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Object Detection

ML.NET version API type Status App Type Data type Scenario ML Task Algorithms
v1.4 Dynamic API Up-to-date Console app image files Object Detection Deep Learning Tiny Yolo2 ONNX model

For a detailed explanation of how to build this application, see the accompanying tutorial on the Microsoft Docs site.

Problem

Object detection is one of the classical problems in computer vision: Recognize what the objects are inside a given image and also where they are in the image. For these cases, you can either use pre-trained models or train your own model to classify images specific to your custom domain.

DataSet

The dataset contains images which are located in the assets folder. These images are taken from wikimedia commons site. Go to Wikimediacommon.md to refer to the image urls and their licenses.

Pre-trained model

There are multiple models which are pre-trained for identifying multiple objects in the images. here we are using the pretrained model, Tiny Yolo2 in ONNX format. This model is a real-time neural network for object detection that detects 20 different classes. It is made up of 9 convolutional layers and 6 max-pooling layers and is a smaller version of the more complex full YOLOv2 network.

The Open Neural Network eXchange i.e ONNX is an open format to represent deep learning models. With ONNX, developers can move models between state-of-the-art tools and choose the combination that is best for them. ONNX is developed and supported by a community of partners.

The model is downloaded from the ONNX Model Zoo which is a is a collection of pre-trained, state-of-the-art models in the ONNX format.

The Tiny YOLO2 model was trained on the Pascal VOC dataset. Below are the model's prerequisites.

Model input and output

Input

Input image of the shape (3x416x416)

Output

Output is a (1x125x13x13) array

Pre-processing steps

Resize the input image to a (3x416x416) array of type float32.

Post-processing steps

The output is a (125x13x13) tensor where 13x13 is the number of grid cells that the image gets divided into. Each grid cell corresponds to 125 channels, made up of the 5 bounding boxes predicted by the grid cell and the 25 data elements that describe each bounding box (5x25=125). For more information on how to derive the final bounding boxes and their corresponding confidence scores, refer to this post.

Solution

The console application project ObjectDetection can be used to to identify objects in the sample images based on the Tiny Yolo2 ONNX model.

Again, note that this sample only uses/consumes a pre-trained ONNX model with ML.NET API. Therefore, it does not train any ML.NET model. Currently, ML.NET supports only for scoring/detecting with existing ONNX trained models.

You need to follow next steps in order to execute the classification test:

  1. Set VS default startup project: Set ObjectDetection as starting project in Visual Studio.
  2. Run the training model console app: Hit F5 in Visual Studio. At the end of the execution, the output will be similar to this screenshot: image

Code Walkthrough

There is a single project in the solution named ObjectDetection, which is responsible for loading the model in Tiny Yolo2 ONNX format and then detects objects in the images.

ML.NET: Model Scoring

Define the schema of data in a class type and refer that type while loading data using TextLoader. Here the class type is ImageNetData.

public class ImageNetData
{
    [LoadColumn(0)]
    public string ImagePath;

    [LoadColumn(1)]
    public string Label;

    public static IEnumerable<ImageNetData> ReadFromFile(string imageFolder)
    {
        return Directory
            .GetFiles(imageFolder)
            .Where(filePath => Path.GetExtension(filePath) != ".md")
            .Select(filePath => new ImageNetData { ImagePath = filePath, Label = Path.GetFileName(filePath) });
    }
}

ML.NET: Configure the model

The first step is to create an empty dataview as we just need schema of data while configuring up model.

var data = mlContext.Data.LoadFromTextFile<ImageNetData>(imagesLocation, hasHeader: true);

The image file used to load images has two columns: the first one is defined as ImagePath and the second one is the Label corresponding to the image.

It is important to highlight that the Label in the ImageNetData class is not really used when scoring with the Tiny Yolo2 Onnx model. It is used when to print the labels on the console.

The second step is to define the estimator pipeline. Usually, when dealing with deep neural networks, you must adapt the images to the format expected by the network. This is the reason images are resized and then transformed (mainly, pixel values are normalized across all R,G,B channels).

var pipeline = mlContext.Transforms.LoadImages(outputColumnName: "image", imageFolder: "", inputColumnName: nameof(ImageNetData.ImagePath))
                .Append(mlContext.Transforms.ResizeImages(outputColumnName: "image", imageWidth: ImageNetSettings.imageWidth, imageHeight: ImageNetSettings.imageHeight, inputColumnName: "image"))
                .Append(mlContext.Transforms.ExtractPixels(outputColumnName: "image"))
                .Append(mlContext.Transforms.ApplyOnnxModel(modelFile: modelLocation, outputColumnNames: new[] { TinyYoloModelSettings.ModelOutput }, inputColumnNames: new[] { TinyYoloModelSettings.ModelInput }));

You also need to check the neural network, and check the names of the input / output nodes. In order to inspect the model, you can use tools like Netron, which is automatically installed with Visual Studio Tools for AI. These names are used later in the definition of the estimation pipe: in the case of the inception network, the input tensor is named 'image' and the output is named 'grid'

Define the input and output parameters of the Tiny Yolo2 Onnx Model.

public struct TinyYoloModelSettings
{
    // for checking TIny yolo2 Model input and  output  parameter names,
    //you can use tools like Netron, 
    // which is installed by Visual Studio AI Tools

    // input tensor name
    public const string ModelInput = "image";

    // output tensor name
    public const string ModelOutput = "grid";
}

inspecting neural network with netron

Finally, we return the trained model after fitting the estimator pipeline.

  var model = pipeline.Fit(data);
  return model;

When obtaining the prediction, we get an array of floats in the property PredictedLabels. The array is a float array of size 21125. This is the output of model i,e 125x13x13 as discussed earlier. This output is interpreted by YoloOutputParser class and returns a number of bounding boxes for each image. Again these boxes are filtered so that we retrieve only 5 bounding boxes which have better confidence(how much certain that a box contains the obejct) for each object of the image. On console we display the label value of each bounding box.

Detect objects in the image:

After the model is configured, we need to pass the image to the model to detect objects. When obtaining the prediction, we get an array of floats in the property PredictedLabels. The array is a float array of size 21125. This is the output of model i,e 125x13x13 as discussed earlier. This output is interpreted by YoloOutputParser class and returns a number of bounding boxes for each image. Again these boxes are filtered so that we retrieve only 5 bounding boxes which have better confidence(how much certain that a box contains the obejct) for each object of the image.

IEnumerable<float[]> probabilities = modelScorer.Score(imageDataView);

YoloOutputParser parser = new YoloOutputParser();

var boundingBoxes =
    probabilities
    .Select(probability => parser.ParseOutputs(probability))
    .Select(boxes => parser.FilterBoundingBoxes(boxes, 5, .5F));

Note The Tiny Yolo2 model is not having much accuracy compare to full YOLO2 model. As this is a sample program we are using Tiny version of Yolo model i.e Tiny_Yolo2