5 March Assignment Bokeh.ipynb

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    "# 5 March Assignment "
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    "#### Q1. How can you create a Bokeh plot using Python code?"
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    "To create a Bokeh plot using Python code, you need to follow these general steps:\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Install Bokeh: Make sure you have Bokeh installed. You can install it using the following command:\n",
    "pip install bokeh\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Import Bokeh modules: In your Python script or Jupyter notebook, import the necessary modules from Bokeh. The most common module is figure for creating plots.\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Create a Figure: Use the figure function to create a new figure. This is where you'll specify various parameters like plot dimensions, title, axis labels, etc.\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Add Glyphs: Use Bokeh's glyph functions (e.g., line, circle, square, etc.) to add different types of visual elements to your plot. Each glyph represents a different type of plot element.\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Show or Save the Plot: Use the show function to display the plot in a web browser or save it as an HTML file.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here's a simple example of creating a line plot using Bokeh:"
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       "  const docs_json = {\"922f02f4-726e-40b0-8a5e-398c59143c92\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1014\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1017\"},{\"id\":\"1021\"},{\"id\":\"1052\"}],\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1018\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1040\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1004\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1029\"},\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1006\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1010\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1008\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1012\"}},\"id\":\"1003\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1014\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1017\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1023\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1044\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"line_width\":2,\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1037\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"label\":{\"value\":\"Line\"},\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1040\"}]},\"id\":\"1053\",\"type\":\"LegendItem\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1049\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis_label\":\"Y-axis\",\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1044\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1045\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1019\"}},\"id\":\"1018\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1036\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1037\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1039\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1038\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1041\"}},\"id\":\"1040\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1018\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1021\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1010\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1050\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"items\":[{\"id\":\"1053\"}]},\"id\":\"1052\",\"type\":\"Legend\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.2,\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"line_width\":2,\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1039\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1036\"}},\"id\":\"1041\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.1,\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"line_width\":2,\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1038\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1019\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"x\":[1,2,3,4,5],\"y\":[2,5,8,3,6]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1050\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1049\"}},\"id\":\"1036\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1012\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1048\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1027\",\"type\":\"HelpTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1022\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1015\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"id\":\"1028\"}},\"id\":\"1024\",\"type\":\"BoxZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1047\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"text\":\"Simple Line Plot\"},\"id\":\"1004\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1025\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1026\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis_label\":\"X-axis\",\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1047\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1048\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1015\"}},\"id\":\"1014\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1006\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1045\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom_units\":\"screen\",\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"group\":null,\"left_units\":\"screen\",\"level\":\"overlay\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"line_width\":2,\"right_units\":\"screen\",\"syncable\":false,\"top_units\":\"screen\"},\"id\":\"1028\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1008\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1022\"},{\"id\":\"1023\"},{\"id\":\"1024\"},{\"id\":\"1025\"},{\"id\":\"1026\"},{\"id\":\"1027\"}]},\"id\":\"1029\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1003\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.1\"}};\n",
       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"922f02f4-726e-40b0-8a5e-398c59143c92\",\"root_ids\":[\"1003\"],\"roots\":{\"1003\":\"617e36f0-fa39-4fd9-8585-1c85ca65a2df\"}}];\n",
       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 10, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
     },
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "1003"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from bokeh.plotting import figure, show\n",
    "import bokeh.io\n",
    "\n",
    "# Enable notebook output\n",
    "bokeh.io.output_notebook()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Create a Figure\n",
    "p = figure(title=\"Simple Line Plot\", x_axis_label=\"X-axis\", y_axis_label=\"Y-axis\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add a Line Glyph\n",
    "p.line(x=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y=[2, 5, 8, 3, 6], line_width=2, legend_label=\"Line\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Show the Plot\n",
    "show(p)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a965c65e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bc809417",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Q2. What are glyphs in Bokeh, and how can you add them to a Bokeh plot? Explain with an example."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2c7e7f3f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In Bokeh, glyphs are visual shapes or markers that can be added to a plot to represent data points. Different types of glyphs are available for different types of data, such as circles, squares, lines, bars, and more. Glyphs are the building blocks of Bokeh plots, and they are added to the plot using the figure object.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here's an example of how to add glyphs to a Bokeh plot:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "baf04e0a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "    <div class=\"bk-root\">\n",
       "        <a href=\"https://bokeh.org\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"bk-logo bk-logo-small bk-logo-notebook\"></a>\n",
       "        <span id=\"1114\">Loading BokehJS ...</span>\n",
       "    </div>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/javascript": [
       "\n",
       "(function(root) {\n",
       "  function now() {\n",
       "    return new Date();\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const force = true;\n",
       "\n",
       "  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n",
       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n",
       "  const HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n",
       "  const EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json';\n",
       "  const CLASS_NAME = 'output_bokeh rendered_html';\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Render data to the DOM node\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function render(props, node) {\n",
       "    const script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n",
       "    node.appendChild(script);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function handleClearOutput(event, handle) {\n",
       "    const cell = handle.cell;\n",
       "\n",
       "    const id = cell.output_area._bokeh_element_id;\n",
       "    const server_id = cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n",
       "    // Clean up Bokeh references\n",
       "    if (id != null && id in Bokeh.index) {\n",
       "      Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n",
       "      delete Bokeh.index[id];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (server_id !== undefined) {\n",
       "      // Clean up Bokeh references\n",
       "      const cmd_clean = \"from bokeh.io.state import curstate; print(curstate().uuid_to_server['\" + server_id + \"'].get_sessions()[0].document.roots[0]._id)\";\n",
       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_clean, {\n",
       "        iopub: {\n",
       "          output: function(msg) {\n",
       "            const id = msg.content.text.trim();\n",
       "            if (id in Bokeh.index) {\n",
       "              Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n",
       "              delete Bokeh.index[id];\n",
       "            }\n",
       "          }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      });\n",
       "      // Destroy server and session\n",
       "      const cmd_destroy = \"import bokeh.io.notebook as ion; ion.destroy_server('\" + server_id + \"')\";\n",
       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_destroy);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Handle when a new output is added\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function handleAddOutput(event, handle) {\n",
       "    const output_area = handle.output_area;\n",
       "    const output = handle.output;\n",
       "\n",
       "    // limit handleAddOutput to display_data with EXEC_MIME_TYPE content only\n",
       "    if ((output.output_type != \"display_data\") || (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(output.data, EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n",
       "      return\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    const toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"] !== undefined) {\n",
       "      toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = output.data[JS_MIME_TYPE];\n",
       "      // store reference to embed id on output_area\n",
       "      output_area._bokeh_element_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"] !== undefined) {\n",
       "      const bk_div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
       "      bk_div.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n",
       "      const script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n",
       "      for (let i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n",
       "        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.setAttribute(script_attrs[i].name, script_attrs[i].value);\n",
       "        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = bk_div.children[0].textContent\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      // store reference to server id on output_area\n",
       "      output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n",
       "\n",
       "    function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n",
       "      // create a DOM node to render to\n",
       "      const toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n",
       "        metadata,\n",
       "        CLASS_NAME,\n",
       "        EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n",
       "      );\n",
       "      this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n",
       "      // Render to node\n",
       "      const props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n",
       "      render(props, toinsert[toinsert.length - 1]);\n",
       "      element.append(toinsert);\n",
       "      return toinsert\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Handle when an output is cleared or removed */\n",
       "    events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handleClearOutput);\n",
       "    events.on('delete.Cell', handleClearOutput);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Handle when a new output is added */\n",
       "    events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handleAddOutput);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /**\n",
       "     * Register the mime type and append_mime function with output_area\n",
       "     */\n",
       "    OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n",
       "      /* Is output safe? */\n",
       "      safe: true,\n",
       "      /* Index of renderer in `output_area.display_order` */\n",
       "      index: 0\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  // register the mime type if in Jupyter Notebook environment and previously unregistered\n",
       "  if (root.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n",
       "    const events = require('base/js/events');\n",
       "    const OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n",
       "      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
       "    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n",
       "    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n",
       "     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<p>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n",
       "     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</p>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<code>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</code>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</div>\"}};\n",
       "\n",
       "  function display_loaded() {\n",
       "    const el = document.getElementById(\"1114\");\n",
       "    if (el != null) {\n",
       "      el.textContent = \"BokehJS is loading...\";\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "      if (el != null) {\n",
       "        el.textContent = \"BokehJS \" + root.Bokeh.version + \" successfully loaded.\";\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
       "      setTimeout(display_loaded, 100)\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "  function run_callbacks() {\n",
       "    try {\n",
       "      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n",
       "        if (callback != null)\n",
       "          callback();\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    } finally {\n",
       "      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n",
       "    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n",
       "    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n",
       "\n",
       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n",
       "    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n",
       "      return null;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n",
       "      run_callbacks();\n",
       "      return null;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n",
       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n",
       "\n",
       "    function on_load() {\n",
       "      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n",
       "      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
       "        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n",
       "        run_callbacks()\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function on_error(url) {\n",
       "      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n",
       "      const url = css_urls[i];\n",
       "      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n",
       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
       "      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n",
       "      element.type = \"text/css\";\n",
       "      element.href = url;\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n",
       "      document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n",
       "      const url = js_urls[i];\n",
       "      const element = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
       "      element.async = false;\n",
       "      element.src = url;\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n",
       "      document.head.appendChild(element);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  };\n",
       "\n",
       "  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n",
       "    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n",
       "    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n",
       "    document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-2.4.1.min.js\"];\n",
       "  const css_urls = [];\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  const inline_js = [\n",
       "    function(Bokeh) {\n",
       "      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    function(Bokeh) {\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "    }\n",
       "  ];\n",
       "\n",
       "  function run_inline_js() {\n",
       "    \n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n",
       "      \n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n",
       "      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (force === true) {\n",
       "        display_loaded();\n",
       "      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
       "      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n",
       "    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n",
       "      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n",
       "      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n",
       "    } else if (force !== true) {\n",
       "      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"1114\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n",
       "      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n",
       "    run_inline_js();\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n",
       "      run_inline_js();\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}(window));"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_load.v0+json": "\n(function(root) {\n  function now() {\n    return new Date();\n  }\n\n  const force = true;\n\n  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n  }\n\n  \n\n  \n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n  }\n\n  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n     \"<p>\\n\"+\n     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. 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       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
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       "id": "1115"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from bokeh.plotting import figure, show\n",
    "import bokeh.io\n",
    "\n",
    "# Enable notebook output\n",
    "bokeh.io.output_notebook()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Create a Figure\n",
    "p = figure(title=\"Bokeh Plot with Glyphs\", x_axis_label=\"X-axis\", y_axis_label=\"Y-axis\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add a Circle Glyph\n",
    "p.circle(x=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y=[2, 5, 8, 3, 6], size=10, color=\"blue\", legend_label=\"Circle\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add a Line Glyph\n",
    "p.line(x=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y=[2, 5, 8, 3, 6], line_width=2, line_color=\"green\", legend_label=\"Line\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Show the Plot in the notebook\n",
    "show(p)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "197468eb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "dac04682",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Q3. How can you customize the appearance of a Bokeh plot, including the axes, title, and legend?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "b526159a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "D:\\softwares\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\bokeh\\models\\plots.py:815: UserWarning: \n",
      "You are attempting to set `plot.legend.location` on a plot that has zero legends added, this will have no effect.\n",
      "\n",
      "Before legend properties can be set, you must add a Legend explicitly, or call a glyph method with a legend parameter set.\n",
      "\n",
      "  warnings.warn(_LEGEND_EMPTY_WARNING % attr)\n",
      "D:\\softwares\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\bokeh\\models\\plots.py:815: UserWarning: \n",
      "You are attempting to set `plot.legend.title` on a plot that has zero legends added, this will have no effect.\n",
      "\n",
      "Before legend properties can be set, you must add a Legend explicitly, or call a glyph method with a legend parameter set.\n",
      "\n",
      "  warnings.warn(_LEGEND_EMPTY_WARNING % attr)\n"
     ]
    },
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{\"16158392-931c-42cb-b8a7-ac0ff4f09a26\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"background_fill_color\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1278\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1281\"},{\"id\":\"1285\"}],\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1282\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1304\"},{\"id\":\"1310\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1268\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1293\"},\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1270\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1274\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1272\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1276\"}},\"id\":\"1267\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1343\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1345\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1344\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1346\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1300\"}},\"id\":\"1305\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1338\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"hatch_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.2},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"size\":{\"value\":10},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1309\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{\"callback\":null,\"tooltips\":[[\"X\",\"@x\"],[\"Y\",\"@y\"]]},\"id\":\"1312\",\"type\":\"HoverTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"hatch_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"hatch_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"line_alpha\":{\"value\":0.1},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"size\":{\"value\":10},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1308\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1306\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1307\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1309\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1308\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1311\"}},\"id\":\"1310\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1290\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"fill_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"hatch_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"line_color\":{\"value\":\"red\"},\"size\":{\"value\":10},\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1307\",\"type\":\"Circle\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1289\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"overlay\":{\"id\":\"1292\"}},\"id\":\"1288\",\"type\":\"BoxZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1286\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1291\",\"type\":\"HelpTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1286\"},{\"id\":\"1287\"},{\"id\":\"1288\"},{\"id\":\"1289\"},{\"id\":\"1290\"},{\"id\":\"1291\"},{\"id\":\"1312\"}]},\"id\":\"1293\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1283\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1282\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"grid_line_color\":\"gray\",\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1285\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1272\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis_label\":\"Y-axis\",\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1338\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1339\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1283\"}},\"id\":\"1282\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_color\":\"blue\",\"line_width\":2,\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1301\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1276\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1287\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1278\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"grid_line_color\":\"gray\",\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1281\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"x\":[1,2,3],\"y\":[4,5,6]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1344\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1343\"}},\"id\":\"1300\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1279\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis_label\":\"X-axis\",\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1341\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1342\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1279\"}},\"id\":\"1278\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1339\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"text\":\"My Bokeh Plot\"},\"id\":\"1268\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1274\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.2,\"line_color\":\"blue\",\"line_width\":2,\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1303\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"x\":[1,2,3],\"y\":[4,5,6]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1346\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1345\"}},\"id\":\"1306\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1341\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.1,\"line_color\":\"blue\",\"line_width\":2,\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1302\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1306\"}},\"id\":\"1311\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1300\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1301\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1303\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1302\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1305\"}},\"id\":\"1304\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{\"end\":10,\"start\":0},\"id\":\"1270\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1342\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{\"bottom_units\":\"screen\",\"coordinates\":null,\"fill_alpha\":0.5,\"fill_color\":\"lightgrey\",\"group\":null,\"left_units\":\"screen\",\"level\":\"overlay\",\"line_alpha\":1.0,\"line_color\":\"black\",\"line_dash\":[4,4],\"line_width\":2,\"right_units\":\"screen\",\"syncable\":false,\"top_units\":\"screen\"},\"id\":\"1292\",\"type\":\"BoxAnnotation\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1267\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.1\"}};\n",
       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"16158392-931c-42cb-b8a7-ac0ff4f09a26\",\"root_ids\":[\"1267\"],\"roots\":{\"1267\":\"9f0e4b66-ea66-4226-a37c-e730315515f3\"}}];\n",
       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 10, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
     },
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "1267"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from bokeh.plotting import figure, show\n",
    "from bokeh.models import HoverTool\n",
    "\n",
    "# Create a Bokeh figure\n",
    "p = figure(title=\"My Bokeh Plot\", x_axis_label=\"X-axis\", y_axis_label=\"Y-axis\", background_fill_color=\"#f0f0f0\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add a line plot with custom appearance\n",
    "p.line(x=[1, 2, 3], y=[4, 5, 6], line_width=2, line_color=\"blue\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add a circle plot with custom appearance\n",
    "p.circle(x=[1, 2, 3], y=[4, 5, 6], size=10, color=\"red\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Customize axis range\n",
    "p.x_range.start = 0\n",
    "p.x_range.end = 10\n",
    "\n",
    "# Customize legend position and title\n",
    "p.legend.location = \"top_left\"\n",
    "p.legend.title = \"My Legend\"\n",
    "\n",
    "# Customize grid lines\n",
    "p.grid.grid_line_color = \"gray\"\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add a tooltip\n",
    "p.add_tools(HoverTool(tooltips=[(\"X\", \"@x\"), (\"Y\", \"@y\")]))\n",
    "\n",
    "# Show the Bokeh plot\n",
    "show(p)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6f4e19e5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1cf5dcd3",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Q4. What is a Bokeh server, and how can you use it to create interactive plots that can be updated in real time?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4549d972",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A Bokeh server is a Python process that allows you to create, update, and serve interactive Bokeh plots dynamically. It enables the creation of more complex and interactive visualizations where the plot's data can be modified in real-time based on user interactions, external events, or periodic updates.\n",
    "\n",
    "To use the Bokeh server, you typically follow these steps:\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Create a Bokeh Application: \n",
    "Define a function or a class that sets up the initial state of your Bokeh plot and specifies any interactions or updates you want to enable.\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Run the Bokeh Server: \n",
    "Start the Bokeh server by running the bokeh serve command followed by the script or directory containing your Bokeh application.\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Access the Plot in a Web Browser: \n",
    "Open a web browser and navigate to the specified address (usually http://localhost:5006 by default). You will see your Bokeh plot rendered in the browser.\n",
    "\n",
    "##### Interact with the Plot in Real-Time:\n",
    "Any interactions or updates defined in your Bokeh application will be active, allowing users to interact with the plot and trigger real-time updates.\n",
    "\n",
    "Here's a simple example to illustrate the concept. Save the following code in a file (e.g., my_bokeh_app.py), and then run it using bokeh serve my_bokeh_app.py:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "91267db1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "    <div class=\"bk-root\">\n",
       "        <a href=\"https://bokeh.org\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"bk-logo bk-logo-small bk-logo-notebook\"></a>\n",
       "        <span id=\"1408\">Loading BokehJS ...</span>\n",
       "    </div>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/javascript": [
       "\n",
       "(function(root) {\n",
       "  function now() {\n",
       "    return new Date();\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const force = true;\n",
       "\n",
       "  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n",
       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const JS_MIME_TYPE = 'application/javascript';\n",
       "  const HTML_MIME_TYPE = 'text/html';\n",
       "  const EXEC_MIME_TYPE = 'application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json';\n",
       "  const CLASS_NAME = 'output_bokeh rendered_html';\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Render data to the DOM node\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function render(props, node) {\n",
       "    const script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n",
       "    node.appendChild(script);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Handle when an output is cleared or removed\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function handleClearOutput(event, handle) {\n",
       "    const cell = handle.cell;\n",
       "\n",
       "    const id = cell.output_area._bokeh_element_id;\n",
       "    const server_id = cell.output_area._bokeh_server_id;\n",
       "    // Clean up Bokeh references\n",
       "    if (id != null && id in Bokeh.index) {\n",
       "      Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n",
       "      delete Bokeh.index[id];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (server_id !== undefined) {\n",
       "      // Clean up Bokeh references\n",
       "      const cmd_clean = \"from bokeh.io.state import curstate; print(curstate().uuid_to_server['\" + server_id + \"'].get_sessions()[0].document.roots[0]._id)\";\n",
       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_clean, {\n",
       "        iopub: {\n",
       "          output: function(msg) {\n",
       "            const id = msg.content.text.trim();\n",
       "            if (id in Bokeh.index) {\n",
       "              Bokeh.index[id].model.document.clear();\n",
       "              delete Bokeh.index[id];\n",
       "            }\n",
       "          }\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      });\n",
       "      // Destroy server and session\n",
       "      const cmd_destroy = \"import bokeh.io.notebook as ion; ion.destroy_server('\" + server_id + \"')\";\n",
       "      cell.notebook.kernel.execute(cmd_destroy);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  /**\n",
       "   * Handle when a new output is added\n",
       "   */\n",
       "  function handleAddOutput(event, handle) {\n",
       "    const output_area = handle.output_area;\n",
       "    const output = handle.output;\n",
       "\n",
       "    // limit handleAddOutput to display_data with EXEC_MIME_TYPE content only\n",
       "    if ((output.output_type != \"display_data\") || (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(output.data, EXEC_MIME_TYPE))) {\n",
       "      return\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    const toinsert = output_area.element.find(\".\" + CLASS_NAME.split(' ')[0]);\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"] !== undefined) {\n",
       "      toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = output.data[JS_MIME_TYPE];\n",
       "      // store reference to embed id on output_area\n",
       "      output_area._bokeh_element_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"id\"];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"] !== undefined) {\n",
       "      const bk_div = document.createElement(\"div\");\n",
       "      bk_div.innerHTML = output.data[HTML_MIME_TYPE];\n",
       "      const script_attrs = bk_div.children[0].attributes;\n",
       "      for (let i = 0; i < script_attrs.length; i++) {\n",
       "        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.setAttribute(script_attrs[i].name, script_attrs[i].value);\n",
       "        toinsert[toinsert.length - 1].firstChild.textContent = bk_div.children[0].textContent\n",
       "      }\n",
       "      // store reference to server id on output_area\n",
       "      output_area._bokeh_server_id = output.metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE][\"server_id\"];\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function register_renderer(events, OutputArea) {\n",
       "\n",
       "    function append_mime(data, metadata, element) {\n",
       "      // create a DOM node to render to\n",
       "      const toinsert = this.create_output_subarea(\n",
       "        metadata,\n",
       "        CLASS_NAME,\n",
       "        EXEC_MIME_TYPE\n",
       "      );\n",
       "      this.keyboard_manager.register_events(toinsert);\n",
       "      // Render to node\n",
       "      const props = {data: data, metadata: metadata[EXEC_MIME_TYPE]};\n",
       "      render(props, toinsert[toinsert.length - 1]);\n",
       "      element.append(toinsert);\n",
       "      return toinsert\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Handle when an output is cleared or removed */\n",
       "    events.on('clear_output.CodeCell', handleClearOutput);\n",
       "    events.on('delete.Cell', handleClearOutput);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /* Handle when a new output is added */\n",
       "    events.on('output_added.OutputArea', handleAddOutput);\n",
       "\n",
       "    /**\n",
       "     * Register the mime type and append_mime function with output_area\n",
       "     */\n",
       "    OutputArea.prototype.register_mime_type(EXEC_MIME_TYPE, append_mime, {\n",
       "      /* Is output safe? */\n",
       "      safe: true,\n",
       "      /* Index of renderer in `output_area.display_order` */\n",
       "      index: 0\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  // register the mime type if in Jupyter Notebook environment and previously unregistered\n",
       "  if (root.Jupyter !== undefined) {\n",
       "    const events = require('base/js/events');\n",
       "    const OutputArea = require('notebook/js/outputarea').OutputArea;\n",
       "\n",
       "    if (OutputArea.prototype.mime_types().indexOf(EXEC_MIME_TYPE) == -1) {\n",
       "      register_renderer(events, OutputArea);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n",
       "    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n",
       "    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n",
       "     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<p>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n",
       "     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</p>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"<code>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</code>\\n\"+\n",
       "     \"</div>\"}};\n",
       "\n",
       "  function display_loaded() {\n",
       "    const el = document.getElementById(\"1408\");\n",
       "    if (el != null) {\n",
       "      el.textContent = \"BokehJS is loading...\";\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "      if (el != null) {\n",
       "        el.textContent = \"BokehJS \" + root.Bokeh.version + \" successfully loaded.\";\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
       "      setTimeout(display_loaded, 100)\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "  function run_callbacks() {\n",
       "    try {\n",
       "      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n",
       "        if (callback != null)\n",
       "          callback();\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    } finally {\n",
       "      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n",
       "    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n",
       "    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n",
       "\n",
       "    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n",
       "    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n",
       "      return null;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n",
       "      run_callbacks();\n",
       "      return null;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n",
       "    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n",
       "\n",
       "    function on_load() {\n",
       "      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n",
       "      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
       "        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n",
       "        run_callbacks()\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function on_error(url) {\n",
       "      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n",
       "      const url = css_urls[i];\n",
       "      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n",
       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
       "      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n",
       "      element.type = \"text/css\";\n",
       "      element.href = url;\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n",
       "      document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n",
       "      const url = js_urls[i];\n",
       "      const element = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "      element.onload = on_load;\n",
       "      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n",
       "      element.async = false;\n",
       "      element.src = url;\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n",
       "      document.head.appendChild(element);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  };\n",
       "\n",
       "  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n",
       "    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n",
       "    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n",
       "    document.body.appendChild(element);\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  \n",
       "  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-2.4.1.min.js\"];\n",
       "  const css_urls = [];\n",
       "  \n",
       "\n",
       "  const inline_js = [\n",
       "    function(Bokeh) {\n",
       "      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n",
       "    },\n",
       "    function(Bokeh) {\n",
       "    \n",
       "    \n",
       "    }\n",
       "  ];\n",
       "\n",
       "  function run_inline_js() {\n",
       "    \n",
       "    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n",
       "      \n",
       "    for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n",
       "      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n",
       "    }\n",
       "    if (force === true) {\n",
       "        display_loaded();\n",
       "      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n",
       "      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n",
       "    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n",
       "      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n",
       "      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n",
       "    } else if (force !== true) {\n",
       "      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"1408\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n",
       "      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "  }\n",
       "\n",
       "  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n",
       "    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n",
       "    run_inline_js();\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n",
       "      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n",
       "      run_inline_js();\n",
       "    });\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}(window));"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_load.v0+json": "\n(function(root) {\n  function now() {\n    return new Date();\n  }\n\n  const force = true;\n\n  if (typeof root._bokeh_onload_callbacks === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks = [];\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = undefined;\n  }\n\n  \n\n  \n  if (typeof (root._bokeh_timeout) === \"undefined\" || force === true) {\n    root._bokeh_timeout = Date.now() + 5000;\n    root._bokeh_failed_load = false;\n  }\n\n  const NB_LOAD_WARNING = {'data': {'text/html':\n     \"<div style='background-color: #fdd'>\\n\"+\n     \"<p>\\n\"+\n     \"BokehJS does not appear to have successfully loaded. If loading BokehJS from CDN, this \\n\"+\n     \"may be due to a slow or bad network connection. Possible fixes:\\n\"+\n     \"</p>\\n\"+\n     \"<ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>re-rerun `output_notebook()` to attempt to load from CDN again, or</li>\\n\"+\n     \"<li>use INLINE resources instead, as so:</li>\\n\"+\n     \"</ul>\\n\"+\n     \"<code>\\n\"+\n     \"from bokeh.resources import INLINE\\n\"+\n     \"output_notebook(resources=INLINE)\\n\"+\n     \"</code>\\n\"+\n     \"</div>\"}};\n\n  function display_loaded() {\n    const el = document.getElementById(\"1408\");\n    if (el != null) {\n      el.textContent = \"BokehJS is loading...\";\n    }\n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n      if (el != null) {\n        el.textContent = \"BokehJS \" + root.Bokeh.version + \" successfully loaded.\";\n      }\n    } else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(display_loaded, 100)\n    }\n  }\n\n\n  function run_callbacks() {\n    try {\n      root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.forEach(function(callback) {\n        if (callback != null)\n          callback();\n      });\n    } finally {\n      delete root._bokeh_onload_callbacks\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: all callbacks have finished\");\n  }\n\n  function load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, callback) {\n    if (css_urls == null) css_urls = [];\n    if (js_urls == null) js_urls = [];\n\n    root._bokeh_onload_callbacks.push(callback);\n    if (root._bokeh_is_loading > 0) {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS is being loaded, scheduling callback at\", now());\n      return null;\n    }\n    if (js_urls == null || js_urls.length === 0) {\n      run_callbacks();\n      return null;\n    }\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS not loaded, scheduling load and callback at\", now());\n    root._bokeh_is_loading = css_urls.length + js_urls.length;\n\n    function on_load() {\n      root._bokeh_is_loading--;\n      if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n        console.debug(\"Bokeh: all BokehJS libraries/stylesheets loaded\");\n        run_callbacks()\n      }\n    }\n\n    function on_error(url) {\n      console.error(\"failed to load \" + url);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < css_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = css_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement(\"link\");\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.rel = \"stylesheet\";\n      element.type = \"text/css\";\n      element.href = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting link tag for BokehJS stylesheet: \", url);\n      document.body.appendChild(element);\n    }\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < js_urls.length; i++) {\n      const url = js_urls[i];\n      const element = document.createElement('script');\n      element.onload = on_load;\n      element.onerror = on_error.bind(null, url);\n      element.async = false;\n      element.src = url;\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: injecting script tag for BokehJS library: \", url);\n      document.head.appendChild(element);\n    }\n  };\n\n  function inject_raw_css(css) {\n    const element = document.createElement(\"style\");\n    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css));\n    document.body.appendChild(element);\n  }\n\n  \n  const js_urls = [\"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-gl-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-widgets-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-tables-2.4.1.min.js\", \"https://cdn.bokeh.org/bokeh/release/bokeh-mathjax-2.4.1.min.js\"];\n  const css_urls = [];\n  \n\n  const inline_js = [\n    function(Bokeh) {\n      Bokeh.set_log_level(\"info\");\n    },\n    function(Bokeh) {\n    \n    \n    }\n  ];\n\n  function run_inline_js() {\n    \n    if (root.Bokeh !== undefined || force === true) {\n      \n    for (let i = 0; i < inline_js.length; i++) {\n      inline_js[i].call(root, root.Bokeh);\n    }\n    if (force === true) {\n        display_loaded();\n      }} else if (Date.now() < root._bokeh_timeout) {\n      setTimeout(run_inline_js, 100);\n    } else if (!root._bokeh_failed_load) {\n      console.log(\"Bokeh: BokehJS failed to load within specified timeout.\");\n      root._bokeh_failed_load = true;\n    } else if (force !== true) {\n      const cell = $(document.getElementById(\"1408\")).parents('.cell').data().cell;\n      cell.output_area.append_execute_result(NB_LOAD_WARNING)\n    }\n\n  }\n\n  if (root._bokeh_is_loading === 0) {\n    console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS loaded, going straight to plotting\");\n    run_inline_js();\n  } else {\n    load_libs(css_urls, js_urls, function() {\n      console.debug(\"Bokeh: BokehJS plotting callback run at\", now());\n      run_inline_js();\n    });\n  }\n}(window));"
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "  <div class=\"bk-root\" id=\"7b035a11-2a14-4de4-84ac-45d7213c006b\" data-root-id=\"1445\"></div>\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "application/javascript": [
       "(function(root) {\n",
       "  function embed_document(root) {\n",
       "    \n",
       "  const docs_json = {\"23956801-d234-4af6-92cf-8b37448687c5\":{\"defs\":[],\"roots\":{\"references\":[{\"attributes\":{\"children\":[{\"id\":\"1444\"}]},\"id\":\"1445\",\"type\":\"Column\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1418\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1421\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"source\":{\"id\":\"1437\"}},\"id\":\"1443\",\"type\":\"CDSView\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1414\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"below\":[{\"id\":\"1420\"}],\"center\":[{\"id\":\"1423\"},{\"id\":\"1427\"}],\"height\":300,\"left\":[{\"id\":\"1424\"}],\"renderers\":[{\"id\":\"1442\"}],\"title\":{\"id\":\"1410\"},\"toolbar\":{\"id\":\"1432\"},\"width\":400,\"x_range\":{\"id\":\"1412\"},\"x_scale\":{\"id\":\"1416\"},\"y_range\":{\"id\":\"1414\"},\"y_scale\":{\"id\":\"1418\"}},\"id\":\"1409\",\"subtype\":\"Figure\",\"type\":\"Plot\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1482\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1482\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1483\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1425\"}},\"id\":\"1424\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1431\",\"type\":\"WheelZoomTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1483\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1425\",\"type\":\"BasicTicker\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1424\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"dimension\":1,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1427\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1485\",\"type\":\"BasicTickFormatter\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1429\",\"type\":\"ResetTool\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1428\",\"type\":\"PanTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"text\":\"Real-Time Data\"},\"id\":\"1410\",\"type\":\"Title\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1486\",\"type\":\"AllLabels\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1430\",\"type\":\"SaveTool\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"data_source\":{\"id\":\"1437\"},\"glyph\":{\"id\":\"1439\"},\"group\":null,\"hover_glyph\":null,\"muted_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1441\"},\"nonselection_glyph\":{\"id\":\"1440\"},\"view\":{\"id\":\"1443\"}},\"id\":\"1442\",\"type\":\"GlyphRenderer\"},{\"attributes\":{\"axis\":{\"id\":\"1420\"},\"coordinates\":null,\"group\":null,\"ticker\":null},\"id\":\"1423\",\"type\":\"Grid\"},{\"attributes\":{\"tools\":[{\"id\":\"1428\"},{\"id\":\"1429\"},{\"id\":\"1430\"},{\"id\":\"1431\"}]},\"id\":\"1432\",\"type\":\"Toolbar\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1412\",\"type\":\"DataRange1d\"},{\"attributes\":{\"coordinates\":null,\"formatter\":{\"id\":\"1485\"},\"group\":null,\"major_label_policy\":{\"id\":\"1486\"},\"ticker\":{\"id\":\"1421\"}},\"id\":\"1420\",\"type\":\"LinearAxis\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.1,\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1440\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1487\",\"type\":\"UnionRenderers\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1488\",\"type\":\"Selection\"},{\"attributes\":{\"data\":{\"x\":[],\"y\":[]},\"selected\":{\"id\":\"1488\"},\"selection_policy\":{\"id\":\"1487\"}},\"id\":\"1437\",\"type\":\"ColumnDataSource\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1439\",\"type\":\"Line\"},{\"attributes\":{\"children\":[{\"id\":\"1409\"}]},\"id\":\"1444\",\"type\":\"Row\"},{\"attributes\":{},\"id\":\"1416\",\"type\":\"LinearScale\"},{\"attributes\":{\"line_alpha\":0.2,\"line_color\":\"#1f77b4\",\"x\":{\"field\":\"x\"},\"y\":{\"field\":\"y\"}},\"id\":\"1441\",\"type\":\"Line\"}],\"root_ids\":[\"1445\"]},\"title\":\"Bokeh Application\",\"version\":\"2.4.1\"}};\n",
       "  const render_items = [{\"docid\":\"23956801-d234-4af6-92cf-8b37448687c5\",\"notebook_comms_target\":\"1490\",\"root_ids\":[\"1445\"],\"roots\":{\"1445\":\"7b035a11-2a14-4de4-84ac-45d7213c006b\"}}];\n",
       "  root.Bokeh.embed.embed_items_notebook(docs_json, render_items);\n",
       "\n",
       "  }\n",
       "  if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "    embed_document(root);\n",
       "  } else {\n",
       "    let attempts = 0;\n",
       "    const timer = setInterval(function(root) {\n",
       "      if (root.Bokeh !== undefined) {\n",
       "        clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "        embed_document(root);\n",
       "      } else {\n",
       "        attempts++;\n",
       "        if (attempts > 100) {\n",
       "          clearInterval(timer);\n",
       "          console.log(\"Bokeh: ERROR: Unable to run BokehJS code because BokehJS library is missing\");\n",
       "        }\n",
       "      }\n",
       "    }, 10, root)\n",
       "  }\n",
       "})(window);"
      ],
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": ""
     },
     "metadata": {
      "application/vnd.bokehjs_exec.v0+json": {
       "id": "1445"
      }
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<p><code>&lt;Bokeh Notebook handle for <strong>In[4]</strong>&gt;</code></p>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<bokeh.io.notebook.CommsHandle at 0x133ab0d7070>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# my_bokeh_app.py\n",
    "from bokeh.plotting import figure, curdoc, show\n",
    "from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource\n",
    "from bokeh.io import push_notebook, output_notebook\n",
    "from bokeh.layouts import layout\n",
    "from random import randint\n",
    "import time\n",
    "\n",
    "# Enable notebook output\n",
    "output_notebook()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Create a Bokeh figure and data source\n",
    "plot = figure(plot_height=300, plot_width=400, title=\"Real-Time Data\", tools=\"pan,reset,save,wheel_zoom\")\n",
    "source = ColumnDataSource(data={'x': [], 'y': []})\n",
    "plot.line(x='x', y='y', source=source)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define a callback function to update the plot\n",
    "def update_plot():\n",
    "    new_data = {'x': source.data['x'] + [time.time()], 'y': source.data['y'] + [randint(0, 10)]}\n",
    "    source.data = new_data\n",
    "    push_notebook()\n",
    "\n",
    "# Create a layout and add the plot\n",
    "layout = layout([[plot]])\n",
    "\n",
    "# Add the layout and callback to the Bokeh document\n",
    "curdoc().add_root(layout)\n",
    "curdoc().add_periodic_callback(update_plot, 1000)  # Update every second\n",
    "\n",
    "# Show the Bokeh plot in the Jupyter Notebook\n",
    "show(layout, notebook_handle=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "682ccebe",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "01b54049",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6c798b9d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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