
-import type { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { JsonProof, verify } from '../proof-system.js';
+import { verifyAccountUpdateSignature } from '../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './constants.js';
+import { cloneCircuitValue } from '../circuit-value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import type { EventActionFilterOptions } from '././../mina/graphql.js';
+import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import type { Transaction, PendingTransaction } from '../mina.js';
 import type { Account } from './account.js';
 import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
 import type * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
-import { type EventActionFilterOptions } from '././../mina/graphql.js';
-import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 
 export {
   Mina,
@@ -21,6 +35,11 @@ export {
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   ZkappStateLength,
+  reportGetAccountError,
+  defaultNetworkState,
+  verifyTransactionLimits,
+  verifyAccountUpdate,
+  filterGroups,
 };
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
@@ -138,3 +157,322 @@ function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
 function noActiveInstance(): never {
   throw Error('Must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
 }
+
+function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
+  if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
+    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
+  } else {
+    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey} with the tokenId ${tokenId}`;
+  }
+}
+
+function defaultNetworkState(): NetworkValue {
+  let epochData: NetworkValue['stakingEpochData'] = {
+    ledger: { hash: Field(0), totalCurrency: UInt64.zero },
+    seed: Field(0),
+    startCheckpoint: Field(0),
+    lockCheckpoint: Field(0),
+    epochLength: UInt32.zero,
+  };
+  return {
+    snarkedLedgerHash: Field(0),
+    blockchainLength: UInt32.zero,
+    minWindowDensity: UInt32.zero,
+    totalCurrency: UInt64.zero,
+    globalSlotSinceGenesis: UInt32.zero,
+    stakingEpochData: epochData,
+    nextEpochData: cloneCircuitValue(epochData),
+  };
+}
+
+function verifyTransactionLimits({ accountUpdates }: ZkappCommand) {
+  let eventElements = { events: 0, actions: 0 };
+
+  let authKinds = accountUpdates.map((update) => {
+    eventElements.events += countEventElements(update.body.events);
+    eventElements.actions += countEventElements(update.body.actions);
+    let { isSigned, isProved, verificationKeyHash } =
+      update.body.authorizationKind;
+    return {
+      isSigned: isSigned.toBoolean(),
+      isProved: isProved.toBoolean(),
+      verificationKeyHash: verificationKeyHash.toString(),
+    };
+  });
+  // insert entry for the fee payer
+  authKinds.unshift({
+    isSigned: true,
+    isProved: false,
+    verificationKeyHash: '',
+  });
+  let authTypes = filterGroups(authKinds);
+
+  /*
+  np := proof
+  n2 := signedPair
+  n1 := signedSingle
+  
+  formula used to calculate how expensive a zkapp transaction is
+
+  10.26*np + 10.08*n2 + 9.14*n1 < 69.45
+  */
+  let totalTimeRequired =
+    TransactionCost.PROOF_COST * authTypes.proof +
+    TransactionCost.SIGNED_PAIR_COST * authTypes.signedPair +
+    TransactionCost.SIGNED_SINGLE_COST * authTypes.signedSingle;
+
+  let isWithinCostLimit = totalTimeRequired < TransactionCost.COST_LIMIT;
+
+  let isWithinEventsLimit =
+    eventElements.events <= TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS;
+  let isWithinActionsLimit =
+    eventElements.actions <= TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS;
+
+  let error = '';
+
+  if (!isWithinCostLimit) {
+    // TODO: we should add a link to the docs explaining the reasoning behind it once we have such an explainer
+    error += `Error: The transaction is too expensive, try reducing the number of AccountUpdates that are attached to the transaction.
+Each transaction needs to be processed by the snark workers on the network.
+Certain layouts of AccountUpdates require more proving time than others, and therefore are too expensive.
+
+${JSON.stringify(authTypes)}
+\n\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (!isWithinEventsLimit) {
+    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much event data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in events is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.events}.\n\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (!isWithinActionsLimit) {
+    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much action data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in actions is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.actions}.\n\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (error) throw Error('Error during transaction sending:\n\n' + error);
+}
+
+function countEventElements({ data }: Events) {
+  return data.reduce((acc, ev) => acc + ev.length, 0);
+}
+
+function filterGroups(xs: AuthorizationKind[]) {
+  let pairs = filterPairs(xs);
+  xs = pairs.xs;
+
+  let singleCount = 0;
+  let proofCount = 0;
+
+  xs.forEach((t) => {
+    if (t.isProved) proofCount++;
+    else singleCount++;
+  });
+
+  return {
+    signedPair: pairs.pairs,
+    signedSingle: singleCount,
+    proof: proofCount,
+  };
+}
+
+async function verifyAccountUpdate(
+  account: Account,
+  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+  publicInput: ZkappPublicInput,
+  transactionCommitments: { commitment: bigint; fullCommitment: bigint },
+  proofsEnabled: boolean,
+  networkId: NetworkId
+): Promise<void> {
+  // check that that top-level updates have mayUseToken = No
+  // (equivalent check exists in the Mina node)
+  if (
+    accountUpdate.body.callDepth === 0 &&
+    !AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.isNo(accountUpdate).toBoolean()
+  ) {
+    throw Error(
+      'Top-level account update can not use or pass on token permissions. Make sure that\n' +
+        'accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;'
+    );
+  }
+
+  let perm = account.permissions;
+
+  // check if addMissingSignatures failed to include a signature
+  // due to a missing private key
+  if (accountUpdate.authorization === dummySignature()) {
+    let pk = PublicKey.toBase58(accountUpdate.body.publicKey);
+    throw Error(
+      `verifyAccountUpdate: Detected a missing signature for (${pk}), private key was missing.`
+    );
+  }
+  // we are essentially only checking if the update is empty or an actual update
+  function includesChange<T extends {}>(
+    val: T | string | null | (string | null)[]
+  ): boolean {
+    if (Array.isArray(val)) {
+      return !val.every((v) => v === null);
+    } else {
+      return val !== null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function permissionForUpdate(key: string): Types.AuthRequired {
+    switch (key) {
+      case 'appState':
+        return perm.editState;
+      case 'delegate':
+        return perm.setDelegate;
+      case 'verificationKey':
+        return perm.setVerificationKey.auth;
+      case 'permissions':
+        return perm.setPermissions;
+      case 'zkappUri':
+        return perm.setZkappUri;
+      case 'tokenSymbol':
+        return perm.setTokenSymbol;
+      case 'timing':
+        return perm.setTiming;
+      case 'votingFor':
+        return perm.setVotingFor;
+      case 'actions':
+        return perm.editActionState;
+      case 'incrementNonce':
+        return perm.incrementNonce;
+      case 'send':
+        return perm.send;
+      case 'receive':
+        return perm.receive;
+      default:
+        throw Error(`Invalid permission for field ${key}: does not exist.`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  let accountUpdateJson = accountUpdate.toJSON();
+  const update = accountUpdateJson.body.update;
+
+  let errorTrace = '';
+
+  let isValidProof = false;
+  let isValidSignature = false;
+
+  // we don't check if proofs aren't enabled
+  if (!proofsEnabled) isValidProof = true;
+
+  if (accountUpdate.authorization.proof && proofsEnabled) {
+    try {
+      let publicInputFields = ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput);
+
+      let proof: JsonProof = {
+        maxProofsVerified: 2,
+        proof: accountUpdate.authorization.proof!,
+        publicInput: publicInputFields.map((f) => f.toString()),
+        publicOutput: [],
+      };
+
+      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data;
+      assert(
+        verificationKey !== undefined,
+        'Account does not have a verification key'
+      );
+
+      isValidProof = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
+      if (!isValidProof) {
+        throw Error(
+          `Invalid proof for account update\n${JSON.stringify(update)}`
+        );
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
+      isValidProof = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (accountUpdate.authorization.signature) {
+    // checking permissions and authorization for each account update individually
+    try {
+      isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
+        TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
+        transactionCommitments,
+        networkId
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
+      isValidSignature = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  let verified = false;
+
+  function checkPermission(p0: Types.AuthRequired, field: string) {
+    let p = Types.AuthRequired.toJSON(p0);
+    if (p === 'None') return;
+
+    if (p === 'Impossible') {
+      throw Error(
+        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}'`
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (p === 'Signature' || p === 'Either') {
+      verified ||= isValidSignature;
+    }
+
+    if (p === 'Proof' || p === 'Either') {
+      verified ||= isValidProof;
+    }
+
+    if (!verified) {
+      throw Error(
+        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}', but the required authorization was not provided or is invalid.
+        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}\n\n`
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // goes through the update field on a transaction
+  Object.entries(update).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    if (includesChange(value)) {
+      let p = permissionForUpdate(key);
+      checkPermission(p, key);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // checks the sequence events (which result in an updated sequence state)
+  if (accountUpdate.body.actions.data.length > 0) {
+    let p = permissionForUpdate('actions');
+    checkPermission(p, 'actions');
+  }
+
+  if (accountUpdate.body.incrementNonce.toBoolean()) {
+    let p = permissionForUpdate('incrementNonce');
+    checkPermission(p, 'incrementNonce');
+  }
+
+  // this checks for an edge case where an account update can be approved using proofs but
+  // a) the proof is invalid (bad verification key)
+  // and b) there are no state changes initiate so no permissions will be checked
+  // however, if the verification key changes, the proof should still be invalid
+  if (errorTrace && !verified) {
+    throw Error(
+      `One or more proofs were invalid and no other form of authorization was provided.\n${errorTrace}`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+type AuthorizationKind = { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean };
+
+const isPair = (a: AuthorizationKind, b: AuthorizationKind) =>
+  !a.isProved && !b.isProved;
+
+function filterPairs(xs: AuthorizationKind[]): {
+  xs: { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean }[];
+  pairs: number;
+} {
+  if (xs.length <= 1) return { xs, pairs: 0 };
+  if (isPair(xs[0], xs[1])) {
+    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(2));
+    return { xs: rec.xs, pairs: rec.pairs + 1 };
+  } else {
+    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(1));
+    return { xs: [xs[0]].concat(rec.xs), pairs: rec.pairs };
+  }
+}

From a5332b12d7caa58c1981ff155644e904e8ee083d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Serhii Shymkiv <sergey@shimkiv.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 11:22:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1744/1786] Export Mina-Signer types.

---
 src/mina-signer/package-lock.json | 4 ++--
 src/mina-signer/package.json      | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
index 88342af0d7..4c7579b351 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
-  "version": "3.0.3",
+  "version": "3.0.4",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "mina-signer",
-      "version": "3.0.3",
+      "version": "3.0.4",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "^1.2.1",
diff --git a/src/mina-signer/package.json b/src/mina-signer/package.json
index 9c3523cf3a..cd4e0aedb1 100644
--- a/src/mina-signer/package.json
+++ b/src/mina-signer/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "mina-signer",
   "description": "Node API for signing transactions on various networks for Mina Protocol",
-  "version": "3.0.3",
+  "version": "3.0.4",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "build": "tsc -p ../../tsconfig.mina-signer.json",
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
   "main": "dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js",
   "types": "dist/node/mina-signer/index.d.ts",
   "exports": {
+    "types": "./dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.d.ts",
     "web": "./dist/web/index.js",
     "require": "./dist/node/mina-signer/index.cjs",
     "node": "./dist/node/mina-signer/mina-signer.js",

From 88d9a70f66ebe2c92c3770cfc3317b92a202b6b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 10:58:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1745/1786] document token contract deploy

---
 src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
index 673524d1ef..793afcbfb9 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/token/token-contract.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,27 @@ const MAX_ACCOUNT_UPDATES = 20;
 abstract class TokenContract extends SmartContract {
   // change default permissions - important that token contracts use an access permission
 
+  /**
+   * Deploys a {@link TokenContract}.
+   *
+   * In addition to base smart contract deployment, this adds two steps:
+   * - set the `access` permission to `proofOrSignature()`, to prevent against unauthorized token operations
+   *   - not doing this would imply that anyone can bypass token contract authorization and simply mint themselves tokens
+   * - require the zkapp account to be new, using the `isNew` precondition.
+   *   this guarantees that the access permission is set from the very start of the existence of this account.
+   *   creating the zkapp account before deployment would otherwise be a security vulnerability that is too easy to introduce.
+   *
+   * Note that because of the `isNew` precondition, the zkapp account must not be created prior to calling `deploy()`.
+   *
+   * If the contract needs to be re-deployed, you can switch off this behaviour by overriding the `isNew` precondition:
+   * ```ts
+   * deploy() {
+   *   super.deploy();
+   *   // DON'T DO THIS ON THE INITIAL DEPLOYMENT!
+   *   this.account.isNew.requireNothing();
+   * }
+   * ```
+   */
   deploy(args?: DeployArgs) {
     super.deploy(args);
 

From d8079fde52da47bfcc2b6ba1865ec39c231f7a79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 11:00:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1746/1786] minor

---
 src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts b/src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts
index bd17d6eae4..8d6e855eb9 100644
--- a/src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/examples/simple-zkapp.ts
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@ console.log('deploy');
 let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
   let senderUpdate = AccountUpdate.fundNewAccount(sender);
   senderUpdate.send({ to: zkappAddress, amount: initialBalance });
-  zkapp.deploy({ zkappKey });
+  zkapp.deploy();
 });
 await tx.prove();
-await tx.sign([senderKey]).send();
+await tx.sign([senderKey, zkappKey]).send();
 
 console.log('initial state: ' + zkapp.x.get());
 console.log(`initial balance: ${zkapp.account.balance.get().div(1e9)} MINA`);

From 01614a5f85fc8045fe22c9563e4ba02fc42909a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gregor <gregor.mitscha-baude@gmx.at>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 11:01:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 1747/1786] link in comment

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 0f39725950..de5386fa21 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ import {
   smartContractContext,
 } from './mina/smart-contract-context.js';
 import { deprecatedToken } from './mina/token/token-methods.js';
+import type { TokenContract } from './mina/token/token-contract.js';
 
 // external API
 export { SmartContract, method, DeployArgs, declareMethods, Account, Reducer };
@@ -847,10 +848,11 @@ super.init();
     return this.self.currentSlot;
   }
   /**
-   * @deprecated `SmartContract.token` will be removed, and token methods will only be available on `TokenContract.internal`.
+   * @deprecated
+   * `SmartContract.token` will be removed, and token methods will only be available on `TokenContract.internal`.
    * Instead of `SmartContract.token.id`, use `TokenContract.deriveTokenId()`.
    *
-   * For security reasons, it is recommended to use `TokenContract` as the base contract for all tokens.
+   * For security reasons, it is recommended to use {@link TokenContract} as the base contract for all tokens.
    */
   get token() {
     return deprecatedToken(this.self);

From 1aa462be5f0dbab64d53d2337ab766b5fcb7c3b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 10:32:39 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1748/1786] refactor(mina.ts): move transaction validation
 functions to separate file

---
 src/lib/mina.ts                        |  10 +-
 src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts       |   4 +-
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts          | 338 ------------------------
 src/lib/mina/transaction-validation.ts | 350 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 359 insertions(+), 343 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/mina/transaction-validation.ts

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 054dde392c..2503e4181f 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@ import {
   setActiveInstance,
   Mina,
   defaultNetworkConstants,
-  reportGetAccountError,
-  verifyTransactionLimits,
-  defaultNetworkState,
-  filterGroups,
   type FeePayerSpec,
   type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   type ActionStates,
@@ -34,6 +30,12 @@ import {
   newTransaction,
   createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
 } from './mina/transaction.js';
+import {
+  reportGetAccountError,
+  verifyTransactionLimits,
+  defaultNetworkState,
+  filterGroups,
+} from './mina/transaction-validation.js';
 import { LocalBlockchain } from './mina/local-blockchain.js';
 
 export {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
index cefed43f8a..a5f9920f1d 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ import {
   type ActionStates,
   Mina,
   defaultNetworkConstants,
+} from './mina-instance.js';
+import {
   reportGetAccountError,
   defaultNetworkState,
   verifyTransactionLimits,
   verifyAccountUpdate,
-} from './mina-instance.js';
+} from './transaction-validation.js';
 
 export { LocalBlockchain };
 /**
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index 6cc1d85d7b..be0080bab5 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -1,23 +1,9 @@
 /**
  * This module holds the global Mina instance and its interface.
  */
-import {
-  ZkappCommand,
-  TokenId,
-  Events,
-  ZkappPublicInput,
-  AccountUpdate,
-  dummySignature,
-} from '../account-update.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { UInt64, UInt32 } from '../int.js';
 import { PublicKey, PrivateKey } from '../signature.js';
-import { JsonProof, verify } from '../proof-system.js';
-import { verifyAccountUpdateSignature } from '../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
-import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './constants.js';
-import { cloneCircuitValue } from '../circuit-value.js';
-import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
-import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import type { EventActionFilterOptions } from '././../mina/graphql.js';
 import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import type { Transaction, PendingTransaction } from '../mina.js';
@@ -35,11 +21,6 @@ export {
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   ZkappStateLength,
-  reportGetAccountError,
-  defaultNetworkState,
-  verifyTransactionLimits,
-  verifyAccountUpdate,
-  filterGroups,
 };
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
@@ -157,322 +138,3 @@ function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
 function noActiveInstance(): never {
   throw Error('Must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
 }
-
-function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
-  if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
-    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
-  } else {
-    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey} with the tokenId ${tokenId}`;
-  }
-}
-
-function defaultNetworkState(): NetworkValue {
-  let epochData: NetworkValue['stakingEpochData'] = {
-    ledger: { hash: Field(0), totalCurrency: UInt64.zero },
-    seed: Field(0),
-    startCheckpoint: Field(0),
-    lockCheckpoint: Field(0),
-    epochLength: UInt32.zero,
-  };
-  return {
-    snarkedLedgerHash: Field(0),
-    blockchainLength: UInt32.zero,
-    minWindowDensity: UInt32.zero,
-    totalCurrency: UInt64.zero,
-    globalSlotSinceGenesis: UInt32.zero,
-    stakingEpochData: epochData,
-    nextEpochData: cloneCircuitValue(epochData),
-  };
-}
-
-function verifyTransactionLimits({ accountUpdates }: ZkappCommand) {
-  let eventElements = { events: 0, actions: 0 };
-
-  let authKinds = accountUpdates.map((update) => {
-    eventElements.events += countEventElements(update.body.events);
-    eventElements.actions += countEventElements(update.body.actions);
-    let { isSigned, isProved, verificationKeyHash } =
-      update.body.authorizationKind;
-    return {
-      isSigned: isSigned.toBoolean(),
-      isProved: isProved.toBoolean(),
-      verificationKeyHash: verificationKeyHash.toString(),
-    };
-  });
-  // insert entry for the fee payer
-  authKinds.unshift({
-    isSigned: true,
-    isProved: false,
-    verificationKeyHash: '',
-  });
-  let authTypes = filterGroups(authKinds);
-
-  /*
-  np := proof
-  n2 := signedPair
-  n1 := signedSingle
-  
-  formula used to calculate how expensive a zkapp transaction is
-
-  10.26*np + 10.08*n2 + 9.14*n1 < 69.45
-  */
-  let totalTimeRequired =
-    TransactionCost.PROOF_COST * authTypes.proof +
-    TransactionCost.SIGNED_PAIR_COST * authTypes.signedPair +
-    TransactionCost.SIGNED_SINGLE_COST * authTypes.signedSingle;
-
-  let isWithinCostLimit = totalTimeRequired < TransactionCost.COST_LIMIT;
-
-  let isWithinEventsLimit =
-    eventElements.events <= TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS;
-  let isWithinActionsLimit =
-    eventElements.actions <= TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS;
-
-  let error = '';
-
-  if (!isWithinCostLimit) {
-    // TODO: we should add a link to the docs explaining the reasoning behind it once we have such an explainer
-    error += `Error: The transaction is too expensive, try reducing the number of AccountUpdates that are attached to the transaction.
-Each transaction needs to be processed by the snark workers on the network.
-Certain layouts of AccountUpdates require more proving time than others, and therefore are too expensive.
-
-${JSON.stringify(authTypes)}
-\n\n`;
-  }
-
-  if (!isWithinEventsLimit) {
-    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much event data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in events is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.events}.\n\n`;
-  }
-
-  if (!isWithinActionsLimit) {
-    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much action data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in actions is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.actions}.\n\n`;
-  }
-
-  if (error) throw Error('Error during transaction sending:\n\n' + error);
-}
-
-function countEventElements({ data }: Events) {
-  return data.reduce((acc, ev) => acc + ev.length, 0);
-}
-
-function filterGroups(xs: AuthorizationKind[]) {
-  let pairs = filterPairs(xs);
-  xs = pairs.xs;
-
-  let singleCount = 0;
-  let proofCount = 0;
-
-  xs.forEach((t) => {
-    if (t.isProved) proofCount++;
-    else singleCount++;
-  });
-
-  return {
-    signedPair: pairs.pairs,
-    signedSingle: singleCount,
-    proof: proofCount,
-  };
-}
-
-async function verifyAccountUpdate(
-  account: Account,
-  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
-  publicInput: ZkappPublicInput,
-  transactionCommitments: { commitment: bigint; fullCommitment: bigint },
-  proofsEnabled: boolean,
-  networkId: NetworkId
-): Promise<void> {
-  // check that that top-level updates have mayUseToken = No
-  // (equivalent check exists in the Mina node)
-  if (
-    accountUpdate.body.callDepth === 0 &&
-    !AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.isNo(accountUpdate).toBoolean()
-  ) {
-    throw Error(
-      'Top-level account update can not use or pass on token permissions. Make sure that\n' +
-        'accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;'
-    );
-  }
-
-  let perm = account.permissions;
-
-  // check if addMissingSignatures failed to include a signature
-  // due to a missing private key
-  if (accountUpdate.authorization === dummySignature()) {
-    let pk = PublicKey.toBase58(accountUpdate.body.publicKey);
-    throw Error(
-      `verifyAccountUpdate: Detected a missing signature for (${pk}), private key was missing.`
-    );
-  }
-  // we are essentially only checking if the update is empty or an actual update
-  function includesChange<T extends {}>(
-    val: T | string | null | (string | null)[]
-  ): boolean {
-    if (Array.isArray(val)) {
-      return !val.every((v) => v === null);
-    } else {
-      return val !== null;
-    }
-  }
-
-  function permissionForUpdate(key: string): Types.AuthRequired {
-    switch (key) {
-      case 'appState':
-        return perm.editState;
-      case 'delegate':
-        return perm.setDelegate;
-      case 'verificationKey':
-        return perm.setVerificationKey.auth;
-      case 'permissions':
-        return perm.setPermissions;
-      case 'zkappUri':
-        return perm.setZkappUri;
-      case 'tokenSymbol':
-        return perm.setTokenSymbol;
-      case 'timing':
-        return perm.setTiming;
-      case 'votingFor':
-        return perm.setVotingFor;
-      case 'actions':
-        return perm.editActionState;
-      case 'incrementNonce':
-        return perm.incrementNonce;
-      case 'send':
-        return perm.send;
-      case 'receive':
-        return perm.receive;
-      default:
-        throw Error(`Invalid permission for field ${key}: does not exist.`);
-    }
-  }
-
-  let accountUpdateJson = accountUpdate.toJSON();
-  const update = accountUpdateJson.body.update;
-
-  let errorTrace = '';
-
-  let isValidProof = false;
-  let isValidSignature = false;
-
-  // we don't check if proofs aren't enabled
-  if (!proofsEnabled) isValidProof = true;
-
-  if (accountUpdate.authorization.proof && proofsEnabled) {
-    try {
-      let publicInputFields = ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput);
-
-      let proof: JsonProof = {
-        maxProofsVerified: 2,
-        proof: accountUpdate.authorization.proof!,
-        publicInput: publicInputFields.map((f) => f.toString()),
-        publicOutput: [],
-      };
-
-      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data;
-      assert(
-        verificationKey !== undefined,
-        'Account does not have a verification key'
-      );
-
-      isValidProof = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
-      if (!isValidProof) {
-        throw Error(
-          `Invalid proof for account update\n${JSON.stringify(update)}`
-        );
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
-      isValidProof = false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (accountUpdate.authorization.signature) {
-    // checking permissions and authorization for each account update individually
-    try {
-      isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
-        TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
-        transactionCommitments,
-        networkId
-      );
-    } catch (error) {
-      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
-      isValidSignature = false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  let verified = false;
-
-  function checkPermission(p0: Types.AuthRequired, field: string) {
-    let p = Types.AuthRequired.toJSON(p0);
-    if (p === 'None') return;
-
-    if (p === 'Impossible') {
-      throw Error(
-        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}'`
-      );
-    }
-
-    if (p === 'Signature' || p === 'Either') {
-      verified ||= isValidSignature;
-    }
-
-    if (p === 'Proof' || p === 'Either') {
-      verified ||= isValidProof;
-    }
-
-    if (!verified) {
-      throw Error(
-        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}', but the required authorization was not provided or is invalid.
-        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}\n\n`
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  // goes through the update field on a transaction
-  Object.entries(update).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-    if (includesChange(value)) {
-      let p = permissionForUpdate(key);
-      checkPermission(p, key);
-    }
-  });
-
-  // checks the sequence events (which result in an updated sequence state)
-  if (accountUpdate.body.actions.data.length > 0) {
-    let p = permissionForUpdate('actions');
-    checkPermission(p, 'actions');
-  }
-
-  if (accountUpdate.body.incrementNonce.toBoolean()) {
-    let p = permissionForUpdate('incrementNonce');
-    checkPermission(p, 'incrementNonce');
-  }
-
-  // this checks for an edge case where an account update can be approved using proofs but
-  // a) the proof is invalid (bad verification key)
-  // and b) there are no state changes initiate so no permissions will be checked
-  // however, if the verification key changes, the proof should still be invalid
-  if (errorTrace && !verified) {
-    throw Error(
-      `One or more proofs were invalid and no other form of authorization was provided.\n${errorTrace}`
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-type AuthorizationKind = { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean };
-
-const isPair = (a: AuthorizationKind, b: AuthorizationKind) =>
-  !a.isProved && !b.isProved;
-
-function filterPairs(xs: AuthorizationKind[]): {
-  xs: { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean }[];
-  pairs: number;
-} {
-  if (xs.length <= 1) return { xs, pairs: 0 };
-  if (isPair(xs[0], xs[1])) {
-    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(2));
-    return { xs: rec.xs, pairs: rec.pairs + 1 };
-  } else {
-    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(1));
-    return { xs: [xs[0]].concat(rec.xs), pairs: rec.pairs };
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction-validation.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction-validation.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afe67d0451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction-validation.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+/**
+ * This module holds the global Mina instance and its interface.
+ */
+import {
+  ZkappCommand,
+  TokenId,
+  Events,
+  ZkappPublicInput,
+  AccountUpdate,
+  dummySignature,
+} from '../account-update.js';
+import { Field } from '../core.js';
+import { UInt64, UInt32 } from '../int.js';
+import { PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
+import { JsonProof, verify } from '../proof-system.js';
+import { verifyAccountUpdateSignature } from '../../mina-signer/src/sign-zkapp-command.js';
+import { TransactionCost, TransactionLimits } from './constants.js';
+import { cloneCircuitValue } from '../circuit-value.js';
+import { assert } from '../gadgets/common.js';
+import { Types, TypesBigint } from '../../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
+import type { NetworkId } from '../../mina-signer/src/types.js';
+import type { Account } from './account.js';
+import type { NetworkValue } from '../precondition.js';
+
+export {
+  reportGetAccountError,
+  defaultNetworkState,
+  verifyTransactionLimits,
+  verifyAccountUpdate,
+  filterGroups,
+};
+
+function reportGetAccountError(publicKey: string, tokenId: string) {
+  if (tokenId === TokenId.toBase58(TokenId.default)) {
+    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey}`;
+  } else {
+    return `getAccount: Could not find account for public key ${publicKey} with the tokenId ${tokenId}`;
+  }
+}
+
+function defaultNetworkState(): NetworkValue {
+  let epochData: NetworkValue['stakingEpochData'] = {
+    ledger: { hash: Field(0), totalCurrency: UInt64.zero },
+    seed: Field(0),
+    startCheckpoint: Field(0),
+    lockCheckpoint: Field(0),
+    epochLength: UInt32.zero,
+  };
+  return {
+    snarkedLedgerHash: Field(0),
+    blockchainLength: UInt32.zero,
+    minWindowDensity: UInt32.zero,
+    totalCurrency: UInt64.zero,
+    globalSlotSinceGenesis: UInt32.zero,
+    stakingEpochData: epochData,
+    nextEpochData: cloneCircuitValue(epochData),
+  };
+}
+
+function verifyTransactionLimits({ accountUpdates }: ZkappCommand) {
+  let eventElements = { events: 0, actions: 0 };
+
+  let authKinds = accountUpdates.map((update) => {
+    eventElements.events += countEventElements(update.body.events);
+    eventElements.actions += countEventElements(update.body.actions);
+    let { isSigned, isProved, verificationKeyHash } =
+      update.body.authorizationKind;
+    return {
+      isSigned: isSigned.toBoolean(),
+      isProved: isProved.toBoolean(),
+      verificationKeyHash: verificationKeyHash.toString(),
+    };
+  });
+  // insert entry for the fee payer
+  authKinds.unshift({
+    isSigned: true,
+    isProved: false,
+    verificationKeyHash: '',
+  });
+  let authTypes = filterGroups(authKinds);
+
+  /*
+  np := proof
+  n2 := signedPair
+  n1 := signedSingle
+  
+  formula used to calculate how expensive a zkapp transaction is
+
+  10.26*np + 10.08*n2 + 9.14*n1 < 69.45
+  */
+  let totalTimeRequired =
+    TransactionCost.PROOF_COST * authTypes.proof +
+    TransactionCost.SIGNED_PAIR_COST * authTypes.signedPair +
+    TransactionCost.SIGNED_SINGLE_COST * authTypes.signedSingle;
+
+  let isWithinCostLimit = totalTimeRequired < TransactionCost.COST_LIMIT;
+
+  let isWithinEventsLimit =
+    eventElements.events <= TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS;
+  let isWithinActionsLimit =
+    eventElements.actions <= TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS;
+
+  let error = '';
+
+  if (!isWithinCostLimit) {
+    // TODO: we should add a link to the docs explaining the reasoning behind it once we have such an explainer
+    error += `Error: The transaction is too expensive, try reducing the number of AccountUpdates that are attached to the transaction.
+Each transaction needs to be processed by the snark workers on the network.
+Certain layouts of AccountUpdates require more proving time than others, and therefore are too expensive.
+
+${JSON.stringify(authTypes)}
+\n\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (!isWithinEventsLimit) {
+    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much event data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in events is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_EVENT_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.events}.\n\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (!isWithinActionsLimit) {
+    error += `Error: The account updates in your transaction are trying to emit too much action data. The maximum allowed number of field elements in actions is ${TransactionLimits.MAX_ACTION_ELEMENTS}, but you tried to emit ${eventElements.actions}.\n\n`;
+  }
+
+  if (error) throw Error('Error during transaction sending:\n\n' + error);
+}
+
+function countEventElements({ data }: Events) {
+  return data.reduce((acc, ev) => acc + ev.length, 0);
+}
+
+function filterGroups(xs: AuthorizationKind[]) {
+  let pairs = filterPairs(xs);
+  xs = pairs.xs;
+
+  let singleCount = 0;
+  let proofCount = 0;
+
+  xs.forEach((t) => {
+    if (t.isProved) proofCount++;
+    else singleCount++;
+  });
+
+  return {
+    signedPair: pairs.pairs,
+    signedSingle: singleCount,
+    proof: proofCount,
+  };
+}
+
+async function verifyAccountUpdate(
+  account: Account,
+  accountUpdate: AccountUpdate,
+  publicInput: ZkappPublicInput,
+  transactionCommitments: { commitment: bigint; fullCommitment: bigint },
+  proofsEnabled: boolean,
+  networkId: NetworkId
+): Promise<void> {
+  // check that that top-level updates have mayUseToken = No
+  // (equivalent check exists in the Mina node)
+  if (
+    accountUpdate.body.callDepth === 0 &&
+    !AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.isNo(accountUpdate).toBoolean()
+  ) {
+    throw Error(
+      'Top-level account update can not use or pass on token permissions. Make sure that\n' +
+        'accountUpdate.body.mayUseToken = AccountUpdate.MayUseToken.No;'
+    );
+  }
+
+  let perm = account.permissions;
+
+  // check if addMissingSignatures failed to include a signature
+  // due to a missing private key
+  if (accountUpdate.authorization === dummySignature()) {
+    let pk = PublicKey.toBase58(accountUpdate.body.publicKey);
+    throw Error(
+      `verifyAccountUpdate: Detected a missing signature for (${pk}), private key was missing.`
+    );
+  }
+  // we are essentially only checking if the update is empty or an actual update
+  function includesChange<T extends {}>(
+    val: T | string | null | (string | null)[]
+  ): boolean {
+    if (Array.isArray(val)) {
+      return !val.every((v) => v === null);
+    } else {
+      return val !== null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function permissionForUpdate(key: string): Types.AuthRequired {
+    switch (key) {
+      case 'appState':
+        return perm.editState;
+      case 'delegate':
+        return perm.setDelegate;
+      case 'verificationKey':
+        return perm.setVerificationKey.auth;
+      case 'permissions':
+        return perm.setPermissions;
+      case 'zkappUri':
+        return perm.setZkappUri;
+      case 'tokenSymbol':
+        return perm.setTokenSymbol;
+      case 'timing':
+        return perm.setTiming;
+      case 'votingFor':
+        return perm.setVotingFor;
+      case 'actions':
+        return perm.editActionState;
+      case 'incrementNonce':
+        return perm.incrementNonce;
+      case 'send':
+        return perm.send;
+      case 'receive':
+        return perm.receive;
+      default:
+        throw Error(`Invalid permission for field ${key}: does not exist.`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  let accountUpdateJson = accountUpdate.toJSON();
+  const update = accountUpdateJson.body.update;
+
+  let errorTrace = '';
+
+  let isValidProof = false;
+  let isValidSignature = false;
+
+  // we don't check if proofs aren't enabled
+  if (!proofsEnabled) isValidProof = true;
+
+  if (accountUpdate.authorization.proof && proofsEnabled) {
+    try {
+      let publicInputFields = ZkappPublicInput.toFields(publicInput);
+
+      let proof: JsonProof = {
+        maxProofsVerified: 2,
+        proof: accountUpdate.authorization.proof!,
+        publicInput: publicInputFields.map((f) => f.toString()),
+        publicOutput: [],
+      };
+
+      let verificationKey = account.zkapp?.verificationKey?.data;
+      assert(
+        verificationKey !== undefined,
+        'Account does not have a verification key'
+      );
+
+      isValidProof = await verify(proof, verificationKey);
+      if (!isValidProof) {
+        throw Error(
+          `Invalid proof for account update\n${JSON.stringify(update)}`
+        );
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
+      isValidProof = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (accountUpdate.authorization.signature) {
+    // checking permissions and authorization for each account update individually
+    try {
+      isValidSignature = verifyAccountUpdateSignature(
+        TypesBigint.AccountUpdate.fromJSON(accountUpdateJson),
+        transactionCommitments,
+        networkId
+      );
+    } catch (error) {
+      errorTrace += '\n\n' + (error as Error).stack;
+      isValidSignature = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  let verified = false;
+
+  function checkPermission(p0: Types.AuthRequired, field: string) {
+    let p = Types.AuthRequired.toJSON(p0);
+    if (p === 'None') return;
+
+    if (p === 'Impossible') {
+      throw Error(
+        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}'`
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (p === 'Signature' || p === 'Either') {
+      verified ||= isValidSignature;
+    }
+
+    if (p === 'Proof' || p === 'Either') {
+      verified ||= isValidProof;
+    }
+
+    if (!verified) {
+      throw Error(
+        `Transaction verification failed: Cannot update field '${field}' because permission for this field is '${p}', but the required authorization was not provided or is invalid.
+        ${errorTrace !== '' ? 'Error trace: ' + errorTrace : ''}\n\n`
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // goes through the update field on a transaction
+  Object.entries(update).forEach(([key, value]) => {
+    if (includesChange(value)) {
+      let p = permissionForUpdate(key);
+      checkPermission(p, key);
+    }
+  });
+
+  // checks the sequence events (which result in an updated sequence state)
+  if (accountUpdate.body.actions.data.length > 0) {
+    let p = permissionForUpdate('actions');
+    checkPermission(p, 'actions');
+  }
+
+  if (accountUpdate.body.incrementNonce.toBoolean()) {
+    let p = permissionForUpdate('incrementNonce');
+    checkPermission(p, 'incrementNonce');
+  }
+
+  // this checks for an edge case where an account update can be approved using proofs but
+  // a) the proof is invalid (bad verification key)
+  // and b) there are no state changes initiate so no permissions will be checked
+  // however, if the verification key changes, the proof should still be invalid
+  if (errorTrace && !verified) {
+    throw Error(
+      `One or more proofs were invalid and no other form of authorization was provided.\n${errorTrace}`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+type AuthorizationKind = { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean };
+
+const isPair = (a: AuthorizationKind, b: AuthorizationKind) =>
+  !a.isProved && !b.isProved;
+
+function filterPairs(xs: AuthorizationKind[]): {
+  xs: { isProved: boolean; isSigned: boolean }[];
+  pairs: number;
+} {
+  if (xs.length <= 1) return { xs, pairs: 0 };
+  if (isPair(xs[0], xs[1])) {
+    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(2));
+    return { xs: rec.xs, pairs: rec.pairs + 1 };
+  } else {
+    let rec = filterPairs(xs.slice(1));
+    return { xs: [xs[0]].concat(rec.xs), pairs: rec.pairs };
+  }
+}

From cdad58f8b6986cbafcc143074f8abe6d2646d541 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 10:41:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1749/1786] refactor(mina.ts, local-blockchain.ts,
 transaction.ts): change hash method to hash property for better readability
 and simplicity

---
 src/lib/mina.ts                  | 6 ++----
 src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts | 4 +---
 src/lib/mina/transaction.ts      | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 2503e4181f..2c7c7696bd 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -268,11 +268,9 @@ function Network(
         data: response?.data,
         errors,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
+        hash,
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
-        hash() {
-          return hash;
-        },
       };
 
       const pollTransactionStatus = async (
@@ -337,7 +335,7 @@ function Network(
         const maxAttempts = options?.maxAttempts ?? 45;
         const interval = options?.interval ?? 20000;
         return pollTransactionStatus(
-          pendingTransaction.hash(),
+          pendingTransaction.hash,
           maxAttempts,
           interval
         );
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
index a5f9920f1d..299130ee67 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
@@ -264,11 +264,9 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         isSuccess,
         errors,
         transaction: txn.transaction,
+        hash,
         toJSON: txn.toJSON,
         toPretty: txn.toPretty,
-        hash: (): string => {
-          return hash;
-        },
       };
 
       const wait = async (_options?: {
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
index 43274c98c8..ccf84c5cd6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
@@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ type PendingTransaction = Pick<
   }): Promise<IncludedTransaction | RejectedTransaction>;
 
   /**
-   * Generates and returns the transaction hash as a string identifier.
-   * @returns {string} The hash of the transaction.
+   * Returns the transaction hash as a string identifier.
+   * @property {string} The hash of the transaction.
    * @example
    * ```ts
-   * const txHash = pendingTransaction.hash();
+   * const txHash = pendingTransaction.hash;
    * console.log(`Transaction hash: ${txHash}`);
    * ```
    */
-  hash(): string;
+  hash: string;
 
   /**
    * Optional. Contains response data from a ZkApp transaction submission.

From 0fdac1865de21f3ab52634554d3abc2d5a436d96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 10:48:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1750/1786] refactor(errors.ts): simplify error handling logic
 by removing accountUpdateErrors variable

---
 src/lib/mina/errors.ts | 9 ++++-----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/errors.ts b/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
index 16d2ab2d85..bdbfd16c04 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/errors.ts
@@ -61,12 +61,11 @@ function invalidTransactionError(
   let errorMessages = [];
   let rawErrors = JSON.stringify(errors);
   let n = transaction.accountUpdates.length;
-  let accountUpdateErrors = errors.slice(1, n + 1);
 
   // Check if the number of errors match the number of account updates. If there are more, then the fee payer has an error.
   // We do this check because the fee payer error is not included in network transaction errors and is always present (even if empty) in the local transaction errors.
-  if (accountUpdateErrors.length === n) {
-    let errorsForFeePayer = errors[0];
+  if (errors.length > n) {
+    let errorsForFeePayer = errors.shift() ?? [];
     for (let [error] of errorsForFeePayer) {
       let message = ErrorHandlers[error as keyof typeof ErrorHandlers]?.({
         transaction,
@@ -78,8 +77,8 @@ function invalidTransactionError(
     }
   }
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < accountUpdateErrors.length; i++) {
-    let errorsForUpdate = accountUpdateErrors[i];
+  for (let i = 0; i < errors.length; i++) {
+    let errorsForUpdate = errors[i];
     for (let [error] of errorsForUpdate) {
       let message = ErrorHandlers[error as keyof typeof ErrorHandlers]?.({
         transaction,

From f1ffe88373f173b0e68ffef9fa0632a28f1bfb3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 10:49:42 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1751/1786] feat(local-blockchain.ts): add error handling for
 rejected transactions This change throws an error when a transaction is
 rejected, providing more detailed feedback about the transaction failure.

---
 src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts | 13 +++++++++----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
index 299130ee67..06dbf66911 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
@@ -283,10 +283,15 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
         maxAttempts?: number;
         interval?: number;
       }) => {
-        return createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction(
-          pendingTransaction,
-          pendingTransaction.errors
-        );
+        const pendingTransaction = await wait(_options);
+        if (pendingTransaction.status === 'rejected') {
+          throw Error(
+            `Transaction failed with errors:\n${pendingTransaction.errors.join(
+              '\n'
+            )}`
+          );
+        }
+        return pendingTransaction;
       };
 
       return {

From b13b3e8d26c8f7e20b65723d03d62ff7005a0eb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 10:55:31 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1752/1786] chore(bindings): update bindings submodule to a7ade

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 53a286f664..a7ade0db48 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 53a286f664b04f40e85f304397ec5edd1c3c07d6
+Subproject commit a7ade0db4879afeb603c246c967098e0ca6170b5

From 463768ab8b7abe95896b237870cb8ed3613f5c55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 11:06:12 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1753/1786] refactor(transaction-flow.ts): replace try-catch
 block with assert.rejects for cleaner error handling

---
 src/tests/transaction-flow.ts | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
index 46da5aa209..90a3721d74 100644
--- a/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
+++ b/src/tests/transaction-flow.ts
@@ -248,9 +248,8 @@ console.log('');
 console.log(
   "Test calling failing 'update' expecting 'invalid_fee_access' does throw with throwOnFail is true"
 );
-await testLocalAndRemote(async (skip: string) => {
-  let errorWasThrown = false;
-  try {
+await testLocalAndRemote(async () => {
+  await assert.rejects(async () => {
     const transaction = await Mina.transaction(
       { sender, fee: transactionFee },
       () => {
@@ -260,10 +259,7 @@ await testLocalAndRemote(async (skip: string) => {
     );
     transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
     await sendAndVerifyTransaction(transaction, true);
-  } catch (error) {
-    errorWasThrown = true;
-  }
-  assert(errorWasThrown);
+  });
 });
 console.log('');
 

From 638f42a0993598cc0bcaffaf226b7bce70272952 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 11:17:56 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1754/1786] refactor(mina.ts, transaction.ts): move transaction
 function from mina.ts to transaction.ts

---
 src/lib/mina.ts             | 53 +-----------------------------------
 src/lib/mina/transaction.ts | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 2c7c7696bd..6c9d054665 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import * as Fetch from './fetch.js';
 import { invalidTransactionError } from './mina/errors.js';
 import { Types } from '../bindings/mina-transaction/types.js';
 import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
-import { prettifyStacktrace } from './errors.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import {
@@ -28,6 +27,7 @@ import {
   type RejectedTransaction,
   createTransaction,
   newTransaction,
+  transaction,
   createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
 } from './mina/transaction.js';
 import {
@@ -456,57 +456,6 @@ function BerkeleyQANet(graphqlEndpoint: string) {
   return Network(graphqlEndpoint);
 }
 
-/**
- * Construct a smart contract transaction. Within the callback passed to this function,
- * you can call into the methods of smart contracts.
- *
- * ```
- * let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
- *   myZkapp.update();
- *   someOtherZkapp.someOtherMethod();
- * });
- * ```
- *
- * @return A transaction that can subsequently be submitted to the chain.
- */
-function transaction(sender: FeePayerSpec, f: () => void): Promise<Transaction>;
-function transaction(f: () => void): Promise<Transaction>;
-/**
- * @deprecated It's deprecated to pass in the fee payer's private key. Pass in the public key instead.
- * ```
- * // good
- * Mina.transaction(publicKey, ...);
- * Mina.transaction({ sender: publicKey }, ...);
- *
- * // deprecated
- * Mina.transaction(privateKey, ...);
- * Mina.transaction({ feePayerKey: privateKey }, ...);
- * ```
- */
-function transaction(
-  sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
-  f: () => void
-): Promise<Transaction>;
-function transaction(
-  senderOrF: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec | (() => void),
-  fOrUndefined?: () => void
-): Promise<Transaction> {
-  let sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec;
-  let f: () => void;
-  try {
-    if (fOrUndefined !== undefined) {
-      sender = senderOrF as DeprecatedFeePayerSpec;
-      f = fOrUndefined;
-    } else {
-      sender = undefined;
-      f = senderOrF as () => void;
-    }
-    return activeInstance.transaction(sender, f);
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the public key of the current transaction's sender account.
  *
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts b/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
index ccf84c5cd6..9d74aa9bb6 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/transaction.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import {
   TokenId,
   addMissingProofs,
 } from '../account-update.js';
+import { prettifyStacktrace } from '../errors.js';
 import { Field } from '../core.js';
 import { PrivateKey, PublicKey } from '../signature.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from '../int.js';
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ import { assertPreconditionInvariants } from '../precondition.js';
 import { Account } from './account.js';
 import {
   type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  type FeePayerSpec,
   activeInstance,
 } from './mina-instance.js';
 import * as Fetch from '../fetch.js';
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ export {
   sendTransaction,
   newTransaction,
   getAccount,
+  transaction,
   createIncludedOrRejectedTransaction,
 };
 
@@ -425,6 +428,57 @@ function newTransaction(transaction: ZkappCommand, proofsEnabled?: boolean) {
   return self;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Construct a smart contract transaction. Within the callback passed to this function,
+ * you can call into the methods of smart contracts.
+ *
+ * ```
+ * let tx = await Mina.transaction(sender, () => {
+ *   myZkapp.update();
+ *   someOtherZkapp.someOtherMethod();
+ * });
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @return A transaction that can subsequently be submitted to the chain.
+ */
+function transaction(sender: FeePayerSpec, f: () => void): Promise<Transaction>;
+function transaction(f: () => void): Promise<Transaction>;
+/**
+ * @deprecated It's deprecated to pass in the fee payer's private key. Pass in the public key instead.
+ * ```
+ * // good
+ * Mina.transaction(publicKey, ...);
+ * Mina.transaction({ sender: publicKey }, ...);
+ *
+ * // deprecated
+ * Mina.transaction(privateKey, ...);
+ * Mina.transaction({ feePayerKey: privateKey }, ...);
+ * ```
+ */
+function transaction(
+  sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
+  f: () => void
+): Promise<Transaction>;
+function transaction(
+  senderOrF: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec | (() => void),
+  fOrUndefined?: () => void
+): Promise<Transaction> {
+  let sender: DeprecatedFeePayerSpec;
+  let f: () => void;
+  try {
+    if (fOrUndefined !== undefined) {
+      sender = senderOrF as DeprecatedFeePayerSpec;
+      f = fOrUndefined;
+    } else {
+      sender = undefined;
+      f = senderOrF as () => void;
+    }
+    return activeInstance.transaction(sender, f);
+  } catch (error) {
+    throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
+  }
+}
+
 async function sendTransaction(txn: Transaction) {
   return await activeInstance.sendTransaction(txn);
 }

From e12d29e84caaba2f88b9dd8672057322c589c46d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 11:20:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1755/1786] refactor(run-live.ts): replace hash() method with
 hash property for better readability and performance fix(run-live.ts):
 correct the usage of hash in console.log statements to ensure accurate
 transaction hash display

---
 src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts         | 6 ++++--
 src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts | 8 ++++----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
index 84b6b945e1..554b77b85b 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/dex/run-live.ts
@@ -290,8 +290,10 @@ function logPendingTransaction(pendingTx: Mina.PendingTransaction) {
   console.log(
     'tx sent: ' +
       (useCustomLocalNetwork
-        ? `file://${os.homedir()}/.cache/zkapp-cli/lightnet/explorer/<version>/index.html?target=transaction&hash=${pendingTx.hash()}`
-        : `https://minascan.io/berkeley/tx/${pendingTx.hash()}?type=zk-tx`)
+        ? `file://${os.homedir()}/.cache/zkapp-cli/lightnet/explorer/<version>/index.html?target=transaction&hash=${
+            pendingTx.hash
+          }`
+        : `https://minascan.io/berkeley/tx/${pendingTx.hash}?type=zk-tx`)
   );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts
index 241b4d2b16..8fa166e632 100644
--- a/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts
+++ b/src/examples/zkapps/hello-world/run-live.ts
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ let transaction = await Mina.transaction(
 transaction.sign([senderKey, zkAppKey]);
 console.log('Sending the transaction.');
 let pendingTx = await transaction.send();
-if (pendingTx.hash() !== undefined) {
+if (pendingTx.hash !== undefined) {
   console.log(`Success! Deploy transaction sent.
 Your smart contract will be deployed
 as soon as the transaction is included in a block.
-Txn hash: ${pendingTx.hash()}`);
+Txn hash: ${pendingTx.hash}`);
 }
 console.log('Waiting for transaction inclusion in a block.');
 await pendingTx.wait({ maxAttempts: 90 });
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ transaction = await Mina.transaction({ sender, fee: transactionFee }, () => {
 await transaction.sign([senderKey]).prove();
 console.log('Sending the transaction.');
 pendingTx = await transaction.send();
-if (pendingTx.hash() !== undefined) {
+if (pendingTx.hash !== undefined) {
   console.log(`Success! Update transaction sent.
 Your smart contract state will be updated
 as soon as the transaction is included in a block.
-Txn hash: ${pendingTx.hash()}`);
+Txn hash: ${pendingTx.hash}`);
 }
 console.log('Waiting for transaction inclusion in a block.');
 await pendingTx.wait({ maxAttempts: 90 });

From 39645aafb61eb3f8801f7387e1e3cb3dfa6c94a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 12:03:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1756/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): update changelog with recent
 fixes and changes

- Add fix for parity between `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network` to ensure consistent behaviors
- Include changes to `TransactionId`, `transaction.send()`, and `transaction.wait()` for better error handling and transaction state representation
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 2dcfa822e1..e95816993a 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Fixed
 
 - Mitigate security hazard of deploying token contracts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/issues/1439
+- Fixed parity between `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network` to have the same behaviors https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1422
+  - Changed `TransactionId` to `Transaction`. Additionally added `PendingTransaction` and `RejectedTransaction` types to better represent the state of a transaction.
+  - Changed `transaction.send()` to contain errors in the returned `Transaction` object, instead of throwing them. Added `transaction.sendOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
+  - Changed `transaction.wait()` to contain errors in the returned `Transaction` object, instead of throwing them. Added `transaction.waitOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
 
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 

From 5ea85acd6d2b21e4c46c85f84494a1809449aedf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 12:06:10 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1757/1786] refactor(mina.ts, mina-instance.ts): move function
 definitions from mina.ts to mina-instance.ts for better code organization and
 maintainability

---
 src/lib/mina.ts               | 114 +++++-----------------------------
 src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina.ts b/src/lib/mina.ts
index 6c9d054665..309fc42e10 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina.ts
@@ -10,14 +10,26 @@ import { Account } from './mina/account.js';
 import { NetworkId } from '../mina-signer/src/types.js';
 import { currentTransaction } from './mina/transaction-context.js';
 import {
-  activeInstance,
-  setActiveInstance,
-  Mina,
-  defaultNetworkConstants,
   type FeePayerSpec,
   type DeprecatedFeePayerSpec,
   type ActionStates,
   type NetworkConstants,
+  activeInstance,
+  setActiveInstance,
+  Mina,
+  defaultNetworkConstants,
+  currentSlot,
+  getAccount,
+  hasAccount,
+  getBalance,
+  getNetworkId,
+  getNetworkConstants,
+  getNetworkState,
+  accountCreationFee,
+  fetchEvents,
+  fetchActions,
+  getActions,
+  getProofsEnabled,
 } from './mina/mina-instance.js';
 import { type EventActionFilterOptions } from './mina/graphql.js';
 import {
@@ -482,100 +494,6 @@ Mina.transaction(sender, // <-- pass in sender's public key here
   return sender;
 }
 
-/**
- * @return The current slot number, according to the active Mina instance.
- */
-function currentSlot(): UInt32 {
-  return activeInstance.currentSlot();
-}
-
-/**
- * @return The account data associated to the given public key.
- */
-function getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account {
-  return activeInstance.getAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
-}
-
-/**
- * Checks if an account exists within the ledger.
- */
-function hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean {
-  return activeInstance.hasAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
-}
-
-/**
- * @return The current Mina network ID.
- */
-function getNetworkId() {
-  return activeInstance.getNetworkId();
-}
-
-/**
- * @return Data associated with the current Mina network constants.
- */
-function getNetworkConstants() {
-  return activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
-}
-
-/**
- * @return Data associated with the current state of the Mina network.
- */
-function getNetworkState() {
-  return activeInstance.getNetworkState();
-}
-
-/**
- * @return The balance associated to the given public key.
- */
-function getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
-  return activeInstance.getAccount(publicKey, tokenId).balance;
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the default account creation fee.
- * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
- */
-function accountCreationFee() {
-  return activeInstance.accountCreationFee();
-}
-
-/**
- * @return A list of emitted events associated to the given public key.
- */
-async function fetchEvents(
-  publicKey: PublicKey,
-  tokenId: Field,
-  filterOptions: EventActionFilterOptions = {}
-) {
-  return await activeInstance.fetchEvents(publicKey, tokenId, filterOptions);
-}
-
-/**
- * @return A list of emitted sequencing actions associated to the given public key.
- */
-async function fetchActions(
-  publicKey: PublicKey,
-  actionStates?: ActionStates,
-  tokenId?: Field
-) {
-  return await activeInstance.fetchActions(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId);
-}
-
-/**
- * @return A list of emitted sequencing actions associated to the given public key.
- */
-function getActions(
-  publicKey: PublicKey,
-  actionStates?: ActionStates,
-  tokenId?: Field
-) {
-  return activeInstance.getActions(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId);
-}
-
-function getProofsEnabled() {
-  return activeInstance.proofsEnabled;
-}
-
 function dummyAccount(pubkey?: PublicKey): Account {
   let dummy = Types.Account.empty();
   if (pubkey) dummy.publicKey = pubkey;
diff --git a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
index be0080bab5..324dfefaeb 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/mina-instance.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@ export {
   activeInstance,
   setActiveInstance,
   ZkappStateLength,
+  currentSlot,
+  getAccount,
+  hasAccount,
+  getBalance,
+  getNetworkId,
+  getNetworkConstants,
+  getNetworkState,
+  accountCreationFee,
+  fetchEvents,
+  fetchActions,
+  getActions,
+  getProofsEnabled,
 };
 
 const defaultAccountCreationFee = 1_000_000_000;
@@ -138,3 +150,97 @@ function setActiveInstance(m: Mina) {
 function noActiveInstance(): never {
   throw Error('Must call Mina.setActiveInstance first');
 }
+
+/**
+ * @return The current slot number, according to the active Mina instance.
+ */
+function currentSlot(): UInt32 {
+  return activeInstance.currentSlot();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return The account data associated to the given public key.
+ */
+function getAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): Account {
+  return activeInstance.getAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if an account exists within the ledger.
+ */
+function hasAccount(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field): boolean {
+  return activeInstance.hasAccount(publicKey, tokenId);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return The current Mina network ID.
+ */
+function getNetworkId() {
+  return activeInstance.getNetworkId();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return Data associated with the current Mina network constants.
+ */
+function getNetworkConstants() {
+  return activeInstance.getNetworkConstants();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return Data associated with the current state of the Mina network.
+ */
+function getNetworkState() {
+  return activeInstance.getNetworkState();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return The balance associated to the given public key.
+ */
+function getBalance(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId?: Field) {
+  return activeInstance.getAccount(publicKey, tokenId).balance;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the default account creation fee.
+ * @deprecated use {@link Mina.getNetworkConstants}
+ */
+function accountCreationFee() {
+  return activeInstance.accountCreationFee();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return A list of emitted events associated to the given public key.
+ */
+async function fetchEvents(
+  publicKey: PublicKey,
+  tokenId: Field,
+  filterOptions: EventActionFilterOptions = {}
+) {
+  return await activeInstance.fetchEvents(publicKey, tokenId, filterOptions);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return A list of emitted sequencing actions associated to the given public key.
+ */
+async function fetchActions(
+  publicKey: PublicKey,
+  actionStates?: ActionStates,
+  tokenId?: Field
+) {
+  return await activeInstance.fetchActions(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @return A list of emitted sequencing actions associated to the given public key.
+ */
+function getActions(
+  publicKey: PublicKey,
+  actionStates?: ActionStates,
+  tokenId?: Field
+) {
+  return activeInstance.getActions(publicKey, actionStates, tokenId);
+}
+
+function getProofsEnabled() {
+  return activeInstance.proofsEnabled;
+}

From 069921c7dd21e174855dd2554c1a2e2264b27ba8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 12:18:14 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1758/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): move transaction changes to
 'Breaking changes' section

The changes related to transaction handling in `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network` are significant and can potentially break existing implementations. Therefore, they have been moved from the 'Fixed' section to a new 'Breaking changes' section to highlight their importance and potential impact.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index e95816993a..8669e21a4b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 ## [Unreleased](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/3b5f7c7...HEAD)
 
+### Breaking changes
+
+- Fixed parity between `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network` to have the same behaviors https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1422
+  - Changed the `TransactionId` type to `Transaction`. Additionally added `PendingTransaction` and `RejectedTransaction` types to better represent the state of a transaction.
+  - `transaction.send()` no longer throws an error if the transaction was not successful for `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network`. Instead, it returns a `PendingTransaction` object that contains the error. Use `transaction.sendOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
+  - `transaction.wait()` no longer throws an error if the transaction was not successful for `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network`. Instead, it returns either a `IncludedTransaction` or `RejectedTransaction`. Use `transaction.waitOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
+  - `transaction.hash()` is no longer a function, it is now a property that returns the hash of the transaction.
+
 ### Added
 
 - Support for custom network identifiers other than `mainnet` or `testnet` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1444
@@ -31,10 +39,6 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Fixed
 
 - Mitigate security hazard of deploying token contracts https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/issues/1439
-- Fixed parity between `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network` to have the same behaviors https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1422
-  - Changed `TransactionId` to `Transaction`. Additionally added `PendingTransaction` and `RejectedTransaction` types to better represent the state of a transaction.
-  - Changed `transaction.send()` to contain errors in the returned `Transaction` object, instead of throwing them. Added `transaction.sendOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
-  - Changed `transaction.wait()` to contain errors in the returned `Transaction` object, instead of throwing them. Added `transaction.waitOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
 
 ## [0.16.1](https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/compare/834a44002...3b5f7c7)
 

From ef4435fb856e90298cdbb9558eabbe92df315b21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 20:59:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1759/1786] Update to spawn workers for all logical cores and
 expose global function to allow user override

---
 src/bindings                    |  2 +-
 src/index.ts                    |  2 ++
 src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts | 15 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index a7ade0db48..7b36887243 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit a7ade0db4879afeb603c246c967098e0ca6170b5
+Subproject commit 7b368872437b7313cc627c32a76aaef586c2f93b
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index 865bb01d05..6445ab3706 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -117,6 +117,8 @@ export { Crypto } from './lib/crypto.js';
 
 export type { NetworkId } from './mina-signer/mina-signer.js';
 
+export { setNumberOfWorkers } from './lib/proof-system/workers.js';
+
 // experimental APIs
 import { memoizeWitness } from './lib/provable.js';
 export { Experimental };
diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52db5fc0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+export const workers = {
+  numWorkers: undefined as number | undefined,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Set the number of workers to use for parallelizing the proof generation. By default the number of workers is set to the number of physical CPU cores on your machine, but there may be some instances where you want to set the number of workers manually. Some machines may have a large number of cores, but not enough memory to support that many workers. In that case, you can set the number of workers to a lower number to avoid running out of memory. On the other hand, some machines with heterogeneous cores may benefit from setting the number of workers to a lower number to avoid contention between core types if load-link/store-conditional multithreading is used. Feel free to experiment and see what works best for your use case. Maybe you can squeeze slightly more performance out by tweaking this value :)
+
+ * @example
+ * ```typescript
+ * setNumberOfWorkers(2); // set the number of workers to 2
+ * ```
+ */
+export const setNumberOfWorkers = (numWorkers: number) => {
+  workers.numWorkers = numWorkers;
+};

From a93b1fa1085766d26e7c0f296c676f7f9a925e8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 21:00:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1760/1786] Remove dependency: detect-gpu

---
 package-lock.json | 14 --------------
 package.json      |  1 -
 2 files changed, 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 5cba08e5e2..5059ee4c27 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
       "dependencies": {
         "blakejs": "1.2.1",
         "cachedir": "^2.4.0",
-        "detect-gpu": "^5.0.5",
         "isomorphic-fetch": "^3.0.0",
         "js-sha256": "^0.9.0",
         "reflect-metadata": "^0.1.13",
@@ -2641,14 +2640,6 @@
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/detect-gpu": {
-      "version": "5.0.37",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/detect-gpu/-/detect-gpu-5.0.37.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-EraWs84faI4iskB4qvE39bevMIazEvd1RpoyGLOBesRLbiz6eMeJqqRPHjEFClfRByYZzi9IzU35rBXIO76oDw==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "webgl-constants": "^1.1.1"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/detect-newline": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/detect-newline/-/detect-newline-3.1.0.tgz",
@@ -6652,11 +6643,6 @@
         "makeerror": "1.0.12"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/webgl-constants": {
-      "version": "1.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webgl-constants/-/webgl-constants-1.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-LkBXKjU5r9vAW7Gcu3T5u+5cvSvh5WwINdr0C+9jpzVB41cjQAP5ePArDtk/WHYdVj0GefCgM73BA7FlIiNtdg=="
-    },
     "node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-3.0.1.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index fb3856ef3a..90af8aa90f 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@
   "dependencies": {
     "blakejs": "1.2.1",
     "cachedir": "^2.4.0",
-    "detect-gpu": "^5.0.5",
     "isomorphic-fetch": "^3.0.0",
     "js-sha256": "^0.9.0",
     "reflect-metadata": "^0.1.13",

From d5be6578f59640cdec80c83913045a2377e646ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Feb 2024 21:40:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1761/1786] Added CHANGELOG entry

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8669e21a4b..4e503f78bb 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 
 - Support for custom network identifiers other than `mainnet` or `testnet` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1444
 - `PrivateKey.randomKeypair()` to generate private and public key in one command https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1446
+- `setNumberOfWorkers()` to allow developer to override the number of workers used during compilation and proof generation/verification https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1456
+
+### Changed
+
+- Improve all-around performance by reverting the Apple silicon workaround (https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/683) as the root problem is now fixed upstream https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1456
 
 ### Deprecated
 

From 1b12eba6f6968d58e14408f62720cfdd44973e82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 01:32:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1762/1786] Bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 7b36887243..2baae6c47d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 7b368872437b7313cc627c32a76aaef586c2f93b
+Subproject commit 2baae6c47d76964d2ca1eeb5684152aeaec91ae4

From 46fa17c9836f760ebee1c66ae429a1551325a13d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 01:34:49 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1763/1786] Declare export at top of file :)

---
 src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts b/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts
index 52db5fc0e6..9076ad7554 100644
--- a/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts
+++ b/src/lib/proof-system/workers.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-export const workers = {
+export { workers, setNumberOfWorkers };
+
+const workers = {
   numWorkers: undefined as number | undefined,
 };
 
@@ -10,6 +12,6 @@ export const workers = {
  * setNumberOfWorkers(2); // set the number of workers to 2
  * ```
  */
-export const setNumberOfWorkers = (numWorkers: number) => {
+const setNumberOfWorkers = (numWorkers: number) => {
   workers.numWorkers = numWorkers;
 };

From b1e53b002f12e63c099708072f991ef016dcbd28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 10:52:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1764/1786] feat(hash.ts): add isHashable function to check if
 an object is hashable This function checks if an object has 'toInput' and
 'empty' methods, which are necessary for an object to be hashable. This will
 help in validating objects before attempting to hash them, preventing
 potential runtime errors.

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 69cd297472..9ea48ab6e1 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ export {
   packToFields,
   emptyReceiptChainHash,
   hashConstant,
+  isHashable,
 };
 
 type Hashable<T> = { toInput: (x: T) => HashInput; empty: () => T };
@@ -180,6 +181,15 @@ function packToFields({ fields = [], packed = [] }: HashInput) {
   return fields.concat(packedBits);
 }
 
+function isHashable<T>(obj: any): obj is Hashable<T> {
+  if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const hasToInput = 'toInput' in obj && typeof obj.toInput === 'function';
+  const hasEmpty = 'empty' in obj && typeof obj.empty === 'function';
+  return hasToInput && hasEmpty;
+}
+
 const TokenSymbolPure: ProvableExtended<
   { symbol: string; field: Field },
   string

From b82b3c7032a1d35b7508139264933b245452515c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 10:55:45 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1765/1786] feat(zkapp.ts): add support for HashInput inside
 computeCallData

---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index de5386fa21..4fedf0c30e 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@ import {
 } from './circuit-value.js';
 import { Provable, getBlindingValue, memoizationContext } from './provable.js';
 import * as Encoding from '../bindings/lib/encoding.js';
-import { Poseidon, hashConstant } from './hash.js';
+import {
+  HashInput,
+  Poseidon,
+  hashConstant,
+  isHashable,
+  packToFields,
+} from './hash.js';
 import { UInt32, UInt64 } from './int.js';
 import * as Mina from './mina.js';
 import {
@@ -479,29 +485,39 @@ function computeCallData(
 ) {
   let { returnType, methodName } = methodIntf;
   let args = methodArgumentTypesAndValues(methodIntf, argumentValues);
-  let argSizesAndFields: Field[][] = args.map(({ type, value }) => [
-    Field(type.sizeInFields()),
-    ...type.toFields(value),
-  ]);
+  let input: HashInput = { fields: [], packed: [] };
+
+  // we have to encode the sizes of arguments / return value, so that fields can't accidentally shift
+  // from one argument to another, or from arguments to the return value, or from the return value to the method name
   let totalArgSize = Field(
     args.map(({ type }) => type.sizeInFields()).reduce((s, t) => s + t, 0)
   );
-  let totalArgFields = argSizesAndFields.flat();
+  input.fields!.push(totalArgSize);
+
+  for (let { type, value } of args) {
+    if (isHashable(type)) {
+      input = HashInput.append(input, type.toInput(value));
+    } else {
+      input.fields!.push(
+        ...[Field(type.sizeInFields()), ...type.toFields(value)]
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
   let returnSize = Field(returnType?.sizeInFields() ?? 0);
-  let returnFields = returnType?.toFields(returnValue) ?? [];
-  let methodNameFields = Encoding.stringToFields(methodName);
-  return [
-    // we have to encode the sizes of arguments / return value, so that fields can't accidentally shift
-    // from one argument to another, or from arguments to the return value, or from the return value to the method name
-    totalArgSize,
-    ...totalArgFields,
-    returnSize,
-    ...returnFields,
-    // we don't have to encode the method name size because the blinding value is fixed to one field element,
-    // so method name fields can't accidentally become the blinding value and vice versa
-    ...methodNameFields,
-    blindingValue,
-  ];
+  input.fields!.push(returnSize);
+
+  if (isHashable(returnType)) {
+    input = HashInput.append(input, returnType.toInput(returnValue));
+  } else {
+    input.fields!.push(...(returnType?.toFields(returnValue) ?? []));
+  }
+
+  // we don't have to encode the method name size because the blinding value is fixed to one field element,
+  // so method name fields can't accidentally become the blinding value and vice versa
+  input.fields!.push(...Encoding.stringToFields(methodName));
+  input.fields!.push(blindingValue);
+  return packToFields(input);
 }
 
 /**

From 3f213ad49b96b8f008e5b76b01f7877d87e38d2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 11:31:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1766/1786] refactor(hash.ts): simplify isHashable

---
 src/lib/hash.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 9ea48ab6e1..cef4f2bbcd 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ function packToFields({ fields = [], packed = [] }: HashInput) {
 }
 
 function isHashable<T>(obj: any): obj is Hashable<T> {
-  if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) {
+  if (!obj) {
     return false;
   }
   const hasToInput = 'toInput' in obj && typeof obj.toInput === 'function';

From 413cf19702c007e9108e81d201aa97df3e2bcef3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 11:41:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1767/1786] feat(vk-regression): update artifacts

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 78 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index 2c0384dd01..bdb7008597 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "232c8378880bbb68117f00d34e442aa804f42255a6f02d343b738b8171d6ce65",
+    "digest": "d2e46bedbe1595ef96af56181dbc532fac0f75a9c983694eff51f14ba85bf9c",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1259,
-        "digest": "de76523858f6497e67b359668a14f51d"
+        "rows": 1186,
+        "digest": "0707078787ad2dc3557657acf6be749c"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
-        "rows": 1259,
-        "digest": "737730be005f7d071d339e036353ef7b"
+        "rows": 1186,
+        "digest": "ed58046f7a8b6a3ec76b87b322b7e1dd"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
         "rows": 1148,
         "digest": "08b40e8d2a9ea7369c371afd2e4e1f54"
       },
       "vote": {
-        "rows": 1673,
-        "digest": "37fdfc514d42b21cbe6f0b914bd88efa"
+        "rows": 1527,
+        "digest": "a9f519b58e8d8af49a05714e42c999a3"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,20 +24,20 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "15776151091008092402671254671490268418790844901048023495826534500844684898367"
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   },
   "Membership_": {
-    "digest": "35aa3fb2f5114cb29b575c70c3cef15e6538c66074876997d0005cd51925cf9",
+    "digest": "9359238e1b71ba3be5c68113b82a10fb4a474e8eb30425e40e442ee4f1d8fd1",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
-        "rows": 1353,
-        "digest": "9c4e2d1faf08ecf2ab6d46e29d3e7063"
+        "rows": 1317,
+        "digest": "95ccaaf8f5f6a6cdd921012d45f4ef7b"
       },
       "isMember": {
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-        "digest": "8a434b9f7ed15f870c663eb7c7bde640"
+        "rows": 433,
+        "digest": "d61de2c7156d5071aa85ea8740c9e6d6"
       },
       "publish": {
         "rows": 694,
@@ -45,25 +45,25 @@
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   },
   "HelloWorld": {
-    "digest": "1a84219f9b337333c108c12995dad5c952626f05f53f1fda6e1268bf4633a028",
+    "digest": "1ed885145ea241ac7cda29078630518c59478ff90b8375013842bd1bfdacd7b",
     "methods": {
       "update": {
-        "rows": 2351,
-        "digest": "4b2d9758d8d9916c406ab0c9e7e2c458"
+        "rows": 2338,
+        "digest": "625ebb56dee0c6bccf477dab7a205f29"
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     "verificationKey": {
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-      "hash": "27190148268093452485039136201330807645985391900537471731621996478489554499244"
+      "data": "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",
+      "hash": "23515750224930824543612121808492178419253895944238834926787450557179656395924"
     }
   },
   "Group Primitive": {

From 8556625ce25ff639342f5ce556f1df26ef8ca702 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 12:06:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1768/1786] refactor(zkapp.ts): optimize computeCallData
 function for better readability and maintainability

The computeCallData function has been refactored to improve its readability and maintainability. The changes include reordering the code blocks and removing unnecessary comments. The totalArgSize and returnSize are now calculated and appended in a more logical order. This refactoring does not affect the functionality of the code but makes it easier to understand and maintain.
---
 src/lib/zkapp.ts | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/zkapp.ts b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
index 4fedf0c30e..97530c32f8 100644
--- a/src/lib/zkapp.ts
+++ b/src/lib/zkapp.ts
@@ -485,15 +485,8 @@ function computeCallData(
 ) {
   let { returnType, methodName } = methodIntf;
   let args = methodArgumentTypesAndValues(methodIntf, argumentValues);
-  let input: HashInput = { fields: [], packed: [] };
-
-  // we have to encode the sizes of arguments / return value, so that fields can't accidentally shift
-  // from one argument to another, or from arguments to the return value, or from the return value to the method name
-  let totalArgSize = Field(
-    args.map(({ type }) => type.sizeInFields()).reduce((s, t) => s + t, 0)
-  );
-  input.fields!.push(totalArgSize);
 
+  let input: HashInput = { fields: [], packed: [] };
   for (let { type, value } of args) {
     if (isHashable(type)) {
       input = HashInput.append(input, type.toInput(value));
@@ -503,21 +496,32 @@ function computeCallData(
       );
     }
   }
+  const totalArgFields = packToFields(input);
+  let totalArgSize = Field(
+    args.map(({ type }) => type.sizeInFields()).reduce((s, t) => s + t, 0)
+  );
 
   let returnSize = Field(returnType?.sizeInFields() ?? 0);
-  input.fields!.push(returnSize);
-
+  input = { fields: [], packed: [] };
   if (isHashable(returnType)) {
     input = HashInput.append(input, returnType.toInput(returnValue));
   } else {
     input.fields!.push(...(returnType?.toFields(returnValue) ?? []));
   }
-
-  // we don't have to encode the method name size because the blinding value is fixed to one field element,
-  // so method name fields can't accidentally become the blinding value and vice versa
-  input.fields!.push(...Encoding.stringToFields(methodName));
-  input.fields!.push(blindingValue);
-  return packToFields(input);
+  let returnFields = packToFields(input);
+  let methodNameFields = Encoding.stringToFields(methodName);
+  return [
+    // we have to encode the sizes of arguments / return value, so that fields can't accidentally shift
+    // from one argument to another, or from arguments to the return value, or from the return value to the method name
+    totalArgSize,
+    ...totalArgFields,
+    returnSize,
+    ...returnFields,
+    // we don't have to encode the method name size because the blinding value is fixed to one field element,
+    // so method name fields can't accidentally become the blinding value and vice versa
+    ...methodNameFields,
+    blindingValue,
+  ];
 }
 
 /**

From 1f614d99ae33133893ead5c07fcc29a9815d4078 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 12:12:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1769/1786] feat(scalar.ts): add toInput method for internal
 use

This method is the implementation of `ProvableExtended.toInput()` for the `Field` type. It returns an object where the `fields` key is a `Field` array of length 1 created from this `Field`. This is mainly for internal use and not intended for zkApp developers.
---
 src/lib/scalar.ts | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/lib/scalar.ts b/src/lib/scalar.ts
index d54f20c209..32aa8d6789 100644
--- a/src/lib/scalar.ts
+++ b/src/lib/scalar.ts
@@ -233,6 +233,20 @@ class Scalar {
     return Scalar.toFields(this);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
+   *
+   * This function is the implementation of `ProvableExtended.toInput()` for the {@link Field} type.
+   *
+   * @param value - The {@link Field} element to get the `input` array.
+   *
+   * @return An object where the `fields` key is a {@link Field} array of length 1 created from this {@link Field}.
+   *
+   */
+  static toInput(x: Scalar): { packed: [Field, number][] } {
+    return { packed: Scalar.toFields(x).map((f) => [f, 1]) };
+  }
+
   /**
    * Part of the {@link Provable} interface.
    *

From 071ca2fee6eada1ede9ed94dfb54db6c188c1e14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 12:12:49 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1770/1786] feat(vk-regression): update artifacts

---
 tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json | 50 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
index bdb7008597..691010dc38 100644
--- a/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
+++ b/tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.json
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 {
   "Voting_": {
-    "digest": "d2e46bedbe1595ef96af56181dbc532fac0f75a9c983694eff51f14ba85bf9c",
+    "digest": "3c75d3509d7717e33cff7e94489d8f60082ac11f7f808e10a64f703a1d096d4a",
     "methods": {
       "voterRegistration": {
         "rows": 1186,
-        "digest": "0707078787ad2dc3557657acf6be749c"
+        "digest": "0edc4cddcd4513771935fb6a712add18"
       },
       "candidateRegistration": {
         "rows": 1186,
-        "digest": "ed58046f7a8b6a3ec76b87b322b7e1dd"
+        "digest": "8c83b537e3dab168c4aa2c00b90e5f2a"
       },
       "approveRegistrations": {
         "rows": 1148,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
       },
       "vote": {
         "rows": 1527,
-        "digest": "a9f519b58e8d8af49a05714e42c999a3"
+        "digest": "259e561fb1ade3c15fedcafb7da09c87"
       },
       "countVotes": {
         "rows": 5796,
@@ -24,20 +24,20 @@
       }
     },
     "verificationKey": {
-      "data": "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",
-      "hash": "28031359147381776437205516322348723115638320265710865888533506663654121937850"
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   "Membership_": {
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+    "digest": "3c6c74360f42734aa1d3f76f497ec63a0bc39528b47a00c3be887a0b6ef1f8e1",
     "methods": {
       "addEntry": {
         "rows": 1317,
-        "digest": "95ccaaf8f5f6a6cdd921012d45f4ef7b"
+        "digest": "86c4cb3e10764e94741e23cce1342192"
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       "isMember": {
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-        "digest": "d61de2c7156d5071aa85ea8740c9e6d6"
+        "digest": "8ac29f5a178a401e243e206c62dfbfaf"
       },
       "publish": {
         "rows": 694,
@@ -45,21 +45,21 @@
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   "HelloWorld": {
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     "methods": {
       "update": {
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-        "digest": "625ebb56dee0c6bccf477dab7a205f29"
+        "rows": 826,
+        "digest": "5215ab9c7474b26f3a9073d821aef59b"
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   },
   "TokenContract": {
@@ -84,32 +84,32 @@
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   },
   "Dex": {
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+        "digest": "69358bfab9d197e2f3ea1d658cb7fa20"
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       "swapX": {
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+        "digest": "a080a34bacf8c4a843d7355f9b69304c"
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       "swapY": {
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+        "digest": "4100b3543afd76189c879487c4b4f4a4"
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       "burnLiquidity": {
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   "Group Primitive": {

From 80c826a1464b6c6dcd2e045d0bb05248c3fe0aaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 12:17:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1771/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): add information about
 efficiency improvement in AccountUpdate.callData computation This update
 includes details about a significant reduction in the number of constraints
 used when inputs to a zkApp method are many field elements.

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8669e21a4b..c2784c8251 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `transaction.send()` no longer throws an error if the transaction was not successful for `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network`. Instead, it returns a `PendingTransaction` object that contains the error. Use `transaction.sendOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
   - `transaction.wait()` no longer throws an error if the transaction was not successful for `Mina.LocalBlockchain` and `Mina.Network`. Instead, it returns either a `IncludedTransaction` or `RejectedTransaction`. Use `transaction.waitOrThrowIfError` to throw the error if the transaction was not successful.
   - `transaction.hash()` is no longer a function, it is now a property that returns the hash of the transaction.
+- Improved efficiency of computing `AccountUpdate.callData` by packing field elements into as few field elements as possible https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1458
+  - This leads to a large reduction in the number of constraints used when inputs to a zkApp method are many field elements (e.g. a long list of `Bool`s)
 
 ### Added
 

From ec017132f663b6554ce7a62ee184bf770432841c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 12:17:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1772/1786] fix(package.json): add build step to "dump-vks"
 script to ensure latest build is used for regression tests

---
 package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index fb3856ef3a..9a01de0313 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     "prepublish:web": "NODE_ENV=production node src/build/build-web.js",
     "prepublish:node": "node src/build/copy-artifacts.js && rimraf ./dist/node && npx tsc -p tsconfig.node.json && node src/build/copy-to-dist.js && NODE_ENV=production node src/build/build-node.js",
     "prepublishOnly": "npm run prepublish:web && npm run prepublish:node",
-    "dump-vks": "./run tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump",
+    "dump-vks": "npm run build && ./run tests/vk-regression/vk-regression.ts --bundle --dump",
     "format": "prettier --write --ignore-unknown **/*",
     "clean": "rimraf ./dist && rimraf ./src/bindings/compiled/_node_bindings",
     "clean-all": "npm run clean && rimraf ./tests/report && rimraf ./tests/test-artifacts",

From 9ce4ea69007bb2876e155d5d99fe9dc5a9c8d494 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 12:19:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1773/1786] fix(scalar.ts): correct parameter type in toInput()
 method documentation from Field to Scalar for accuracy

---
 src/lib/scalar.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/scalar.ts b/src/lib/scalar.ts
index 32aa8d6789..7439f3713a 100644
--- a/src/lib/scalar.ts
+++ b/src/lib/scalar.ts
@@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ class Scalar {
   /**
    * **Warning**: This function is mainly for internal use. Normally it is not intended to be used by a zkApp developer.
    *
-   * This function is the implementation of `ProvableExtended.toInput()` for the {@link Field} type.
+   * This function is the implementation of `ProvableExtended.toInput()` for the {@link Scalar} type.
    *
-   * @param value - The {@link Field} element to get the `input` array.
+   * @param value - The {@link Scalar} element to get the `input` array.
    *
    * @return An object where the `fields` key is a {@link Field} array of length 1 created from this {@link Field}.
    *

From 9236c384ebd47bc1fb4a774746e22394290f2e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jackryanservia <90076280+jackryanservia@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Feb 2024 15:17:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1774/1786] Bump bindings

---
 src/bindings | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 2baae6c47d..b33a7eab09 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 2baae6c47d76964d2ca1eeb5684152aeaec91ae4
+Subproject commit b33a7eab09f6fda33b982a6cde67a51507b6b72e

From 06b6595ace5f49e5c1bbc94fc64642b74cac453e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:22:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1775/1786] fix(fetch.ts): update error message for undefined
 GraphQL endpoint to provide more specific guidance on how to resolve the
 issue

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 73d324770d..aaa942fd1b 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ async function fetchActions(
 ) {
   if (!graphqlEndpoint)
     throw new Error(
-      'fetchActions: Specified GraphQL endpoint is undefined. Please specify a valid endpoint.'
+      'fetchActions: Specified GraphQL endpoint is undefined. When using actions, you must set the archive node endpoint in Mina.Network(). Please ensure your Mina.Network() configuration includes an archive node endpoint.'
     );
   const {
     publicKey,

From 902202fa5a55bae4e4402cf70d399f9b1e922e26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:23:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1776/1786] refactor(fetch.ts): replace 'new Error' with
 'Error' for throwing exceptions to follow best practices

---
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index aaa942fd1b..4a3e38067e 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ async function fetchActions(
   graphqlEndpoint = networkConfig.archiveEndpoint
 ) {
   if (!graphqlEndpoint)
-    throw new Error(
+    throw Error(
       'fetchActions: Specified GraphQL endpoint is undefined. When using actions, you must set the archive node endpoint in Mina.Network(). Please ensure your Mina.Network() configuration includes an archive node endpoint.'
     );
   const {

From 1a6aa9b28733dc5e11a9c553ad0d91999144617c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:24:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1777/1786] docs(CHANGELOG.md): add entry for improved error
 message for missing Archive Node endpoint in fetchActions

This commit adds a new entry in the changelog to document the improvement of the error message when trying to use `fetchActions` with a missing Archive Node endpoint.
---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 07f9ad9c53..21a6579941 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Changed
 
 - Improve all-around performance by reverting the Apple silicon workaround (https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/683) as the root problem is now fixed upstream https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1456
+- Improved error message when trying to use `fetchActions` with a missing Archive Node endpoint https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1459
 
 ### Deprecated
 

From 2e7395a5b4837da6442628c844bc35133f588c31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:30:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1778/1786] fix(fetch.ts): improve error message for undefined
 GraphQL endpoint in fetchEvents

---
 CHANGELOG.md     | 2 +-
 src/lib/fetch.ts | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 21a6579941..1a99323c9e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
 ### Changed
 
 - Improve all-around performance by reverting the Apple silicon workaround (https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/683) as the root problem is now fixed upstream https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1456
-- Improved error message when trying to use `fetchActions` with a missing Archive Node endpoint https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1459
+- Improved error message when trying to use `fetchActions`/`fetchEvents` with a missing Archive Node endpoint https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1459
 
 ### Deprecated
 
diff --git a/src/lib/fetch.ts b/src/lib/fetch.ts
index 4a3e38067e..e357579501 100644
--- a/src/lib/fetch.ts
+++ b/src/lib/fetch.ts
@@ -640,8 +640,8 @@ async function fetchEvents(
   filterOptions: EventActionFilterOptions = {}
 ) {
   if (!graphqlEndpoint)
-    throw new Error(
-      'fetchEvents: Specified GraphQL endpoint is undefined. Please specify a valid endpoint.'
+    throw Error(
+      'fetchEvents: Specified GraphQL endpoint is undefined. When using events, you must set the archive node endpoint in Mina.Network(). Please ensure your Mina.Network() configuration includes an archive node endpoint.'
     );
   const { publicKey, tokenId } = accountInfo;
   let [response, error] = await makeGraphqlRequest<EventQueryResponse>(

From a922d89e4e64b765b7043f5f5a7a6478cf47e5f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:37:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1779/1786] feat(local-blockchain.ts): reverse order of events
 fetched to display latest events first for better user experience

---
 src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
index 06dbf66911..852abf34ae 100644
--- a/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
+++ b/src/lib/mina/local-blockchain.ts
@@ -326,7 +326,11 @@ function LocalBlockchain({
       );
     },
     async fetchEvents(publicKey: PublicKey, tokenId: Field = TokenId.default) {
-      return events?.[publicKey.toBase58()]?.[TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)] ?? [];
+      // Return events in reverse chronological order (latest events at the beginning)
+      const reversedEvents = (
+        events?.[publicKey.toBase58()]?.[TokenId.toBase58(tokenId)] ?? []
+      ).reverse();
+      return reversedEvents;
     },
     async fetchActions(
       publicKey: PublicKey,

From fd5a7b1882c2925567935d7362aa043cc0f121c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Minkov <minkovlmartin@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Feb 2024 11:39:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 1780/1786] feat(CHANGELOG.md): return events in
 LocalBlockchain in reverse chronological order to match Network behavior

---
 CHANGELOG.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 07f9ad9c53..db8400ad25 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.htm
   - `transaction.hash()` is no longer a function, it is now a property that returns the hash of the transaction.
 - Improved efficiency of computing `AccountUpdate.callData` by packing field elements into as few field elements as possible https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1458
   - This leads to a large reduction in the number of constraints used when inputs to a zkApp method are many field elements (e.g. a long list of `Bool`s)
+- Return events in the `LocalBlockchain` in reverse chronological order (latest events at the beginning) to match the behavior of the `Network` https://github.com/o1-labs/o1js/pull/1460
 
 ### Added
 

From d53266a03f354522d5a33431073ca169287bd2fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gabrielbosio <gabrielbosio95@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Mar 2024 10:59:29 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1781/1786] Add circuitBn254 and add ForeignFieldBn254 import

---
 src/lib/hash.ts |  1 +
 src/snarky.d.ts | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 94abd9b895..7707565afd 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { rangeCheckN } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
+import { ForeignFieldBn254, createForeignFieldBn254 } from './foreign_field_bn254.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index e0c9a5a7cf..d3894e5430 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -561,6 +561,36 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     };
   };
 
+  /**
+   * The circuit API is a low level interface to create zero-knowledge proofs using Bn254 fields
+   */
+  circuitBn254: {
+    /**
+     * Generates a proving key and a verification key for the provable function `main`.
+     * Uses Pasta fields.
+     */
+    compile(main: Snarky.Main, publicInputSize: number): Snarky.Keypair;
+
+    /**
+     * Proves a statement using the private input, public input and the keypair of the circuit.
+     */
+    prove(
+      main: Snarky.Main,
+      publicInputSize: number,
+      publicInput: MlArray<FieldConst>,
+      keypair: Snarky.Keypair
+    ): Snarky.Proof;
+
+    keypair: {
+      getVerificationKey(keypair: Snarky.Keypair): Snarky.VerificationKey;
+      /**
+       * Returns a low-level JSON representation of the circuit:
+       * a list of gates, each of which represents a row in a table, with certain coefficients and wires to other (row, column) pairs
+       */
+      getConstraintSystemJSON(keypair: Snarky.Keypair): JsonConstraintSystem;
+    };
+  };
+
   // TODO: implement in TS
   poseidon: {
     update(
@@ -578,8 +608,8 @@ declare const Snarky: {
 
     foreignSponge: {
       create(isChecked: boolean): unknown;
-      absorb(sponge: unknown, x: ForeignFieldVar): void;
-      squeeze(sponge: unknown): ForeignFieldVar;
+      absorb(sponge: unknown, x: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>): void;
+      squeeze(sponge: unknown): MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>;
     };
   };
 };

From 786b22dc5a7a209a07b1a9de9da35f3d7087e758 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gabrielbosio <gabriel.bosio@lambdaclass.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Mar 2024 12:20:42 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1782/1786] Update mina

---
 .gitmodules | 3 ++-
 src/mina    | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index d5d0b17795..0b29ad0d78 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@
 	branch = wasm_kzg_prover
 [submodule "src/mina"]
 	path = src/mina
-	url = https://github.com/MinaProtocol/mina.git
+	url = https://github.com/lambdaclass/mina.git
+	branch = new_version
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index b9ed54f1d0..d4efe0b5ee 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit b9ed54f1d0c1b98d14116474efcf9d05c1cc5138
+Subproject commit d4efe0b5eee36c4c52c415f459e21a2c258e89ca

From e517a6ea3d61a6c43d8e88daa1e9e478a41b7cc5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gabrielbosio <gabrielbosio95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Mar 2024 13:15:19 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1783/1786] Fix bindings compilation

---
 src/bindings                       |   2 +-
 src/lib/bool_bn254.ts              | 386 -----------------------
 src/lib/circuit.ts                 |   2 +-
 src/lib/circuit_bn254.ts           | 197 ------------
 src/lib/field_bn254.ts             | 246 ---------------
 src/lib/foreign_field_bn254.ts     | 479 -----------------------------
 src/lib/foreign_group.ts           | 289 -----------------
 src/lib/foreign_group.unit-test.ts |  20 --
 src/lib/hash.ts                    |  21 --
 src/lib/ml/fields.ts               |   7 -
 src/lib/provable.ts                |  81 -----
 src/mina                           |   2 +-
 12 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1729 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/bool_bn254.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/circuit_bn254.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/field_bn254.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/foreign_field_bn254.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/foreign_group.ts
 delete mode 100644 src/lib/foreign_group.unit-test.ts

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index fb17622f32..3a520101fa 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit fb17622f32a1f2af070b4ae1305373ada4c44aa8
+Subproject commit 3a520101fab9f35c2beae0beffd16e6c7ecd09a7
diff --git a/src/lib/bool_bn254.ts b/src/lib/bool_bn254.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index cb4ae5f277..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/bool_bn254.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,386 +0,0 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import {
-  Field,
-  FieldConst,
-  FieldType,
-  FieldVar,
-  readVarMessage,
-} from './field.js';
-import { FieldBn254 } from './field_bn254.js';
-import { Bool as B } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { defineBinable } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
-import { NonNegativeInteger } from '../bindings/crypto/non-negative.js';
-import { asProverBn254 } from './provable-context.js';
-import { BoolVar } from './bool.js';
-
-export { BoolBn254, isBool };
-
-type ConstantBoolVar = [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst];
-type ConstantBool = BoolBn254 & { value: ConstantBoolVar };
-
-/**
- * A boolean value. You can use it like this:
- *
- * ```
- * const x = new Bool(true);
- * ```
- *
- * You can also combine multiple booleans via [[`not`]], [[`and`]], [[`or`]].
- *
- * Use [[assertEquals]] to enforce the value of a Bool.
- */
-class BoolBn254 {
-  value: BoolVar;
-
-  constructor(x: boolean | BoolBn254 | BoolVar) {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) {
-      this.value = x.value;
-      return;
-    }
-    if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-      this.value = x;
-      return;
-    }
-    this.value = FieldVar.constant(B(x));
-  }
-
-  isConstant(): this is { value: ConstantBoolVar } {
-    return this.value[0] === FieldType.Constant;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Converts a {@link BoolBn254} to a {@link FieldBn254Bn254}. `false` becomes 0 and `true` becomes 1.
-   */
-  toField(): FieldBn254 {
-    return BoolBn254.toField(this);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @returns a new {@link BoolBn254} that is the negation of this {@link BoolBn254}.
-   */
-  not(): BoolBn254 {
-    if (this.isConstant()) {
-      return new BoolBn254(!this.toBoolean());
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(Snarky.boolBn254.not(this.value));
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @param y A {@link BoolBn254} to AND with this {@link BoolBn254}.
-   * @returns a new {@link BoolBn254} that is set to true only if
-   * this {@link BoolBn254} and `y` are also true.
-   */
-  and(y: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-      return new BoolBn254(this.toBoolean() && toBoolean(y));
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(Snarky.boolBn254.and(this.value, BoolBn254.#toVar(y)));
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @param y a {@link BoolBn254} to OR with this {@link BoolBn254}.
-   * @returns a new {@link BoolBn254} that is set to true if either
-   * this {@link BoolBn254} or `y` is true.
-   */
-  or(y: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-      return new BoolBn254(this.toBoolean() || toBoolean(y));
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(Snarky.boolBn254.or(this.value, BoolBn254.#toVar(y)));
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Proves that this {@link BoolBn254} is equal to `y`.
-   * @param y a {@link BoolBn254}.
-   */
-  assertEquals(y: BoolBn254 | boolean, message?: string): void {
-    try {
-      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-        if (this.toBoolean() !== toBoolean(y)) {
-          throw Error(`BoolBn254.assertEquals(): ${this} != ${y}`);
-        }
-        return;
-      }
-      Snarky.boolBn254.assertEqual(this.value, BoolBn254.#toVar(y));
-    } catch (err) {
-      throw withMessage(err, message);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Proves that this {@link BoolBn254} is `true`.
-   */
-  assertTrue(message?: string): void {
-    try {
-      if (this.isConstant() && !this.toBoolean()) {
-        throw Error(`BoolBn254.assertTrue(): ${this} != ${true}`);
-      }
-      this.assertEquals(true);
-    } catch (err) {
-      throw withMessage(err, message);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Proves that this {@link BoolBn254} is `false`.
-   */
-  assertFalse(message?: string): void {
-    try {
-      if (this.isConstant() && this.toBoolean()) {
-        throw Error(`BoolBn254.assertFalse(): ${this} != ${false}`);
-      }
-      this.assertEquals(false);
-    } catch (err) {
-      throw withMessage(err, message);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns true if this {@link BoolBn254} is equal to `y`.
-   * @param y a {@link BoolBn254}.
-   */
-  equals(y: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-      return new BoolBn254(this.toBoolean() === toBoolean(y));
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(Snarky.boolBn254.equals(this.value, BoolBn254.#toVar(y)));
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns the size of this type.
-   */
-  sizeInFields(): number {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Serializes this {@link BoolBn254} into {@link FieldBn254} elements.
-   */
-  toFields(): FieldBn254[] {
-    return BoolBn254.toFields(this);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Serialize the {@link BoolBn254} to a string, e.g. for printing.
-   * This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the Field.
-   */
-  toString(): string {
-    return this.toBoolean().toString();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Serialize the {@link BoolBn254} to a JSON string.
-   * This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the Field.
-   */
-  toJSON(): boolean {
-    return this.toBoolean();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This converts the {@link BoolBn254} to a javascript [[boolean]].
-   * This can only be called on non-witness values.
-   */
-  toBoolean(): boolean {
-    let value: FieldConst;
-    if (this.isConstant()) {
-      value = this.value[1];
-    } else if (Snarky.run.inProverBlockBn254()) {
-      value = Snarky.fieldBn254.readVar(this.value);
-    } else {
-      throw Error(readVarMessage('toBoolean', 'b', 'BoolBn254'));
-    }
-    return FieldConst.equal(value, FieldConst[1]);
-  }
-
-  static toField(x: BoolBn254 | boolean): FieldBn254 {
-    return new FieldBn254(BoolBn254.#toVar(x));
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Boolean negation.
-   */
-  static not(x: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) {
-      return x.not();
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(!x);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Boolean AND operation.
-   */
-  static and(x: BoolBn254 | boolean, y: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) {
-      return x.and(y);
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(x).and(y);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Boolean OR operation.
-   */
-  static or(x: BoolBn254 | boolean, y: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) {
-      return x.or(y);
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(x).or(y);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Asserts if both {@link BoolBn254} are equal.
-   */
-  static assertEqual(x: BoolBn254, y: BoolBn254 | boolean): void {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) {
-      x.assertEquals(y);
-      return;
-    }
-    new BoolBn254(x).assertEquals(y);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Checks two {@link BoolBn254} for equality.
-   */
-  static equal(x: BoolBn254 | boolean, y: BoolBn254 | boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) {
-      return x.equals(y);
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(x).equals(y);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Static method to serialize a {@link BoolBn254} into an array of {@link FieldBn254} elements.
-   */
-  static toFields(x: BoolBn254): FieldBn254[] {
-    return [BoolBn254.toField(x)];
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Static method to serialize a {@link BoolBn254} into its auxiliary data.
-   */
-  static toAuxiliary(_?: BoolBn254): [] {
-    return [];
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Creates a data structure from an array of serialized {@link FieldBn254} elements.
-   */
-  static fromFields(fields: FieldBn254[]): BoolBn254 {
-    if (fields.length !== 1) {
-      throw Error(`BoolBn254.fromFields(): expected 1 field, got ${fields.length}`);
-    }
-    return new BoolBn254(fields[0].value);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Serialize a {@link BoolBn254} to a JSON string.
-   * This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the Field.
-   */
-  static toJSON(x: BoolBn254): boolean {
-    return x.toBoolean();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Deserialize a JSON structure into a {@link BoolBn254}.
-   * This operation does _not_ affect the circuit and can't be used to prove anything about the string representation of the Field.
-   */
-  static fromJSON(b: boolean): BoolBn254 {
-    return new BoolBn254(b);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns the size of this type.
-   */
-  static sizeInFields() {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  static toInput(x: BoolBn254): { packed: [FieldBn254, number][] } {
-    return { packed: [[x.toField(), 1] as [FieldBn254, number]] };
-  }
-
-  static toBytes(b: BoolBn254): number[] {
-    return BoolBinable.toBytes(b);
-  }
-
-  static fromBytes(bytes: number[]): BoolBn254 {
-    return BoolBinable.fromBytes(bytes);
-  }
-
-  static readBytes<N extends number>(
-    bytes: number[],
-    offset: NonNegativeInteger<N>
-  ): [value: BoolBn254, offset: number] {
-    return BoolBinable.readBytes(bytes, offset);
-  }
-
-  static sizeInBytes() {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  static check(x: BoolBn254): void {
-    Snarky.fieldBn254.assertBoolean(x.value);
-  }
-
-  static Unsafe = {
-    /**
-     * Converts a {@link FieldBn254} into a {@link BoolBn254}. This is a **dangerous** operation
-     * as it assumes that the field element is either 0 or 1 (which might not be true).
-     *
-     * Only use this with constants or if you have already constrained the Field element to be 0 or 1.
-     *
-     * @param x a {@link FieldBn254}
-     */
-    ofField(x: FieldBn254) {
-      asProverBn254(() => {
-        let x0 = x.toBigInt();
-        if (x0 !== 0n && x0 !== 1n)
-          throw Error(`BoolBn254.Unsafe.ofField(): Expected 0 or 1, got ${x0}`);
-      });
-      return new BoolBn254(x.value);
-    },
-  };
-
-  static #isBool(x: boolean | BoolBn254 | BoolVar): x is BoolBn254 {
-    return x instanceof BoolBn254;
-  }
-
-  static #toVar(x: boolean | BoolBn254): BoolVar {
-    if (BoolBn254.#isBool(x)) return x.value;
-    return FieldVar.constant(B(x));
-  }
-}
-
-const BoolBinable = defineBinable({
-  toBytes(b: BoolBn254) {
-    return [Number(b.toBoolean())];
-  },
-  readBytes(bytes, offset) {
-    return [new BoolBn254(!!bytes[offset]), offset + 1];
-  },
-});
-
-function isConstant(x: boolean | BoolBn254): x is boolean | ConstantBool {
-  if (typeof x === 'boolean') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return x.isConstant();
-}
-
-function isBool(x: unknown) {
-  return x instanceof BoolBn254;
-}
-
-function toBoolean(x: boolean | BoolBn254): boolean {
-  if (typeof x === 'boolean') {
-    return x;
-  }
-  return x.toBoolean();
-}
-
-// TODO: This is duplicated
-function withMessage(error: unknown, message?: string) {
-  if (message === undefined || !(error instanceof Error)) return error;
-  error.message = `${message}\n${error.message}`;
-  return error;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit.ts b/src/lib/circuit.ts
index 96cda7f0bf..e57b3ce38d 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvablePure, ProvableBn254, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
+import { ProvablePure, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
 import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
 import { withThreadPool } from '../bindings/js/wrapper.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
diff --git a/src/lib/circuit_bn254.ts b/src/lib/circuit_bn254.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 6af16d2612..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/circuit_bn254.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-import 'reflect-metadata';
-import { ProvableBn254, Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray } from './ml/fields.js';
-import { withThreadPool } from '../bindings/js/wrapper.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { snarkContext, gatesFromJson } from './provable-context.js';
-import { prettifyStacktrace, prettifyStacktracePromise } from './errors.js';
-import { Proof, VerificationKey } from './circuit.js';
-
-// external API
-export { circuitMainBn254, CircuitBn254, KeypairBn254 };
-
-class CircuitBn254 {
-  // circuit-writing interface
-
-  static _main: CircuitData<any, any>;
-
-  /**
-   * Generates a proving key and a verification key for this circuit.
-   * Uses Bn254 Fields.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const keypair = await MyCircuit.generateKeypairBn254();
-   * ```
-   */
-  static generateKeypair() {
-    let main = mainFromCircuitData(this._main);
-    let publicInputSize = this._main.publicInputType.sizeInFields();
-    return prettifyStacktracePromise(
-      withThreadPool(async () => {
-        let keypair = Snarky.circuitBn254.compile(main, publicInputSize);
-        return new KeypairBn254(keypair);
-      })
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Proves a statement using the private input, public input, and the {@link Keypair} of the circuit.
-   * Uses Bn254 fields.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const keypair = await MyCircuit.generateKeypairBn254();
-   * const proof = await MyCircuit.proveBn254(privateInput, publicInput, keypair);
-   * ```
-   */
-  static prove(privateInput: any[], publicInput: any[], keypair: KeypairBn254) {
-    let main = mainFromCircuitData(this._main, privateInput);
-    let publicInputSize = this._main.publicInputType.sizeInFields();
-    let publicInputFields = this._main.publicInputType.toFields(publicInput);
-    return prettifyStacktracePromise(
-      withThreadPool(async () => {
-        let proof = Snarky.circuitBn254.prove(
-          main,
-          publicInputSize,
-          MlFieldConstArray.toBn254(publicInputFields),
-          keypair.value
-        );
-        return new Proof(proof);
-      })
-    );
-  }
-}
-
-class KeypairBn254 {
-  value: Snarky.KeypairBn254;
-
-  constructor(value: Snarky.KeypairBn254) {
-    this.value = value;
-  }
-
-  verificationKey() {
-    return new VerificationKey(
-      Snarky.circuitBn254.keypair.getVerificationKey(this.value)
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Returns a low-level JSON representation of the {@link Circuit} from its {@link Keypair}:
-   * a list of gates, each of which represents a row in a table, with certain coefficients and wires to other (row, column) pairs
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const keypair = await MyCircuit.generateKeypairBn254();
-   * const gates = keypair.constraintSystem();
-   * ```
-   */
-  constraintSystem() {
-    try {
-      return gatesFromJson(
-        Snarky.circuitBn254.keypair.getConstraintSystemJSON(this.value)
-      ).gates;
-    } catch (error) {
-      throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-type CircuitData<P, W> = {
-  main(publicInput: P, privateInput: W): void;
-  publicInputType: ProvableBn254<P>;
-  privateInputType: ProvableBn254<W>;
-};
-
-function mainFromCircuitData<P, W>(
-  data: CircuitData<P, W>,
-  privateInput?: W
-): Snarky.Main {
-  return function main(publicInputFields: MlFieldArray) {
-    let id = snarkContext.enter({ inCheckedComputation: true });
-    try {
-      let publicInput = data.publicInputType.fromFields(
-        MlFieldArray.fromBn254(publicInputFields), []
-      );
-      let privateInput_ = Provable.witnessBn254(
-        data.privateInputType,
-        () => privateInput as W
-      );
-      data.main(publicInput, privateInput_);
-    } finally {
-      snarkContext.leave(id);
-    }
-  };
-}
-
-function circuitMainBn254(
-  target: typeof CircuitBn254,
-  propertyName: string,
-  _descriptor?: PropertyDescriptor
-): any {
-  const paramTypes = Reflect.getMetadata(
-    'design:paramtypes',
-    target,
-    propertyName
-  );
-  const numArgs = paramTypes.length;
-
-  const publicIndexSet: Set<number> = new Set((target as any)._public);
-  const witnessIndexSet: Set<number> = new Set();
-  for (let i = 0; i < numArgs; ++i) {
-    if (!publicIndexSet.has(i)) witnessIndexSet.add(i);
-  }
-
-  target._main = {
-    main(publicInput: any[], privateInput: any[]) {
-      let args = [];
-      for (let i = 0; i < numArgs; ++i) {
-        let nextInput = publicIndexSet.has(i) ? publicInput : privateInput;
-        args.push(nextInput.shift());
-      }
-      return (target as any)[propertyName].apply(target, args);
-    },
-    publicInputType: provableFromTuple(
-      Array.from(publicIndexSet).sort().map((i) => paramTypes[i])
-    ),
-    privateInputType: provableFromTuple(
-      Array.from(witnessIndexSet).sort().map((i) => paramTypes[i])
-    ),
-  };
-}
-
-// TODO support auxiliary data
-function provableFromTuple(typs: ProvableBn254<any>[]): ProvableBn254<any> {
-  return {
-    toAuxiliary: () => {
-      return [];
-    },
-
-    sizeInFields: () => {
-      return typs.reduce((acc, typ) => acc + typ.sizeInFields(), 0);
-    },
-
-    toFields: (t: Array<any>) => {
-      if (t.length !== typs.length) {
-        throw new Error(`typOfArray: Expected ${typs.length}, got ${t.length}`);
-      }
-      let res = [];
-      for (let i = 0; i < t.length; ++i) {
-        res.push(...typs[i].toFields(t[i]));
-      }
-      return res;
-    },
-
-    fromFields: (xs: Array<any>) => {
-      let offset = 0;
-      let res: Array<any> = [];
-      typs.forEach((typ) => {
-        const n = typ.sizeInFields();
-        res.push(typ.fromFields(xs.slice(offset, offset + n), []));
-        offset += n;
-      });
-      return res;
-    },
-
-    check(xs: Array<any>) {
-      typs.forEach((typ, i) => (typ as any).check(xs[i]));
-    },
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/field_bn254.ts b/src/lib/field_bn254.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 394bd5cd2a..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/field_bn254.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,246 +0,0 @@
-import { Snarky } from "../snarky.js";
-import { assert } from "./errors.js";
-import { FieldBn254 as Fp } from "../provable/field_bn254_bigint.js";
-import { FieldConst, FieldType, FieldVar, checkBitLength, readVarMessage, withMessage } from "./field.js";
-import { inCheckedComputation } from "./provable-context.js";
-import { BoolBn254 } from "./bool_bn254.js";
-import { Provable } from "./provable.js";
-
-export { FieldBn254 }
-
-type ConstantFieldVar = [FieldType.Constant, FieldConst];
-type ConstantField = FieldBn254 & { value: ConstantFieldVar };
-
-class FieldBn254 {
-    value: FieldVar;
-
-    constructor(x: bigint | number | string | FieldBn254 | FieldVar | FieldConst) {
-        if (FieldBn254.#isField(x)) {
-            this.value = x.value;
-            return;
-        }
-        if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-            if (typeof x[1] === 'bigint') {
-                // FieldConst
-                this.value = FieldVar.constant(x as FieldConst);
-                return;
-            } else {
-                // FieldVar
-                this.value = x as FieldVar;
-                return;
-            }
-        }
-        // TODO this should handle common values efficiently by reading from a lookup table
-        this.value = FieldVar.constant(Fp(x));
-    }
-
-    static #isField(
-        x: bigint | number | string | FieldBn254 | FieldVar | FieldConst
-    ): x is FieldBn254 {
-        return x instanceof FieldBn254;
-    }
-
-    static #toConst(x: bigint | number | string | ConstantField): FieldConst {
-        if (FieldBn254.#isField(x)) return x.value[1];
-        return FieldConst.fromBigint(Fp(x));
-    }
-
-    static #toVar(x: bigint | number | string | FieldBn254): FieldVar {
-        if (FieldBn254.#isField(x)) return x.value;
-        return FieldVar.constant(Fp(x));
-    }
-
-    static from(x: bigint | number | string | FieldBn254): FieldBn254 {
-        if (FieldBn254.#isField(x)) return x;
-        return new FieldBn254(x);
-    }
-
-    assertEquals(y: FieldBn254, message?: string) {
-        try {
-            Snarky.fieldBn254.assertEqual(this.value, y.value);
-        } catch (err) {
-            throw withMessage(err, message);
-        }
-    }
-
-    isConstant(): this is { value: ConstantFieldVar } {
-        return this.value[0] === FieldType.Constant;
-    }
-
-    #toConstant(name: string): ConstantField {
-        return toConstantField(this, name, 'x', 'field element');
-    }
-
-    toConstant(): ConstantField {
-        return this.#toConstant('toConstant');
-    }
-
-    toBigInt() {
-        let x = this.#toConstant('toBigInt');
-        return FieldConst.toBigint(x.value[1]);
-    }
-
-    toBits(length?: number) {
-        if (length !== undefined) checkBitLength('FieldBn254.toBits()', length);
-        if (this.isConstant()) {
-            let bits = Fp.toBits(this.toBigInt());
-            if (length !== undefined) {
-                if (bits.slice(length).some((bit) => bit))
-                    throw Error(`FieldBn254.toBits(): ${this} does not fit in ${length} bits`);
-                return bits.slice(0, length).map((b) => new BoolBn254(b));
-            }
-            return bits.map((b) => new BoolBn254(b));
-        }
-        let [, ...bits] = Snarky.fieldBn254.toBits(length ?? Fp.sizeInBits, this.value);
-        return bits.map((b) => BoolBn254.Unsafe.ofField(new FieldBn254(b)));
-    }
-
-    static fromBits(bits: (BoolBn254 | boolean)[]) {
-        let length = bits.length;
-        checkBitLength('FieldBn254.fromBits()', length);
-        if (bits.every((b) => typeof b === 'boolean' || b.toField().isConstant())) {
-            let bits_ = bits
-                .map((b) => (typeof b === 'boolean' ? b : b.toBoolean()))
-                .concat(Array(Fp.sizeInBits - length).fill(false));
-            return new FieldBn254(Fp.fromBits(bits_));
-        }
-        let bitsVars = bits.map((b): FieldVar => {
-            if (typeof b === 'boolean') return b ? FieldVar[1] : FieldVar[0];
-            return b.toField().value;
-        });
-        let x = Snarky.field.fromBits([0, ...bitsVars]);
-        return new FieldBn254(x);
-    }
-
-    static sizeInFields() {
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    static fromFields([x]: FieldBn254[]) {
-        return x;
-    }
-
-    static toFields(x: FieldBn254) {
-        return [x];
-    }
-
-    static check() { }
-
-    equals(y: FieldBn254 | bigint | number | string): BoolBn254 {
-        return this.sub(y).isZero();
-    }
-
-    isZero() {
-        if (this.isConstant()) {
-            return new BoolBn254(this.toBigInt() === 0n);
-        }
-        // create witnesses z = 1/x, or z=0 if x=0,
-        // and b = 1 - zx
-        let [, b, z] = Snarky.existsBn254(2, () => {
-            let x = this.toBigInt();
-            let z = Fp.inverse(x) ?? 0n;
-            let b = Fp.sub(1n, Fp.mul(z, x));
-            return [0, FieldConst.fromBigint(b), FieldConst.fromBigint(z)];
-        });
-        // add constraints
-        // b * x === 0
-        Snarky.fieldBn254.assertMul(b, this.value, FieldVar[0]);
-        // z * x === 1 - b
-        Snarky.fieldBn254.assertMul(
-            z,
-            this.value,
-            Snarky.fieldBn254.add(FieldVar[1], Snarky.fieldBn254.scale(FieldConst[-1], b))
-        );
-        // ^^^ these prove that b = Bool(x === 0):
-        // if x = 0, the 2nd equation implies b = 1
-        // if x != 0, the 1st implies b = 0
-        return BoolBn254.Unsafe.ofField(new FieldBn254(b));
-    }
-
-    add(y: FieldBn254 | bigint | number | string): FieldBn254 {
-        if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-            return new FieldBn254(Fp.add(this.toBigInt(), toFp(y)));
-        }
-        // return new AST node Add(x, y)
-        let z = Snarky.fieldBn254.add(this.value, FieldBn254.#toVar(y));
-        return new FieldBn254(z);
-    }
-
-    sub(y: FieldBn254 | bigint | number | string) {
-        return this.add(FieldBn254.from(y).neg());
-    }
-
-    neg() {
-        if (this.isConstant()) {
-            return new FieldBn254(Fp.negate(this.toBigInt()));
-        }
-        // return new AST node Scale(-1, x)
-        let z = Snarky.fieldBn254.scale(FieldConst[-1], this.value);
-        return new FieldBn254(z);
-    }
-
-    mul(y: FieldBn254 | bigint | number | string): FieldBn254 {
-        if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-            return new FieldBn254(Fp.mul(this.toBigInt(), toFp(y)));
-        }
-        // if one of the factors is constant, return Scale AST node
-        if (isConstant(y)) {
-            let z = Snarky.fieldBn254.scale(FieldBn254.#toConst(y), this.value);
-            return new FieldBn254(z);
-        }
-        if (this.isConstant()) {
-            let z = Snarky.fieldBn254.scale(this.value[1], y.value);
-            return new FieldBn254(z);
-        }
-        // create a new witness for z = x*y
-        let z = Snarky.existsVarBn254(() =>
-            FieldConst.fromBigint(Fp.mul(this.toBigInt(), toFp(y)))
-        );
-        // add a multiplication constraint
-        Snarky.fieldBn254.assertMul(this.value, y.value, z);
-        return new FieldBn254(z);
-    }
-}
-
-function isConstant(
-    x: bigint | number | string | FieldBn254
-): x is bigint | number | string | ConstantField {
-    let type = typeof x;
-    if (type === 'bigint' || type === 'number' || type === 'string') {
-        return true;
-    }
-    return (x as FieldBn254).isConstant();
-}
-
-function toConstantField(
-    x: FieldBn254,
-    methodName: string,
-    varName = 'x',
-    varDescription = 'field element'
-): ConstantField {
-    // if this is a constant, return it
-    if (x.isConstant()) return x;
-
-    // a non-constant can only appear inside a checked computation. everything else is a bug.
-    assert(
-        inCheckedComputation(),
-        'variables only exist inside checked computations'
-    );
-
-    // if we are inside an asProver or witness block, read the variable's value and return it as constant
-    if (Snarky.run.inProverBlockBn254()) {
-        let value = Snarky.fieldBn254.readVar(x.value);
-        return new FieldBn254(value) as ConstantField;
-    }
-
-    // otherwise, calling `toConstant()` is likely a mistake. throw a helpful error message.
-    throw Error(readVarMessage(methodName, varName, varDescription));
-}
-
-function toFp(x: bigint | number | string | FieldBn254): Fp {
-    let type = typeof x;
-    if (type === 'bigint' || type === 'number' || type === 'string') {
-        return Fp(x as bigint | number | string);
-    }
-    return (x as FieldBn254).toBigInt();
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign_field_bn254.ts b/src/lib/foreign_field_bn254.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b296cbe8e..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/foreign_field_bn254.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,479 +0,0 @@
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { mod, inverse, Fp } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { Tuple } from '../bindings/lib/binable.js';
-import {
-  Field,
-  FieldVar,
-  checkBitLength,
-  withMessage,
-} from './field.js';
-import { FieldBn254 as FieldBigInt } from '../provable/field_bn254_bigint.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Bool } from './bool.js';
-import { MlArray, MlTuple } from './ml/base.js';
-import { FieldBn254 } from './field_bn254.js';
-import { ForeignFieldConst, ForeignFieldVar } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { BoolBn254 } from './bool_bn254.js';
-
-// external API
-export { createForeignFieldBn254, ForeignFieldBn254 };
-
-const limbBits = 88n;
-
-type ForeignFieldBn254 = InstanceType<ReturnType<typeof createForeignFieldBn254>>;
-
-/**
- * Create a class representing a prime order finite field, which is different from the native {@link Field}.
- *
- * ```ts
- * const SmallField = createForeignField(17n); // the finite field F_17
- * ```
- *
- * `createForeignField(p)` takes the prime modulus `p` of the finite field as input, as a bigint.
- * We support prime moduli up to a size of 259 bits.
- *
- * The returned {@link ForeignFieldBn254} class supports arithmetic modulo `p` (addition and multiplication),
- * as well as helper methods like `assertEquals()` and `equals()`.
- *
- * _Advanced usage:_
- *
- * Internally, a foreign field element is represented as three native field elements, each of which
- * represents a limb of 88 bits. Therefore, being a valid foreign field element means that all 3 limbs
- * fit in 88 bits, and the foreign field element altogether is smaller than the modulus p.
- * With default parameters, new `ForeignField` elements introduced in provable code are automatically
- * constrained to be valid on creation.
- *
- * However, optimized code may want to forgo these automatic checks because in some
- * situations they are redundant. Skipping automatic validity checks can be done
- * by passing the `unsafe: true` flag:
- *
- * ```ts
- * class UnsafeField extends createForeignField(17n, { unsafe: true }) {}
- * ```
- *
- * You then often need to manually add validity checks:
- * ```ts
- * let x: UnsafeField;
- * x.assertValidElement(); // prove that x is a valid foreign field element
- * ```
- *
- * @param modulus the modulus of the finite field you are instantiating
- * @param options
- * - `unsafe: boolean` determines whether `ForeignField` elements are constrained to be valid on creation.
- */
-function createForeignFieldBn254(modulus: bigint, { unsafe = false } = {}) {
-  const p = modulus;
-  const pMl = ForeignFieldConst.fromBigint(p);
-
-  if (p <= 0) {
-    throw Error(`ForeignField: expected modulus to be positive, got ${p}`);
-  }
-  if (p > foreignFieldMax) {
-    throw Error(
-      `ForeignField: modulus exceeds the max supported size of 2^${foreignFieldMaxBits}`
-    );
-  }
-
-  let sizeInBits = p.toString(2).length;
-
-  class ForeignFieldBn254 {
-    static modulus = p;
-    value: ForeignFieldVar;
-
-    static #zero = new ForeignFieldBn254(0);
-
-    /**
-     * Create a new {@link ForeignFieldBn254} from a bigint, number, string or another ForeignField.
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let x = new ForeignField(5);
-     * ```
-     */
-    constructor(x: ForeignFieldBn254 | ForeignFieldVar | bigint | number | string) {
-      if (x instanceof ForeignFieldBn254) {
-        this.value = x.value;
-        return;
-      }
-      // ForeignFieldVar
-      if (Array.isArray(x)) {
-        this.value = x;
-        return;
-      }
-      // constant
-      this.value = ForeignFieldVar.fromBigint(mod(BigInt(x), p));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignFieldBn254}.
-     */
-    static from(x: ForeignFieldBn254 | ForeignFieldVar | bigint | number | string) {
-      if (x instanceof ForeignFieldBn254) return x;
-      return new ForeignFieldBn254(x);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks whether this field element is a constant.
-     *
-     * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
-     */
-    isConstant() {
-      let [, ...limbs] = this.value;
-      return limbs.every(FieldVar.isConstant);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Convert this field element to a constant.
-     *
-     * See {@link FieldVar} to understand constants vs variables.
-     *
-     * **Warning**: This function is only useful in {@link Provable.witnessBn254} or {@link Provable.asProverBn254} blocks,
-     * that is, in situations where the prover computes a value outside provable code.
-     */
-    toConstant(): ForeignFieldBn254 {
-      let [, ...limbs] = this.value;
-      let constantLimbs = mapTuple(limbs, (l) =>
-        FieldVar.constant(FieldVar.toConstant(l))
-      );
-      return new ForeignFieldBn254([0, ...constantLimbs]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Convert this field element to a bigint.
-     */
-    toBigInt() {
-      return ForeignFieldVar.toBigintBn254(this.value);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Assert that this field element lies in the range [0, p),
-     * where p is the foreign field modulus.
-     */
-    assertValidElement() {
-      if (this.isConstant()) return;
-      Snarky.foreignFieldBn254.assertValidElement(this.value, pMl);
-    }
-
-    // arithmetic with full constraints, for safe use
-
-    /**
-     * Finite field addition
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.add(2); // x + 2 mod p
-     * ```
-     */
-    add(y: ForeignFieldBn254 | bigint | number) {
-      return ForeignFieldBn254.sum([this, y], [1]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finite field negation
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.neg(); // -x mod p = p - x
-     * ```
-     */
-    neg() {
-      return ForeignFieldBn254.sum([ForeignFieldBn254.#zero, this], [-1]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finite field subtraction
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.sub(1); // x - 1 mod p
-     * ```
-     */
-    sub(y: ForeignFieldBn254 | bigint | number) {
-      return ForeignFieldBn254.sum([this, y], [-1]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sum (or difference) of multiple finite field elements.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let z = ForeignFieldBn254.sum([3, 2, 1], [-1, 1]); // 3 - 2 + 1
-     * z.assertEquals(2);
-     * ```
-     *
-     * This method expects a list of ForeignField-like values, `x0,...,xn`,
-     * and a list of "operations" `op1,...,opn` where every op is 1 or -1 (plus or minus),
-     * and returns
-     *
-     * `x0 + op1*x1 + ... + opn*xn`
-     *
-     * where the sum is computed in finite field arithmetic.
-     *
-     * **Important:** For more than two summands, this is significantly more efficient
-     * than chaining calls to {@link ForeignFieldBn254.add} and {@link ForeignFieldBn254.sub}.
-     *
-     */
-    static sum(xs: (ForeignFieldBn254 | bigint | number)[], operations: (1 | -1)[]) {
-      if (xs.every(isConstant)) {
-        let sum = xs.reduce((sum: bigint, x, i): bigint => {
-          if (i === 0) return toFp(x);
-          return sum + BigInt(operations[i - 1]) * toFp(x);
-        }, 0n);
-        // note: we don't reduce mod p because the constructor does that
-        return new ForeignFieldBn254(sum);
-      }
-      let fields = MlArray.to(xs.map(toVar));
-      let opModes = MlArray.to(
-        operations.map((op) => (op === 1 ? OpMode.Add : OpMode.Sub))
-      );
-      let z = Snarky.foreignFieldBn254.sumChain(fields, opModes, pMl);
-      return new ForeignFieldBn254(z);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finite field multiplication
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.mul(y); // x*y mod p
-     * ```
-     */
-    mul(y: ForeignFieldBn254 | bigint | number) {
-      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-        let z = mod(this.toBigInt() * toFp(y), p);
-        return new ForeignFieldBn254(z);
-      }
-      let z = Snarky.foreignFieldBn254.mul(this.value, toVar(y), pMl);
-      return new ForeignFieldBn254(z);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Multiplicative inverse in the finite field
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let z = x.inv(); // 1/x mod p
-     * z.mul(x).assertEquals(1);
-     * ```
-     */
-    inv(): ForeignFieldBn254 {
-      if (this.isConstant()) {
-        let z = inverse(this.toBigInt(), p);
-        if (z === undefined) {
-          if (this.toBigInt() === 0n) {
-            throw Error('ForeignField.inv(): division by zero');
-          } else {
-            // in case this is used with non-prime moduli
-            throw Error('ForeignField.inv(): inverse does not exist');
-          }
-        }
-        return new ForeignFieldBn254(z);
-      }
-      let z = Provable.witnessBn254(ForeignFieldBn254, () => this.toConstant().inv());
-
-      // in unsafe mode, `witness` didn't constrain z to be a valid field element
-      if (unsafe) z.assertValidElement();
-
-      // check that x * z === 1
-      // TODO: range checks added by `mul` on `one` are unnecessary, since we already assert that `one` equals 1
-      let one = Snarky.foreignFieldBn254.mul(this.value, z.value, pMl);
-      new ForeignFieldBn254(one).assertEquals(new ForeignFieldBn254(1));
-
-      return z;
-    }
-
-    // convenience methods
-
-    /**
-     * Assert equality with a ForeignField-like value
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * x.assertEquals(0, "x is zero");
-     * ```
-     */
-    assertEquals(y: ForeignFieldBn254 | bigint | number, message?: string) {
-      try {
-        if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-          let x = this.toBigInt();
-          let y0 = toFp(y);
-          if (x !== y0) {
-            throw Error(`ForeignField.assertEquals(): ${x} != ${y0}`);
-          }
-        }
-        return Provable.assertEqualBn254(ForeignFieldBn254, this, ForeignFieldBn254.from(y));
-      } catch (err) {
-        throw withMessage(err, message);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check equality with a ForeignField-like value
-     * @example
-     * ```ts
-     * let isXZero = x.equals(0);
-     * ```
-     */
-    equals(y: ForeignFieldBn254 | bigint | number) {
-      if (this.isConstant() && isConstant(y)) {
-        return new BoolBn254(this.toBigInt() === toFp(y));
-      }
-      return Provable.equalBn254(ForeignFieldBn254, this, ForeignFieldBn254.from(y));
-    }
-
-    // bit packing
-
-    /**
-     * Unpack a field element to its bits, as a {@link Bool}[] array.
-     *
-     * This method is provable!
-     */
-    toBits(length = sizeInBits) {
-      checkBitLength('ForeignField.toBits()', length, sizeInBits);
-      let [l0, l1, l2] = this.toFields();
-      let limbSize = Number(limbBits);
-      let xBits = l0.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
-      length -= limbSize;
-      if (length <= 0) return xBits;
-      let yBits = l1.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
-      length -= limbSize;
-      if (length <= 0) return [...xBits, ...yBits];
-      let zBits = l2.toBits(Math.min(length, limbSize));
-      return [...xBits, ...yBits, ...zBits];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Create a field element from its bits, as a `Bool[]` array.
-     *
-     * This method is provable!
-     */
-    static fromBits(bits: BoolBn254[]) {
-      let length = bits.length;
-      checkBitLength('ForeignFieldBn254.fromBits()', length, sizeInBits);
-      let limbSize = Number(limbBits);
-      let l0 = FieldBn254.fromBits(bits.slice(0 * limbSize, 1 * limbSize));
-      let l1 = FieldBn254.fromBits(bits.slice(1 * limbSize, 2 * limbSize));
-      let l2 = FieldBn254.fromBits(bits.slice(2 * limbSize, 3 * limbSize));
-      let x = ForeignFieldBn254.fromFields([l0, l1, l2]);
-      // TODO: can this be made more efficient? since the limbs are already range-checked
-      if (length === sizeInBits) x.assertValidElement();
-      return x;
-    }
-
-    // ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>
-
-    /**
-     * `ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>.toFields`, see {@link ProvableBn254.toFields}
-     */
-    static toFields(x: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-      let [, ...limbs] = x.value;
-      return limbs.map((x) => new FieldBn254(x));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance version of `ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>.toFields`, see {@link ProvableBn254.toFields}
-     */
-    toFields() {
-      return ForeignFieldBn254.toFields(this);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * `ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>.toAuxiliary`, see {@link ProvableBn254.toAuxiliary}
-     */
-    static toAuxiliary(): [] {
-      return [];
-    }
-    /**
-     * `ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>.sizeInFields`, see {@link ProvableBn254.sizeInFields}
-     */
-    static sizeInFields() {
-      return 3;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * `ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>.fromFields`, see {@link ProvableBn254.fromFields}
-     */
-    static fromFields(fields: FieldBn254[]) {
-      let fieldVars = fields.map((x) => x.value);
-      let limbs = arrayToTuple(fieldVars, 3, 'ForeignFieldBn254.fromFields()');
-      return new ForeignFieldBn254([0, ...limbs]);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * `ProvableBn254<ForeignFieldBn254>.check`, see {@link ProvableBn254.check}
-     *
-     * This will check that the field element is in the range [0, p),
-     * where p is the foreign field modulus.
-     *
-     * **Exception**: If {@link createForeignFieldBn254} is called with `{ unsafe: true }`,
-     * we don't check that field elements are valid by default.
-     */
-    static check(x: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-      // if the `unsafe` flag is set, we don't add any constraints when creating a new variable
-      // this means a user has to take care of proper constraining themselves
-      if (!unsafe) x.assertValidElement();
-    }
-  }
-
-  function toFp(x: bigint | string | number | ForeignFieldBn254) {
-    let type = typeof x;
-    if (type === 'bigint' || type === 'number' || type === 'string') {
-      return FieldBigInt(x as bigint | number | string);
-    }
-    return (x as ForeignFieldBn254).toBigInt();
-  }
-  function toVar(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignFieldBn254): ForeignFieldVar {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignFieldBn254) return x.value;
-    return ForeignFieldVar.fromBigint(mod(BigInt(x), p));
-  }
-  function isConstant(x: bigint | number | string | ForeignFieldBn254) {
-    if (x instanceof ForeignFieldBn254) return x.isConstant();
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return ForeignFieldBn254;
-}
-
-enum OpMode {
-  Add,
-  Sub,
-}
-
-// helpers
-
-const limbMax = (1n << limbBits) - 1n;
-
-// the max foreign field modulus is f_max = floor(sqrt(p * 2^t)), where t = 3*limbBits = 264 and p is the native modulus
-// see RFC: https://github.com/o1-labs/proof-systems/blob/1fdb1fd1d112f9d4ee095dbb31f008deeb8150b0/book/src/rfcs/foreign_field_mul.md
-// since p = 2^254 + eps for both Pasta fields with eps small, a fairly tight lower bound is
-// f_max >= sqrt(2^254 * 2^264) = 2^259
-const foreignFieldMaxBits = (BigInt(Fp.sizeInBits - 1) + 3n * limbBits) / 2n;
-const foreignFieldMax = 1n << foreignFieldMaxBits;
-
-function mapTuple<T extends Tuple<any>, B>(
-  tuple: T,
-  f: (a: T[number]) => B
-): { [i in keyof T]: B } {
-  return tuple.map(f) as any;
-}
-
-/**
- * tuple type that has the length as generic parameter
- */
-type TupleN<T, N extends number> = N extends N
-  ? number extends N
-  ? T[]
-  : _TupleOf<T, N, []>
-  : never;
-type _TupleOf<T, N extends number, R extends unknown[]> = R['length'] extends N
-  ? R
-  : _TupleOf<T, N, [T, ...R]>;
-
-/**
- * Type-safe way of converting an array to a fixed-length tuple (same JS representation, but different TS type)
- */
-function arrayToTuple<N extends number, E = unknown>(
-  arr: E[],
-  size: N,
-  name: string
-): TupleN<E, N> {
-  if (arr.length !== size) {
-    throw Error(
-      `${name}: expected array of length ${size}, got length ${arr.length}`
-    );
-  }
-  return arr as any;
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign_group.ts b/src/lib/foreign_group.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index bc189c8b02..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/foreign_group.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
-import { Bn254, Pallas } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic_curve.js';
-import { Snarky } from '../snarky.js';
-import { FieldBn254 } from './field_bn254.js';
-import { ForeignAffine } from './foreign-field.js';
-import { ForeignFieldBn254, createForeignFieldBn254 } from './foreign_field_bn254.js';
-import { Provable } from './provable.js';
-import { Field as Fp } from '../provable/field-bigint.js';
-import { p } from '../bindings/crypto/finite_field.js';
-import { BoolBn254 } from './bool_bn254.js';
-import { FieldConst } from './field.js';
-import { Scalar } from './scalar.js';
-
-export { ForeignGroup, EllipticCurve }
-
-type EllipticCurve = [a: string, b: string, modulus: string, genX: string, genY: string, order: string];
-
-const order = 28948022309329048855892746252171976963363056481941647379679742748393362948097n;
-
-function curveParams(): EllipticCurve {
-    return [
-        Pallas.a.toString(),
-        Pallas.b.toString(),
-        p.toString(),
-        Pallas.one.x.toString(),
-        Pallas.one.y.toString(),
-        order.toString()
-    ]
-}
-
-class ForeignGroup {
-    x: ForeignFieldBn254
-    y: ForeignFieldBn254
-
-    constructor(x: ForeignFieldBn254, y: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-        this.x = x;
-        this.y = y;
-
-        if (this.#isConstant()) {
-            // we also check the zero element (0, 0) here
-            if (this.x.equals(0).and(this.y.equals(0)).toBoolean()) return;
-
-            const { add, mul, square } = Fp;
-
-            let x_bigint = this.x.toBigInt();
-            let y_bigint = this.y.toBigInt();
-
-            let onCurve =
-                add(mul(x_bigint, mul(x_bigint, x_bigint)), Pallas.b) ===
-                square(y_bigint);
-
-            if (!onCurve) {
-                throw Error(
-                    `(x: ${x_bigint}, y: ${y_bigint}) is not a valid group element`
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    static #fromAffine({
-        x,
-        y,
-        infinity,
-    }: {
-        x: bigint;
-        y: bigint;
-        infinity: boolean;
-    }) {
-        let ForeignGroupField = createForeignFieldBn254(p);
-
-        return infinity ?
-            new ForeignGroup(ForeignGroupField.from(0), ForeignGroupField.from(0)) :
-            new ForeignGroup(ForeignGroupField.from(x), ForeignGroupField.from(y));
-    }
-
-    static #fromProjective({ x, y, z }: { x: bigint; y: bigint; z: bigint }) {
-        return this.#fromAffine(Pallas.toAffine({ x, y, z }));
-    }
-
-    #toTuple(): ForeignAffine {
-        return [0, this.x.value, this.y.value];
-    }
-
-    #toProjective() {
-        return Pallas.fromAffine({
-            x: this.x.toBigInt(),
-            y: this.y.toBigInt(),
-            infinity: false,
-        });
-    }
-
-    #isConstant() {
-        return this.x.isConstant() && this.y.isConstant();
-    }
-
-    isZero() {
-        // only the zero element can have x = 0, there are no other (valid) group elements with x = 0
-        return this.x.equals(0);
-    }
-
-    #addVarForeignGroups(other: ForeignGroup, p: bigint) {
-        let left = this.#toTuple();
-        let right = other.#toTuple();
-        let [_, x, y] = Snarky.foreignGroup.add(left, right, curveParams());
-        let ForeignGroupField = createForeignFieldBn254(p);
-
-        return new ForeignGroup(new ForeignGroupField(x), new ForeignGroupField(y));
-    }
-
-    add(other: ForeignGroup) {
-        if (this.#isConstant() && other.#isConstant()) {
-            // we check if either operand is zero, because adding zero to g just results in g (and vise versa)
-            if (this.isZero().toBoolean()) {
-                return other;
-            } else if (other.isZero().toBoolean()) {
-                return this;
-            } else {
-                let g_proj = Pallas.add(this.#toProjective(), other.#toProjective());
-                return ForeignGroup.#fromProjective(g_proj);
-            }
-        } else {
-            const { x: x1, y: y1 } = this;
-            const { x: x2, y: y2 } = other;
-
-            let inf = Provable.witnessBn254(BoolBn254, () => {
-                let x1BigInt = x1.toBigInt();
-                let x2BigInt = x2.toBigInt();
-                let y1BigInt = y1.toBigInt();
-                let y2BigInt = y2.toBigInt();
-
-                return new BoolBn254(x1BigInt === x2BigInt && y1BigInt !== y2BigInt)
-            });
-
-            let gIsZero = other.isZero();
-            let thisIsZero = this.isZero();
-
-            let bothZero = gIsZero.and(thisIsZero);
-
-            let onlyGisZero = gIsZero.and(thisIsZero.not());
-            let onlyThisIsZero = thisIsZero.and(gIsZero.not());
-
-            let isNegation = inf;
-
-            let isNewElement = bothZero
-                .not()
-                .and(isNegation.not())
-                .and(onlyThisIsZero.not())
-                .and(onlyGisZero.not());
-
-            let ForeignGroupField = createForeignFieldBn254(p);
-
-            const zero = new ForeignGroup(ForeignGroupField.from(0), ForeignGroupField.from(0));
-
-            // We need to compute addition like this to avoid calling OCaml code in edge cases
-            let isNewElementAsBoolean = false;
-            let addition = zero;
-            Provable.asProverBn254(() => {
-                isNewElementAsBoolean = isNewElement.toBoolean();
-            });
-            if (isNewElementAsBoolean) {
-                addition = this.#addVarForeignGroups(other, p);
-            }
-
-            return Provable.switchBn254(
-                [bothZero, onlyGisZero, onlyThisIsZero, isNegation, isNewElement],
-                ForeignGroup,
-                [zero, this, other, zero, addition]
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    sub(other: ForeignGroup) {
-        return this.add(other.neg());
-    }
-
-    neg() {
-        return new ForeignGroup(this.x, this.y.neg());
-    }
-
-    scale(scalar: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-        if (this.#isConstant() && scalar.isConstant()) {
-            let g_proj = Pallas.scale(this.#toProjective(), scalar.toBigInt());
-            return ForeignGroup.#fromProjective(g_proj);
-        } else {
-            let scalarValue = Scalar.from(0).value;
-            Provable.asProverBn254(() => {
-                scalarValue = Scalar.from(scalar.toBigInt()).value;
-            });
-            let [, ...bits] = scalarValue;
-            bits.reverse();
-            let [, x, y] = Snarky.foreignGroup.scale(this.#toTuple(), [0, ...bits], curveParams());
-            let ForeignGroupField = createForeignFieldBn254(p);
-
-            return new ForeignGroup(new ForeignGroupField(x), new ForeignGroupField(y));
-        }
-    }
-
-    assertEquals(other: ForeignGroup) {
-        this.#assertEqualBn254(this.x, other.x);
-        this.#assertEqualBn254(this.y, other.y);
-    }
-
-    #assertEqualBn254(thisX: ForeignFieldBn254, otherX: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-        let thisXs = this.#foreignFieldtoFieldsBn254(thisX);
-        let otherXs = this.#foreignFieldtoFieldsBn254(otherX);
-        for (let i = 0; i < thisXs.length; i++) {
-            thisXs[i].assertEquals(otherXs[i]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #foreignFieldtoFieldsBn254(x: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-        let [, ...limbs] = x.value;
-        return limbs.map((x) => new FieldBn254(x));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Part of the {@link Provable} interface.
-     * 
-     * Returns `2 * ForeignFieldBn254.sizeInFields()` which is 6
-     */
-    static sizeInFields() {
-        return 6;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Part of the {@link ProvableBn254} interface.
-     *
-     * Returns an array containing this {@link ForeignGroup} element as an array of {@link FieldBn254} elements.
-     */
-    toFields() {
-        const ForeignGroupField = createForeignFieldBn254(p);
-
-        const xFields = ForeignGroupField.toFields(this.x);
-        const yFields = ForeignGroupField.toFields(this.y);
-
-        return [...xFields, ...yFields];
-    }
-
-    static toFields(g: ForeignGroup) {
-        return g.toFields();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Part of the {@link ProvableBn254} interface.
-     *
-     * Deserializes a {@link ForeignGroup} element from a list of field elements.
-     * Assumes the following format `[...x, ...y]`
-     */
-    static fromFields(fields: FieldBn254[]) {
-        const ForeignGroupField = createForeignFieldBn254(p);
-
-        const xFields = fields.slice(0, 3);
-        const yFields = fields.slice(3);
-        const x = ForeignGroupField.fromFields(xFields);
-        const y = ForeignGroupField.fromFields(yFields);
-
-        return new ForeignGroup(x, y);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Part of the {@link ProvableBn254} interface.
-     *
-     * Returns an empty array.
-     */
-    static toAuxiliary(g?: ForeignGroup) {
-        return [];
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Checks that a {@link ForeignGroup} element is constraint properly by checking that the element is on the curve.
-     */
-    static check(g: ForeignGroup) {
-        try {
-            const { x, y } = g;
-
-            let x2 = x.mul(x);
-            let x3 = x2.mul(x);
-            let ax = x.mul(Pallas.a); // this will obviously be 0, but just for the sake of correctness
-
-            // we also check the zero element (0, 0) here
-            let isZero = x.equals(0).and(y.equals(0));
-
-            isZero.or(x3.add(ax).add(Pallas.b).equals(y.mul(y))).assertTrue();
-        } catch (error) {
-            if (!(error instanceof Error)) return error;
-            throw `${`Element (x: ${g.x}, y: ${g.y}) is not an element of the group.`}\n${error.message
-            }`;
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign_group.unit-test.ts b/src/lib/foreign_group.unit-test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index d39adf975d..0000000000
--- a/src/lib/foreign_group.unit-test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-import { expect } from "expect";
-import { ForeignGroup } from "./foreign_group.js";
-import { createForeignField } from "./foreign-field.js";
-
-class TestForeignField extends createForeignField(5n) { }
-
-// error: This function can't be run outside of a checked computation
-
-{
-    ForeignGroup.curve = ["0x0", "0x2", "0x2523648240000001BA344D80000000086121000000000013A700000000000013", "0x2523648240000001BA344D80000000086121000000000013A700000000000012", "0x1", "0x2523648240000001BA344D8000000007FF9F800000000010A10000000000000D"];
-    let left = new ForeignGroup(new TestForeignField(4), new TestForeignField(1));
-    let right = new ForeignGroup(new TestForeignField(0), new TestForeignField(3));
-    let expected = new ForeignGroup(new TestForeignField(1), new TestForeignField(2));
-
-    let addition = left.add(right);
-    console.log(addition);
-    console.log(expected);
-
-    expect(addition).toEqual(expected);
-}
diff --git a/src/lib/hash.ts b/src/lib/hash.ts
index 7707565afd..cef4f2bbcd 100644
--- a/src/lib/hash.ts
+++ b/src/lib/hash.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import { Poseidon as PoseidonBigint } from '../bindings/crypto/poseidon.js';
 import { assert } from './errors.js';
 import { rangeCheckN } from './gadgets/range-check.js';
 import { TupleN } from './util/types.js';
-import { ForeignFieldBn254, createForeignFieldBn254 } from './foreign_field_bn254.js';
 
 // external API
 export { Poseidon, TokenSymbol };
@@ -47,25 +46,6 @@ class Sponge {
   }
 }
 
-class ForeignSponge {
-  private sponge: unknown;
-  private ForeignFieldClass;
-
-  constructor(modulus: bigint) {
-    this.ForeignFieldClass = createForeignFieldBn254(modulus);
-    let isChecked = Provable.inCheckedComputation();
-    this.sponge = Snarky.poseidon.foreignSponge.create(isChecked);
-  }
-
-  absorb(x: ForeignFieldBn254) {
-    Snarky.poseidon.foreignSponge.absorb(this.sponge, x.value);
-  }
-
-  squeeze(): ForeignFieldBn254 {
-    return new this.ForeignFieldClass(Snarky.poseidon.foreignSponge.squeeze(this.sponge));
-  }
-}
-
 const Poseidon = {
   hash(input: Field[]) {
     if (isConstant(input)) {
@@ -151,7 +131,6 @@ const Poseidon = {
   },
 
   Sponge,
-  ForeignSponge,
 };
 
 function hashConstant(input: Field[]) {
diff --git a/src/lib/ml/fields.ts b/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
index 489b0ec436..4921e9272a 100644
--- a/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ml/fields.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { ConstantField, Field, FieldConst, FieldVar } from '../field.js';
-import { FieldBn254 } from '../field_bn254.js';
 import { MlArray } from './base.js';
 export { MlFieldArray, MlFieldConstArray };
 
@@ -11,9 +10,6 @@ const MlFieldArray = {
   from([, ...arr]: MlArray<FieldVar>) {
     return arr.map((x) => new Field(x));
   },
-  fromBn254([, ...arr]: MlArray<FieldVar>) {
-    return arr.map((x) => new FieldBn254(x));
-  },
 };
 
 type MlFieldConstArray = MlArray<FieldConst>;
@@ -21,9 +17,6 @@ const MlFieldConstArray = {
   to(arr: Field[]): MlArray<FieldConst> {
     return MlArray.to(arr.map((x) => x.toConstant().value[1]));
   },
-  toBn254(arr: FieldBn254[]): MlArray<FieldConst> {
-    return MlArray.to(arr.map((x) => x.toConstant().value[1]));
-  },
   from([, ...arr]: MlArray<FieldConst>): ConstantField[] {
     return arr.map((x) => new Field(x) as ConstantField);
   },
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index 29cb482f7c..ae96194aca 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   witness,
-  witnessBn254,
   /**
    * Proof-compatible if-statement.
    * This behaves like a ternary conditional statement in JS.
@@ -90,7 +89,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   switch: switch_,
-  switchBn254: switchBn254_,
 
   /**
    * Asserts that two values are equal.
@@ -103,7 +101,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   assertEqual,
-  assertEqualBn254,
   /**
    * Checks if two elements are equal.
    * @example
@@ -115,7 +112,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   equal,
-  equalBn254,
   /**
    * Creates a {@link Provable} for a generic array.
    * @example
@@ -282,51 +278,6 @@ function witness<T, S extends FlexibleProvable<T> = FlexibleProvable<T>>(
   return value;
 }
 
-function witnessBn254<T, S extends ProvableBn254<T> = ProvableBn254<T>>(
-  type: S,
-  compute: () => T
-): T {
-  let ctx = snarkContext.get();
-
-  // outside provable code, we just call the callback and return its cloned result
-  if (!inCheckedComputation() || ctx.inWitnessBlock) {
-    return cloneBn254(type, compute());
-  }
-  let proverValue: T | undefined = undefined;
-  let fields: FieldBn254[];
-
-  let id = snarkContext.enter({ ...ctx, inWitnessBlock: true });
-  try {
-    let [, ...fieldVars] = Snarky.existsBn254(type.sizeInFields(), () => {
-      proverValue = compute();
-      let fields = type.toFields(proverValue);
-      let fieldConstants = fields.map((x) => x.toConstant().value[1]);
-
-      // TODO: enable this check
-      // currently it throws for Scalar.. which seems to be flexible about what length is returned by toFields
-      // if (fields.length !== type.sizeInFields()) {
-      //   throw Error(
-      //     `Invalid witness. Expected ${type.sizeInFields()} field elements, got ${
-      //       fields.length
-      //     }.`
-      //   );
-      // }
-      return [0, ...fieldConstants];
-    });
-    fields = fieldVars.map((fieldVar) => new FieldBn254(fieldVar));
-  } finally {
-    snarkContext.leave(id);
-  }
-
-  // rebuild the value from its fields (which are now variables)
-  let value = (type as ProvableBn254<T>).fromFields(fields, []);
-
-  // add type-specific constraints
-  type.check(value);
-
-  return value;
-}
-
 type ToFieldable = { toFields(): Field[] };
 
 // general provable methods
@@ -355,13 +306,6 @@ function assertEqualExplicit<T>(type: Provable<T>, x: T, y: T) {
     xs[i].assertEquals(ys[i]);
   }
 }
-function assertEqualBn254<T>(type: ProvableBn254<T>, x: T, y: T): void {
-  let xs = type.toFields(x);
-  let ys = type.toFields(y);
-  for (let i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) {
-    xs[i].assertEquals(ys[i]);
-  }
-}
 
 function equal<T>(type: FlexibleProvable<T>, x: T, y: T): Bool;
 function equal<T extends ToFieldable>(x: T, y: T): Bool;
@@ -386,14 +330,6 @@ function equalExplicit<T>(type: Provable<T>, x: T, y: T) {
   let ys = type.toFields(y);
   return xs.map((x, i) => x.equals(ys[i])).reduce(Bool.and);
 }
-function equalBn254<T>(type: ProvableBn254<T>, x: T, y: T) {
-  let xs = type.toFields(x);
-  let ys = type.toFields(y);
-  return xs.map((x, i) => {
-    let ret = x.equals(ys[i])
-    return ret;
-  }).reduce(BoolBn254.and);
-}
 
 function if_<T>(condition: Bool, type: FlexibleProvable<T>, x: T, y: T): T;
 function if_<T extends ToFieldable>(condition: Bool, x: T, y: T): T;
@@ -552,11 +488,6 @@ function clone<T, S extends FlexibleProvable<T>>(type: S, value: T): T {
   return (type as Provable<T>).fromFields(fields, aux);
 }
 
-function cloneBn254<T, S extends ProvableBn254<T>>(type: S, value: T): T {
-  let fields = type.toFields(value);
-  return (type as ProvableBn254<T>).fromFields(fields, []);
-}
-
 function auxiliary<T>(type: Provable<T>, compute: () => T | undefined) {
   let aux;
   // TODO: this accepts types without .toAuxiliary(), should be changed when all snarky types are moved to TS
@@ -569,18 +500,6 @@ function auxiliary<T>(type: Provable<T>, compute: () => T | undefined) {
   return aux ?? type.toAuxiliary?.() ?? [];
 }
 
-function auxiliaryBn254<T>(type: ProvableBn254<T>, compute: () => T | undefined) {
-  let aux;
-  // TODO: this accepts types without .toAuxiliary(), should be changed when all snarky types are moved to TS
-  Provable.asProverBn254(() => {
-    let value = compute();
-    if (value !== undefined) {
-      aux = type.toAuxiliary?.(value);
-    }
-  });
-  return aux ?? type.toAuxiliary?.() ?? [];
-}
-
 type MemoizationContext = {
   memoized: { fields: Field[]; aux: any[] }[];
   currentIndex: number;
diff --git a/src/mina b/src/mina
index d4efe0b5ee..8d25bf0c77 160000
--- a/src/mina
+++ b/src/mina
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit d4efe0b5eee36c4c52c415f459e21a2c258e89ca
+Subproject commit 8d25bf0c779f2454c5dafd138b203e46ae8ae9e8

From 102217012c7bc529e3ad9f71a4634cdd467412ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gabrielbosio <gabrielbosio95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Mar 2024 17:13:25 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1784/1786] Remove sort in input types

---
 src/lib/circuit.ts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/circuit.ts b/src/lib/circuit.ts
index e57b3ce38d..69762bebde 100644
--- a/src/lib/circuit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/circuit.ts
@@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ function circuitMain(
       return (target as any)[propertyName].apply(target, args);
     },
     publicInputType: provableFromTuple(
-      Array.from(publicIndexSet).sort().map((i) => paramTypes[i])
+      Array.from(publicIndexSet).map((i) => paramTypes[i])
     ),
     privateInputType: provableFromTuple(
-      Array.from(witnessIndexSet).sort().map((i) => paramTypes[i])
+      Array.from(witnessIndexSet).map((i) => paramTypes[i])
     ),
   };
 }

From 8925c516bd2608684e97be577face66cfb1989ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gabrielbosio <gabrielbosio95@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Mar 2024 22:19:16 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1785/1786] Adapt to verifier circuit

- Bypass on curve assertion if point is at infinity.
- Implement complete operations.
- Remove bn254 functions (We are testing Pallas for now).
---
 src/bindings             |   2 +-
 src/lib/foreign-curve.ts |  62 +++++-
 src/lib/foreign-field.ts |   2 +-
 src/snarky.d.ts          | 399 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 431 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/bindings b/src/bindings
index 3a520101fa..01dd192b9d 160000
--- a/src/bindings
+++ b/src/bindings
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 3a520101fab9f35c2beae0beffd16e6c7ecd09a7
+Subproject commit 01dd192b9dc7a7ef9d526cd60e26affa103d89fc
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
index 8e02fb8dc7..c986f53f0b 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-curve.ts
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@ import {
 } from '../bindings/crypto/elliptic-curve.js';
 import type { Group } from './group.js';
 import { ProvablePureExtended } from './circuit-value.js';
-import { AlmostForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
+import { AlmostForeignField, ForeignField, createForeignField } from './foreign-field.js';
 import { EllipticCurve, Point } from './gadgets/elliptic-curve.js';
 import { Field3 } from './gadgets/foreign-field.js';
 import { assert } from './gadgets/common.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { provableFromClass } from '../bindings/lib/provable-snarky.js';
+import { FieldConst, FieldVar } from './field.js';
 
 // external API
 export { createForeignCurve, ForeignCurve };
@@ -50,11 +51,30 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     this.y = new this.Constructor.Field(g.y);
     // don't allow constants that aren't on the curve
     if (this.isConstant()) {
-      this.assertOnCurve();
+      // Only assert if it is on curve if it is not the point at infinity
+      if (!this.isZero()) {
+        this.assertOnCurve();
+      }
       this.assertInSubgroup();
     }
   }
 
+  isZero() {
+    return this.isLimbZero(0) && this.isLimbZero(1) && this.isLimbZero(2);
+  }
+
+  isLimbZero(i: number) {
+    return (toPoint(this).x[i].value[1] as FieldConst)[1] === 0n;
+  }
+
+  #isEqual(other: ForeignCurve) {
+    return this.#isLimbEqual(0, other) && this.#isLimbEqual(1, other) && this.#isLimbEqual(2, other);
+  }
+
+  #isLimbEqual(i: number, other: ForeignCurve) {
+    return (toPoint(this).x[i].value[1] as FieldConst)[1] === (toPoint(other).x[i].value[1] as FieldConst)[1];
+  }
+
   /**
    * Coerce the input to a {@link ForeignCurve}.
    */
@@ -125,6 +145,26 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
+  completeAdd(h: ForeignCurve | FlexiblePoint) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let h_ = this.Constructor.from(h);
+
+    if (this.isZero()) {
+      return h_;
+    }
+
+    if (h_.isZero()) {
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    if (this.#isEqual(h_.negate())) {
+      return new this.Constructor({ x: 0, y: 0 });
+    }
+
+    let p = EllipticCurve.add(toPoint(this), toPoint(h_), Curve);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Safe elliptic curve addition.
    *
@@ -192,6 +232,20 @@ class ForeignCurve {
     return new this.Constructor(p);
   }
 
+  completeScale(scalar: AlmostForeignField | bigint | number) {
+    let Curve = this.Constructor.Bigint;
+    let scalar_ = this.Constructor.Scalar.from(scalar);
+
+    let isThisZero = this.isZero();
+    let isScalarZero = (scalar_.value[0].value[1] as FieldConst)[1] === 0n && (scalar_.value[1].value[1] as FieldConst)[1] === 0n && (scalar_.value[2].value[1] as FieldConst)[1] === 0n;
+    if (isThisZero || isScalarZero) {
+      return new this.Constructor({ x: 0, y: 0 });
+    }
+
+    let p = EllipticCurve.scale(scalar_.value, toPoint(this), Curve);
+    return new this.Constructor(p);
+  }
+
   static assertOnCurve(g: ForeignCurve) {
     EllipticCurve.assertOnCurve(toPoint(g), this.Bigint);
   }
@@ -293,8 +347,8 @@ class ForeignCurve {
 function createForeignCurve(params: CurveParams): typeof ForeignCurve {
   const FieldUnreduced = createForeignField(params.modulus);
   const ScalarUnreduced = createForeignField(params.order);
-  class Field extends FieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
-  class Scalar extends ScalarUnreduced.AlmostReduced {}
+  class Field extends FieldUnreduced.AlmostReduced { }
+  class Scalar extends ScalarUnreduced.AlmostReduced { }
 
   const BigintCurve = createCurveAffine(params);
 
diff --git a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
index 142213393d..a0f7c22fe1 100644
--- a/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
+++ b/src/lib/foreign-field.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import {
   FiniteField,
   createField,
 } from '../bindings/crypto/finite-field.js';
-import { Field, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
+import { Field, FieldConst, FieldVar, checkBitLength, withMessage } from './field.js';
 import { Provable } from './provable.js';
 import { Bool } from './bool.js';
 import { Tuple, TupleMap, TupleN } from './util/types.js';
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index d3894e5430..f00a24b649 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@ type MlGroup = MlPair<FieldVar, FieldVar>;
 declare namespace Snarky {
   type Main = (publicInput: MlArray<FieldVar>) => void;
   type Keypair = unknown;
-  type KeypairBn254 = unknown;
   type VerificationKey = unknown;
   type Proof = unknown;
 }
@@ -188,19 +187,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
    */
   existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): VarFieldVar;
 
-  /**
-  * witness `sizeInFields` Bn254 field element variables
-  *
-  * Note: this is called "exists" because in a proof, you use it like this:
-  * > "I prove that there exists x, such that (some statement)"
-  */
-  existsBn254(
-    sizeInFields: number,
-    compute: () => MlArray<FieldConst>
-  ): MlArray<FieldVar>;
-
-  existsVarBn254(compute: () => FieldConst): FieldVar;
-
   /**
    * APIs that have to do with running provable code
    */
@@ -506,18 +492,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     assertEqual(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): void;
   };
 
-  boolBn254: {
-    not(x: BoolVar): BoolVar;
-
-    and(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): BoolVar;
-
-    or(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): BoolVar;
-
-    equals(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): BoolVar;
-
-    assertEqual(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): void;
-  };
-
   group: {
     scale(p: MlGroup, s: MlArray<BoolVar>): MlGroup;
   };
@@ -561,10 +535,370 @@ declare const Snarky: {
     };
   };
 
+  // TODO: implement in TS
+  poseidon: {
+    update(
+      state: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      input: MlArray<FieldVar>
+    ): [0, FieldVar, FieldVar, FieldVar];
+
+    hashToGroup(input: MlArray<FieldVar>): MlPair<FieldVar, FieldVar>;
+
+    sponge: {
+      create(isChecked: boolean): unknown;
+      absorb(sponge: unknown, x: FieldVar): void;
+      squeeze(sponge: unknown): FieldVar;
+    };
+
+    foreignSponge: {
+      create(isChecked: boolean): unknown;
+      absorb(sponge: unknown, x: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>): void;
+      squeeze(sponge: unknown): MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>;
+    };
+  };
+};
+
+declare namespace SnarkyBn254 {
+  type Main = (publicInput: MlArray<FieldVar>) => void;
+  type Keypair = unknown;
+  type VerificationKey = unknown;
+  type Proof = unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal interface to snarky-ml (Bn254)
+ *
+ * Note for devs: This module is intended to closely mirror snarky-ml's core, low-level APIs.
+ */
+declare const SnarkyBn254: {
+  /**
+   * witness `sizeInFields` Pasta field element variables
+   *
+   * Note: this is called "exists" because in a proof, you use it like this:
+   * > "I prove that there exists x, such that (some statement)"
+   */
+  exists(
+    sizeInFields: number,
+    compute: () => MlArray<FieldConst>
+  ): MlArray<VarFieldVar>;
+  /**
+   * witness a single field element variable
+   */
+  existsVar(compute: () => FieldConst): VarFieldVar;
+
+  /**
+   * APIs that have to do with running provable code
+   */
+  run: {
+    /**
+     * Runs code as a prover with Pasta backend.
+     */
+    asProver(f: () => void): void;
+    /**
+     * Runs code as a prover with Bn254 backend.
+     */
+    asProverBn254(f: () => void): void;
+    /**
+     * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block with Pasta backend
+     */
+    inProverBlock(): boolean;
+    /**
+     * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block with Bn254 backend
+     */
+    inProverBlockBn254(): boolean;
+    /**
+     * Runs code and checks its correctness.
+     */
+    runAndCheck(f: () => void): void;
+    runAndCheckBn254(f: () => void): void;
+    /**
+     * Runs code in prover mode, without checking correctness.
+     */
+    runUnchecked(f: () => void): void;
+    /**
+     * Returns information about the constraint system in the callback function.
+     */
+    constraintSystem(f: () => void): {
+      rows: number;
+      digest: string;
+      json: JsonConstraintSystem;
+    };
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * APIs to add constraints on field variables
+   */
+  field: {
+    /**
+     * add x, y to get a new AST node Add(x, y); handles if x, y are constants
+     */
+    add(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    /**
+     * scale x by a constant to get a new AST node Scale(c, x); handles if x is a constant
+     */
+    scale(c: FieldConst, x: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    /**
+     * witnesses z = x*y and constrains it with [assert_r1cs]; handles constants
+     */
+    mul(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    /**
+     * evaluates a CVar by walking the AST and reading Vars from a list of public input + aux values
+     */
+    readVar(x: FieldVar): FieldConst;
+    /**
+     * x === y without handling of constants
+     */
+    assertEqual(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): void;
+    /**
+     * x*y === z without handling of constants
+     */
+    assertMul(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar, z: FieldVar): void;
+    /**
+     * x*x === y without handling of constants
+     */
+    assertSquare(x: FieldVar, y: FieldVar): void;
+    /**
+     * x*x === x without handling of constants
+     */
+    assertBoolean(x: FieldVar): void;
+    /**
+     * check x < y and x <= y
+     */
+    compare(
+      bitLength: number,
+      x: FieldVar,
+      y: FieldVar
+    ): [_: 0, less: BoolVar, lessOrEqual: BoolVar];
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    toBits(length: number, x: FieldVar): MlArray<BoolVar>;
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    fromBits(bits: MlArray<BoolVar>): FieldVar;
+    /**
+     * returns x truncated to the lowest `16 * lengthDiv16` bits
+     * => can be used to assert that x fits in `16 * lengthDiv16` bits.
+     *
+     * more efficient than `toBits()` because it uses the EC_endoscalar gate;
+     * does 16 bits per row (vs 1 bits per row that you can do with generic gates).
+     */
+    truncateToBits16(lengthDiv16: number, x: FieldVar): FieldVar;
+    /**
+     * returns a new witness from an AST
+     * (implemented with toConstantAndTerms)
+     */
+    seal(x: FieldVar): VarFieldVar;
+    /**
+     * Unfolds AST to get `x = c + c0*Var(i0) + ... + cn*Var(in)`,
+     * returns `(c, [(c0, i0), ..., (cn, in)])`;
+     * c is optional
+     */
+    toConstantAndTerms(
+      x: FieldVar
+    ): [
+        _: 0,
+        constant: MlOption<FieldConst>,
+        terms: MlList<MlPair<FieldConst, number>>
+      ];
+  };
+
+  gates: {
+    zero(in1: FieldVar, in2: FieldVar, out: FieldVar): void;
+
+    generic(
+      sl: FieldConst,
+      l: FieldVar,
+      sr: FieldConst,
+      r: FieldVar,
+      so: FieldConst,
+      o: FieldVar,
+      sm: FieldConst,
+      sc: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    poseidon(state: MlArray<MlTuple<Field, 3>>): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Low-level Elliptic Curve Addition gate.
+     */
+    ecAdd(
+      p1: MlGroup,
+      p2: MlGroup,
+      p3: MlGroup,
+      inf: FieldVar,
+      same_x: FieldVar,
+      slope: FieldVar,
+      inf_z: FieldVar,
+      x21_inv: FieldVar
+    ): MlGroup;
+
+    ecScale(
+      state: MlArray<
+        [
+          _: 0,
+          accs: MlArray<MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>>,
+          bits: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+          ss: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+          base: MlGroup,
+          nPrev: Field,
+          nNext: Field
+        ]
+      >
+    ): void;
+
+    ecEndoscale(
+      state: MlArray<
+        [
+          _: 0,
+          xt: FieldVar,
+          yt: FieldVar,
+          xp: FieldVar,
+          yp: FieldVar,
+          nAcc: FieldVar,
+          xr: FieldVar,
+          yr: FieldVar,
+          s1: FieldVar,
+          s3: FieldVar,
+          b1: FieldVar,
+          b2: FieldVar,
+          b3: FieldVar,
+          b4: FieldVar
+        ]
+      >,
+      xs: FieldVar,
+      ys: FieldVar,
+      nAcc: FieldVar
+    ): void;
+
+    ecEndoscalar(
+      state: MlArray<
+        [
+          _: 0,
+          n0: FieldVar,
+          n8: FieldVar,
+          a0: FieldVar,
+          b0: FieldVar,
+          a8: FieldVar,
+          b8: FieldVar,
+          x0: FieldVar,
+          x1: FieldVar,
+          x2: FieldVar,
+          x3: FieldVar,
+          x4: FieldVar,
+          x5: FieldVar,
+          x6: FieldVar,
+          x7: FieldVar
+        ]
+      >
+    ): void;
+
+    lookup(input: MlTuple<FieldVar, 7>): void;
+
+    /**
+     * Range check gate
+     *
+     * @param v0 field var to be range checked
+     * @param v0p bits 16 to 88 as 6 12-bit limbs
+     * @param v0c bits 0 to 16 as 8 2-bit limbs
+     * @param compact boolean field elements -- whether to use "compact mode"
+     */
+    rangeCheck0(
+      v0: FieldVar,
+      v0p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 6>,
+      v0c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 8>,
+      compact: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    rangeCheck1(
+      v2: FieldVar,
+      v12: FieldVar,
+      vCurr: MlTuple<FieldVar, 13>,
+      vNext: MlTuple<FieldVar, 15>
+    ): void;
+
+    xor(
+      in1: FieldVar,
+      in2: FieldVar,
+      out: FieldVar,
+      in1_0: FieldVar,
+      in1_1: FieldVar,
+      in1_2: FieldVar,
+      in1_3: FieldVar,
+      in2_0: FieldVar,
+      in2_1: FieldVar,
+      in2_2: FieldVar,
+      in2_3: FieldVar,
+      out_0: FieldVar,
+      out_1: FieldVar,
+      out_2: FieldVar,
+      out_3: FieldVar
+    ): void;
+
+    foreignFieldAdd(
+      left: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      right: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      fieldOverflow: FieldVar,
+      carry: FieldVar,
+      foreignFieldModulus: MlTuple<FieldConst, 3>,
+      sign: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    foreignFieldMul(
+      left: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      right: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      remainder: MlTuple<FieldVar, 2>,
+      quotient: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      quotientHiBound: FieldVar,
+      product1: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>,
+      carry0: FieldVar,
+      carry1p: MlTuple<FieldVar, 7>,
+      carry1c: MlTuple<FieldVar, 4>,
+      foreignFieldModulus2: FieldConst,
+      negForeignFieldModulus: MlTuple<FieldConst, 3>
+    ): void;
+
+    rotate(
+      field: FieldVar,
+      rotated: FieldVar,
+      excess: FieldVar,
+      limbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      crumbs: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      two_to_rot: FieldConst
+    ): void;
+
+    addFixedLookupTable(id: number, data: MlArray<MlArray<FieldConst>>): void;
+
+    addRuntimeTableConfig(id: number, firstColumn: MlArray<FieldConst>): void;
+
+    raw(
+      kind: KimchiGateType,
+      values: MlArray<FieldVar>,
+      coefficients: MlArray<FieldConst>
+    ): void;
+  };
+
+  bool: {
+    not(x: BoolVar): BoolVar;
+
+    and(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): BoolVar;
+
+    or(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): BoolVar;
+
+    equals(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): BoolVar;
+
+    assertEqual(x: BoolVar, y: BoolVar): void;
+  };
+
+  group: {
+    scale(p: MlGroup, s: MlArray<BoolVar>): MlGroup;
+  };
+
   /**
-   * The circuit API is a low level interface to create zero-knowledge proofs using Bn254 fields
+   * The circuit API is a low level interface to create zero-knowledge proofs using Pasta fields
    */
-  circuitBn254: {
+  circuit: {
     /**
      * Generates a proving key and a verification key for the provable function `main`.
      * Uses Pasta fields.
@@ -581,6 +915,15 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       keypair: Snarky.Keypair
     ): Snarky.Proof;
 
+    /**
+     * Verifies a proof using the public input, the proof and the verification key of the circuit.
+     */
+    verify(
+      publicInput: MlArray<FieldConst>,
+      proof: Snarky.Proof,
+      verificationKey: Snarky.VerificationKey
+    ): boolean;
+
     keypair: {
       getVerificationKey(keypair: Snarky.Keypair): Snarky.VerificationKey;
       /**

From 73d2b7a59ea0266d29be41d445f35155e6f43331 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gabrielbosio <gabrielbosio95@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 10:23:10 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1786/1786] Remove old bn254 functions

---
 src/lib/provable-context.ts | 21 -------------------
 src/lib/provable.ts         | 40 -------------------------------------
 src/snarky.d.ts             | 34 ++-----------------------------
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/lib/provable-context.ts b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
index b16c09c3ca..9779fa2ab1 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable-context.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable-context.ts
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ export {
   snarkContext,
   SnarkContext,
   asProver,
-  asProverBn254,
   runAndCheck,
-  runAndCheckBn254,
   runUnchecked,
   constraintSystem,
   inProver,
@@ -68,14 +66,6 @@ function asProver(f: () => void) {
   }
 }
 
-function asProverBn254(f: () => void) {
-  if (inCheckedComputation()) {
-    Snarky.run.asProverBn254(f);
-  } else {
-    f();
-  }
-}
-
 function runAndCheck(f: () => void) {
   let id = snarkContext.enter({ inCheckedComputation: true });
   try {
@@ -87,17 +77,6 @@ function runAndCheck(f: () => void) {
   }
 }
 
-function runAndCheckBn254(f: () => void) {
-  let id = snarkContext.enter({ inCheckedComputation: true });
-  try {
-    Snarky.run.runAndCheckBn254(f);
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw prettifyStacktrace(error);
-  } finally {
-    snarkContext.leave(id);
-  }
-}
-
 function runUnchecked(f: () => void) {
   let id = snarkContext.enter({ inCheckedComputation: true });
   try {
diff --git a/src/lib/provable.ts b/src/lib/provable.ts
index ae96194aca..557fb8a6b4 100644
--- a/src/lib/provable.ts
+++ b/src/lib/provable.ts
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ import {
   inProver,
   snarkContext,
   asProver,
-  asProverBn254,
   runAndCheck,
-  runAndCheckBn254,
   runUnchecked,
   constraintSystem,
 } from './provable-context.js';
@@ -140,16 +138,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   log,
-  /**
-   * Interface to log elements within a circuit using Bn254 backend.
-   * Similar to `console.log()`.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * const element = Field(42);
-   * Provable.log(element);
-   * ```
-   */
-  logBn254,
   /**
    * Runs code as a prover using Pasta backend.
    * @example
@@ -160,16 +148,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   asProver,
-  /**
-   * Runs code as a prover using Bn254 backend.
-   * @example
-   * ```ts
-   * Provable.asProverBn254(() => {
-   *   // Your prover code here
-   * });
-   * ```
-   */
-  asProverBn254,
   /**
    * Runs provable code quickly, without creating a proof, but still checking whether constraints are satisfied.
    * @example
@@ -180,7 +158,6 @@ const Provable = {
    * ```
    */
   runAndCheck,
-  runAndCheckBn254,
   /**
    * Runs provable code quickly, without creating a proof, and not checking whether constraints are satisfied.
    * @example
@@ -452,23 +429,6 @@ function log(...args: any) {
   });
 }
 
-function logBn254(...args: any) {
-  asProverBn254(() => {
-    let prettyArgs = [];
-    for (let arg of args) {
-      if (arg?.toPretty !== undefined) prettyArgs.push(arg.toPretty());
-      else {
-        try {
-          prettyArgs.push(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(arg)));
-        } catch {
-          prettyArgs.push(arg);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    console.log(...prettyArgs);
-  });
-}
-
 // helpers
 
 function checkLength(name: string, xs: Field[], ys: Field[]) {
diff --git a/src/snarky.d.ts b/src/snarky.d.ts
index f00a24b649..1b9c6f7dba 100644
--- a/src/snarky.d.ts
+++ b/src/snarky.d.ts
@@ -192,26 +192,17 @@ declare const Snarky: {
    */
   run: {
     /**
-     * Runs code as a prover with Pasta backend.
+     * Runs code as a prover.
      */
     asProver(f: () => void): void;
     /**
-     * Runs code as a prover with Bn254 backend.
-     */
-    asProverBn254(f: () => void): void;
-    /**
-     * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block with Pasta backend
+     * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block.
      */
     inProverBlock(): boolean;
-    /**
-     * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block with Bn254 backend
-     */
-    inProverBlockBn254(): boolean;
     /**
      * Runs code and checks its correctness.
      */
     runAndCheck(f: () => void): void;
-    runAndCheckBn254(f: () => void): void;
     /**
      * Runs code in prover mode, without checking correctness.
      */
@@ -549,12 +540,6 @@ declare const Snarky: {
       absorb(sponge: unknown, x: FieldVar): void;
       squeeze(sponge: unknown): FieldVar;
     };
-
-    foreignSponge: {
-      create(isChecked: boolean): unknown;
-      absorb(sponge: unknown, x: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>): void;
-      squeeze(sponge: unknown): MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>;
-    };
   };
 };
 
@@ -594,23 +579,14 @@ declare const SnarkyBn254: {
      * Runs code as a prover with Pasta backend.
      */
     asProver(f: () => void): void;
-    /**
-     * Runs code as a prover with Bn254 backend.
-     */
-    asProverBn254(f: () => void): void;
     /**
      * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block with Pasta backend
      */
     inProverBlock(): boolean;
-    /**
-     * Check whether we are inside an asProver or exists block with Bn254 backend
-     */
-    inProverBlockBn254(): boolean;
     /**
      * Runs code and checks its correctness.
      */
     runAndCheck(f: () => void): void;
-    runAndCheckBn254(f: () => void): void;
     /**
      * Runs code in prover mode, without checking correctness.
      */
@@ -948,12 +924,6 @@ declare const SnarkyBn254: {
       absorb(sponge: unknown, x: FieldVar): void;
       squeeze(sponge: unknown): FieldVar;
     };
-
-    foreignSponge: {
-      create(isChecked: boolean): unknown;
-      absorb(sponge: unknown, x: MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>): void;
-      squeeze(sponge: unknown): MlTuple<FieldVar, 3>;
-    };
   };
 };