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+}]}},grmr_xml:e=>{
+const n=e.regex,t=n.concat(/[\p{L}_]/u,n.optional(/[\p{L}0-9_.-]*:/u),/[\p{L}0-9_.-]*/u),a={
+className:"symbol",begin:/&[a-z]+;|[0-9]+;|[a-f0-9]+;/},i={begin:/\s/,
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+},r=e.inherit(i,{begin:/\(/,end:/\)/}),s=e.inherit(e.APOS_STRING_MODE,{
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diff --git a/scripting/images/js-logo.png b/scripting/images/js-logo.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..050ff14
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/js-logo.png differ
diff --git a/browsers/images/js-stack-heap-queue.svg b/scripting/images/js-stack-heap-queue.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from browsers/images/js-stack-heap-queue.svg
rename to scripting/images/js-stack-heap-queue.svg
diff --git a/scripting/images/linter-output.png b/scripting/images/linter-output.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93e4a67
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/linter-output.png differ
diff --git a/browsers/images/macrotasks.svg b/scripting/images/macrotasks.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from browsers/images/macrotasks.svg
rename to scripting/images/macrotasks.svg
diff --git a/browsers/images/microtasks.svg b/scripting/images/microtasks.svg
similarity index 100%
rename from browsers/images/microtasks.svg
rename to scripting/images/microtasks.svg
diff --git a/scripting/images/minify.png b/scripting/images/minify.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b580faa
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/minify.png differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/node_modules_heavy.png b/scripting/images/node_modules_heavy.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b77e9f
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/node_modules_heavy.png differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/nodejs-architecture.webp b/scripting/images/nodejs-architecture.webp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..528d9f8
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/nodejs-architecture.webp differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/nodejs-logo.svg b/scripting/images/nodejs-logo.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4e4010
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/images/nodejs-logo.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripting/images/npm-esm-cjs.svg b/scripting/images/npm-esm-cjs.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f4ef30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/images/npm-esm-cjs.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+
diff --git a/scripting/images/npm-logo.svg b/scripting/images/npm-logo.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13c7900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/images/npm-logo.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+
+
diff --git a/scripting/images/ouroboros.png b/scripting/images/ouroboros.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..945fee9
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/ouroboros.png differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/pnpm-logo.svg b/scripting/images/pnpm-logo.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8dfc30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/images/pnpm-logo.svg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/scripting/images/prototype-chain.jpeg b/scripting/images/prototype-chain.jpeg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b35739
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/prototype-chain.jpeg differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/reactor-pattern.jpg b/scripting/images/reactor-pattern.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2955ea
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/reactor-pattern.jpg differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/typescript-logo.svg b/scripting/images/typescript-logo.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a46d53d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/images/typescript-logo.svg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/scripting/images/webpack.png b/scripting/images/webpack.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..146e5d4
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/webpack.png differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/wtfjs.webp b/scripting/images/wtfjs.webp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..259f9c8
Binary files /dev/null and b/scripting/images/wtfjs.webp differ
diff --git a/scripting/images/yarn-logo.svg b/scripting/images/yarn-logo.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a742aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/images/yarn-logo.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+
diff --git a/scripting/index.html b/scripting/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a2a7a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripting/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2961 @@
+
+
+
+ Web Scripting
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ JavaScript, the programming language
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ Created for making Web pages dynamic
+
+
+ -
+ Popular first-class programming language
+
+ - Full Stack JavaScript: use JavaScript everywhere
+
+
+ -
+ Quick to develop in
+
+ - Dynamically typed
+ - Just in Time compiled
+ - Object-Oriented and Functional
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Effectively using JavaScript
+
+
+ -
+ Focus on how JavaScript works
+
+ - Understand what (not) to use when
+
+
+ -
+ We assume basic knowledge of JavaScript
+
+ - Syntax, functions, classes, error handling, …
+
+
+ -
+ WebAssembly enables alternative languages to be executed in Web pages
+
+ - Not in scope for this lecture
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Objects represent things
+
+
+ -
+ Objects have properties
+
+
+ -
+ Object have methods
+
+
+ -
+ Object instantiation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Objects have properties and internal slots
+
+
+ -
+ Properties
+
+ - Accessible key-value mappings
+
+
+ -
+ Internal slots
+
+ - Inaccessible object properties defined by ECMAScript
+ - ECMAScripts denotes them with
[[SlotName]]
+ -
+ Examples:
+
+ [[Prototype]]
: Prototype of object
+ [[Extensible]]
: If properties can be added to object
+ [[PrivateFieldValues]]
: List of private class fields
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Property descriptors encode attributes of properties
+
+
+ -
+ Object properties can be added or modified with
Object.defineProperty()
+
+ - Uses the ECMAScript internal method
[[DefineOwnProperty]]
+ - Can be read with
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor()
+
+
+ -
+ Two disjoint types of property descriptors
+
+ - Data descriptor: property with value
+ - Accessor descriptor: property with getter-setter functions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Data descriptors encode attributes of value-based properties
+
+
+ -
+ Value
+
+ - The value of this property
+ - Default:
value: undefined
+
+
+ -
+ Writability
+
+ - If this property can be changed through assignment
+ - Default:
writable: false
+
+
+
+
Object.defineProperty(dog, "name", { value: "Laika" });
+
+
+
+
+ Accessor descriptors encode attributes of getter-setter-based properties
+
+
+ -
+ Getter
+
+ - Function that returns the value of a property
+ - Default:
get: undefined
+
+
+ -
+ Setter
+
+ - Function that is invoked with an assigned property value
+ - Default:
set: undefined
+
+
+
+
Object.defineProperty(dog, "name", { get: () => "Laika" });
+
+
+
+
+ Common attributes for data and accessor descriptors
+
+
+ -
+ Configurability
+
+ - If attributes of this property can be changed
+ - Default:
configurable: false
+
+
+ -
+ Enumerability
+
+ - If this property is included when enumerating properties
+ - E.g.:
for…in
, Object.keys
+ - Default:
enumerable: false
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Property descriptors allow fine-grained control
+
+
+ -
+ Normal assignment is less verbose
+
+ dog.name = "Samson";
+ - Property descriptors are defined implicitly
+ write
, configurable
, and enumerable
default to true
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Prototype-based inheritance
+
+
+ -
+ Before ECMAScript had classes, inheritance was done using prototypes
+
+ - Classes are syntactical sugar on prototypes (since ES2015)
+ - Prototypes may be used directly, but are less convenient
+
+
+ -
+
[[Prototype]]
points to object parent
+
+ - Property access propagates through prototype chain.
+ - Manipulate with
Object.getPrototypeOf()
and Object.setPrototypeOf()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Creating prototypes manually
+
+
+ -
+ Prototypes are plain objects
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Defining prototype chain manually
+
+
+ -
+ All Mammals are Animals
+
+
+ -
+ All Dogs are Mammals
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Instantiating a prototype
+
+
+ -
+ Create a new Dog instance
+
+
+ -
+ Properties and methods from the whole prototype chain can be used
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Avoid defining prototypes manually!
+
+
+ -
+
class
-based syntax is less verbose
+
+
+ -
+
Object.setPrototypeOf
is slow
+
+ - JavaScript engines do not optimize for it
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Type Coercion implicitly converts values to the expected type
+
+
+ -
+ Initially, JavaScript had no exceptions support
+
+ - Function input: coerced to expected type (string → number)
+ - Function output: error value if something fails (
NaN
)
+ - Applies to older JavaScript features:
==
, +
+
+
+ -
+ Modern JavaScript features do not coerce
+
+ - They can throw exceptions instead
+ - E.g.,
in
, ===
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Internal ToPrimitive()
function is used for many coercion algorithms
+
+
+ -
+ Accepts values of any type, and a hint
+
+ - Hint indicates the preferred type: string, number, or default
+
+
+ -
+ Features that prefer numbers
+
+
+ -
+ Features that prefer strings
+
+
+ -
+ Features that are neutral
+
+ ==
, +
, , new Date()
, …
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ToPrimitive()
uses a fall-through approach
+
+
+ -
+ Five checks
+
+ - Return if a primitive
+ - Invoke optional
Symbol.toPrimitive
method
+ - Invoke
toString
or valueOf
if string hint
+ - Invoke
valueOf
or toString
otherwise
+ - Throw
TypeError
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Example: Applying +
+
+
+ -
+
ToPrimitive()
is applied on both arguments of +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Example: Applying +
+
+
+ -
+
ToPrimitive("a")
+
+ - Already is a primitive, return as-is
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Example: Applying +
+
+
+ -
+
ToPrimitive({ valueOf: () => 1 })
+
+ - Not a primitive
+ - No
Symbol.toPrimitive
method
+ - No string hint
+ - Invoke
valueOf
→ 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Example: Applying +
+
+
+ -
+
+
operation can be applied
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Avoid Type Coercion when possible
+
+
+ -
+ Use features that don't apply Type Coercion
+
+
+ -
+ Explicitly cast values to types
+
+ "25" + 1
+ Number("25") + 1
+
+
+ -
+ Explicitly check types in your own functions
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Event-based runtime model
+
+
+ -
+ Designed for handling events
+
+ - User interactions
+ - Network requests
+ - …
+
+
+ -
+ JavaScript is single-threaded
+
+ - Events are handled in sequence via the event loop
+ - Callbacks for asynchronous operations (I/O, timers, …)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Callback functions for (a)synchronous completion
+
+
+ -
+ Two types
+
+ - Synchronous:
array.forEach(element => …)
+ - Asynchronous:
setTimeout(() => …, 10)
+
+
+ -
+ Asynchronous callbacks are invoked later
+
+ - Added as tasks on a queue
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Engines process the macrotask queue
+
+
+ -
+ Macrotask queue contains tasks
+
+ - Registered
'click'
handler after user clicks
+ - Callback after scheduled
setTimeout
is due
+ - Executing a loaded
<script src="...">
+ - The next file chunk was read
+ - …
+
+
+ -
+ Engine processes tasks in the macrotask queue
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Promises hold results of async operations
+
+
+ -
+ Datastructure with resolve and reject callbacks
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ async
/await
: syntactic sugar for promises
+
+
+ -
+ Without
async
/await
+
+
+ -
+ With
async
/await
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Promises always handled asynchronously
+
+
+ -
+ Callbacks are added to a separate microtask queue
+
+ .then()
, .catch()
, .finally()
+
+
+ -
+ Enables prioritization of tasks
+
+ - Macrotasks are less urgent
+ - Microtasks are more urgent
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Microtasks run before macrotasks
+
+
+ -
+ Microtask queue contains tasks
+
+ - Handling of Promises and
await
+ - Scheduled via
queueMicrotask
+
+
+ -
+ Engine processes tasks in the microtask queue
+
+ - Fully processed after each macrotask
+ - In FIFO order
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Task scheduling impacts performance
+
+
+ -
+ Run-to-completion
+
+ - Tasks are processed completely before going to next
+ - Makes reasoning about program easier
+ - Long-running tasks block later tasks (avoid them!)
+
+
+ -
+ Rendering pipeline invoked in-between macrotasks
+
+ - Not in-between microtasks
+
+
+ -
+ Tasks block interaction
+
+ setTimeout
, setInterval
, requestAnimationFrame
+ - Web Workers run in separate thread (no DOM access)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Iterables and iterators
+
+
+ -
+ Objects can be made iterable
+
+ - Implementing the
[Symbol.iterator]
method
+ - Invoked by
for…of
, spread operator, …
+
+
+ -
+
[Symbol.iterator]
returns an iterator
+
+ next()
: returns { value }
or { done: true }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Generators provide syntactic sugar to create iterators
+
+
+ -
+ Generator functions produce generator objects
+
+
+ -
+ Generator objects are iterable
+
+ - They implement
[Symbol.iterator]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Async iterators are iterators returning promises
+
+
+ -
+ Objects can be made async iterable
+
+ - Implementing the
[Symbol.asyncIterator]
method
+ - Invoked by
for await…of
+ - Useful when iterating over async elements
+ - E.g.,
ReadableStream
contains chunks of HTTP body
+
+
+ -
+
[Symbol.asyncIterator]
returns an async iterator
+
+ next()
: returns promise to { value }
or { done: true }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Async generators provide syntactic sugar to create async iterators
+
+
+ -
+ Generator functions produce generator objects
+
+
+ -
+ Async generator objects are async iterable
+
+ - They implement
[Symbol.asyncIterator]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Building blocks for parallelism
+
+
+ -
+ Safe communication beyond a single event loop
+
+ - Web Workers, Worker Threads, WebAssembly, WebGL, …
+
+
+ -
+
Atomics
: Utilities for thread-safe atomic operations
+
+ - Add, exchange, lock, …
+
+
+ -
+
SharedArrayBuffer
: Binary data buffer
+
+ - Can be safely shared and sliced across threads
+
+
+ -
+ Transferable objects
+
+ - Transfer objects to other contexts, no sharing
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Typed Arrays: Low-level binary arrays
+
+
+ -
+ Regular arrays can contain all value types
+
+ - Different than array types of languages like C and Java
+
+
+ -
+ Typed arrays can only contain specific values
+
+ Int8Array
: Signed bytes
+ UInt8Array
: Unsigned bytes
+ Int16Array
: Signed 16-bit short integers
+ - …
+
+
+ -
+ Useful when low-level access is required
+
+ - WebAssembly, WebGL, …
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Typed Arrays require specific memory allocation
+
+
+ -
+ Size must be specified through constructor
+
+ - Number of elements or copy of another typed array
+
+
+ -
+ All Typed Arrays operate on an
ArrayBuffer
+
+ - Created internally or passed through constructor
+ ArrayBuffer
s are transferable
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Run JavaScript Everywhere
+
+
+
+ -
+ 2009: Environment for event-based Web servers
+
+ - Alternative to sequential servers that do not scale well to many concurrent connections
+
+
+ -
+ Major release every six months
+
+ - Odd versions: Limited maintenance
+ - Even versions: LTS 18 months + maintenance 12 months
+ - → Target even releases during development for stability
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ The Node.js principles
+
+
+
+ -
+ Small core
+
+ - Node.js API as small as possible, rest delegated to userland
+
+
+ -
+ Small reusable modules
+
+ - Small in scope and size; Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY)
+
+
+ -
+ Small surface area
+
+ - No access to internals, only a specific entry point
+
+
+ -
+ Simplicity and pragmatism
+
+ - Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Node.js is based on the V8 engine
+
+
+
+ -
+ V8: JavaScript execution engine designed for Chrome
+
+ - Highly performant execution of JavaScript
+
+
+ -
+ libuv: I/O engine of Node.js
+
+ - Abstracts I/O access across operating systems
+
+
+ -
+ Node.JS API: Core JavaScript library
+
+ - Dedicated APIs: Streams, child process, …
+ - Excludes browser-specific APIs: DOM,
window
, …
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Reactor pattern for handling I/O
+
+
+
+ -
+ Callback-based & asynchronous
+
+ - Invoke operation on a resource using a handler
+ - Handler is invoked through event loop on completion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Node.js implements the event loop as multiple sequential phases
+
+
+
+ -
+ Macrotasks
+
+ - Poll: I/O-related callbacks
+ - Check:
setImmediate
+ - Close:
EventEmitter
"close"
events
+ - Timers:
setTimeout
and setInterval
+ - Pending: System events, such as errors in sockets
+
+
+ -
+ Microtasks
+
+ - Node.js:
process.nextTick
+ - V8: Promises and
queueMicrotask
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Node.js is the most popular environment, but alternatives exist
+
+
+
+ -
+ Deno
+
+
+ - By creator of Node.js to avoid its flaws
+ - Importing modules through URLs
+ - More secure (opt-in flags)
+ - Runs TypeScript directly
+
+
+ -
+ Bun
+
+
+ - Runs on JavaScriptCore instead of V8
+ - Faster and more memory-friendly
+ - Not fully (yet) with Node.js
+ - Runs TypeScript directly
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Splitting up code into modules
+
+
+
+ -
+ All code in a single file is unsustainable
+
+ - Code can be split into modules
+
+
+ -
+ Reducing complexity during development
+
+ - Focus on smaller parts of code
+ - Avoid conflicts when working in teams
+
+
+ -
+ Reusability
+
+ - Generic modules can be reused across projects
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Node.js supports two types of modules
+
+
+
+ -
+ CommonJS (CJS)
+
+ - Introduced by Node.js
+
+
+ -
+ ECMAScript Modules (ESM)
+
+ - Standardized later in ECMAScript
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ CommonJS: Node.js's original modules
+
+
+
+ -
+ Modules expose functionality using
module.exports
+
+ - Any kind of object: class, constants, objects, …
+
+
+ -
+ Modules can be imported using
require()
+
+ - Path to a file or directory
+ - Invokes Node.js's module resolution algorithm
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Module resolution in CommonJS
+
+
+
const imported = require(mod);
+
+ -
+
mod
is the name of a core Node.js module → load
+
+ -
+
mod
starts with /
, ./
, or ../
+
+ - Directory: load
main
from package.json
or index.js
+ - File: load with fallback to
.js
, .json
, or .node
extensions
+
+
+ -
+ Look for directory in
./node_modules
matching mod
+
+ - Traverse parent directories until root is reached
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Examples of module resolution in CommonJS
+
+
+ require('url')
+ - Node.js URL core module
+ require('./file')
+ ./file.js
+ require('pad')
+ ./node_modules/pad/index.js
+
+
+
+
+
+ ECMAScript modules: Native JavaScript modules
+
+
+
+ -
+ Modules expose functionality using
export
statements
+
+ - Any kind of object: class, constants, objects, …
+
+
+ -
+ Modules can be imported using
import
statements
+
+ - Path to a file or directory, or a URL
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Differences between CJS and ESM
+
+
+
+ -
+ CJS loads synchronous, ESM asynchronous
+
+ - ESM can load remote files
+
+
+ -
+ ESM imports must be specified with extensions
+
+ - CJS allows file paths without extensions
+
+
+ -
+ ESM allows named and default exports per file
+
+ - CJS only allows one type per file
+
+
+ -
+ Browser support
+
+ - ESM can run in Node.js and browsers
+ - CJS must be bundled before it can run in browsers
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ CJS and ESM in practise
+
+
+
+ -
+ Dual packaging
+
+ - Distribution with both ESM (
*.mjs
) and CJS (*.cjs
) files
+ - Dual packaging hazard: loading separate of same package
+ - →
instanceof
checks can differ for exported classes
+
+
+ -
+ CJS/ESM hell
+
+ - Some libraries or tooling only support CJS or ESM
+ - As of Node 22: ESM loading with
require()
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A package managers helps managing collections of JavaScript modules
+
+
+
+ -
+ Collection of tools
+
+ - to install, upgrade, configure, and remove packages
+
+
+ -
+ Packages are distributions of software and data
+
+ - Contains JavaScript modules and supporting files
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A package manager for Node.js
+
+
+
+ -
+ npm registry
+
+ - Millions of public JavaScript packages
+ - Open: anyone can deploy and consume
+
+
+ -
+ Command-line tool to manage packages using
package.json
+
+ - Metadata: package name, author, …
+ - Dependencies on other packages
+ - Files to be shipped with the package
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Node.js was created before npm
+
+
+
+ -
+ Developers had to manually add modules to
node_modules/
+
+ - npm was created independently to make this less tedious
+ - npm is now installed together with Node.js installations
+
+
+ -
+ The Node.js runtime is not aware of npm
+
+ - npm populates
node_modules/
+ - Node.js loads modules from
node_modules/
+ - → alternative package managers can be used!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ npm is the most popular package managers, but alternatives exist
+
+
+
+ -
+ Yarn
+
+
+ - Initiated by Meta and Google (now independent)
+ - Solves performance issues with large projects
+ - Consistency and security
+
+
+ -
+ pnpm
+
+
+ - Hard-links packages to a global store
+ - Reduces disk space across installations
+
+
+ -
+ → Both use npm's
package.json
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ Versions represent types of changes across releases
+
+
+ -
+ Meaning when version components increment
+
+ - Major: Incompatible API changes
+ - Minor: Added functionality (backwards-compatible)
+ - Patch: Bug fix (backwards-compatible)
+
+
+ -
+ Examples
+
+ - 1.0.0 → 1.0.1: A bug was fixed
+ - 1.0.0 → 2.0.0: A breaking change occurred
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ SemVer is useful for man and machine
+
+
+
+ -
+ Developers using on another library
+
+ - Detect type of change without having to go through changelog or commit history
+
+
+ -
+ Dependency resolution
+
+ - Deduplication of installed dependencies with compatible version ranges
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Dependencies can be defined using SemVer ranges
+
+
+
+ -
+
"dependencies"
entry in packages.json
understand SemVer ranges
+
+ - Major range:
x
or *
+ - Minor range:
^1.0.4
or 1.x
or 1
→ default in npm
+ - Patch range:
~1.0.4
or 1.0.x
or 1.0
+
+
+ -
+ Example:
+
+ - "dependencies": {
+ "my_dep": "^1.0.0",
+ "another_dep": "~2.2.0"
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Installing dependencies with a package manager
+
+
+
+ -
+
npm install
fetches dependencies of a package
+
+ - This includes all transitive dependencies
+
+
+ -
+ Dependency resolution algorithms
+
+ - Determine precise versions for version ranges
+ - Determine the install location of the dependency
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ A naive dependency resolution algorithm: nested node_modules/
+
+
+
+ -
+ Each dependency has its own
node_modules/
in which dependencies are installed
+
+ - Pro: Code isolation and no chance of semver conflicts
+ - Con: Deep trees and chance of repeated installations
+
+
+ -
+ Example:
+
+ dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep1/
+ common_dep2/
+dep2/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep1/
+ uncommon_dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep2/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Dependency resolution with deduping
+
+
+
+ -
+ Dependencies are deduplicated by hoisting them to highest possible
node_modules/
+
+ - Only if they are compatible with the SemVer range
+
+
+ -
+ Example:
+
+ -
+
dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep1/
+ common_dep2/
+dep2/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep1/
+ uncommon_dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep2/
+
+→
+ dep1/
+common_dep1/
+common_dep2/
+dep2/
+uncommon_dep1/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Dependencies that are incompatible with the SemVer range are not hoisted
+
+
+
+ -
+ Example:
+
+ -
+
dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep1/
+ common_dep2/ # ^2.0.0
+dep2/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep1/
+ uncommon_dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep2/ # ^1.0.0
+
+→
+ dep1/
+common_dep1/
+common_dep2/
+dep2/
+uncommon_dep1/
+ node_modules/
+ common_dep2/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ The order in which dependencies are installed determines matters
+
+
+
+ -
+ Dependencies are hoisted in order of installation
+
+ - A different install order can lead to different tree structures
+
+
+ -
+ Re-ordering package tree can reduce size
+
+ npm dedupe
attempts to reduce duplication
+
+
+ -
+
package-lock.json
guarantees determinism
+
+ - Locks the tree and versions in semantic ranges
+ - Useful for collaborative projects
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ From callbacks to EventEmitters
+
+
+
+ -
+ Callbacks have limitations
+
+ - Responsible for a single type of event
+ - Can only notify a single observer
+
+
+ -
+ EventEmitters follow the Observer pattern
+
+ - Can handle multiple types of events
+ - Accepts registrations of multiple listeners per event
+ - API:
+
+ on(event, listener)
, once(event, listener)
+ emit(event, ...args)
+ removeListener(event, listener)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Conventions for asynchronous error handling in Node.js
+
+
Errors can not be handled in callbacks and EventEmitters using try-catch.
+
+
+ -
+ Optional first error argument in callbacks
+
+ readFile('foo.txt', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
+ if (err) {
+ // Handle error
+ } else {
+ // Handle data
+ }
+});
+
+
+
+ -
+
'error'
events in EventEmitters
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Streams are EventEmitters for processing asynchronous data streams
+
+
+
+ -
+ Alternative to processing data after buffering
+
+ - Memory efficient: Processing data in chunks
+ - Time efficient: Earlier of processing chunks
+ - Composable: Streams can be piped to each other
+
+
+ -
+ Different types of streams
+
+ Writable
: Stream to write to (e.g. file on disk)
+ Readable
: Stream to read from (e.g. file on disk)
+ Duplex
: Implements Writable
and Readable
(e.g. sockets)
+ Transform
: Duplex
that can modify data chunks (e.g. gzip)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Reading files using streams
+
+
+ -
+ Using the
fs
API from Node.js
+
+ import * as fs from 'node:fs';
+
+const readStream = fs.createReadStream('foo.txt');
+readStream.on('data', (chunk) => console.log(chunk));
+readStream.on('error', (err) => console.error(err));
+readStream.on('end', () => console.log('Done!'));
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Node.js Streams preceded the Web Streams API (for browsers)
+
+
+ -
+ Web Streams API was inspired by Node.js Streams
+
+ - Improvements based on lessons learned
+ - Strictly different API
+ - Streams can be converted to each other
+ - Node.js support since 16.x
+
+
+ -
+ Many projects still work with Node.js Streams
+
+ - Even when used in browsers
+
+
+ -
+ Web Streams will replace Node.js Streams
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Concepts in Node.js and Web Streams
+
+
+ -
+ Piping
+
+ - Chaining streams to each other
+
+
+ -
+ Backpressure
+
+ - Stream in pipeline notify others to pause sending chunks
+ - Avoids buildup of large buffers within pipelines
+ - High water mark: maximum desired buffer size
+
+
+ -
+ Teeing
+
+ - Splitting a stream into two identical copies
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ JS engines use just-in-time (JIT) compilation
+
+
+ -
+ A good basic understanding of them is important
+
+ - Can help optimizing your JavaScript code
+
+
+ -
+ We will look at the V8 engine
+
+ - Most modern engines work similarly
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ V8 has multiple types of compilers
+
+
+ -
+ Ignition is a JIT compiler
+
+ - Compiles JavaScript to bytecode
+ - Interpreted execution of bytecode
+
+
+ -
+ Turbofan is an optimizing compiler
+
+ - Runs in the background during execution
+ - Identifies and optimizes hot code
+ -
+ Preceded by:
+
+ - Sparkplug: No optimizations (short-lived)
+ - Maglev: Few optimizations (after Sparkplug)
+
+
+ - → Execution becomes gradually faster at runtime
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Optimizing compilers learn shape and structure of running code
+
+
+ -
+ JavaScript numbers are 64-bit floating point values
+
+ - V8 identifies Small Integers (SMI)
+ - SMIs can be stored in 32 bits (e.g. array indices)
+ - Saves memory and improves performance
+
+
+ -
+ JavaScript can have dynamic structures
+
+ - V8 identifies common structures among objects
+ - Creates hidden classes in C structs
+ - Not for objects in dictionary mode: many properties, dynamically changing properties
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Optimizers are speculative
+
+
+ -
+ Optimizers first try the fast path
+
+ - If it fails, fallback to unoptimized code
+ - Fail-path has penalty of being extra slow
+
+
+ -
+ Optimizers work well if your code is C-like
+
+ - Datatypes for specific fields are constant
+ - Objects have no dynamically changing properties
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Development in JavaScript differs from other languages
+
+
+ -
+ Different possible target environments
+
+ - Web browsers
+ - Server-side runtime environments (Node.js, Deno, …)
+
+
+ -
+ Fast evolution of new language features
+
+ - But not all environments immediately support new features
+
+
+ -
+ Dynamic nature of JS is useful for fast prototyping
+
+ - Can cause difficulties for larger projects
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Most JavaScript projects incorporate multiple development processes
+
+
+ -
+ Steps to be run by the developer or a Continuous Integration (CI) service:
+
+ - Linting: Static analysis of code
+ - Testing: Automated checking of code to validate behaviour
+ - Transpiling: Converting between languages or versions
+ - Bundling: Combining and preparing code for the browser
+
+
+ -
+ Package managers (e.g. npm) provide tools to simplify running these steps
+
+ - Running
"scripts"
in package.json
using npm run
+ npm run test
, npm run build
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Linters analyze code to find and fix potential problems
+
+
+ -
+ Static analysis
+
+ - No execution of the code
+ - Analysis on the abstract syntax tree (AST) after parsing
+
+
+ -
+ Configurable through rules
+
+ - Each rule defines a potential problem or style preference
+
+
+ -
+ Some rules can be automatically fixed
+
+ - Transforming the AST and writing back to the original file
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Examples of rules for ESLint
+
+
+ -
+ ESLint
+
+ - Popular open-source linter for JavaScript
+
+
+ -
+
no-unused-vars
+
+ - Reports variables that are defined but are not used
+
+
+ -
+
no-undefs
+
+ - Reports code that uses undeclared variables
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Categories of linter rules
+
+
+ -
+ Code quality
+
+ - Unused variables
+ - Usage of undeclared variables
+
+
+ -
+ Formatting
+
+ - Tabs or spaces
+ - Keyword spacing
+ - Dedicated formatters exist, such as Prettier
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Increasing confidence in code through automated testing
+
+
+ -
+ Fully automated
+
+ - Implemented as code or configuration
+ - Executed at some frequency or on every change/version
+
+
+ -
+ Different target levels of testing
+
+ - Unit: Small and isolated pieces of code
+ - Integration: Multiple components that are wired together
+ - System: The full system
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Measuring tested domain as code coverage
+
+
+ -
+ Metric that indicates how much of the code is tested
+
+ - Full coverage does not imply correctness
+
+
+ -
+ Different types of coverage criteria:
+
+ - Function: considers executed functions
+ - Line: considers passed lines
+ - Branch: considers all possible control branches (e.g. if-else)
+
+
+ -
+ Projects can configure coverage thresholds
+
+ - All thresholds except for 100% or 0% are arbitrary
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Jest is a popular testing framework for JavaScript
+
+
+ -
+ Zero configuration
+
+ - Requires minimal configuration
+ - Very configurable and extensible when needed
+
+
+ -
+ Supports many different types of projects
+
+ - Node.js, TypeScript, React, …
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Transpilers make code compatible with different JavaScript versions
+
+
+ -
+ JavaScript-to-JavaScript transpilers
+
+ - Converts across different ECMAScript versions
+ - E.g. Babel
+
+
+ -
+ Something-to-JavaScript transpilers
+
+ - Converts another high-level language into JavaScript
+ - E.g. TypeScript
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Babel makes modern JavaScript backwards-compatible
+
+
+ -
+ Older browsers or runtime environments may not support all modern ECMAScript features
+
+ - Code conversion pipeline
+
+
+ -
+ Code transformation
+
+ - Modern syntax to old syntax (e.g. await → promises)
+
+
+ -
+ Polyfills
+
+ - Defines missing classes and APIs if they are missing
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript with type definitions
+
+
+ -
+ JavaScript is not strictly typed
+
+ - Developers to consult documentation when using a library
+ - Can cause difficulties for larger projects
+
+
+ -
+ TypeScript adds typings syntax
+
+ - Add types for variables, class, parameters, …
+
+
+ -
+ Highly popular
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ tsc
is the TypeScript compiler
+
+
+ -
+
tsc
transpiles TypeScript into JavaScript
+
+ - Includes type-checking
+ - Output JavaScript on specific ECMAScript version (like Babel)
+
+
+ -
+ Highly configurable in strictness
+
+ - Require types for all function arguments?
+ - Require strict null checks?
+
+
+ -
+ Runtime environments natively support TypeScript
+
+ - Deno and Bun
+ - Node.js experimentally since version 22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Towards cross-platform JavaScript
+
+
+ -
+ Different APIs in browser and server
+
+ - Browser-specific: DOM, …
+ - Server runtime environment:
fs
in Node.js for file I/O, …
+
+
+ -
+ Different approaches to modules
+
+ - Runtime environments support CJS and ESM
+ - Modern browsers only support ESM
+ - Older browsers don't support modules
+
+
+ -
+ Differences in optimization concerns
+
+ - Split code across many (server) or few (browser) modules
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Bundlers enable cross-platform JavaScript
+
+
+ -
+ Different APIs in browser and server
+
+ - Transpilers such as Babel, polyfills
+
+
+ -
+ Different approaches to modules
+
+ - Creating browser-ready bundles of projects
+
+
+ -
+ Differences in optimization concerns
+
+ - Reducing the number of files within bundles
+ - Optional optimization steps: minification
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Bundlers work in two steps
+
+
+ -
+ Dependency resolution
+
+ - Create a dependency graph of all modules
+ -
+ Tree-shaking removes unused modules
+
+ - Does not work for dynamic imports
+
+
+
+
+ -
+ Packing
+
+ - Convert dependency graph into browser-executable bundle
+ - Other assets can be includes: HTML, CSS, …
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Making smaller bundles for production
+
+
+ -
+ Minification
+
+ - Removing unnecessary whitespaces and comments
+ - Convention to use
.min.js
as extension
+
+
+ -
+ Uglification
+
+ - Minification + Shortening variable and function names
+
+
+ -
+ Source maps link minified to original code
+
+ - Modern browsers understand sourcemaps
+ - Convention to use
.min.js.map
as extension
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+